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Zi CT, Xu FQ, Li GT, Li Y, Ding ZT, Zhou J, Jiang ZH, Hu JM. Synthesis and anticancer activity of glucosylated podophyllotoxin derivatives linked via 4β-triazole rings. Molecules 2013; 18:13992-4012. [PMID: 24232736 PMCID: PMC6270044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 4β-triazole-linked glucose podophyllotoxin conjugates have been designed and synthesized by employing a click chemistry approach. All the compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity against a panel of five human cancer cell lines (HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7, SW480) using MTT assays. Most of these triazole derivatives have good anticancer activity. Among them, compound 35 showed the highest potency against all five cancer cell lines tested, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.59 to 2.90 μM, which is significantly more active than the drug etoposide currently in clinical use. Structure-activity relationship analysis reveals that the acyl substitution on the glucose residue, the length of oligoethylene glycol linker, and the 4'-demethylation of podophyllotoxin scaffold can significantly affect the potency of the anticancer activity. Most notably, derivatives with a perbutyrylated glucose residue show much higher activity than their counterparts with either a free glucose or a peracetylated glucose residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ting Zi
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; E-Mails: (C.-T.Z.); (F.-Q.X.); (G.-T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; E-Mail:
| | - Feng-Qing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; E-Mails: (C.-T.Z.); (F.-Q.X.); (G.-T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Gen-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; E-Mails: (C.-T.Z.); (F.-Q.X.); (G.-T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; E-Mails: (C.-T.Z.); (F.-Q.X.); (G.-T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhong-Tao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; E-Mail:
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; E-Mails: (C.-T.Z.); (F.-Q.X.); (G.-T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zi-Hua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Z.-H.J.); (J.-M.H.); Tel.: +1-807-766-7171 (Z.-H.J.); Fax: +1-807-346-7775 (Z.-H.J.); Tel.: +86-871-6522-3264 (J.-M.H.); Fax: +86-871-6522-3261 (J.-M.H.)
| | - Jiang-Miao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; E-Mails: (C.-T.Z.); (F.-Q.X.); (G.-T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Z.-H.J.); (J.-M.H.); Tel.: +1-807-766-7171 (Z.-H.J.); Fax: +1-807-346-7775 (Z.-H.J.); Tel.: +86-871-6522-3264 (J.-M.H.); Fax: +86-871-6522-3261 (J.-M.H.)
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102
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Sang CY, Xu XH, Qin WW, Liu JF, Hui L, Chen SW. DPMA, a deoxypodophyllotoxin derivative, induces apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6650-5. [PMID: 24231363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We found that the deoxypodophyllotoxin derivative, 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(6-oxo-(5R,5aR,6,8,8aR,9-hexahydrofuro[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)phenyl ((R)-1-amino-4-(methylthio)-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamate (DPMA), exhibited superior cytotoxicity compared with etoposide. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of action of DPMA. DPMA exhibited anti-proliferative activity and induced apoptosis in A549 cells in a dose- and time-dependant manner. DPMA inhibited microtubule formation and induced expression of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, p53 and ROS, and inhibited Bcl-2 expression. DPMA also affected cyclinB1, cdc2 and p-cdc2 expression, inducing cell cycle arrest. DPMA also inhibited tube formation of VEGF-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These studies demonstrate that DPMA inhibits p53/cdc2/Bax signaling, thereby inhibiting cell growth/angiogenesis and inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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103
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4β-[4′-(1-(Aryl)ureido)benzamide]podophyllotoxins as DNA topoisomerase I and IIα inhibitors and apoptosis inducing agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5198-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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104
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Khaled M, Jiang ZZ, Zhang LY. Deoxypodophyllotoxin: a promising therapeutic agent from herbal medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:24-34. [PMID: 23792585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, biologically active compounds isolated from plants used in herbal medicine have been the center of interest. Deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT), structurally closely related to the lignan podophyllotoxin, is a potent antitumor and anti-inflammatory agent. However, DPT has not been used clinically yet. Also, DPT from natural sources seems to be unavailable. Hence, it is important to establish alternative resources for the production of such lignan; especially that it is used as a precursor for the semi-synthesis of the cytostatic drugs etoposide phosphate and teniposide. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The update paper provides an overview of DPT as an effective anticancer natural compound and a leader for cytotoxic drugs synthesis and development in order to highlight the gaps in our knowledge and explore future research needs. APPROACH AND METHODS The present review covers the literature available from 1877 to 2012. The information was collected via electronic search using Chinese papers and the major scientific databases including PubMed, Sciencedirect, Web of Science and Google Scholar using the keywords. All abstracts and full-text articles reporting database on the history and current status of DPT were gathered and analyzed. RESULTS Plants containing DPT have played an important role in traditional medicine. In light of the in vitro pharmacological investigations, DPT is a high valuable medicinal agent that has anti-tumor, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties. Further, DPT is an important precursor for the cytotoxic aryltetralin lignan, podophyllotoxin, which is used to obtain semisynthetic derivatives like etoposide and teniposide used in cancer therapy. However, most studies have focused on the in vitro data. Therefore, DPT has not been used clinically yet. CONCLUSIONS DPT has emerged as a potent chemical agent from herbal medicine. Therefore, in vivo studies are needed to carry out clinical trials in humans and enable the development of new anti-cancer agents. In addition, DPT from commercial sources seems to be unavailable due to its rarity from natural sources and cumbersome extraction procedures. Hence, it is important to establish alternative, cost-effective and renewable resources, such plant cell cultures and (semi-) synthesis strategies for the production of DPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyada Khaled
- Jiangsu Center of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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105
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Liu X, Zhang LL, Xu XH, Hui L, Zhang JB, Chen SW. Synthesis and anticancer activity of dichloroplatinum(II) complexes of podophyllotoxin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3780-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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106
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Chen JY, Tang YA, Li WS, Chiou YC, Shieh JM, Wang YC. A synthetic podophyllotoxin derivative exerts anti-cancer effects by inducing mitotic arrest and pro-apoptotic ER stress in lung cancer preclinical models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62082. [PMID: 23646116 PMCID: PMC3639983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some potent chemotherapy drugs including tubulin-binding agents had been developed from nature plants, such as podophyllotoxin and paclitaxel. However, poor cytotoxic selectivity, serious side-effects, and limited effectiveness are still the major concerns in their therapeutic application. We developed a fully synthetic podophyllotoxin derivative named Ching001 and investigated its anti-tumor growth effects and mechanisms in lung cancer preclinical models. Ching001 showed a selective cytotoxicity to different lung cancer cell lines but not to normal lung cells. Ching001 inhibited the polymerization of microtubule resulting in mitotic arrest as evident by the accumulation of mitosis-related proteins, survivin and aurora B, thereby leading to DNA damage and apoptosis. Ching001 also activated pro-apoptotic ER stress signaling pathway. Intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg/kg Ching001 significantly inhibited the tumor growth of A549 xenograft, while injection of 0.2 mg/kg Ching001 decreased the lung colonization ability of A549 cells in experimental metastasis assay. These anti-tumor growth and lung colonization inhibition effects were stronger than those of paclitaxel treatment at the same dosage. The xenograft tumor tissue stains further confirmed that Ching001 induced mitosis arrest and tumor apoptosis. In addition, the hematology and biochemistry tests of blood samples as well as tissue examinations indicated that Ching001 treatment did not show apparent organ toxicities in tested animals. We provided preclinical evidence that novel synthetic microtubule inhibitor Ching001, which can trigger DNA damage and apoptosis by inducing mitotic arrest and ER stress, is a potential anti-cancer compound for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yang Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yen-An Tang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Shan Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ching Chiou
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jiunn-Min Shieh
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
- The Center of General Education, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
- * E-mail: (YCW); (JMS)
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
- * E-mail: (YCW); (JMS)
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107
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Liu JF, Sang CY, Xu XH, Zhang LL, Yang X, Hui L, Zhang JB, Chen SW. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity on human cancer cells of carbamate derivatives of 4β-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)podophyllotoxin. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 64:621-8. [PMID: 23711769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbamate derivatives of 4β-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)podophyllotoxin were synthesized by means of click chemistry, and their cytotoxicities against human cancer cell lines HL-60, A-549, HeLa, and HCT-8 were evaluated. Some compounds were more potent than the anticancer drug etoposide. 4'-O-Demethyl-4β-[(4-hydroxymethyl)-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-4-deoxypodophyllotoxin cyclopentyl carbamate, the most potent compound, induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase accompanied by apoptosis in A-549 cells. Furthermore, this compound inhibited the formation of microtubules in A-549 cells and caused the inhibition of DNA topoisomerase-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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108
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Chowdhury S, Mukherjee T, Mukhopadhyay R, Mukherjee B, Sengupta S, Chattopadhyay S, Jaisankar P, Roy S, Majumder HK. The lignan niranthin poisons Leishmania donovani topoisomerase IB and favours a Th1 immune response in mice. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 4:1126-43. [PMID: 23027614 PMCID: PMC3491841 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Niranthin, a lignan isolated from the aerial parts of the plant Phyllanthus amarus, exhibits a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. In the present study, we have shown for the first time that niranthin is a potent anti-leishmanial agent. The compound induces topoisomerase I-mediated DNA–protein adduct formation inside Leishmania cells and triggers apoptosis by activation of cellular nucleases. We also show that niranthin inhibits the relaxation activity of heterodimeric type IB topoisomerase of L. donovani and acts as a non-competitive inhibitor interacting with both subunits of the enzyme. Niranthin interacts with DNA–protein binary complexes and thus stabilizes the ‘cleavable complex’ formation and subsequently inhibits the religation of cleaved strand. The compound inhibits the proliferation of Leishmania amastigotes in infected cultured murine macrophages with limited cytotoxicity to the host cells and is effective against antimony-resistant Leishmania parasites by modulating upregulated P-glycoprotein on host macrophages. Importantly, besides its in vitro efficacy, niranthin treatment leads to a switch from a Th2- to a Th1-type immune response in infected BALB/c mice. The immune response causes production of nitric oxide, which results in almost complete clearance of the liver and splenic parasite burden after intraperitoneal or intramuscular administration of the drug. These findings can be exploited to develop niranthin as a new drug candidate against drug-resistant leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Chowdhury
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
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109
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Yang Z, Liu X, Wang K, Cao X, Wu S. Novel linear and step-gradient counter-current chromatography for bio-guided isolation and purification of cytotoxic podophyllotoxins from Dysosma versipellis (Hance). J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1022-8. [PMID: 23418155 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysosma versipellis (Hance) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of snakebite, weakness, condyloma accuminata, lymphadenopathy, and tumors for thousands of years. In this work, four podophyllotoxin-like lignans including 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin (1), α-peltatin (2), podophyllotoxin (3), β-peltatin (4) as major cytotoxic principles of D. versipellis were successfully isolated and purified by several novel linear and step gradient counter-current chromatography methods using the systems of hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (4:6:3:7 and 4:6:4:6, v/v/v/v). Compared with isocratic elution, linear and step-gradient elution can provide better resolution and save more time for the separation of photophyllotoxin and its congeners. Their cytotoxicities were further evaluated and their structures were validated by high-resolution electrospray TOF MS and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. All components showed potent anticancer activity against human hepatoma cells HepG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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110
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Zhu S, Liang R, Jiang H, Wu W. An Efficient Route to Polysubstituted Tetrahydronaphthols: Silver-Catalyzed [4+2] Cyclization of 2-Alkylbenzaldehydes and Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10861-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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111
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Zhu S, Liang R, Jiang H, Wu W. An Efficient Route to Polysubstituted Tetrahydronaphthols: Silver-Catalyzed [4+2] Cyclization of 2-Alkylbenzaldehydes and Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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112
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Magedov IV, Evdokimov NM, Karki M, Peretti AS, Lima DT, Frolova LV, Reisenauer MR, Romero AE, Tongwa P, Fonari A, Altig J, Rogelj S, Antipin MY, Shuster CB, Kornienko A. Reengineered epipodophyllotoxin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10416-8. [PMID: 22986348 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35044k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A variant structural skeleton of epipodophyllotoxin was synthesized and found to rival the natural cyclolignan in antiproliferative and microtubule destabilizing properties. This discovery leads to a new structural class of tubulin targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Magedov
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA.
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113
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Chen J, Ma L, Zhang R, Tang J, Lai H, Wang J, Wang G, Xu Q, Chen T, Peng F, Qiu J, Liang X, Cao D, Ran Y, Peng A, Wei Y, Chen L. Semi-Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1,2,3-Triazole-Based Podophyllotoxin Congeners as Potent Antitumor Agents Inducing Apoptosis in HepG2 Cells. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 345:945-56. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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114
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115
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Abad A, López-Pérez JL, del Olmo E, García-Fernández LF, Francesch A, Trigili C, Barasoain I, Andreu JM, Díaz JF, San Feliciano A. Synthesis and Antimitotic and Tubulin Interaction Profiles of Novel Pinacol Derivatives of Podophyllotoxins. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6724-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2017573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Abad
- Departamento de Química
Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia-CIETUS, Campus Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Química,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - José L. López-Pérez
- Departamento de Química
Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia-CIETUS, Campus Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Esther del Olmo
- Departamento de Química
Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia-CIETUS, Campus Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Andrés Francesch
- PharmaMar SA, P. I. La Mina, 28770 Colmenar
Viejo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chiara Trigili
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC,
28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José M. Andreu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC,
28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Arturo San Feliciano
- Departamento de Química
Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia-CIETUS, Campus Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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116
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Perez B, Paquette N, Païdassi H, Zhai B, White K, Skvirsky R, Lacy-Hulbert A, Stuart LM. Apoptotic cells can deliver chemotherapeutics to engulfing macrophages and suppress inflammatory cytokine production. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16029-36. [PMID: 22433861 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.340489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression via cell-cell contact with apoptotic cells is a well studied immunological phenomenon. Although the original studies of immune repression used primary cells, which undergo spontaneous cell death or apoptosis in response to irradiation, more recent studies have relied on chemotherapeutic agents to induce apoptosis in cell lines. In this work, we demonstrate that Jurkat cells induced to die with actinomycin D suppressed inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages, whereas cells treated with etoposide did not. This immune repression mediated by actinomycin D-treated cells did not require phagocytosis or cell-cell contact and thus occurs through a different mechanism from that seen with primary apoptotic neutrophils. Moreover, cells induced to die with etoposide and then treated for a short time with actinomycin D also suppressed macrophage responses, indicating that suppression was mediated by actinomycin D independent of the mechanism of cell death. Finally, phagocytosis of actinomycin D-treated cells caused apoptosis in macrophages, and suppression could be blocked by inhibition of caspase activity in the target macrophage. Together, these data indicate that apoptotic cells act as "Trojan horses," delivering actinomycin D to engulfing macrophages. Suppression of cytokine production by macrophages is therefore due to exposure to actinomycin D from apoptotic cells and is not the result of cell-receptor interactions. These data suggest that drug-induced death may not be an appropriate surrogate for the immunosuppressive activity of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, these effects of cytotoxic drugs on infiltrating immune phagocytes may have clinical ramifications for their use as antitumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Perez
- Program of Developmental Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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117
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of conjugates of deoxypodophyllotoxin and 5-FU as inducer of caspase-3 and -7. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 49:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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118
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Kamal A, Suresh P, Ramaiah MJ, Mallareddy A, Imthiajali S, Pushpavalli SNCVL, Lavanya A, Pal-Bhadra M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4β-sulphonamido and 4β-[(4'-sulphonamido)benzamide]podophyllotoxins as DNA topoisomerase-IIα and apoptosis inducing agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2054-66. [PMID: 22364746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of new 4β-sulphonamido and 4β-[(4'-sulphonamido)benzamide] conjugates of podophyllotoxin (11a-j and 15a-g) were synthesized and evaluated for anticancer activity against six human cancer cell lines and found to be more potent than etoposide. Some of the compounds 11b, 11d and 11e that showed significant antiproliferative activity in Colo-205 cells, were superior to etoposide. The flow cytometric analysis indicates that these compounds (11b, 11d and 11e) showed G2/M cell cycle arrest and among them 11e is the most effective. It is observed that this compound (11e) caused both single-strand DNA breaks as observed by comet assay as well as double-strand DNA breaks as indicated by γ-H2AX. Further 11e showed inhibition of topo-IIα as observed from Western blot analysis and related studies. Compounds caused activation of ATM as well as Chk1 protein indicating that the compound caused effective DNA damage. Moreover activation of caspase-3, p21, p16, NF-kB and down regulation of Bcl-2 protein suggests that this compound (11e) has apoptotic cell death inducing ability, apart from acting as a topo-IIα inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 607, India.
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119
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Huang X, Huang X, Jiang XH, Hu FQ, Du YZ, Zhu QF, Jin CS. In vitro antitumour activity of stearic acid-g-chitosan oligosaccharide polymeric micelles loading podophyllotoxin. J Microencapsul 2012; 29:1-8. [PMID: 22229874 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.621551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of successful formulations for poorly water-soluble drugs remains a longstanding critical and challenging issue in cancer therapy. The stearic acid-g-chitosan oligosaccharide (CSO-SA) micelles have been presented as potential candidates for intracellular antitumour agent delivery carrier. Herein, podophyllotoxin (PPT) loaded CSO-SA micelles (CSO-SA/PPT) were prepared by a dialysis method. The drug encapsulation efficiency could reach a higher level, the micellar size and the zeta potential increased with increasing charged amounts of drug. The cumulative release percentage of PPT drug from micelles enhanced with decreasing PPT content in the micelles. The cytotoxicities of CSO-SA/PPT micelles against human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cells, human lung cancer cells (A549) and human hepatoma cell line (Bel-7402) were higher than that of free PPT formulation. The higher cytotoxicities were due to the faster PPT transport into tumour cells mediated by CSO-SA micelles. Overall, CSO-SA micelles might be a promising carrier for PPT delivery in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine Science, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
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120
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Kamal A, Mallareddy A, Suresh P, Lakshma Nayak V, Shetti RV, Sankara Rao N, Tamboli JR, Shaik TB, Vishnuvardhan M, Ramakrishna S. Synthesis and anticancer activity of 4β-alkylamidochalcone and 4β-cinnamido linked podophyllotoxins as apoptotic inducing agents. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 47:530-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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121
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Gupta ML, Dutta A. Stress-Mediated Adaptive Response Leading to Genetic Diversity and Instability in Metabolite Contents of High Medicinal Value: An Overview onPodophyllum hexandrum. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:873-82. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2011.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manju Lata Gupta
- Radioprotective Drug Development Group, Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig.S.K Mazumdar Marg, Delhi, India
| | - Ajaswrata Dutta
- Radioprotective Drug Development Group, Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig.S.K Mazumdar Marg, Delhi, India
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122
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Inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 by podophyllotoxin: Implication for clinical drug–drug interactions. J Biosci 2011; 36:879-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-011-9143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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123
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Kumar A, Kumar V, Alegria AE, Malhotra SV. N-hydroxyethyl-4-aza-didehydropodophyllotoxin derivatives as potential antitumor agents. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:21-6. [PMID: 21601635 PMCID: PMC3278235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three different series of N-hydroxyethyl aza-podophyllotoxin derivatives containing (i) a five-membered methylenedioxy ring (7a-f), (ii) a five-membered ring with no heteroatom (8a-f) or (iii) a six membered ethylenedioxy ring (9a-f) as ring A were synthesized using a convenient one-pot multi-component reaction. Further variation on ring E was done by decorating it with methoxy and hydroxy groups at different positions. Calculation of logP values of these compounds indicates them to be better soluble than corresponding non-hydroxy derivatives. These novel aza-podophyllotoxin derivatives were screened for their cytostatic and cytotoxic activities on National Cancer Institute's 60 human tumor cell lines to study the structure activity relationship. The overall anticancer activity of these compounds was in the order of 8a-f>9a-f>7a-f. Furthermore, the compounds having 3'-methoxy and 3',4',5'-trimethoxy substitution at ring E were the most active within the series. The cytotoxicity of all the active compounds was low, while their antiproliferative (or cytostatic) activity was high, providing a wide therapeutic window for their potential application as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, PR 00791, USA
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Antonio E. Alegria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, PR 00791, USA
| | - Sanjay V. Malhotra
- Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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124
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Kamal A, Suresh P, Janaki Ramaiah M, Mallareddy A, Kumar BA, Raju P, Vinay Gopal J, Pushpavalli S, Lavanya A, Sarma P, Pal-Bhadra M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4β-acrylamidopodophyllotoxin congeners as DNA damaging agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4589-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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125
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Kumar S, Jawaid T, Dubey SD. Therapeutic Plants of Ayurveda; A Review on Anticancer. PHARMACOGNOSY JOURNAL 2011; 3:1-11. [DOI: 10.5530/pj.2011.23.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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126
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Jin Y, Liu J, Huang WT, Chen SW, Hui L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of derivatives of 4-deoxypodophyllotoxin as antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4056-61. [PMID: 21733601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to generate compounds with superior bioactivity and reduced toxicity, a series of derivatives of deoxypodophyllotoxin were synthesized by reacting 4'-demethyl-4-deoxypodophyllotoxin with substituted piperazines or their amino acid amides. The cytotoxic activity of these compounds against three human cancer cell lines was evaluated. We found that p-nitrophenylpiperazine substitution (Compound 8b) led to an increase in the potency of the compound. Compound 8b exhibited the most potent cytotoxicity against A-549, HeLa and SiHa cells (IC(50) values were 0.102, 0.180 and 0.0195 μM, respectively). In addition, flow cytometric analysis showed that 8b induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase accompanied by apoptosis in A-549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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127
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Reddy DM, Srinivas J, Chashoo G, Saxena AK, Sampath Kumar H. 4β-[(4-Alkyl)-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl] podophyllotoxins as anticancer compounds: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1983-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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128
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Kamal A, Ashwini Kumar B, Suresh P, Juvekar A, Zingde S. Synthesis of 4β-carbamoyl epipodophyllotoxins as potential antitumour agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2975-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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129
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Kamal A, Suresh P, Mallareddy A, Kumar BA, Reddy PV, Raju P, Tamboli JR, Shaik TB, Jain N, Kalivendi SV. Synthesis of a new 4-aza-2,3-didehydropodophyllotoxin analogues as potent cytotoxic and antimitotic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2349-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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130
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Novel tandem biotransformation process for the biosynthesis of a novel compound, 4-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine-1)-4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3023-34. [PMID: 21398491 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03047-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the structure of podophyllotoxin and its structure-function relationship, a novel tandem biotransformation process was developed for the directional modification of the podophyllotoxin structure to directionally synthesize a novel compound, 4-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine-1)-4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin (4-TMP-DMEP). In this novel tandem biotransformation process, the starting substrate of podophyllotoxin was biotransformed into 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin (product 1) with the demethylation of the methoxyl group at the 4' position by Gibberella fujikuroi SH-f13, which was screened out from Shennongjia prime forest humus soil (Hubei, China). 4'-Demethylepipodophyllotoxin (product 1) was then biotransformed into 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxone (product 2) with the oxidation of the hydroxyl group at the 4 position by Alternaria alternata S-f6, which was screened out from the gathered Dysosma versipellis plants in the Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Finally, 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxone (product 2) and ligustrazine were linked with a transamination reaction to synthesize the target product 4-TMP-DMEP (product 3) by Alternaria alternata S-f6. Compared with podophyllotoxin (i.e., a 50% effective concentration [EC(50)] of 529 μM), the EC(50) of 4-TMP-DMEP against the tumor cell line BGC-823 (i.e., 0.11 μM) was significantly reduced by 5,199 times. Simultaneously, the EC(50) of 4-TMP-DMEP against the normal human proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2 (i.e., 0.40 μM) was 66 times higher than that of podophyllotoxin (i.e., 0.006 μM). Furthermore, compared with podophyllotoxin (i.e., log P = 0.34), the water solubility of 4-TMP-DMEP (i.e., log P = 0.66) was significantly enhanced by 94%. For the first time, the novel compound 4-TMP-DMEP with superior antitumor activity was directionally synthesized from podophyllotoxin by the novel tandem biotransformation process developed in this work.
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131
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Rale M, Schneider S, Sprenger GA, Samland AK, Fessner WD. Broadening deoxysugar glycodiversity: natural and engineered transaldolases unlock a complementary substrate space. Chemistry 2011; 17:2623-32. [PMID: 21290439 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The majority of prokaryotic drugs are produced in glycosylated form, with the deoxygenation level in the sugar moiety having a profound influence on the drug's bioprofile. Chemical deoxygenation is challenging due to the need for tedious protective group manipulations. For a direct biocatalytic de novo generation of deoxysugars by carboligation, with regiocontrol over deoxygenation sites determined by the choice of enzyme and aldol components, we have investigated the substrate scope of the F178Y mutant of transaldolase B, TalB(F178Y), and fructose 6-phosphate aldolase, FSA, from E. coli against a panel of variously deoxygenated aldehydes and ketones as aldol acceptors and donors, respectively. Independent of substrate structure, both enzymes catalyze a stereospecific carboligation resulting in the D-threo configuration. In combination, these enzymes have allowed the preparation of a total of 22 out of 24 deoxygenated ketose-type products, many of which are inaccessible by available enzymes, from a [3×8] substrate matrix. Although aliphatic and hydroxylated aliphatic aldehydes were good substrates, D-lactaldehyde was found to be an inhibitor possibly as a consequence of inactive substrate binding to the catalytic Lys residue. A 1-hydroxy-2-alkanone moiety was identified as a common requirement for the donor substrate, whereas propanone and butanone were inactive. For reactions involving dihydroxypropanone, TalB(F178Y) proved to be the superior catalyst, whereas for reactions involving 1-hydroxybutanone, FSA is the only choice; for conversions using hydroxypropanone, both TalB(F178Y) and FSA are suitable. Structure-guided mutagenesis of Ser176 to Ala in the distant binding pocket of TalB(F178Y), in analogy with the FSA active site, further improved the acceptance of hydroxypropanone. Together, these catalysts are valuable new entries to an expanding toolbox of biocatalytic carboligation and complement each other well in their addressable constitutional space for the stereospecific preparation of deoxysugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Rale
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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132
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Kumar A, Kumar V, Alegria A, Malhotra S. Synthetic and application perspectives of azapodophyllotoxins: alternative scaffolds of podophyllotoxin. Curr Med Chem 2011; 18:3853-70. [PMID: 21824101 PMCID: PMC3278234 DOI: 10.2174/092986711803414331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (1) has been known to possess anti-tumor activity and is still considered an important lead for research and development of antineoplastic agents. Derivatives of podophyllotoxin, namely etoposide (2), etopophos (3) and teniposide (4) have been developed and are currently used in clinic for the treatment of a variety of malignancies. These agents are also used in combination therapies with other drugs. Due to the drug resistance developed by cancer cells as well as side effects associated with the use of these agents in clinic, the search for new effective anticancer analogues of podophyllotoxin remains an intense area of research. The structural complexity of podophyllotoxin, arising from the presence of four stereogenic carbons in ring C has restricted most of the structural activity relationship (SAR) studied by derivatization of the parent natural product rather than by de novo multi-step chemical synthesis. These issues provide strong impetus to a search for analogues of 1 with simplified structures, which can be accessible via short synthetic sequences from simple starting materials. Even if such initial compounds might have diminished cytotoxic potencies compared with the parent cyclolignan, the ease of preparation of carefully designed libraries of analogues would lead to more informative SAR studies and expeditious structure optimization. In this regard, during the last two decades considerable efforts have been made to synthesize aza- analogs of podophyllotoxin, i. e. aza-podophyllotoxins, with hetero atoms at different positions of the podophyllotoxin skeleton, while keeping the basic podophyllotoxin structure. Recently, there have been significant efforts towards the convenient synthesis of aza-analogs of 1. The use of multicomponent reactions (MCRs) and the synergies of ultrasound and microwave irradiations have increased the synthetic speed and variety of azapodophyllotoxins which are and will be available to be tested against a diverse population of carcinomas and other diseases. It has been reported that several aza-podophyllotoxins retain a great fraction of the cytotoxicity associated with the parent lignan. This review focuses on the strategies towards synthesis of various aza-podophyllotoxin analogues and their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, PR, 00791 USA
| | - V. Kumar
- Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - A.E. Alegria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, PR, 00791 USA
| | - S.V. Malhotra
- Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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133
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An efficient one-pot synthesis of benzothiazolo-4β-anilino-podophyllotoxin congeners: DNA topoisomerase-II inhibition and anticancer activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:350-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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134
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Labruère R, Gautier B, Testud M, Seguin J, Lenoir C, Desbène-Finck S, Helissey P, Garbay C, Chabot GG, Vidal M, Giorgi-Renault S. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of the First Podophyllotoxin Analogues as Potential Vascular-Disrupting Agents. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:2016-25. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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135
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Liu Y, Zhao C, Li H, Yu M, Gao J, Wang L, Zhai Y. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by a new podophyllotoxin glucoside in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:472-9. [DOI: 10.1139/y10-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
4-Demethylepipodophyllotoxin 7′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (4′ DPG), a new podophyllotoxin glucoside with a chemical structure similar to that of 4-demethylpicropodophyllotoxin 7′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (4DPG), was isolated from the rhizomes of Sinopodophyllum emodi (Wall.) Ying (Berberidaceae). Like 4DPG and etoposide (VP-16), 4′ DPG displayed dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effects in HepG2 cells. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated the presence of apoptotic cells and DNA fragmentation after HepG2 cells were exposed to 4′ DPG (1 µmol/L). In addition, 4′ DPG-driven apoptotic events were associated with upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2. These results suggest that 4′ DPG has prominent cytotoxic activity and induces apoptosis by increasing the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Drug and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Artillery Forces General Hospital, PLA, Beijing 100088, P. R. China
| | - Changqi Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Drug and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Artillery Forces General Hospital, PLA, Beijing 100088, P. R. China
| | - Hongxing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Drug and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Artillery Forces General Hospital, PLA, Beijing 100088, P. R. China
| | - Miao Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Drug and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Artillery Forces General Hospital, PLA, Beijing 100088, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Drug and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Artillery Forces General Hospital, PLA, Beijing 100088, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Drug and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Artillery Forces General Hospital, PLA, Beijing 100088, P. R. China
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Drug and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Artillery Forces General Hospital, PLA, Beijing 100088, P. R. China
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Naik PK, Alam MA, Singh H, Goyal V, Parida S, Kalia S, Mohapatra T. Assessment of genetic diversity through RAPD, ISSR and AFLP markers in Podophyllum hexandrum: a medicinal herb from the Northwestern Himalayan region. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 16:135-148. [PMID: 23572963 PMCID: PMC3550604 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-010-0015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Total synthesis of podophyllotoxin is an expensive process and availability of the compound from the natural resources is an important issue for pharmaceutical companies that manufacture anticancer drugs. In order to facilitate reasoned scientific decisions on its management and conservation for selective breeding programme, genetic analysis of 28 populations was done with 19 random primers, 11 ISSR primers and 13 AFLP primer pairs. A total of 92.37 %, 83.82 % and 84.40 % genetic polymorphism among the populations of Podophyllum were detected using RAPD, ISSR and AFLP makers, respectively. Similarly the mean coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) were 0.69, 0.63 and 0.51, indicating that 33.77 %, 29.44 % and 26 % of the genetic diversity resided within the population. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 53 %, 62 % and 64 % of the genetic diversity among the studied populations was attributed to geographical location while 47 %, 38 % and 36 % was attributed to differences in their habitats using RAPD, ISSR and AFLP markers. An overall value of mean estimated number of gene flow (Nm) were 0.110, 0.147 and 0.24 from RAPD, ISSR and AFLP markers indicating that there was limited gene flow among the sampled populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Naik
- />Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173 215 Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Md. Afroz Alam
- />Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173 215 Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Harvinder Singh
- />Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173 215 Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Vinod Goyal
- />National Research Centre of Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012 India
| | - Swarup Parida
- />National Research Centre of Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012 India
| | - Sanjay Kalia
- />National Research Centre of Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012 India
| | - T. Mohapatra
- />National Research Centre of Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012 India
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137
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Updated biotechnological approaches developed for 2,7′-cyclolignan production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2010; 55:139-53. [DOI: 10.1042/ba20090253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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138
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Qin L, Xue M, Wang W, Zhu R, Wang S, Sun J, Zhang R, Sun X. The in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor effect of layered double hydroxides nanoparticles as delivery for podophyllotoxin. Int J Pharm 2010; 388:223-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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139
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Zhang JQ, Zhang ZW, Hui L, Tian X. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Spin-Labeled Derivatives of Podophyllotoxin. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000500214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to design new antitumor drugs and study the relationship between antitumor and antioxidative activity of spin-labeled derivatives of podophyllotoxin, five novel pyrroline spin-labeled 4β-N-substituted-amino acid-4′-O-demethylepipodo-phyllotoxin compounds (11a-e) (Scheme 2) were synthesized and evaluated. Their cytotoxicity against three tumor cell lines (human lung carcinoma A-549, human leukemia cell HL-60 and multiple myeloma RPMI-8226) has been evaluated using a MTT-based assay in vitro. Also, we determined malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver and kidney homogenate of SD rats by the TBA method. The five new compounds showed either superior or comparable inhibitory activity against A-549, HL-60 and RPMI-8226 cell lines compared with etoposide (VP-16, 2), and all the tested compounds showed more significant antioxidant activities than VP-16. Furthermore, the partition coefficients were measured and preliminary structure-activity relationships are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhi-wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ling Hui
- Experimental center of Medicine, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Xuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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140
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Zhang JQ, Zhang ZW, Hui L, Chen SW, Tian X. Novel semisynthetic spin-labeled derivatives of podophyllotoxin with cytotoxic and antioxidative activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:983-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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141
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Baikar S, Malpathak N. Secondary metabolites as DNA topoisomerase inhibitors: A new era towards designing of anticancer drugs. Pharmacogn Rev 2010; 4:12-26. [PMID: 22228937 PMCID: PMC3249898 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.65320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, terpenoids, polyphenols and quinones are produced by the plants. These metabolites can be utilized as natural medicines for the reason that they inhibit the activity of DNA topoisomerase which are the clinical targets for anticancer drugs. DNA topoisomerases are the cellular enzymes that change the topological state of DNA through the breaking and rejoining of DNA strands. Synthetic drugs as inhibitors of topoisomerases have been developed and used in the clinical trials but severe side effects are a serious problem for them therefore, there is a need for the development of novel plant-derived natural drugs and their analogs which may serve as appropriate inhibitors with respect to drug designing. The theme for this review is how secondary metabolites or natural products inactivate the action of DNA topoisomerases and open new avenues towards isolation and characterization of compounds for the development of novel drugs with anticancer potential.
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142
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Kashima K, Sano K, Yun YS, Ina H, Kunugi A, Inoue H. Ovafolinins A-E, Five New Lignans from Lyonia ovalifolia. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:191-4. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kashima
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Kaichi Sano
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Young Sook Yun
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Hiroji Ina
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Akira Kunugi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Hideshi Inoue
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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143
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Shin SY, Yong Y, Kim CG, Lee YH, Lim Y. Deoxypodophyllotoxin induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HeLa cells. Cancer Lett 2010; 287:231-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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144
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An integrative approach for the isolation, screening and analysis of antitumor agents by liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 655:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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145
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Chen SW, Xiang R, Tian X. Synthesis of New Conjugates of Modified Podophyllotoxin and Stavudine. Helv Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200900012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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146
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A novel biotransformation process of 4′-demethylepipodophyllotoxin to 4′-demethylepipodophyllic acid by Bacillus fusiformis CICC 20463. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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147
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel conjugates of podophyllotoxin and 5-FU as antineoplastic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3111-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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148
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Zhu RR, Qin LL, Wang M, Wu SM, Wang SL, Zhang R, Liu ZX, Sun XY, Yao SD. Preparation, characterization, and anti-tumor property of podophyllotoxin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:055702. [PMID: 19417361 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/5/055702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to develop an alternative formulation of podophyllotoxin suitable for drug release and delivery, podophyllotoxin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (PPT-SLNs) were constructed, characterized and examined for in vitro cytotoxicity and tumor inhibition. The SLNs were prepared by using a solvent emulsification-evaporation method, and their size was around 50 nm. TEM detection showed that the SLNs were homogeneous and spherical in shape, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement revealed a new conformation of PPT-SLNs. An in vitro drug release study showed that PPT was released from the SLNs in a slow but time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the treatment of 293T and HeLa cells with PPT-SLNs demonstrated that PPT-SLNs were less toxic to normal cells and more effective in anti-tumor potency compared with unconjugated PPT. A colony forming efficiency assay showed an effective long-term cancer growth suppression of PPT-SLNs; in addition, they can also enhance the apoptotic and cellular uptake processes on tumor cells compared with PPT. These results collectively demonstrated that this SLN formulation has a potential application as an alternative delivery system for anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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149
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Boluda CJ, Trujillo JM, Pérez JA, López H, Aragón Z, Díaz RG. Semisynthesis of Justicidone and a 1,2-Quinone Lignan. Cytotoxic Activity of Some Natural and Synthetic Lignans. Nat Prod Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0900400214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dioxo-lignans of the arylnaphthalene-type named justicidone (2) and elenodione (3) were obtained from elenoside (1) through a short and efficient semisynthetic process. Justicidone (2), one of its synthetic precursors, 4-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5,6,8-trimethoxy-3a,4-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one (9), and the aglycone of elenoside (5) showed cytotoxic activity towards the HL-60 cell line (IC50 = 7.25 μM, 5.41 μM and 2.06 μM, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J. Boluda
- Instituto Universitario de Bioorgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez, 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Juan M. Trujillo
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, C.S.I.C., Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez, 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - José A. Pérez
- Instituto Universitario de Bioorgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez, 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Hermelo López
- Instituto Universitario de Bioorgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez, 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Zulma Aragón
- Instituto Universitario de Bioorgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez, 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Raquel G. Díaz
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, C.S.I.C., Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez, 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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150
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Abstract
Using neoglycosylation, the impact of differential glycosylation upon the divergent anticancer and anti-HIV properties of the triterpenoid betulinic acid (BA) was examined. Each member from a library of 37 differentially glycosylated BA variants was tested for anticancer and anti-HIV activities. Enhanced analogs for both desired activities were discovered with the corresponding antitumor or antiviral enhancements diverging, on the basis of the appended sugar, into two distinct compound subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal D. Goff
- University of Wisconsin National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777, Highland Ave. Madison, WI 53705
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- University of Wisconsin National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777, Highland Ave. Madison, WI 53705
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