101
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Zhang HW, Du CH, Xu YY, Zhu BK. Hybrid proton exchange membranes based on sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) and zirconium hydrogen phosphate. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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102
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Kim YS, Pivovar BS. Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. ADVANCES IN FUEL CELLS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1752-301x(07)80009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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103
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Wu X, He G, Gu S, Chen W, Yao P. Sulfonation of poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) by heterogeneous method and its potential application on proton exchange membrane (PEM). J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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104
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Gromadzki D, Černoch P, Janata M, Kůdela V, Nallet F, Diat O, Štěpánek P. Morphological studies and ionic transport properties of partially sulfonated diblock copolymers. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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105
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Kim B, Kim J, Cha BJ, Jung B. Effect of selective swelling on protons and methanol transport properties through partially sulfonated block copolymer membranes. J Memb Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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106
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Ni HB, Li ZH, Dou HY, Li H, Zhao CX. Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated ionomer p-perfluoro-[1-(2-sulfonic)ethoxy]ethylated polyacrylonitrile-styrene. J Fluor Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2006.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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107
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Preparation and characterization of poly(ether sulfone)/sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) blend membranes. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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108
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Lue SJ, Shih TS, Wei TC. Plasma modification on a Nafion membrane for direct methanol fuel cell applications. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02706747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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109
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Nagarale RK, Gohil GS, Shahi VK. Recent developments on ion-exchange membranes and electro-membrane processes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 119:97-130. [PMID: 16325751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rapid growth of chemical and biotechnology in diversified areas fuels the demand for the need of reliable green technologies for the down stream processes, which include separation, purification and isolation of the molecules. Ion-exchange membrane technologies are non-hazardous in nature and being widely used not only for separation and purification but their application also extended towards energy conversion devices, storage batteries and sensors etc. Now there is a quite demand for the ion-exchange membrane with better selectivities, less electrical resistance, high chemical, mechanical and thermal stability as well as good durability. A lot of work has been done for the development of these types of ion-exchange membranes during the past twenty-five years. Herein we have reviewed the preparation of various types of ion-exchange membranes, their characterization and applications for different electro-membrane processes. Primary attention has been given to the chemical route used for the membrane preparation. Several general reactions used for the preparation of ion-exchange membranes were described. Methodologies used for the characterization of these membranes and their applications were also reviewed for the benefit of readers, so that they can get all information about the ion-exchange membranes at one platform. Although there are large number of reports available regarding preparations and applications of ion-exchange membranes more emphasis were predicted for the usefulness of these membranes or processes for solving certain type of industrial or social problems. More efforts are needed to bring many products or processes to pilot scale and extent their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Nagarale
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar-364002, Gujarat, India
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110
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Park YS, Yamazaki Y. Low water/methanol permeable Nafion/CHP organic–inorganic composite membrane with high crystallinity. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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111
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Thomassin JM, Pagnoulle C, Caldarella G, Germain A, Jérôme R. Contribution of nanoclays to the barrier properties of a model proton exchange membrane for fuel cell application. J Memb Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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112
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DeLuca NW, Elabd YA. Polymer electrolyte membranes for the direct methanol fuel cell: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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113
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Rubatat L, Shi Z, Diat O, Holdcroft S, Frisken BJ. Structural Study of Proton-Conducting Fluorous Block Copolymer Membranes. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0520139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Rubatat
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation, National Research Council Canada, 3250 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada; and UMR SPrAM 5819, CEA-Grenoble, 17 av. des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Zhiqing Shi
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation, National Research Council Canada, 3250 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada; and UMR SPrAM 5819, CEA-Grenoble, 17 av. des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Olivier Diat
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation, National Research Council Canada, 3250 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada; and UMR SPrAM 5819, CEA-Grenoble, 17 av. des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation, National Research Council Canada, 3250 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada; and UMR SPrAM 5819, CEA-Grenoble, 17 av. des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Barbara J. Frisken
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation, National Research Council Canada, 3250 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada; and UMR SPrAM 5819, CEA-Grenoble, 17 av. des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
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114
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Elabd YA, Napadensky E, Walker CW, Winey KI. Transport Properties of Sulfonated Poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) Triblock Copolymers at High Ion-Exchange Capacities. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma051958n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yossef A. Elabd
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005; Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Eugene Napadensky
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005; Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Charles W. Walker
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005; Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005; Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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115
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Pu HT, Qiao L, Liu QZ, Yang ZL. A new anhydrous proton conducting material based on phosphoric acid doped polyimide. Eur Polym J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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116
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Park YS, Yamazaki Y. Low water uptake content and low water/methanol transport in CP/Nafion hybrid membrane with high non-hydrogen bonding. J Memb Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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117
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del Río C, Jurado J, Acosta J. Hybrid membranes based on block co-polymer ionomers and silica gel. Synthesis and characterization. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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118
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Shi Z, Holdcroft S. Synthesis and Proton Conductivity of Partially Sulfonated Poly([vinylidene difluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene]-b-styrene) Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0477549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada, and Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation, National Research Council (NRC), 3250 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada, and Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation, National Research Council (NRC), 3250 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada
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119
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Cánovas MJ, Acosta JL, Linares A. Polymer Thermoplastic Proton Conductors Based on PPO and PS Ionomer Blends. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200400479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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120
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Zhang X, Liu S, Liu L, Yin J. Partially sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)-b-polybutadiene for proton exchange membrane. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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121
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Meier-Haack J, Taeger A, Vogel C, Schlenstedt K, Lenk W, Lehmann D. Membranes from sulfonated block copolymers for use in fuel cells. Sep Purif Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2004.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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122
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Yang SJ, Jang W, Lee C, Shul YG, Han H. The effect of crosslinked networks with poly(ethylene glycol) on sulfonated polyimide for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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123
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Sundar S, Jang W, Lee C, Shul Y, Han H. Crosslinked sulfonated polyimide networks as polymer electrolyte membranes in fuel cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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124
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Novel Nafion/Hydroxyapatite composite membrane with high crystallinity and low methanol crossover for DMFCs. Polym Bull (Berl) 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-004-0310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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125
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Jung B, Kim B, Yang JM. Transport of methanol and protons through partially sulfonated polymer blend membranes for direct methanol fuel cell. J Memb Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2004.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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126
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Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymer proton exchange membranes: composition and morphology effects on the methanol permeability. J Memb Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2004.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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127
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Mukoma P, Jooste B, Vosloo H. A comparison of methanol permeability in Chitosan and Nafion 117 membranes at high to medium methanol concentrations. J Memb Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2004.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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128
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Hickner MA, Ghassemi H, Kim YS, Einsla BR, McGrath JE. Alternative Polymer Systems for Proton Exchange Membranes (PEMs). Chem Rev 2004; 104:4587-611. [PMID: 15669163 DOI: 10.1021/cr020711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1523] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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129
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Bettelheim A, Soifer L, Korin E. Electropolymerized porphyrin films as methanol barriers in direct methanol fuel cells. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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130
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Barra GM, Jacques LB, Oréfice RL, Carneiro JR. Processing, characterization and properties of conducting polyaniline-sulfonated SEBS block copolymers. Eur Polym J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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131
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Sulfonation and characterization of poly(styrene-isobutylene-styrene) triblock copolymers at high ion-exchange capacities. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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132
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133
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Smitha B, Sridhar S, Khan AA. Polyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan and Poly(acrylic acid) As Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0355913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Smitha
- Membrane Separations Group, Chemical Engineering Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India
| | - S. Sridhar
- Membrane Separations Group, Chemical Engineering Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India
| | - A. A. Khan
- Membrane Separations Group, Chemical Engineering Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India
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134
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Barbi V, Funari SS, Gehrke R, Scharnagl N, Stribeck N. Nanostructure of Nafion membrane material as a function of mechanical load studied by SAXS. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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135
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Woo Y, Oh SY, Kang YS, Jung B. Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated polyimide membranes for direct methanol fuel cell. J Memb Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7388(03)00185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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136
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Nácher A, Escribano P, Del Río C, Rodríguez A, Acosta JL. Polymer proton-conduction systems based on commercial polymers. I. Synthesis and characterization of hydrogenated styrene-butadiene block copolymer and isobutylene isoprene rubber systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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137
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Synthesis, proton conductivity and methanol permeability of a novel sulfonated polyimide from 3-(2′,4′-diaminophenoxy)propane sulfonic acid. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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