101
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Determination of colistin in human plasma, urine and other biological samples using LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 862:205-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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102
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Subacute toxicity of colistin methanesulfonate in rats: comparison of various intravenous dosage regimens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:1159-61. [PMID: 18180359 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01101-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative nephro- and neurotoxicity of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) was investigated with rats during 7 days of intravenous administration in regimens mimicking twice- and once-daily dosing of a clinically relevant dose for humans. Histological examination revealed more-severe renal lesions with the regimen corresponding to once-daily dosing, indicating that the potential for renal toxicity may be greater with extended-interval dosing.
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103
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Tan CH, Li J, Nation RL. Activity of colistin against heteroresistant Acinetobacter baumannii and emergence of resistance in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3413-5. [PMID: 17620384 PMCID: PMC2043182 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01571-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three clinically relevant intermittent regimens, and a continuous infusion, of colistin were simulated in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model against two colistin-heteroresistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. Extensive initial killing was followed by regrowth as early as 6 h later; bacterial density in the 24- to 72-h period was within 1 log(10) CFU/ml of growth control. Population analysis profiles revealed extensive emergence of resistant subpopulations regardless of the colistin regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Tan
- Facility for Anti-infective Drug Development and Innovation, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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104
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105
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Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Milne RW, Coulthard K, Rayner CR, Paterson DL. Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2006; 6:589-601. [PMID: 16931410 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(06)70580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 999] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, in particular Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, presents a critical problem. Limited therapeutic options have forced infectious disease clinicians and microbiologists to reappraise the clinical application of colistin, a polymyxin antibiotic discovered more than 50 years ago. We summarise recent progress in understanding the complex chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of colistin, the interplay between these three aspects, and their effect on the clinical use of this important antibiotic. Recent clinical findings are reviewed, focusing on evaluation of efficacy, emerging resistance, potential toxicities, and combination therapy. In the battle against rapidly emerging bacterial resistance we can no longer rely entirely on the discovery of new antibiotics; we must also pursue rational approaches to the use of older antibiotics such as colistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Facility for Anti-infective Drug Development and Innovation, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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106
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Bergen PJ, Li J, Rayner CR, Nation RL. Colistin methanesulfonate is an inactive prodrug of colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:1953-8. [PMID: 16723551 PMCID: PMC1479097 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00035-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a dearth of information on the pharmacodynamics of "colistin," despite its increasing use as a last line of defense for treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms. The antimicrobial activities of colistin and colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) were investigated by studying the time-kill kinetics of each against a type culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth. The appearance of colistin from CMS spiked at 8.0 and 32 mg/liter was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, which generated colistin concentration-time profiles. These concentration-time profiles were subsequently mimicked in other incubations, independent of CMS, by incrementally spiking colistin. When the cultures were spiked with CMS at either concentration, there was a substantial delay in the onset of the killing effect which was not evident until the concentrations of colistin generated from the hydrolysis of CMS had reached approximately 0.5 to 1 mg/liter (i.e., approximately 0.5 to 1 times the MIC for colistin). The time course of the killing effect was similar when colistin was added incrementally to achieve the same colistin concentration-time course observed from the hydrolysis of CMS. Given that the killing kinetics of CMS can be accounted for by the appearance of colistin, CMS is an inactive prodrug of colistin with activity against P. aeruginosa. This is the first study to demonstrate the formation of colistin in microbiological media containing CMS and to demonstrate that CMS is an inactive prodrug of colistin. These findings have important implications for susceptibility testing involving "colistin," in particular, for MIC measurement and for microbiological assays and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Bergen
- Facility for Anti-Infective Drug Development and Innovation, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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107
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108
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Li J, Rayner CR, Nation RL, Deans R, Boots R, Widdecombe N, Douglas A, Lipman J. Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and colistin in a critically ill patient receiving continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 49:4814-5. [PMID: 16251342 PMCID: PMC1280168 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.11.4814-4815.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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109
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110
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Sin DWM, Ho C, Wong YC, Ho SK, Ip ACB. Analysis of major components of residual bacitracin and colistin in food samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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111
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Li J, Nation RL, Milne RW, Turnidge JD, Coulthard K. Evaluation of colistin as an agent against multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 25:11-25. [PMID: 15620821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are increasing worldwide. In patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), resistance in P. aeruginosa to numerous anti-pseudomonal agents is becoming common. The absence since 1995, of new substances active against resistant Gram-negative bacteria, has caused increasing concern. Colistin, an old antibiotic also known as polymyxin E, has attracted more interest recently because of its significant activity against multi-resistant P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the low resistance rates to it. Because its use as an anti-pseudomonal agent was displaced by the potentially less toxic aminoglycosides in 1970s, our knowledge of this drug is limited. However, there has been a significant recent increase in the data gathered on colistin, focussing on its chemistry, antibacterial activity, mechanism of action and resistance, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and new clinical application. It is likely that colistin will be an important antimicrobial option against multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, for some years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Facility for Anti-infective Drug Development and Innovation, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia.
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112
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Suhren G, Knappstein K. Detection of colistin in spiked and incurred milk samples by LC- and ELISA-technique. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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113
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Gmur DJ, Bredl CR, Steele SJ, Cai S, VanDevanter DR, Nardella PA. Determination of polymyxin E1 in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 789:365-72. [PMID: 12742127 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A precise and accurate HPLC assay for polymyxin E(1) in rat and dog plasma has been validated. Samples and standards are extracted from plasma with a 96-well C(8) extraction disk plate. Sample extracts are derivatized with dansyl chloride, and polymyxin E(1) derivative is quantitated on a C(8) column by HPLC with fluorescence detection. The assay is linear in the range of 0.050-5.00 micro g/ml for polymyxin E(1). The precision and accuracy of polymyxin E(1) plasma assay was well within the recommended limits set in the FDA Guidance for Bioanalytical Method Validation. Polymyxin E(1) stability in rat and dog plasma for 24 h at room temperature and through three freeze-thaw cycles was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Gmur
- Chiron Corporation, 201 Elliott Avenue West, Seattle, Washington 98119, USA
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114
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Li J, Milne RW, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Smeaton TC, Coulthard K. Use of high-performance liquid chromatography to study the pharmacokinetics of colistin sulfate in rats following intravenous administration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1766-70. [PMID: 12709357 PMCID: PMC153303 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.5.1766-1770.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of colistin was investigated using specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the concentrations of colistin and colistin A and B in plasma and urine in five rats after administration of an intravenous bolus of 1 mg of colistin sulfate/kg of body weight. There were differences in the pharmacokinetic behaviors of unbound colistin A and B. This is the first report of the use of HPLC to study the pharmacokinetics of colistin and its two major components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Research. School of Pharmaceutical, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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115
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Li J, Milne RW, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Coulthard K. Stability of colistin and colistin methanesulfonate in aqueous media and plasma as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1364-70. [PMID: 12654671 PMCID: PMC152538 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.4.1364-1370.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The stabilities of colistin and colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) in different aqueous media were studied by specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. Colistin was stable in water at 4 and 37 degrees C for up to 60 days and 120 h, respectively. However, degradation was observed when colistin was stored in isotonic phosphate buffer (0.067 M, pH 7.4) and human plasma at 37 degrees C. The stability of CMS from three different sources in water was explored by strong-anion-exchange (SAX) HPLC for CMS and by measuring the concentrations of colistin formed from the hydrolysis of CMS. The peaks of CMS in SAX HPLC disappeared almost completely after 12 h at 37 degrees C, but appeared to remain intact for up to 2 days at 4 degrees C. Over the same period, there was no formation of colistin at 4 degrees C. In water, phosphate buffer, and plasma, there was rapid formation of colistin within 24 to 48 h at 37 degrees C from the three sources of CMS. The hydrolysis products were assumed to be a complex mixture of many different sulfomethyl derivatives, including colistin. The stability of a fourth source of CMS in Mueller-Hinton broth examined during 30 min at 37 degrees C revealed no formation of colistin. Along with previous microbiological studies, this suggested that different sulfomethyl CMSs possess intrinsic antibacterial activity. These results will be helpful for understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of colistin and CMS in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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116
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Li J, Milne RW, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Coulthard K, Valentine J. Simple method for assaying colistin methanesulfonate in plasma and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:3304-7. [PMID: 12234867 PMCID: PMC128774 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.10.3304-3307.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of colistimethate sodium in plasma and urine. The accuracy and reproducibility was within 10.1 and 11.2% with rat plasma and urine, respectively. Several commonly coadministered antibacterial agents do not interfere with the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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