101
|
|
102
|
Abstract
AbstractIn both biology and the human sciences, social groups are sometimes treated as adaptive units whose organization cannot be reduced to individual interactions. This group-level view is opposed by a more individualistic one that treats social organization as a byproduct of self-interest. According to biologists, group-level adaptations can evolve only by a process of natural selection at the group level. Most biologists rejected group selection as an important evolutionary force during the 1960s and 1970s but a positive literature began to grow during the 1970s and is rapidly expanding today. We review this recent literature and its implications for human evolutionary biology. We show that the rejection of group selection was based on a misplaced emphasis on genes as “replicators” which is in fact irrelevant to the question of whether groups can be like individuals in their functional organization. The fundamental question is whether social groups and other higher-level entities can be “vehicles” of selection. When this elementary fact is recognized, group selection emerges as an important force in nature and what seem to be competing theories, such as kin selection and reciprocity, reappear as special cases of group selection. The result is a unified theory of natural selection that operates on a nested hierarchy of units.The vehicle-based theory makes it clear that group selection is an important force to consider in human evolution. Humans can facultatively span the full range from self-interested individuals to “organs” of group-level “organisms.” Human behavior not only reflects the balance between levels of selection but it can also alter the balance through the construction of social structures that have the effect of reducing fitness differences within groups, concentrating natural selection (and functional organization) at the group level. These social structures and the cognitive abilities that produce them allow group selection to be important even among large groups of unrelated individuals.
Collapse
|
103
|
|
104
|
|
105
|
The maintenance of behavioral diversity in human societies. Behav Brain Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00036438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
106
|
|
107
|
Testing Mealey's model: The need to demonstrate an ESS and to establish the role of testosterone. Behav Brain Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00039601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
108
|
Is the distinction between primary and secondary sociopaths a matter of degree, secondary traits, or nature vs. nurture? Behav Brain Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00040012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
109
|
Moral judgments by alleged sociopaths as a means for coping with problems of definition and identification in Mealey's model. Behav Brain Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00040000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
110
|
|
111
|
|
112
|
Empirically equivalent theories. Behav Brain Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0003630x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
113
|
Driving both ways: Wilson & Sober's conflicting criteria for the identification of groups as vehicles of selection. Behav Brain Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00036116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
114
|
Abstract
AbstractMealey's interesting interpretation of sociopathy is based on an inappropriate two-person game model. A multiperson, compound game version of Chicken would be more suitable, because a population engaging in random pairwise interactions with that structure would evolve to an equilibrium in which a fixed proportion of strategic choices was exploitative, antisocial, and risky, as required by Mealey's interpretation.
Collapse
|
115
|
|
116
|
|
117
|
|
118
|
|
119
|
|
120
|
|
121
|
|
122
|
|
123
|
|
124
|
|
125
|
|
126
|
|
127
|
|
128
|
|
129
|
Beyond shared fate: Group-selected mechanisms for cooperation and competition in fuzzy, fluid vehicles. Behav Brain Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00036360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
130
|
|
131
|
Different vehicles for group selection in humans. Behav Brain Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00036335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
132
|
Kaptijn R, Thomese F, van Tilburg TG, Liefbroer AC, Deeg DJ. Low fertility in contemporary humans and the mate value of their children: sex-specific effects on social status indicators. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
133
|
Campbell L, Wilbur CJ. Are the Traits we Prefer in Potential Mates the Traits they Value in Themselves? An Analysis of Sex Differences in the Self-concept. SELF AND IDENTITY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15298860802505434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
134
|
Abstract
In this paper, I present evidence for a robust and quite general force of selection on the human life cycle. The force of selection acts in remarkably invariant ways on human life histories, despite a great abundance of demographic diversity. Human life histories are highly structured, with mortality and fertility changing substantially through the life cycle. This structure necessitates the use of structured population models to understand human life history evolution. Using such structured models, I find that the vital rates to which fitness is most sensitive are pre-reproductive survival probabilities, particularly the survival of children ages 0-4. The fact that the preponderance of selection falls on transitions related to recruitment combined with the late age at first reproduction characteristic of the human life cycle, creates a fitness bottleneck out of recruitment. Because of this, antagonistic pleiotropy with any trait that detracts from the constituent transitions to recruitment is expected. I explore the predictors of variation in the force of selection on early survival. High fertility increases the selective premium placed on early survivorship, while high life expectancy at birth decreases it.
Collapse
|
135
|
Costs and benefits of fat-free muscle mass in men: relationship to mating success, dietary requirements, and native immunity. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
136
|
Honey PL, Coulombe CD. Effects of Context and Relative Rank on Mate Choice and Affiliation Ratings. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/147470490900700307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Female dominance has not often been studied as a factor in mate choice and other social interactions. When it has been examined, there have been a number of conflicting findings. The present study was designed to clarify interpretations of a study conducted by Brown and Lewis (2004) that found that men prefer subordinate women in a workplace context. We presented participants with information about the relative rank of physically attractive targets, in two very different contexts (work-related and recreational). We found that the context in which rank cues are presented has an impact on affiliation ratings, but that cues of rank do not affect mate choice ratings. Future studies of effects of dominance must take into account the context in which they are presented, and recognize that rank may not be a sufficient indicator of dominance for the purpose of mate choice by both men and women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Lynne Honey
- Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan College, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Chad D. Coulombe
- Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan College, Edmonton, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Jokela M, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. Adolescent Leadership and Adulthood Fertility: Revisiting the “Central Theoretical Problem of Human Sociobiology”. J Pers 2009; 77:213-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
138
|
Prokosch MD, Coss RG, Scheib JE, Blozis SA. Intelligence and mate choice: intelligent men are always appealing. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
139
|
Abstract
Although genomic studies suggest that natural selection in humans is ongoing, the strength of selection acting on particular characteristics in human populations has rarely been measured. Positive selection on male wealth appears to be a recurrent feature of human agrarian and pastoralist societies, and there is some evidence of it in industrial populations, too. Here we investigate the strength of selection on male wealth, first in contemporary Britain using data from the National Child Development Study and then across seven other varied human societies. The British data show positive selection on male income driven by increased childlessness among low-income men but a negative association between personal income and reproductive success for women. Across cultures, selection gradients for male wealth are weakest in industrial countries and strongest in subsistence societies with extensive polygyny. Even the weakest selection gradients observed for male wealth in humans are as strong as or stronger than selection gradients reported from field studies of other species. Thus, selection on male wealth in contemporary humans appears to be ubiquitous and substantial in strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nettle
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University, Henry Wellcome Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle NE24HH, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
|
141
|
Pollet TV, Nettle D. Driving a hard bargain: sex ratio and male marriage success in a historical US population. Biol Lett 2008; 4:31-3. [PMID: 18055406 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary psychologists have documented a widespread female preference for men of high status and resources, and evidence from several populations suggests that this preference has real effects on marriage success. Here, we show that in the US population of 1910, socioeconomic status (SES) had a positive effect on men's chances of marrying. We also test a further prediction from the biological markets theory, namely that where the local sex ratio produces an oversupply of men, women will be able to drive a harder bargain. As the sex ratio of the states increases, the effect of SES on marriage success becomes stronger, indicating increased competition between men and an increased ability to choose on the part of women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Pollet
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Fieder M, Huber S. The effects of sex and childlessness on the association between status and reproductive output in modern society. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
143
|
Boothroyd LG, Jones BC, Burt DM, Perrett DI. Partner characteristics associated with masculinity, health and maturity in male faces. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
144
|
Too good to be ‘true’? The handicap of high socio-economic status in attractive males. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
145
|
Sear R, Lawson DW, Dickins TE. Synthesis in the human evolutionary behavioural sciences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1556/jep.2007.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
146
|
|
147
|
Faurie C, Vianey-Liaud N, Raymond M. Do left-handed children have advantages regarding school performance and leadership skills? Laterality 2006; 11:57-70. [PMID: 16414916 DOI: 10.1080/13576500500294620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A handedness polymorphism exists in all human populations so far investigated, at least since the Palaeolithic. Handedness is a heritable trait, and a possible evolutionary explanation for the higher prevalence of right-handers is the association of left-handedness with some deleterious traits. In this context, the persistence of left-handers remains unexplained. Reproductive success has been shown to be dependent on cultural success in many human societies. This study is the first attempt to consider the importance of social status to evolutionary processes related to handedness. We conducted a survey in French public primary schools to look for a possible association between laterality, school performance, and leadership skills. This study revealed only weak associations, and a sex effect. For primary-school girls, we report a negative association between several indicators of left-sidedness and teacher's ratings of school performance and leadership skills. For primary-school boys, we report a positive association between left-handedness for writing and teacher's ratings of school performance. The present study did not reveal any strong relation between laterality and school performance, but has shown that general school performance is not independent of laterality, and that the effect is opposite in males and females. The main difficulty is now to define clearly the different intellectual functions involved.
Collapse
|
148
|
|
149
|
Kanazawa S. An Empirical Test of a Possible Solution to “the Central Theoretical Problem of Human Sociobiology”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1556/jcep.3.2005.3-4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
150
|
|