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Guyomard-Rabenirina S, Weill FX, Le Hello S, Bastian S, Berger F, Ferdinand S, Legreneur P, Loraux C, Malpote E, Muanza B, Richard V, Talarmin A, Breurec S. Reptiles in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) are a reservoir of major human Salmonella enterica serovars. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220145. [PMID: 31323053 PMCID: PMC6641201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of human Salmonella enterica infections in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) appears to be specific, with a higher prevalence of the subspecies enterica serovars Panama and Arechavaleta (Panama and Arechavaleta) than in other regions. A study was performed in Guadeloupe to identify the reservoir of Salmonella serovars by comparing their distribution in warm- and cold-blooded animals and in humans living in Guadeloupe and mainland France. Furthermore, a case–control study was conducted in 2012–2013 to identify the main epidemiologic risk factors for S. enterica infection among children under 15 years of age. Between June 2011 and December 2014, feces from 426 reptiles (322 anoles, 69 iguanas and 35 geckos) and 50 frogs distributed throughout Guadeloupe and nearby islands were investigated. The frequency of S. enterica carriage was 15.0% (n = 64) in reptiles but varied by species. The only significant risk factor for S. enterica infection was a more frequent presence of frogs in the houses of cases than in those of controls (P = 0.042); however, isolates were not collected. Panama and Arechavaleta were the two serovars most often recovered between 2005 and 2014 from humans living in Guadeloupe (24.5% (n = 174) and 11.5% (n = 82), respectively), which is in contrast to the low prevalence in mainland France (0.4%). Their presence at low frequencies in wild reptiles (4.6% (n = 3) and 3.1% (n = 2), respectively) and pigs (7.5% (n = 5) and 1.5% (n = 1), respectively) suggests a broad host range, and humans may be infected by indirect or direct contact with animals. These serovars are probably poorly adapted to humans and therefore cause more severe infections. The unusual subspecies houtenae serovar 43:z4,z32:- was a major subspecies in wild reptiles (24.6%, n = 16) and humans (9.4%, n = 67) but was not recovered from warm-blooded animals, suggesting that reptiles plays a key role in human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Simon Le Hello
- Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvaine Bastian
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie clinique et environnementale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Pointe-à-Pitre/les Abymes, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Franck Berger
- Service de Santé des Armées, Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées, Marseille, France.,INSERM, IRD, Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Université d'Aix Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Séverine Ferdinand
- Unité Transmission, Réservoir et Diversité des Pathogènes, Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, France
| | | | - Cécile Loraux
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie clinique et environnementale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Pointe-à-Pitre/les Abymes, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Edith Malpote
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie clinique et environnementale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Pointe-à-Pitre/les Abymes, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Blandine Muanza
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Pointe-à-Pitre/les Abymes, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Vincent Richard
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Antoine Talarmin
- Unité Transmission, Réservoir et Diversité des Pathogènes, Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, France
| | - Sébastien Breurec
- Unité Transmission, Réservoir et Diversité des Pathogènes, Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, France.,Laboratoire de Microbiologie clinique et environnementale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Pointe-à-Pitre/les Abymes, Pointe-à-Pitre, France.,Faculté de Médecine Hyacinthe Bastaraud, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
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102
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Ferrari RG, Rosario DKA, Cunha-Neto A, Mano SB, Figueiredo EES, Conte-Junior CA. Worldwide Epidemiology of Salmonella Serovars in Animal-Based Foods: a Meta-analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00591-19. [PMID: 31053586 PMCID: PMC6606869 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00591-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are among the most important foodborne pathogens and the third leading cause of human death among diarrheal diseases worldwide. Animals are the primary source of this pathogen, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Thus, understanding the global epidemiology of Salmonella serovars is key to controlling and monitoring this bacterium. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of Salmonella enterica serovars in animal-based foods (beef, pork, poultry, and seafood) throughout the five continents (Africa, the Americas [North and Latin America], Asia, Europe, and Oceania). The meta-analysis consisted of a chemometric assessment (hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis) to identify the main epidemiological findings, including the prevalence and diversity of the Salmonella serovars in each matrix. Regarding the serovar distribution, S Typhimurium presented a cosmopolitan distribution, reported in all four assessed matrices and continents; poultry continues to play a central role in the dissemination of the Enteritidis serovar to humans, and Anatum and Weltevreden were the most frequently found in beef and seafood, respectively. Additionally, we recommended careful monitoring of certain serovars, such as Derby, Agona, Infantis, and Kentucky. Finally, given the scientific data regarding the most frequently reported serovars and which matrices constitute the main vehicles for the transmission of this pathogen, control programs may be improved, and specific interventions may be implemented in an attempt to reduce the risk of this pathogen reaching humans.IMPORTANCE Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella spp. and is the third leading cause of death among food-transmitted diseases. This pathogen is commonly disseminated in domestic and wild animals, and the infection's symptoms are characterized by acute fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The animals are the primary source of salmonellae, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Therefore, data collected from these sources could contribute to future global interventions for effective control and surveillance of Salmonella along the food chain. In light of this, the importance of our research is in identifying the prevalence of Salmonella serovars in four animal-based food matrices (pork, poultry, beef, and seafood) and to evaluate the importance that each matrix has as the primary source of this pathogen to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela G Ferrari
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denes K A Rosario
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adelino Cunha-Neto
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Sérgio B Mano
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eduardo E S Figueiredo
- Animal Science Program, Faculty of Agronomy and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Conte-Junior
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Health Quality Control, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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103
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Tassinari E, Duffy G, Bawn M, Burgess CM, McCabe EM, Lawlor PG, Gardiner G, Kingsley RA. Microevolution of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation of Salmonella Typhimurium during persistence on pig farms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8832. [PMID: 31222015 PMCID: PMC6586642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45216-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant S. 4,[5],12:i:- are the dominant serotypes associated with pigs in many countries. We investigated their population structure on nine farms using whole genome sequencing, and their genotypic and phenotypic variation. The population structure revealed the presence of phylogenetically distinct clades consisting of closely related clones of S. Typhimurium or S. 4,[5],12:i:- on each pig farm, that persisted between production cycles. All the S. 4,[5],12:i:- strains carried the Salmonella genomic island-4 (SGI-4), which confers resistance to heavy metals, and half of the strains contained the mTmV prophage, harbouring the sopE virulence gene. Most clonal groups were highly drug resistant due to the presence of multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, and two clades exhibited evidence of recent on-farm plasmid-mediated acquisition of additional AMR genes, including an IncHI2 plasmid. Biofilm formation was highly variable but had a strong phylogenetic signature. Strains capable of forming biofilm with the greatest biomass were from the S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium DT104 clades, the two dominant pandemic clones found over the last 25 years. On-farm microevolution resulted in enhanced biofilm formation in subsequent production cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Tassinari
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Duffy
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland.
| | - Matt Bawn
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland
| | - Gillian Gardiner
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Robert A Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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104
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Branchu P, Charity OJ, Bawn M, Thilliez G, Dallman TJ, Petrovska L, Kingsley RA. SGI-4 in Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium ST34 Is a Novel ICE That Enhances Resistance to Copper. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1118. [PMID: 31178839 PMCID: PMC6543542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A multi drug resistant Salmonella enterica 4,[5],12:i- of sequence type 34 (monophasic S. Typhimurium ST34) is a current pandemic clone associated with livestock, particularly pigs, and numerous outbreaks in the human population. A large genomic island, termed SGI-4, is present in the monophasic Typhimurium ST34 clade and absent from other S. Typhimurium strains. SGI-4 consists of 87 open reading frames including sil and pco genes previously implicated in resistance to copper (Cu) and silver, and multiple genes predicted to be involved in mobilization and transfer by conjugation. SGI-4 was excised from the chromosome, circularized, and transferred to recipient strains of S. Typhimurium at a frequency influenced by stress induced by mitomycin C, and oxygen tension. The presence of SGI-4 was associated with increased resistance to Cu, particularly but not exclusively under anaerobic conditions. The presence of silCBA genes, predicted to encode an RND family efflux pump that transports Cu from the periplasm to the external milieu, was sufficient to impart the observed enhanced resistance to Cu, above that commonly associated with S. Typhimurium isolates. The presence of these genes resulted in the absence of Cu-dependent induction of pco genes encoding multiple proteins linked to Cu resistance, also present on SGI-4, suggesting that the system effectively limits the Cu availability in the periplasm, but did not affect SodCI-dependent macrophage survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matt Bawn
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy J. Dallman
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert A. Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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105
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Pala C, Tedde T, Salza S, Uda MT, Lollai S, Carboni V, Fadda A, Marongiu E, Virgilio S. Epidemiological survey on the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in the Sardinian pig production chain, using real-time PCR screening method. Ital J Food Saf 2019; 8:7843. [PMID: 31355154 PMCID: PMC6615067 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2019.7843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in the Sardinian pig production chain in order to establish the incidence of monophasic serovariant of Salmonella Typhimurium on isolates with molecular methods (real-time PCR and multiplex PCR). Samples were collected in three EC slaughterhouses, four small slaughterhouses annexed to farmhouses, one meat distribution center, four meat cutting laboratories and four sausage processing plants. A total of 166 samples were collected and analyzed: 46 environmental samples, 48 finishing pigs, 16 piglets, 24 samples of non-processed meat, 28 meat preparations and 4 meat products. All samples were processed with an initial screening using the real-time PCR MicroSEQ® Salmonella spp detection Kit (Applied biosystems, life technologies) and with the TaqMan® Real-time PCR to confirm the kit results. Samples that tested positive for Salmonella spp were confirmed with cultural method using the standard ISO 6579. Positive samples were submitted to phenotypic identification. One colony from each positive sample was serotyped with multiplex PCR method. Salmonella spp was isolated in 7 on 166 samples (4.22 %). Among the positive samples, two came from finishing pigs, two belonged to the category meat preparations, two to meat products, one was an environmental sample. Multiplex PCR confirmed that the collected strains belonged to the species Salmonella Typhimurium (1), Salmonella derby (3) and monophasic serovariant of Salmonella Typhimurium (3).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stefano Lollai
- Department Animal Health, Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Sardinia, Sassari, Italy
| | - Vittoria Carboni
- Department Animal Health, Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Sardinia, Sassari, Italy
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106
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Zhu A, Zhi W, Qiu Y, Wei L, Tian J, Pan Z, Kang X, Gu W, Duan L. Surveillance study of the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in pork from open markets in Xuzhou, China. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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107
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Cevallos-Almeida M, Martin L, Houdayer C, Rose V, Guionnet JM, Paboeuf F, Denis M, Kerouanton A. Experimental infection of pigs by Salmonella Derby, S. Typhimurium and monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium: Comparison of colonization and serology. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:147-153. [PMID: 30955802 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella serovars Derby, Typhimurium and the monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium are the most frequently isolated serovars in pigs in France. To compare the excretion patterns, seroconversion to Salmonella and contamination of the organs of pigs inoculated with strains of all three serovars, we conducted an experimental trial with 28 SPF piglets. Four were used as a negative control, while the other 24 were divided equally into three groups. Each group was inoculated at 7 weeks of age with a different strain: S. Derby (SDb), S. Typhimurium (ST), and the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium (mST). Fecal and blood samples were collected twice a week up until necropsy, on 21 days post-inoculation (DPI) for half of each group and 49 DPI for the remaining piglets. During necropsy, the tonsils, mesenteric lymph nodes and various intestinal contents were collected from each pig. Salmonella bacteria were quantified in CFU/g by a bacteriological method, and levels of Salmonella antibodies were measured using an ELISA Kit. Piglets inoculated with mST continuously excreted Salmonella in their feces throughout the trial. For each of the other serovars, one piglet was Salmonella-negative on one DPI. The quantity of Salmonella excreted was statistically different between the group inoculated with ST and mST (p < 0.05), but no differences were found between the other serovars. The tonsils, cecum and jejunum were the most contaminated organs in all groups. Seroconversion for all the piglets was completed by different DPI: 28 for ST, 31 for mST and 38 for SDb. No major differences were found in terms of excretion and colonization among the studied serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cevallos-Almeida
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Central University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Laure Martin
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Catherine Houdayer
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Valerie Rose
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Jean-Marie Guionnet
- ANSES, SPF Pig Production and Experimental Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- ANSES, SPF Pig Production and Experimental Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Martine Denis
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Annaëlle Kerouanton
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
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108
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Campos J, Mourão J, Peixe L, Antunes P. Non-typhoidal Salmonella in the Pig Production Chain: A Comprehensive Analysis of Its Impact on Human Health. Pathogens 2019; 8:E19. [PMID: 30700039 PMCID: PMC6470815 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis remains one of the most frequent foodborne zoonosis, constituting a worldwide major public health concern. The most frequent sources of human infections are food products of animal origin, being pork meat one of the most relevant. Currently, particular pig food production well-adapted and persistent Salmonella enterica serotypes (e.g., Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-, Salmonella Derby and Salmonella Rissen) are frequently reported associated with human infections in diverse industrialized countries. The dissemination of those clinically-relevant Salmonella serotypes/clones has been related to the intensification of pig production chain and to an increase in the international trade of pigs and pork meat. Those changes that occurred over the years along the food chain may act as food chain drivers leading to new problems and challenges, compromising the successful control of Salmonella. Among those, the emergence of antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with antimicrobials use in the pig production chain is of special concern for public health. The transmission of pig-related multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotypes, clones and/or genetic elements carrying clinically-relevant antibiotic resistance genes, frequently associated with metal tolerance genes, from pigs and pork meat to humans, has been reported and highlights the contribution of different drivers to the antibiotic resistance burden. Gathered data strengthen the need for global mandatory interventions and strategies for effective Salmonella control and surveillance across the pig production chain. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the role of pig and pork meat in human salmonellosis at a global scale, highlighting the main factors contributing to the persistence and dissemination of clinically-relevant pig-related Salmonella serotypes and clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Campos
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Mourão
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Antunes
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200 Porto, Portugal.
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109
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SEO BJ, SONG ET, LEE K, KIM JW, JEONG CG, MOON SH, SON JS, KANG SH, CHO HS, JUNG BY, KIM WI. Evaluation of the broad-spectrum lytic capability of bacteriophage cocktails against various Salmonella serovars and their effects on weaned pigs infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:851-860. [PMID: 29618667 PMCID: PMC6021886 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The broad-spectrum lytic capability of Salmonella bacteriophages against various Salmonella species was evaluated to determine their potential as an alternative for antibiotics, and the safety and preventive effects of the bacteriophages were assessed on mice and pigs. Four bacteriophage cocktails were prepared using 13 bacteriophages, and the lytic capability of the four bacteriophage cocktails was tested using Salmonella reference strains and field isolates. Bacteriophage cocktail C (SEP-1, SGP-1, STP-1, SS3eP-1, STP-2, SChP-1, SAP-1, SAP-2; ≥109 pfu/ml) showed the best lytic activity against the Salmonella reference strains (100% of 34) and field isolates (92.5% of 107). Fifty mice were then orally inoculated with bacteriophage cocktail C to determine the distribution of bacteriophages in various organs, blood and feces. The effects of bacteriophages on Salmonella infection in weaned pigs (n=15) were also evaluated through an experimental challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium after treatment with bacteriophage cocktail C. All mice exhibited distribution of the bacteriophages in all organs, blood and feces until 15 days post infection (dpi). After 35 dpi, bacteriophages were not detected in any of these specimens. As demonstrated in a pig challenge study, treatment with bacteriophage cocktail C reduced the level of Salmonella shedding in feces. The metagenomic analyses of these pig feces also revealed that bacteriophage treatment decreased the number of species of the Enterobacteriaceae family without significant disturbance to the normal fecal flora. This study showed that bacteriophages effectively controlled Salmonella in a pig challenge model and could be a good alternative for antibiotics to control Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Joo SEO
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University,
Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu-Tteum SONG
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine
Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichan LEE
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine
Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won KIM
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University,
Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gi JEONG
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University,
Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun MOON
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University,
Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Soo SON
- iNtRON Biotechnology, Inc., Room 903, JungAng Induspia V,
137, Sagimakgol-ro, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13202, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyeon KANG
- iNtRON Biotechnology, Inc., Room 903, JungAng Induspia V,
137, Sagimakgol-ro, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13202, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong CHO
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University,
Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Yeal JUNG
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine
Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il KIM
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University,
Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
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110
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Arai N, Sekizuka T, Tamamura Y, Tanaka K, Barco L, Izumiya H, Kusumoto M, Hinenoya A, Yamasaki S, Iwata T, Watanabe A, Kuroda M, Uchida I, Akiba M. Phylogenetic Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Its Monophasic Variant Isolated from Food Animals in Japan Revealed Replacement of Major Epidemic Clones in the Last 4 Decades. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.01758-17. [PMID: 29491013 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01758-17/suppl_file/zjm999095924sd2.xlsx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) and its monophasic variant (Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-) are the major causes of gastroenteritis in both humans and animals. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis have been used widely as subtyping methods for these pathogens in molecular epidemiological analyses, but the results do not precisely reflect phylogenetic information. In this study, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of these serovars using whole-genome sequencing data and identified nine distinct genotypic clades. Then, we established an allele-specific PCR-based genotyping method detecting a clade-specific single nucleotide polymorphism to rapidly identify the clade of each isolate. Among a total of 815 isolates obtained from cattle in Japan between 1977 and 2017, clades 1, 7, and 9 contained 77% of isolates. Obvious replacement of the dominant clone was observed five times in this period, and clade 9, which mostly contains Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-, is currently dominant. Among 140 isolates obtained from swine in Japan between 1976 and 2017, clades 3 and 9 contained 64% of isolates. Clade 9 is the latest clone as is the case in cattle isolates. Clade 9 is similar to an epidemic clone from Europe, which is characterized by sequence type 34 (ST34), chromosomal Salmonella genomic island 3, and a composite transposon containing antimicrobial resistance genes. The increased prevalence of clade 9 among food animals in Japan might be a part of the pandemic of the European Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Arai
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukino Tamamura
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tanaka
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Lisa Barco
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kusumoto
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hinenoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Iwata
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ayako Watanabe
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Uchida
- Unit of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masato Akiba
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Phylogenetic Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Its Monophasic Variant Isolated from Food Animals in Japan Revealed Replacement of Major Epidemic Clones in the Last 4 Decades. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.01758-17. [PMID: 29491013 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01758-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) and its monophasic variant (Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-) are the major causes of gastroenteritis in both humans and animals. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis have been used widely as subtyping methods for these pathogens in molecular epidemiological analyses, but the results do not precisely reflect phylogenetic information. In this study, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of these serovars using whole-genome sequencing data and identified nine distinct genotypic clades. Then, we established an allele-specific PCR-based genotyping method detecting a clade-specific single nucleotide polymorphism to rapidly identify the clade of each isolate. Among a total of 815 isolates obtained from cattle in Japan between 1977 and 2017, clades 1, 7, and 9 contained 77% of isolates. Obvious replacement of the dominant clone was observed five times in this period, and clade 9, which mostly contains Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-, is currently dominant. Among 140 isolates obtained from swine in Japan between 1976 and 2017, clades 3 and 9 contained 64% of isolates. Clade 9 is the latest clone as is the case in cattle isolates. Clade 9 is similar to an epidemic clone from Europe, which is characterized by sequence type 34 (ST34), chromosomal Salmonella genomic island 3, and a composite transposon containing antimicrobial resistance genes. The increased prevalence of clade 9 among food animals in Japan might be a part of the pandemic of the European Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- clone.
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