101
|
Perera RT, Rosenstein JK. Quasi-reference electrodes in confined electrochemical cells can result in in situ production of metallic nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1965. [PMID: 29386652 PMCID: PMC5792608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale working electrodes and miniaturized electroanalytical devices are valuable platforms to probe molecular phenomena and perform chemical analyses. However, the inherent close distance of metallic electrodes integrated into a small volume of electrolyte can complicate classical electroanalytical techniques. In this study, we use a scanning nanopipette contact probe as a model miniaturized electrochemical cell to demonstrate measurable side effects of the reaction occurring at a quasi-reference electrode. We provide evidence for in situ generation of nanoparticles in the absence of any electroactive species and we critically analyze the origin, nucleation, dissolution and dynamic behavior of these nanoparticles as they appear at the working electrode. It is crucial to recognize the implications of using quasi-reference electrodes in confined electrochemical cells, in order to accurately interpret the results of nanoscale electrochemical experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rukshan T Perera
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jacob K Rosenstein
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Xu Y. Nanofluidics: A New Arena for Materials Science. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1702419. [PMID: 29094401 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A significant growth of research in nanofluidics is achieved over the past decade, but the field is still facing considerable challenges toward the transition from the current physics-centered stage to the next application-oriented stage. Many of these challenges are associated with materials science, so the field of nanofluidics offers great opportunities for materials scientists to exploit. In addition, the use of unusual effects and ultrasmall confined spaces of well-defined nanofluidic environments would offer new mechanisms and technologies to manipulate nanoscale objects as well as to synthesize novel nanomaterials in the liquid phase. Therefore, nanofluidics will be a new arena for materials science. In the past few years, burgeoning progress has been made toward this trend, as overviewed in this article, including materials and methods for fabricating nanofluidic devices, nanofluidics with functionalized surfaces and functional material components, as well as nanofluidics for manipulating nanoscale materials and fabricating new nanomaterials. Many critical challenges as well as fantastic opportunities in this arena lie ahead. Some of those, which are of particular interest, are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Balme S, Picaud F, Lepoitevin M, Bechelany M, Balanzat E, Janot JM. Unexpected ionic transport behavior in hydrophobic and uncharged conical nanopores. Faraday Discuss 2018; 210:69-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated ionic transport behavior in the case of uncharged conical nanopores. We observed unexpected ionic transport behaviour, which is attributed to a predominant effect of slippage due to water organization at the solid/liquid interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Balme
- Institut Européen des Membranes
- IEM – UMR 5635
- ENSCM
- CNRS
- Univ. Montpellier
| | - Fabien Picaud
- Laboratoire de Nanomédecine
- Imagerie et Thérapeutique, EA 4662
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon
- 25030 Besançon cedex
| | | | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes
- IEM – UMR 5635
- ENSCM
- CNRS
- Univ. Montpellier
| | - Emmanuel Balanzat
- Centre de recherche sur les Ions
- les Matériaux et la Photonique
- UMR6252 CEA-CNRS-ENSICAEN
- France
| | - Jean-Marc Janot
- Institut Européen des Membranes
- IEM – UMR 5635
- ENSCM
- CNRS
- Univ. Montpellier
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Mádai E, Valiskó M, Dallos A, Boda D. Simulation of a model nanopore sensor: Ion competition underlies device behavior. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:244702. [PMID: 29289138 DOI: 10.1063/1.5007654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We study a model nanopore sensor with which a very low concentration of analyte molecules can be detected on the basis of the selective binding of the analyte molecules to the binding sites on the pore wall. The bound analyte ions partially replace the current-carrier cations in a thermodynamic competition. This competition depends both on the properties of the nanopore and the concentrations of the competing ions (through their chemical potentials). The output signal given by the device is the current reduction caused by the presence of the analyte ions. The concentration of the analyte ions can be determined through calibration curves. We model the binding site with the square-well potential and the electrolyte as charged hard spheres in an implicit background solvent. We study the system with a hybrid method in which we compute the ion flux with the Nernst-Planck (NP) equation coupled with the Local Equilibrium Monte Carlo (LEMC) simulation technique. The resulting NP+LEMC method is able to handle both strong ionic correlations inside the pore (including finite size of ions) and bulk concentrations as low as micromolar. We analyze the effect of bulk ion concentrations, pore parameters, binding site parameters, electrolyte properties, and voltage on the behavior of the device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Mádai
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 158, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Mónika Valiskó
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 158, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - András Dallos
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 158, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Dezső Boda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 158, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Experton J, Wu X, Martin CR. From Ion Current to Electroosmotic Flow Rectification in Asymmetric Nanopore Membranes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E445. [PMID: 29240676 PMCID: PMC5746935 DOI: 10.3390/nano7120445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetrically shaped nanopores have been shown to rectify the ionic current flowing through pores in a fashion similar to a p-n junction in a solid-state diode. Such asymmetric nanopores include conical pores in polymeric membranes and pyramidal pores in mica membranes. We review here both theoretical and experimental aspects of this ion current rectification phenomenon. A simple intuitive model for rectification, stemming from previously published more quantitative models, is discussed. We also review experimental results on controlling the extent and sign of rectification. It was shown that ion current rectification produces a related rectification of electroosmotic flow (EOF) through asymmetric pore membranes. We review results that show how to measure and modulate this EOF rectification phenomenon. Finally, EOF rectification led to the development of an electroosmotic pump that works under alternating current (AC), as opposed to the currently available direct current EOF pumps. Experimental results on AC EOF rectification are reviewed, and advantages of using AC to drive EOF are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Experton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Charles R Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Bandara YMNDY, Nichols JW, Iroshika Karawdeniya B, Dwyer JR. Conductance‐based profiling of nanopores: Accommodating fabrication irregularities. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:626-634. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jason R. Dwyer
- Department of Chemistry University of Rhode Island Kingston RI USA
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Lee LS, Brunk N, Haywood DG, Keifer D, Pierson E, Kondylis P, Wang JC, Jacobson SC, Jarrold MF, Zlotnick A. A molecular breadboard: Removal and replacement of subunits in a hepatitis B virus capsid. Protein Sci 2017; 26:2170-2180. [PMID: 28795465 PMCID: PMC5654856 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein is a model system for studying assembly and disassembly of icosahedral structures. Controlling disassembly will allow re-engineering the 120 subunit HBV capsid, making it a molecular breadboard. We examined removal of subunits from partially crosslinked capsids to form stable incomplete particles. To characterize incomplete capsids, we used two single molecule techniques, resistive-pulse sensing and charge detection mass spectrometry. We expected to find a binomial distribution of capsid fragments. Instead, we found a preponderance of 3 MDa complexes (90 subunits) and no fragments smaller than 3 MDa. We also found 90-mers in the disassembly of uncrosslinked HBV capsids. 90-mers seem to be a common pause point in disassembly reactions. Partly explaining this result, graph theory simulations have showed a threshold for capsid stability between 80 and 90 subunits. To test a molecular breadboard concept, we showed that missing subunits could be refilled resulting in chimeric, 120 subunit particles. This result may be a means of assembling unique capsids with functional decorations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lye Siang Lee
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry DepartmentIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana47405
| | - Nicholas Brunk
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry DepartmentIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana47405
- Intelligent Systems Engineering DepartmentBloomingtonIndiana47405
| | | | - David Keifer
- Department of ChemistryIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana47405
- Present address:
Department of Analytical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical SuppliesMerck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RahwayNew Jersey07065.
| | - Elizabeth Pierson
- Department of ChemistryIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana47405
- Present address:
Department of ChemistrySalisbury University, 1101 Camden AveSalisburyMD 21801.
| | | | - Joseph Che‐Yen Wang
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry DepartmentIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana47405
| | | | | | - Adam Zlotnick
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry DepartmentIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana47405
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
|
109
|
Xu X, Li C, Zhou Y, Jin Y. Controllable Shrinking of Glass Capillary Nanopores Down to sub-10 nm by Wet-Chemical Silanization for Signal-Enhanced DNA Translocation. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1452-1457. [PMID: 28971672 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diameter is a major concern for nanopore based sensing. However, directly pulling glass capillary nanopore with diameter down to sub-10 nm is very difficult. So, post treatment is sometimes necessary. Herein, we demonstrate a facile and effective wet-chemical method to shrink the diameter of glass capillary nanopore from several tens of nanometers to sub-10 nm by disodium silicate hydrolysis. Its benefits for DNA translocation are investigated. The shrinking of glass capillary nanopore not only slows down DNA translocation, but also enhances DNA translocation signal and signal-to-noise ratio significantly (102.9 for 6.4 nm glass nanopore, superior than 15 for a 3 nm silicon nitride nanopore). It also affects DNA translocation behaviors, making the approach and glass capillary nanopore platform promising for DNA translocation studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Chuanping Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Ya Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yongdong Jin
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Wang D, Brown W, Li Y, Kvetny M, Liu J, Wang G. Correlation of Ion Transport Hysteresis with the Nanogeometry and Surface Factors in Single Conical Nanopores. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11811-11817. [PMID: 28975786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Better understanding in the dynamics of ion transport through nanopores or nanochannels is important for sensing, nucleic acid sequencing and energy technology. In this paper, the intriguing nonzero cross point, resolved from the pinched hysteresis current-potential (i-V) curves in conical nanopore electrokinetic measurements, is quantitatively correlated to the surface and geometric properties by simulation studies. The analytical descriptions of the conductance and potential at the cross point are developed: the cross-point conductance includes both the surface and volumetric conductance; the cross-point potential represent the overall/averaged surface potential difference across the nanopore. The impacts by individual parameter such as pore radius, half cone angle, and surface charges are systematically studied in the simulation that would be convoluted and challenging in experiments. The elucidated correlation is supported by and offer predictive guidance for experimental studies. The results also offer more quantitative and systematic insights in the physical origins of the concentration polarization dynamics in addition to ionic current rectification inside conical nanopores and other asymmetric nanostructures. Overall, the cross point serves as a simple yet informative analytical parameter to analyze the electrokinetic transport through broadly defined nanopore-type devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Warren Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Maksim Kvetny
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Gangli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Ren R, Zhang Y, Nadappuram BP, Akpinar B, Klenerman D, Ivanov AP, Edel JB, Korchev Y. Nanopore extended field-effect transistor for selective single-molecule biosensing. Nat Commun 2017; 8:586. [PMID: 28928405 PMCID: PMC5605549 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00549-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a significant drive to deliver nanotechnological solutions to biosensing, yet there remains an unmet need in the development of biosensors that are affordable, integrated, fast, capable of multiplexed detection, and offer high selectivity for trace analyte detection in biological fluids. Herein, some of these challenges are addressed by designing a new class of nanoscale sensors dubbed nanopore extended field-effect transistor (nexFET) that combine the advantages of nanopore single-molecule sensing, field-effect transistors, and recognition chemistry. We report on a polypyrrole functionalized nexFET, with controllable gate voltage that can be used to switch on/off, and slow down single-molecule DNA transport through a nanopore. This strategy enables higher molecular throughput, enhanced signal-to-noise, and even heightened selectivity via functionalization with an embedded receptor. This is shown for selective sensing of an anti-insulin antibody in the presence of its IgG isotype. Efficient detection of single molecules is vital to many biosensing technologies, which require analytical platforms with high selectivity and sensitivity. Ren et al. combine a nanopore sensor and a field-effect transistor, whereby gate voltage mediates DNA and protein transport through the nanopore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren Ren
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK. .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping Qu, 300052, China.
| | | | - Bernice Akpinar
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | - Joshua B Edel
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Yuri Korchev
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.,National University of Science & Technology MISIS, Moscow, 119049, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Dwyer JR, Harb M. Through a Window, Brightly: A Review of Selected Nanofabricated Thin-Film Platforms for Spectroscopy, Imaging, and Detection. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:2051-2075. [PMID: 28714316 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817715496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a review of the use of selected nanofabricated thin films to deliver a host of capabilities and insights spanning bioanalytical and biophysical chemistry, materials science, and fundamental molecular-level research. We discuss approaches where thin films have been vital, enabling experimental studies using a variety of optical spectroscopies across the visible and infrared spectral range, electron microscopies, and related techniques such as electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and single molecule sensing. We anchor this broad discussion by highlighting two particularly exciting exemplars: a thin-walled nanofluidic sample cell concept that has advanced the discovery horizons of ultrafast spectroscopy and of electron microscopy investigations of in-liquid samples; and a unique class of thin-film-based nanofluidic devices, designed around a nanopore, with expansive prospects for single molecule sensing. Free-standing, low-stress silicon nitride membranes are a canonical structural element for these applications, and we elucidate the fabrication and resulting features-including mechanical stability, optical properties, X-ray and electron scattering properties, and chemical nature-of this material in this format. We also outline design and performance principles and include a discussion of underlying material preparations and properties suitable for understanding the use of alternative thin-film materials such as graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Dwyer
- 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Maher Harb
- 2 Department of Physics and Materials, Science & Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Jian Y, Li F, Liu Y, Chang L, Liu Q, Yang L. Electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency of viscoelastic fluids in a polyelectrolyte-grafted nanochannel. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 156:405-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
114
|
Zhang H, Hou J, Ou R, Hu Y, Wang H, Jiang L. Periodic oscillation of ion conduction of nanofluidic diodes using a chemical oscillator. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7297-7304. [PMID: 28524913 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01343d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Periodic ion-conduction oscillation of biological ion channels in a living system is essential for numerous life processes. Here we report an oscillatory nanofluidic system that can self-regulate its ion-conduction states under constant conditions. The oscillatory nanofluidic system is constructed by integrating a chemical oscillator into an artificial single nanochannel system. Oscillating chemical reactions of the pH oscillator carried out inside the nanochannel are used to switch the surface properties of the channel between highly and lowly charged states, thus realizing an autonomous, continuous and periodic oscillation of the ion conductance of the channel between high and low ion-conduction states. The ion-conduction switching is characterized by the periodic ion current oscillation of the nanochannel measured under constant conditions. The oscillation period of the nanofluidic devices decreased gradually with increasing the working temperature. This study is a potential step toward the ability to directly convert chemical energy to ion-conduction oscillation in nanofluidics. On the basis of these findings, we believe that a variety of artificial oscillatory nanofluidic systems will be achieved in future by integrating artificial functional nanochannels with diverse oscillating chemical reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huacheng Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Shimizu H, Miyawaki N, Asano Y, Mawatari K, Kitamori T. Thermo-optical Characterization of Photothermal Optical Phase Shift Detection in Extended-Nano Channels and UV Detection of Biomolecules. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6043-6049. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Naoya Miyawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Asano
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuma Mawatari
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Li C, Kneller AR, Jacobson SC, Zlotnick A. Single Particle Observation of SV40 VP1 Polyanion-Induced Assembly Shows That Substrate Size and Structure Modulate Capsid Geometry. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1327-1334. [PMID: 28323402 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simian virus 40 capsid protein (VP1) is a unique system for studying substrate-dependent assembly of a nanoparticle. Here, we investigate a simplest case of this system where 12 VP1 pentamers and a single polyanion, e.g., RNA, form a T = 1 particle. To test the roles of polyanion substrate length and structure during assembly, we characterized the assembly products with size exclusion chromatography, transmission electron microscopy, and single-particle resistive-pulse sensing. We found that 500 and 600 nt RNAs had the optimal length and structure for assembly of uniform T = 1 particles. Longer 800 nt RNA, shorter 300 nt RNA, and a linear 600 unit poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) polyelectrolyte produced heterogeneous populations of products. This result was surprising as the 600mer PSS and 500-600 nt RNA have similar mass and charge. Like ssRNA, PSS also has a short 4 nm persistence length, but unlike RNA, PSS lacks a compact tertiary structure. These data indicate that even for flexible substrates, shape as well as size affect assembly and are consistent with the hypothesis that work, derived from protein-protein and protein-substrate interactions, is used to compact the substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Li
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Andrew R. Kneller
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Stephen C. Jacobson
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Li F, Smejkal P, Macdonald NP, Guijt RM, Breadmore MC. One-Step Fabrication of a Microfluidic Device with an Integrated Membrane and Embedded Reagents by Multimaterial 3D Printing. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4701-4707. [PMID: 28322552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the largest impediments in the development of microfluidic-based smart sensing systems is the manufacturability of integrated, complex devices. Here we propose multimaterial 3D printing for the fabrication of such devices in a single step. A microfluidic device containing an integrated porous membrane and embedded liquid reagents was made by 3D printing and applied for the analysis of nitrate in soil. The manufacture of the integrated, sealed device was realized as a single print within 30 min. The body of the device was printed in transparent acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and contained a 400 μm wide structure printed from a commercially available composite filament. The composite filament can be turned into a porous material through dissolution of a water-soluble material. Liquid reagents were integrated by briefly pausing the printing before resuming for sealing the device. The devices were evaluated by the determination of nitrate in a soil slurry containing zinc particles for the reduction of nitrate to nitrite using the Griess reagent. Using a consumer digital camera, the linear range of the detector response ranged from 0 to 60 ppm, covering the normal range of nitrate in soil. To ensure that the sealing of the reagent chamber is maintained, aqueous reagents should be avoided. When using the nonaqueous reagent, the multimaterial device containing the Griess reagent could be stored for over 4 days but increased the detection range to 100-500 ppm. Multimaterial 3D printing is a potentially new approach for the manufacture of microfluidic devices with multiple integrated functional components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,School of Medicine and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 26, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Petr Smejkal
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Niall P Macdonald
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Rosanne M Guijt
- School of Medicine and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 26, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Yao H, Zeng J, Zhai P, Li Z, Cheng Y, Liu J, Mo D, Duan J, Wang L, Sun Y, Liu J. Large Rectification Effect of Single Graphene Nanopore Supported by PET Membrane. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11000-11008. [PMID: 28262018 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an ideal candidate for the development of solid state nanopores due to its thickness at the atomic scale and its high chemical and mechanical stabilities. A facile method was adopted to prepare single graphene nanopore supported by PET membrane (G/PET nanopore) within the three steps assisted by the swift heavy ion irradiation and asymmetric etching technology. The inversion of the ion rectification effect was confirmed in G/PET nanopore while comparing with bare PET nanopore in KCl electrolyte solution. By modifying the wall charge state of PET conical nanopore with hydrochloric acid from negative to positive, the ion rectification effect of G/PET nanopore was found to be greatly enhanced and the large rectification ratio up to 190 was obtained during this work. Moreover, the high ionic flux and high ion separation efficiency was also observed in the G/PET nanopore system. By comparing the "on" and "off" state conductance of G/PET nanopore while immersed in the solution with pH value lower than the isoelectric point of the etched PET (IEP, pH = 3.8), the voltage dependence of the off conductance was established and it was confirmed that the large rectification effect was strongly dependent on the particularly low off conductance at higher applied voltage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Yao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengfei Zhai
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zongzhen Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaxiong Cheng
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiande Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dan Mo
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinglai Duan
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lanxi Wang
- Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics , Feiyan Street 100, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Youmei Sun
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Wang J, Fang R, Hou J, Zhang H, Tian Y, Wang H, Jiang L. Oscillatory Reaction Induced Periodic C-Quadruplex DNA Gating of Artificial Ion Channels. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3022-3029. [PMID: 28226213 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many biological ion channels controlled by biochemical reactions have autonomous and periodic gating functions, which play important roles in continuous mass transport and signal transmission in living systems. Inspired by these functional biological ion channel systems, here we report an artificial self-oscillating nanochannel system that can autonomously and periodically control its gating process under constant conditions. The system is constructed by integrating a chemical oscillator, consisting of BrO3-, Fe(CN)64-, H+, and SO32-, into a synthetic proton-sensitive nanochannel modified with C-quadruplex (C4) DNA motors. The chemical oscillator, containing H+-producing and H+-consuming reactions, can cyclically drive conformational changes of the C4-DNA motors on the channel wall between random coil and folded i-motif structures, thus leading to autonomous gating of the nanochannel between open and closed states. The autonomous gating processes are confirmed by periodic high-low ionic current oscillations of the channel monitored under constant reaction conditions. The utilization of a chemical oscillator integrated with DNA molecules represents a method to directly convert chemical energy of oscillating reactions to kinetic energy of conformational changes of the artificial nanochannels and even to achieve diverse autonomous gating functions in artificial nanofluidic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruochen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jue Hou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Huacheng Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ye Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanting Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Hsu JP, Wu HH, Lin CY, Tseng S. Ion Current Rectification Behavior of Bioinspired Nanopores Having a pH-Tunable Zwitterionic Surface. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3952-3958. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Ping Hsu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 10607
| | - Hou-Hsueh Wu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617
| | - Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617
| | - Shiojenn Tseng
- Department
of Mathematics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan 25137
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Shimizu H, Smirnova A, Mawatari K, Kitamori T. Extended-nano chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1490:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
122
|
McCurry DA, Bailey RC. Electrolyte Gradient-Based Modulation of Molecular Transport through Nanoporous Gold Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:1552-1562. [PMID: 28107634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanopores, and nanoporous materials in general, are interesting for applications in chemical and biomolecular transport as pore sizes are on the same scale as the dimension of many (bio)chemical species. Many studies have focused on either single pores or small arrays of cylindrical pores, which are convenient in terms of their amenability toward computational modeling of transport phenomenon. However, the limited overall porosity may inhibit transport flux as well as the eventual implementation of these materials as active separation elements. Inspired by its relatively high porosity, we have explored nanoporous gold (NPG) as a membrane across which small molecular species can be transported. NPG offers a random, bicontinuous pore geometry, while also being inherently conductive and readily amenable to surface modification-attributes that may be enabling in the pursuit of size- and charge-based approaches to molecular separations. NPG was fabricated via a free-corrosion process whereby immersion of Au-containing alloys in concentrated nitric acid preferentially dissolves the less noble metals (e.g., Ni, Cu). Average pore diameters of 50 ± 20 nm were obtained as verified under scanning electron microscopy. NPG membranes were sandwiched between two reservoirs, and the selective transport of chemical species across the membrane in the presence of an ionic strength gradient was investigated. The flux of small molecules were monitored by UV-vis absorption spectrometry and found to be dependent upon the direction and magnitude of the ionic strength gradient. Moreover, transport trends underscored the effects of surface charge in a confined environment, considering that the pore diameters were on the same scale as the electrical double layer experienced by molecules transiting the membrane. Under such conditions, the transport of anions and cations through NPG was found to depend on an induced electric field as well as ion advection. Further electrical and surface chemical modulations of transport are expected to engender increased membrane functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A McCurry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois , 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ryan C Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois , 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Alicia K. Friedman
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Koyama A, Fukami K, Imaoka Y, Kitada A, Sakka T, Abe T, Murase K, Kinoshita M. Dynamic manipulation of the local pH within a nanopore triggered by surface-induced phase transition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:16323-16328. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01157a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating the local pH within nanopores is essential in nanofluidics technology and its applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Koyama
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Fukami
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | - Yujin Imaoka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | - Atsushi Kitada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sakka
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Takeshi Abe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Kuniaki Murase
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Hsu JP, Wu HH, Lin CY, Tseng S. Importance of polyelectrolyte modification for rectifying the ionic current in conically shaped nanochannels. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:5351-5360. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulating the ICR behavior of a conical nanochannel can be achieved by modifying its surface appropriately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Ping Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Hou-Hsueh Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Shiojenn Tseng
- Department of Mathematics
- Tamkang University
- New Taipei City
- Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Bandara YMNDY, Karawdeniya BI, Whelan JC, Ginsberg LDS, Dwyer JR. Solution-Based Photo-Patterned Gold Film Formation on Silicon Nitride. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:34964-34969. [PMID: 27936582 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nitride fabricated by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) to be silicon-rich (SiNx), is a ubiquitous insulating thin film in the microelectronics industry, and an exceptional structural material for nanofabrication. Free-standing <100 nm thick SiNx membranes are especially compelling, particularly when used to deliver forefront molecular sensing capabilities in nanofluidic devices. We developed an accessible, gentle, and solution-based photodirected surface metallization approach well-suited to forming patterned metal films as integral structural and functional features in thin-membrane-based SiNx devices-for use as electrodes or surface chemical functionalization platforms, for example-augmenting existing device capabilities and properties for a wide range of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y M Nuwan D Y Bandara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island , 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Buddini Iroshika Karawdeniya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island , 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Julie C Whelan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island , 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Lucas D S Ginsberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island , 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Jason R Dwyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island , 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Takahashi Y, Kumatani A, Shiku H, Matsue T. Scanning Probe Microscopy for Nanoscale Electrochemical Imaging. Anal Chem 2016; 89:342-357. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Precursory
Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akichika Kumatani
- Advanced
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Advanced
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Biomimetic nanochannels based biosensor for ultrasensitive and label-free detection of nucleic acids. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
129
|
Dwyer JR, Bandara YMNDY, Whelan JC, Karawdeniya BI, Nichols JW. Silicon Nitride Thin Films for Nanofluidic Device Fabrication. NANOFLUIDICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735230-00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nitride is a ubiquitous and well-established nanofabrication material with a host of favourable properties for creating nanofluidic devices with a range of compelling designs that offer extraordinary discovery potential. Nanochannels formed between two thin silicon nitride windows can open up vistas for exploration by freeing transmission electron microscopy to interrogate static structures and structural dynamics in liquid-based samples. Nanopores present a strikingly different architecture—nanofluidic channels through a silicon nitride membrane—and are one of the most promising tools to emerge in biophysics and bioanalysis, offering outstanding capabilities for single molecule sensing. The constrained environments in such nanofluidic devices make surface chemistry a vital design and performance consideration. Silicon nitride has a rich and complex surface chemistry that, while too often formidable, can be tamed with new, robust surface functionalization approaches. We will explore how a simple structural element—a ∼100 nm-thick silicon nitride window—can be used to fabricate devices to wrest unprecedented insights from the nanoscale world. We will detail the intricacies of native silicon nitride surface chemistry, present surface chemical modification routes that leverage the richness of available surface moieties, and examine the effect of engineered chemical surface functionality on nanofluidic device character and performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Dwyer
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Chemistry Kingston RI 02881 USA
| | | | - J. C. Whelan
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Chemistry Kingston RI 02881 USA
| | - B. I. Karawdeniya
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Chemistry Kingston RI 02881 USA
| | - J. W. Nichols
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Chemistry Kingston RI 02881 USA
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Bandara YMNDY, Karawdeniya BI, Dwyer JR. Real-Time Profiling of Solid-State Nanopores During Solution-Phase Nanofabrication. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:30583-30589. [PMID: 27709879 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method for simply characterizing the size and shape of a nanopore during solution-based fabrication and surface modification, using only low-overhead approaches native to conventional nanopore measurements. Solution-based nanopore fabrication methods are democratizing nanopore science by supplanting the traditional use of charged-particle microscopes for fabrication, but nanopore profiling has customarily depended on microscopic examination. Our approach exploits the dependence of nanopore conductance in solution on nanopore size, shape, and surface chemistry in order to characterize nanopores. Measurements of the changing nanopore conductance during formation by etching or deposition can be analyzed using our method to characterize the nascent nanopore size and shape, beyond the typical cylindrical approximation, in real-time. Our approach thus accords with ongoing efforts to broaden the accessibility of nanopore science from fabrication through use: it is compatible with conventional instrumentation and offers straightforward nanoscale characterization of the core tool of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y M Nuwan D Y Bandara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island , 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Buddini Iroshika Karawdeniya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island , 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Jason R Dwyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island , 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Ha D, Hong J, Shin H, Kim T. Unconventional micro-/nanofabrication technologies for hybrid-scale lab-on-a-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4296-4312. [PMID: 27761529 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01058j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Micro-/nanofabrication-based lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies have recently been substantially advanced and have become widely used in various inter-/multidisciplinary research fields, including biological, (bio-)chemical, and biomedical fields. However, such hybrid-scale LOC devices are typically fabricated using microfabrication and nanofabrication processes in series, resulting in increased cost and time and low throughput issues. In this review, after briefly introducing the conventional micro-/nanofabrication technologies, we focus on unconventional micro-/nanofabrication technologies that allow us to produce either in situ micro-/nanoscale structures or master molds for additional replication processes to easily and conveniently create novel LOC devices with micro- or nanofluidic channel networks. In particular, microfabrication methods based on crack-assisted photolithography and carbon-microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) are described in detail because of their superior features from the viewpoint of the throughput, batch fabrication process, and mixed-scale channels/structures. In parallel with previously reported articles on conventional micro-/nanofabrication technologies, our review of unconventional micro-/nanofabrication technologies will provide a useful and practical fabrication guideline for future hybrid-scale LOC devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dogyeong Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jisoo Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heungjoo Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taesung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Yang L, Yamamoto T. Quantification of Virus Particles Using Nanopore-Based Resistive-Pulse Sensing Techniques. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1500. [PMID: 27713738 PMCID: PMC5031608 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have drawn much attention in recent years due to increased recognition of their important roles in virology, immunology, clinical diagnosis, and therapy. Because the biological and physical properties of viruses significantly impact their applications, quantitative detection of individual virus particles has become a critical issue. However, due to various inherent limitations of conventional enumeration techniques such as infectious titer assays, immunological assays, and electron microscopic observation, this issue remains challenging. Thanks to significant advances in nanotechnology, nanostructure-based electrical sensors have emerged as promising platforms for real-time, sensitive detection of numerous bioanalytes. In this paper, we review recent progress in nanopore-based electrical sensing, with particular emphasis on the application of this technique to the quantification of virus particles. Our aim is to provide insights into this novel nanosensor technology, and highlight its ability to enhance current understanding of a variety of viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takatoki Yamamoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Wolfrum B, Kätelhön E, Yakushenko A, Krause KJ, Adly N, Hüske M, Rinklin P. Nanoscale Electrochemical Sensor Arrays: Redox Cycling Amplification in Dual-Electrode Systems. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2031-40. [PMID: 27602780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nanofabriation technologies have a tremendous potential for the development of powerful sensor array platforms for electrochemical detection. The ability to integrate electrochemical sensor arrays with microfluidic devices nowadays provides possibilities for advanced lab-on-a-chip technology for the detection or quantification of multiple targets in a high-throughput approach. In particular, this is interesting for applications outside of analytical laboratories, such as point-of-care (POC) or on-site water screening where cost, measurement time, and the size of individual sensor devices are important factors to be considered. In addition, electrochemical sensor arrays can monitor biological processes in emerging cell-analysis platforms. Here, recent progress in the design of disease model systems and organ-on-a-chip technologies still needs to be matched by appropriate functionalities for application of external stimuli and read-out of cellular activity in long-term experiments. Preferably, data can be gathered not only at a singular location but at different spatial scales across a whole cell network, calling for new sensor array technologies. In this Account, we describe the evolution of chip-based nanoscale electrochemical sensor arrays, which have been developed and investigated in our group. Focusing on design and fabrication strategies that facilitate applications for the investigation of cellular networks, we emphasize the sensing of redox-active neurotransmitters on a chip. To this end, we address the impact of the device architecture on sensitivity, selectivity as well as on spatial and temporal resolution. Specifically, we highlight recent work on redox-cycling concepts using nanocavity sensor arrays, which provide an efficient amplification strategy for spatiotemporal detection of redox-active molecules. As redox-cycling electrochemistry critically depends on the ability to miniaturize and integrate closely spaced electrode systems, the fabrication of suitable nanoscale devices is of utmost importance for the development of this advanced sensor technology. Here, we address current challenges and limitations, which are associated with different redox cycling sensor array concepts and fabrication approaches. State-of-the-art micro- and nanofabrication technologies based on optical and electron-beam lithography allow precise control of the device layout and have led to a new generation of electrochemical sensor architectures for highly sensitive detection. Yet, these approaches are often expensive and limited to clean-room compatible materials. In consequence, they lack possibilities for upscaling to high-throughput fabrication at moderate costs. In this respect, self-assembly techniques can open new routes for electrochemical sensor design. This is true in particular for nanoporous redox cycling sensor arrays that have been developed in recent years and provide interesting alternatives to clean-room fabricated nanofluidic redox cycling devices. We conclude this Account with a discussion of emerging fabrication technologies based on printed electronics that we believe have the potential of transforming current redox cycling concepts from laboratory tools for fundamental studies and proof-of-principle analytical demonstrations into high-throughput devices for rapid screening applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Wolfrum
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Neuroelectronics,
IMETUM, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Enno Kätelhön
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexey Yakushenko
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kay J. Krause
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Nouran Adly
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Hüske
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Philipp Rinklin
- Neuroelectronics,
IMETUM, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Mei L, Yeh LH, Qian S. Gate modulation of proton transport in a nanopore. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:7449-58. [PMID: 26899280 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07568h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proton transport in confined spaces plays a crucial role in many biological processes as well as in modern technological applications, such as fuel cells. To achieve active control of proton conductance, we investigate for the first time the gate modulation of proton transport in a pH-regulated nanopore by a multi-ion model. The model takes into account surface protonation/deprotonation reactions, surface curvature, electroosmotic flow, Stern layer, and electric double layer overlap. The proposed model is validated by good agreement with the existing experimental data on nanopore conductance with and without a gate voltage. The results show that the modulation of proton transport in a nanopore depends on the concentration of the background salt and solution pH. Without background salt, the gated nanopore exhibits an interesting ambipolar conductance behavior when pH is close to the isoelectric point of the dielectric pore material, and the net ionic and proton conductance can be actively regulated with a gate voltage as low as 1 V. The higher the background salt concentration, the lower is the performance of the gate control on the proton transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanju Mei
- Institute of Micro/Nanotechnology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
| | - Li-Hsien Yeh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan.
| | - Shizhi Qian
- Institute of Micro/Nanotechnology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Lin X, Zhang B, Yang Q, Yan F, Hua X, Su B. Polydimethysiloxane Modified Silica Nanochannel Membrane for Hydrophobicity-Based Molecular Filtration and Detection. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7821-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Lin
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Fei Yan
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Woo JY, Han H, Kim JW, Lee SM, Ha JS, Shim JH, Han CS. Sub-5 nm nanostructures fabricated by atomic layer deposition using a carbon nanotube template. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:265301. [PMID: 27188268 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/26/265301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of nanostructures having diameters of sub-5 nm is very a important issue for bottom-up nanofabrication of nanoscale devices. In this work, we report a highly controllable method to create sub-5 nm nano-trenches and nanowires by combining area-selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as templates. Alumina nano-trenches having a depth of 2.6 ∼ 3.0 nm and SiO2 nano-trenches having a depth of 1.9 ∼ 2.2 nm fully guided by the SWNTs have been formed on SiO2/Si substrate. Through infilling ZnO material by ALD in alumina nano-trenches, well-defined ZnO nanowires having a thickness of 3.1 ∼ 3.3 nm have been fabricated. In order to improve the electrical properties of ZnO nanowires, as-fabricated ZnO nanowires by ALD were annealed at 350 °C in air for 60 min. As a result, we successfully demonstrated that as-synthesized ZnO nanowire using a specific template can be made for various high-density resistive components in the nanoelectronics industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Woo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Rems L, Kawale D, Lee LJ, Boukany PE. Flow of DNA in micro/nanofluidics: From fundamentals to applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:043403. [PMID: 27493701 PMCID: PMC4958106 DOI: 10.1063/1.4958719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to direct observation and manipulation of DNA in micro/nanofluidic devices, we are now able to elucidate the relationship between the polymer microstructure and its rheological properties, as well as to design new single-molecule platforms for biophysics and biomedicine. This allows exploration of many new mechanisms and phenomena, which were previously unachievable with conventional methods such as bulk rheometry tests. For instance, the field of polymer rheology is at a turning point to relate the complex molecular conformations to the nonlinear viscoelasticity of polymeric fluids (such as coil-stretch transition, shear thinning, and stress overshoot in startup shear). In addition, nanofluidic devices provided a starting point for manipulating single DNA molecules by applying basic principles of polymer physics, which is highly relevant to numerous processes in biosciences. In this article, we review recent progress regarding the flow and deformation of DNA in micro/nanofluidic systems from both fundamental and application perspectives. We particularly focus on advances in the understanding of polymer rheology and identify the emerging research trends and challenges, especially with respect to future applications of nanofluidics in the biomedical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Rems
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Delft 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Durgesh Kawale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Delft 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| | - L James Lee
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Pouyan E Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Delft 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Abstract
We report efficient pumping of fluids through nanofluidic funnels when a symmetric AC waveform is applied. The asymmetric geometry of the nanofluidic funnel induces not only ion current rectification but also electroosmotic flow rectification. In the base-to-tip direction, the funnel exhibits a lower ion conductance and a higher electroosmotic flow velocity, whereas, in the tip-to-base direction, the funnel has a higher ion conductance and a lower electroosmotic flow velocity. Consequently, symmetric AC waveforms easily pump fluid through the nanofunnels over a range of frequencies, e.g., 5 Hz to 5 kHz. In our experiments, the nanofunnels were milled into glass substrates with a focused ion beam (FIB) instrument, and the funnel design had a constant 5° taper with aspect ratios (funnel tip width to funnel depth) of 0.1 to 1.0. We tracked ion current rectification by current-voltage (I-V) response and electroosmotic flow rectification by transport of a zwitterionic fluorescent probe. Rectification of ion current and electroosmotic flow increased with increasing electric field applied to the nanofunnel. Our results support three-dimensional simulations of ion transport and electroosmotic transport through nanofunnels, which suggest the asymmetric electroosmotic transport stems from an induced pressure at the junction of the nanochannel and nanofunnel tip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Kneller
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Daniel G Haywood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Stephen C Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Xiao K, Wen L, Jiang L. Biomimetic Solid-State Nanochannels: From Fundamental Research to Practical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:2810-2831. [PMID: 27040151 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, solid-state smart nanopores/nanochannels for intelligent control of the transportation of ions and molecules as organisms have been extensively studied, because they hold great potential applications in molecular sieves, nanofluidics, energy conversion, and biosensors. To keep up with the fast development of this field, it is necessary to summarize the construction, characterization, and application of biomimetic smart nanopores/nanochannels. These can be classified into four sections: the fabrication of solid-state nanopores/nanochannels, the functionalization methods and materials, the mechanism explanation about the ion rectification, and the practical applications. A brief conclusion and outlook for the biomimetic nanochannels is provided, highlighting those that could be developed and integrated into devices for use in tackling current and the future problems including resources, energy, environment, and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wen
- Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
He Y, Tsutsui M, Scheicher RH, Miao XS, Taniguchi M. Salt-Gradient Approach for Regulating Capture-to-Translocation Dynamics of DNA with Nanochannel Sensors. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui He
- School
of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, LuoYu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Makusu Tsutsui
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1
Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Ralph H. Scheicher
- Division
of Materials Theory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Angström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiang Shui Miao
- School
of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, LuoYu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Masateru Taniguchi
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1
Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Wu X, Ramiah Rajasekaran P, Martin CR. An Alternating Current Electroosmotic Pump Based on Conical Nanopore Membranes. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4637-43. [PMID: 27046145 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Electroosmotic flow (EOF) is used to pump solutions through microfluidic devices and capillary electrophoresis columns. We describe here an EOF pump based on membrane EOF rectification, an electrokinetic phenomenon we recently described. EOF rectification requires membranes with asymmetrically shaped pores, and conical pores in a polymeric membrane were used here. We show here that solution flow through the membrane can be achieved by applying a symmetrical sinusoidal voltage waveform across the membrane. This is possible because the alternating current (AC) carried by ions through the pore is rectified, and we previously showed that rectified currents yield EOF rectification. We have investigated the effect of both the magnitude and frequency of the voltage waveform on flow rate through the membrane, and we have measured the maximum operating pressure. Finally, we show that operating in AC mode offers potential advantages relative to conventional DC-mode EOF pumps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | | | - Charles R Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Liang F, Ju A, Qiao Y, Guo J, Feng H, Li J, Lu N, Tu J, Lu Z. A simple approach for an optically transparent nanochannel device prototype. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:984-991. [PMID: 26891717 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00152a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Compared with microfluidic devices, the fabrication of structure-controllable and designable nanochannel devices has been considered to have high costs and complex procedures, which require expensive equipment and high-quality raw materials. Exploring fast, simple and inexpensive approaches in nanochannel fabrication will be greatly helpful to speed up laboratory studies of nanofluidics. Here we developed a simple and inexpensive approach to fabricate a nanochannel device with a glass/epoxy resin/glass structure. The grooves were engraved using a UV laser on an aluminum sacrificial layer on the substrate glass, and epoxy resin was coated on the substrate and stuffed fully into the grooves. Another glass plate with holes for fluidic inlets and outlets was bonded on the top of the resin layer. The nanochannels were formed by etching thin sacrificial layers electrochemically. Meanwhile, the microstructures of the fluidic outlets and inlets could be fabricated simultaneously to the nanochannel formation. The total processing time for the simple nanochannel device took less than 10 hours. Optically transparent nanochannels with a depth of up to 20 nm were achieved. Nanofluidic behaviors in the nanochannels were observed under both optical and fluorescence microscopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fupeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, No.2 Si Pai Lou, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Wichert WRA, Han D, Bohn PW. Effects of molecular confinement and crowding on horseradish peroxidase kinetics using a nanofluidic gradient mixer. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:877-883. [PMID: 26792298 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of molecular confinement and crowding on enzyme kinetics were studied at length scales and under conditions similar to those found in biological cells. These experiments were carried out using a nanofluidic network of channels constituting a nanofluidic gradient mixer, providing the basis for measuring multiple experimental conditions simultaneously. The 100 nm × 40 μm nanochannels were wet etched directly into borosilicate glass, then annealed and characterized with fluorescein emission prior to kinetic measurements. The nanofluidic gradient mixer was then used to measure the kinetics of the conversion of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed conversion of non-fluorescent Amplex Red (AR) to the fluorescent product resorufin in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The design of the gradient mixer allows reaction kinetics to be studied under multiple (five) unique solution compositions in a single experiment. To characterize the efficiency of the device the effects of confinement on HRP-catalyzed AR conversion kinetics were studied by varying the starting ratio of AR : H2O2. Equimolar concentrations of Amplex Red and H2O2 yielded the highest reaction rates followed by 2 : 1, 1 : 2, 5 : 1, and finally 1 : 5 [AR] : [H2O2]. Under all conditions, initial reaction velocities were decreased by excess H2O2. Crowding effects on kinetics were studied by increasing solution viscosity in the nanochannels in the range 1.0-1.6 cP with sucrose. Increasing the solution viscosities in these confined geometries decreases the initial reaction velocity at the highest concentration from 3.79 μM min(-1) at 1.00 cP to 0.192 μM min(-1) at 1.59 cP. Variations in reaction velocity are interpreted in the context of models for HRP catalysis and for molecular crowding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William R A Wichert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Donghoon Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Fadel TR, Farrell DF, Friedersdorf LE, Griep MH, Hoover MD, Meador MA, Meyyappan M. Toward the Responsible Development and Commercialization of Sensor Nanotechnologies. ACS Sens 2016; 1:207-216. [PMID: 28261665 PMCID: PMC5332131 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-enabled sensors (or nanosensors) will play an important role in enabling the progression toward ubiquitous information systems as the Internet of Things (IoT) emerges. Nanosensors offer new, miniaturized solutions in physiochemical and biological sensing that enable increased sensitivity, specificity, and multiplexing capability, all with the compelling economic drivers of low cost and high-energy efficiency. In the United States, Federal agencies participating in the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) "Nanotechnology for Sensors and Sensors for Nanotechnology: Improving and Protecting Health, Safety, and the Environment" Nanotechnology Signature Initiative (the Sensors NSI), address both the opportunity of using nanotechnology to advance sensor development and the challenges of developing sensors to keep pace with the increasingly widespread use of engineered nanomaterials. This perspective article will introduce and provide background on the NNI signature initiative on sensors. Recent efforts by the Sensors NSI aimed at promoting the successful development and commercialization of nanosensors will be reviewed and examples of sensor nanotechnologies will be highlighted. Future directions and critical challenges for sensor development will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek R. Fadel
- The National Nanotechnology Coordination Office, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 405, Arlington, Virginia 22230, United States
| | - Dorothy F. Farrell
- The National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, 10A52, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Lisa E. Friedersdorf
- The National Nanotechnology Coordination Office, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 405, Arlington, Virginia 22230, United States
| | - Mark H. Griep
- The U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Mark D. Hoover
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Michael A. Meador
- The National Nanotechnology Coordination Office, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 405, Arlington, Virginia 22230, United States
| | - M. Meyyappan
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Zweifel LP, Shorubalko I, Lim RYH. Helium Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy and Electrical Characterization of Glass Nanocapillaries with Reproducible Tip Geometries. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1918-1925. [PMID: 26783633 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanopores fabricated from glass microcapillaries are used in applications ranging from scanning ion conductance microscopy to single-molecule detection. Still, evaluating the nanocapillary tip by a noninvasive means remains challenging. For instance, electron microscopy characterization techniques can charge, heat, and contaminate the glass surface and typically require conductive coatings that influence the final tip geometry. Per contra, electrical characterization by the means of ion current through the capillary lumen provides only indirect geometrical details of the tips. Here, we show that helium scanning transmission ion microscopy provides a nondestructive and precise determination of glass nanocapillary tip geometries. This enables the reproducible fabrication of axially asymmetric blunt, bullet, and hourglass-shaped tips with opening diameters from 20 to 400 nm by laser-assisted pulling. Accordingly, this allows for an evaluation of how tip shape, pore diameter, and opening angle impact ionic current rectification behavior and the translocation of single molecules. Our analysis shows that current drops and translocation dwell times are dominated by the pore diameter and opening angles regardless of nanocapillary tip shape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovit P Zweifel
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel , 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Shorubalko
- Laboratory for Reliability Science and Technology, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roderick Y H Lim
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel , 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Ge Y, Zhu J, Kang M, Xian J, An Q, Zhong G. Ion current rectification in a confined conical nanopore with high solution concentrations. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2015.1124103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ge
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Min Kang
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jieyu Xian
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qiu An
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Gaoyan Zhong
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Zeming KK, Thakor NV, Zhang Y, Chen CH. Real-time modulated nanoparticle separation with an ultra-large dynamic range. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:75-85. [PMID: 26575003 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles exhibit size-dependent properties which make size-selective purification of proteins, DNA or synthetic nanoparticles essential for bio-analytics, clinical medicine, nano-plasmonics and nano-material sciences. Current purification methods of centrifugation, column chromatography and continuous-flow techniques suffer from particle aggregation, multi-stage process, complex setups and necessary nanofabrication. These increase process costs and time, reduce efficiency and limit dynamic range. Here, we achieve an unprecedented real-time nanoparticle separation (51-1500 nm) using a large-pore (2 μm) deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) device. No external force fields or nanofabrication are required. Instead, we investigated innate long-range electrostatic influences on nanoparticles within a fluid medium at different NaCl ionic concentrations. In this study we account for the electrostatic forces beyond Debye length and showed that they cannot be assumed as negligible especially for precise nanoparticle separation methods such as DLD. Our findings have enabled us to develop a model to simultaneously quantify and modulate the electrostatic force interactions between nanoparticle and micropore. By simply controlling buffer solutions, we achieve dynamic nanoparticle size separation on a single device with a rapid response time (<20 s) and an enlarged dynamic range (>1200%), outperforming standard benchtop centrifuge systems. This novel method and model combines device simplicity, isolation precision and dynamic flexibility, opening opportunities for high-throughput applications in nano-separation for industrial and biological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerwin Kwek Zeming
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 28 Medical Dr. #05-COR, 117456 Singapore
| | - Nitish V Thakor
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 28 Medical Dr. #05-COR, 117456 Singapore and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Traylor 701/720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, 117576 Singapore. and Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering Lab, National University of Singapore, Block E3A, #07-06, 7 Engineering Drive 1, 117574 Singapore
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 28 Medical Dr. #05-COR, 117456 Singapore and Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, 117576 Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Lin CY, Chen F, Yeh LH, Hsu JP. Salt gradient driven ion transport in solid-state nanopores: the crucial role of reservoir geometry and size. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:30160-30165. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06459k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The crucial influence of the reservoir geometry and size on the salt gradient driven ion transport in solid-state nanopores is unraveled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Fu Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Yunlin University of Science and Technology
- Yunlin 64002
- Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsien Yeh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Yunlin University of Science and Technology
- Yunlin 64002
- Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Ping Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Ramirez P, Gomez V, Cervera J, Nasir S, Ali M, Ensinger W, Siwy Z, Mafe S. Voltage-controlled current loops with nanofluidic diodes electrically coupled to solid state capacitors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08277g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanofluidic diodes electrically coupled to solid state capacitors show electrical properties reminiscent of a resistor with memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Ramirez
- Departament de Física Aplicada
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- E-46022 València
- Spain
| | - V. Gomez
- Departament de Física Aplicada
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- E-46022 València
- Spain
| | - J. Cervera
- Departament de Física de la Tierra i Termodinàmica
- Universitat de València
- E-46100 Burjassot
- Spain
| | - S. Nasir
- Department of Material- and Geo-Sciences
- Materials Analysis
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - M. Ali
- Department of Material- and Geo-Sciences
- Materials Analysis
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - W. Ensinger
- Department of Material- and Geo-Sciences
- Materials Analysis
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Z. Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
| | - S. Mafe
- Departament de Física de la Tierra i Termodinàmica
- Universitat de València
- E-46100 Burjassot
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Xia L, Choi C, Kothekar SC, Dutta D. On-Chip Pressure Generation for Driving Liquid Phase Separations in Nanochannels. Anal Chem 2015; 88:781-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University
Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Chiwoong Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University
Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Shrinivas C. Kothekar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University
Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Debashis Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University
Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| |
Collapse
|