101
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Zhang S, Ding Y, Wei H. Ruthenium polypyridine complexes combined with oligonucleotides for bioanalysis: a review. Molecules 2014; 19:11933-87. [PMID: 25116805 PMCID: PMC6271144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are among the most interesting coordination complexes and they have attracted great attention over the past decades due to their appealing biological, catalytic, electronic and optical properties. Ruthenium complexes have found a unique niche in bioanalysis, as demonstrated by the substantial progress made in the field. In this review, the applications of ruthenium complexes coordinated with polypyridine ligands (and analogues) in bioanalysis are discussed. Three main detection methods based on electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence, and photoluminscence are covered. The important targets, including DNA and other biologically important targets, are detected by specific biorecognition with the corresponding oligonucleotides as the biorecognition elements (i.e., DNA is probed by its complementary strand and other targets are detected by functional nucleic acids, respectively). Selected examples are provided and thoroughly discussed to highlight the substantial progress made so far. Finally, a brief summary with perspectives is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yubin Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Hui Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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102
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Hollenstein M, Leumann CJ. Synthesis and biochemical characterization of tricyclothymidine triphosphate (tc-TTP). Chembiochem 2014; 15:1901-4. [PMID: 25044722 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tricyclo-DNA (tc-DNA) is a conformationally restricted oligonucleotide analogue that exhibits promising properties as a robust antisense agent. Here we report on the synthesis and biochemical characterization of tc-TTP, the triphosphate of a tc-DNA nucleoside containing the base thymine. Tc-TTP turned out to be a substrate for the Vent (exo(-) ) DNA polymerase, a polymerase that allows for multiple incorporations of tc-T nucleotides under primer extension reaction conditions. However, the substrate acceptance is rather low, as also observed for other sugar-modified analogues. Tc-TTP and tc-nucleotide-containing templates do not sustain enzymatic polymerization under physiological conditions; this indicates that tc-DNA-based antisense agents will not enter natural metabolic pathways that lead to long-term toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hollenstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern (Switzerland).
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103
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Ren X, Gerowska M, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T. Enzymatic incorporation and fluorescent labelling of cyclooctyne-modified deoxyuridine triphosphates in DNA. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4384-90. [PMID: 24953951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The amino group of 5-aminopropargyl-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate was labelled with dibenzocyclooctyne (DIBO) and two derivatives of bicyclo [6.1.0] non-4-yne (BCN) with short and long linkers to produce three different cycloalkyne-modified deoxyuridine triphosphates. BCN was successfully incorporated into DNA at multiple sites by enzyme-mediated primer extension and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Efficient fluorescent labelling of the BCN-DNA and DIBO-DNA with Cy3-azide was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Marta Gerowska
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; Chemistry Branch, Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43721, Egypt
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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104
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Preparation of ferrocene-functionalized gold nanoparticles by primer extension reaction on the particle surface. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2661-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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105
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Pinheiro VB, Holliger P. Towards XNA nanotechnology: new materials from synthetic genetic polymers. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:321-8. [PMID: 24745974 PMCID: PMC4039137 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids display remarkable properties beyond information storage and propagation. The well-understood base pairing rules have enabled nucleic acids to be assembled into nanostructures of ever increasing complexity. Although nanostructures can be constructed using other building blocks, including peptides and lipids, it is the capacity to evolve that sets nucleic acids apart from all other nanoscale building materials. Nonetheless, the poor chemical and biological stability of DNA and RNA constrain their applications. Recent advances in nucleic acid chemistry and polymerase engineering enable the synthesis, replication, and evolution of a range of synthetic genetic polymers (XNAs) with improved chemical and biological stability. We discuss the impact of this technology on the generation of XNA ligands, enzymes, and nanostructures with tailor-made chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor B Pinheiro
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Philipp Holliger
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
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106
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Kielkowski P, Fanfrlík J, Hocek M. 7-Aryl-7-deazaadenine 2′-Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphates (dNTPs): Better Substrates for DNA Polymerases than dATP in Competitive Incorporations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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107
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Kielkowski P, Fanfrlík J, Hocek M. 7-Aryl-7-deazaadenine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs): better substrates for DNA polymerases than dATP in competitive incorporations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7552-5. [PMID: 24890276 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of 7-substituted 7-deazaadenine and 5-substituted cytosine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) were tested for their competitive incorporations (in the presence of dATP and dCTP) into DNA by several DNA polymerases by using analysis based on cleavage by restriction endonucleases. 7-Aryl-7-deazaadenine dNTPs were more efficient substrates than dATP because of their higher affinity for the active site of the enzyme, as proved by kinetic measurements and calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kielkowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic) http://www.uochb.cas.cz/hocekgroup
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108
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Hollenstein M, Smith CC, Räz M. Nucleoside triphosphates--from synthesis to biochemical characterization. J Vis Exp 2014:51385. [PMID: 24747811 PMCID: PMC4162383 DOI: 10.3791/51385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional strategy for the introduction of chemical functionalities is the use of solid-phase synthesis by appending suitably modified phosphoramidite precursors to the nascent chain. However, the conditions used during the synthesis and the restriction to rather short sequences hamper the applicability of this methodology. On the other hand, modified nucleoside triphosphates are activated building blocks that have been employed for the mild introduction of numerous functional groups into nucleic acids, a strategy that paves the way for the use of modified nucleic acids in a wide-ranging palette of practical applications such as functional tagging and generation of ribozymes and DNAzymes. One of the major challenges resides in the intricacy of the methodology leading to the isolation and characterization of these nucleoside analogues. In this video article, we present a detailed protocol for the synthesis of these modified analogues using phosphorous(III)-based reagents. In addition, the procedure for their biochemical characterization is divulged, with a special emphasis on primer extension reactions and TdT tailing polymerization. This detailed protocol will be of use for the crafting of modified dNTPs and their further use in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Räz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern
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109
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Stovall GM, Bedenbaugh RS, Singh S, Meyer AJ, Hatala PJ, Ellington AD, Hall B. In vitro selection using modified or unnatural nucleotides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 56:9.6.1-33. [PMID: 25606981 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0906s56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of modified nucleotides into in vitro RNA or DNA selections offers many potential advantages, such as the increased stability of selected nucleic acids against nuclease degradation, improved affinities, expanded chemical functionality, and increased library diversity. This unit provides useful information and protocols for in vitro selection using modified nucleotides. It includes a discussion of when to use modified nucleotides; protocols for evaluating and optimizing transcription reactions, as well as confirming the incorporation of the modified nucleotides; protocols for evaluating modified nucleotide transcripts as template in reverse transcription reactions; protocols for the evaluation of the fidelity of modified nucleotides in the replication and the regeneration of the pool; and a protocol to compare modified nucleotide pools and selection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn M Stovall
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Altermune Technologies LLC, Austin, Texas
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110
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Hervé G, Sartori G, Enderlin G, Mackenzie G, Len C. Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki reaction in aqueous solvents applied to unprotected nucleosides and nucleotides. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47911k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have attracted much attention due to their potential biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénaëlle Hervé
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
| | - Guillaume Sartori
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
| | - Gérald Enderlin
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
| | | | - Christophe Len
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
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111
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Hervé G, Len C. First ligand-free, microwave-assisted, Heck cross-coupling reaction in pure water on a nucleoside – application to the synthesis of antiviral BVDU. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09798j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, a palladium catalyzed Heck cross-coupling reaction between 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine and various acrylate derivatives was performed using ligand-free conditions and microwave assistance in pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénaëlle Hervé
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche de Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
| | - Christophe Len
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche de Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
- Department of Chemistry
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112
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Geerts N, Schreck CF, Beales PA, Shigematsu H, O'Hern CS, Vanderlick TK. Using DNA-driven assembled phospholipid nanodiscs as a scaffold for gold nanoparticle patterning. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:13089-13094. [PMID: 24073728 DOI: 10.1021/la403091w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a new class of materials emerged with the assembly of DNA-coated phospholipid nanodiscs into columnar BioNanoStacks. Within these stacks, lipid discs are periodically incorporated, resulting into quasi-one-dimensional superstructures. With each disc surrounded by two recombinant scaffolding proteins, we decided to examine whether the polyhistidine tags of these proteins could be utilized to bind additional molecules or particles to these BioNanoStacks. Here we demonstrate that patterning of gold nanoparticles onto these BioNanoStacks is indeed possible. Binding occurs via a nickel-mediated interaction between the nanogolds nitrilotriacetic acid and the histidine tags of the scaffold proteins surrounding the nanodiscs. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we determine that the binding of the nanogold particles to the stacks is not a random event. By comparing the simulation and experimental results, we find that there are preferred binding sites, which affects the binding statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Geerts
- Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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113
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Lercher L, McGouran JF, Kessler BM, Schofield CJ, Davis BG. DNA modification under mild conditions by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling for the generation of functional probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10553-8. [PMID: 23943570 PMCID: PMC3823066 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quick and clean: A method for Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling to iododeoxyuridine (IdU) in DNA is described. Key to the reactivity is the choice of the ligand and the buffer. A covalent [Pd]-DNA intermediate was isolated and characterized. Photocrosslinking probes were generated to trap proteins that bind to epigenetic DNA modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lercher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Joanna F McGouran
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular PhysiologyRoosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ (UK)
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular PhysiologyRoosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ (UK)
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Benjamin G Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA (UK)
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114
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Tanabe K, Tsuda T, Ito T, Nishimoto SI. Probing DNA mismatched and bulged structures by using 19F NMR spectroscopy and oligodeoxynucleotides with an 19F-labeled nucleobase. Chemistry 2013; 19:15133-40. [PMID: 24115235 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, DNA local structures with bulged bases and mismatched base pairs as well as ordinary full-matched base pairs by using (19)F NMR spectroscopy with (19)F-labeled oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were monitored. The chemical shift change in the (19) F NMR spectra allowed discrimination of the DNA structures. Two types of ODNs possessing the bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene unit (F-unit) at specified uridines were prepared and hybridized with their complementary or noncomplementary strands to form matched, mismatched, or bulged duplexes. By using ODN F1, in which an F-unit was connected directly to a propargyl amine-substituted uridine, three local structures, that is, full-matched, G-U mismatch, and A-bulge could be analyzed, whereas other structures could not be discriminated. A molecular modeling study revealed that the F-unit in ODN F1 interacted little with the nucleobases and sugar backbone of the opposite strand because the linker length between the F-unit and the uridine base was too short. Therefore, the capacity of ODN F1 to discriminate the DNA local structures was limited. Thus, ODN F2 was designed to improve this system; aminobenzoic acid was inserted between the F-unit and uridine base so the F-unit could interact more closely with the opposite strand. Eventually, the G-bulge and T-U mismatch and the three aforementioned local structures could be discriminated by using ODN F2. In addition, the dissociation processes of these duplexes could be monitored concurrently by (19)F NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Tanabe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 (Japan).
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115
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Dadová J, Vidláková P, Pohl R, Havran L, Fojta M, Hocek M. Aqueous Heck cross-coupling preparation of acrylate-modified nucleotides and nucleoside triphosphates for polymerase synthesis of acrylate-labeled DNA. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9627-37. [PMID: 23992435 DOI: 10.1021/jo4011574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous-phase Heck coupling methodology was developed for direct attachment of butyl acrylate to 5-iodoracil, 5-iodocytosine, 7-iodo-7-deazaadenine, and 7-iodo-7-deazaguanine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-O-monophosphates (dNMPs) and 5'-O-triphosphates (dNTPs) and compared with the classical approach of phosphorylation of the corresponding modified nucleosides. The 7-substituted 7-deazapurine nucleotides (dA(BA)MP, dA(BA)TP, dG(BA)MP, and dG(BA)TP) were prepared by the direct Heck coupling of nucleotides in good yields (35-55%), whereas the pyrimidine nucleotides reacted poorly and the corresponding BA-modified dNTPs were prepared by triphosphorylation of the modified nucleosides. The acrylate-modified dN(BA)TPs (N = A, C, and U) were good substrates for DNA polymerases and were used for enzymatic synthesis of acrylate-modified DNA by primer extension, whereas dG(BA)TP was an inhibitor of polymerases. The butyl acrylate group was found to be a useful redox label giving a strong reduction peak at -1.3 to -1.4 V in cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Dadová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center , Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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116
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Peters JP, Yelgaonkar SP, Srivatsan SG, Tor Y, James Maher L. Mechanical properties of DNA-like polymers. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:10593-604. [PMID: 24013560 PMCID: PMC3905893 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular structure of the DNA double helix has been known for 60 years, but we remain surprisingly ignorant of the balance of forces that determine its mechanical properties. The DNA double helix is among the stiffest of all biopolymers, but neither theory nor experiment has provided a coherent understanding of the relative roles of attractive base stacking forces and repulsive electrostatic forces creating this stiffness. To gain insight, we have created a family of double-helical DNA-like polymers where one of the four normal bases is replaced with various cationic, anionic or neutral analogs. We apply DNA ligase-catalyzed cyclization kinetics experiments to measure the bending and twisting flexibilities of these polymers under low salt conditions. Interestingly, we show that these modifications alter DNA bending stiffness by only 20%, but have much stronger (5-fold) effects on twist flexibility. We suggest that rather than modifying DNA stiffness through a mechanism easily interpretable as electrostatic, the more dominant effect of neutral and charged base modifications is their ability to drive transitions to helical conformations different from canonical B-form DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Peters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, 900, NCL Innovation Park, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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117
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Lercher L, McGouran JF, Kessler BM, Schofield CJ, Davis BG. DNA Modification under Mild Conditions by Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling for the Generation of Functional Probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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118
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Dadová J, Orság P, Pohl R, Brázdová M, Fojta M, Hocek M. Vinylsulfonamide and Acrylamide Modification of DNA for Cross-linking with Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10515-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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119
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Dadová J, Orság P, Pohl R, Brázdová M, Fojta M, Hocek M. Vinylsulfonamide and Acrylamide Modification of DNA for Cross-linking with Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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120
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Balintová J, Plucnara M, Vidláková P, Pohl R, Havran L, Fojta M, Hocek M. Benzofurazane as a New Redox Label for Electrochemical Detection of DNA: Towards Multipotential Redox Coding of DNA Bases. Chemistry 2013; 19:12720-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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121
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Hollenstein M. Deoxynucleoside triphosphates bearing histamine, carboxylic acid, and hydroxyl residues--synthesis and biochemical characterization. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:5162-72. [PMID: 23817514 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40842f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Modified nucleoside triphosphates (dA(Hs)TP, dU(POH)TP, and dC(Val)TP) bearing imidazole, hydroxyl, and carboxylic acid residues connected to the purine and pyrimidine bases through alkyne linkers were prepared. These modified dN*TPs were excellent substrates for various DNA polymerases in primer extension reactions. Moreover, the combined use of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and the modified dNTPs led to efficient tailing reactions that rival those of natural counterparts. Finally, the triphosphates were tolerated by polymerases under PCR conditions, and the ensuing modified oligonucleotides served as templates for the regeneration of unmodified DNA. Thus, these modified dN*TPs are fully compatible with in vitro selection methods and can be used to develop artificial peptidases based on DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hollenstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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122
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Imaizumi Y, Kasahara Y, Fujita H, Kitadume S, Ozaki H, Endoh T, Kuwahara M, Sugimoto N. Efficacy of base-modification on target binding of small molecule DNA aptamers. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9412-9. [PMID: 23734784 DOI: 10.1021/ja4012222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers are receptors of single-stranded oligonucleotides that specifically bind to their targets. Significant interest is currently focused on development of small molecule aptamers owing to their applications in biosensing, diagnostics, and therapeutics involving low molecular weight biomarkers and drugs. Despite great potential for their diverse applications, relatively few aptamers that bind to small molecules have been reported, and methodologies to enhance and broaden their functions by expanding chemical repertories have barely been examined. Here we describe construction of a modified DNA library that includes (E)-5-(2-(N-(2-(N(6)-adeninyl)ethyl))carbamylvinyl)-uracil bases and discovery of high-affinity camptothecin-binding DNA aptamers using a systematic evolution of ligands by the exponential enrichment method. Our results are the first to demonstrate the superior efficacy of base modification on affinity enhancement and the usefulness of unnatural nucleic acid libraries for development of small molecule aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Imaizumi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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123
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Ménová P, Raindlová V, Hocek M. Scope and limitations of the nicking enzyme amplification reaction for the synthesis of base-modified oligonucleotides and primers for PCR. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1081-93. [PMID: 23682869 DOI: 10.1021/bc400149q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic synthesis of short (10-22 nt) base-modified oligonucleotides (ONs) was developed by nicking enzyme amplification reaction (NEAR) using Vent(exo-) polymerase, Nt.BstNBI nicking endonuclease, and a modified deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) derivative. The scope and limitations of the methodology in terms of different nucleobases, length, sequences, and modifications has been thoroughly studied. The methodology including isolation of the modified ONs was scaled up to nanomolar amounts and the modified ONs were successfully used as primers in primer extension and PCR. Two simple and efficient methods for fluorescent labeling of the PCR products were developed, based either on direct fluorescent labeling of primers or on NEAR synthesis of ethynylated primers, PCR, and final click labeling with fluorescent azides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Ménová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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124
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Niebel B, Wosnitza CI, Famulok M. RNA-aptamers that modulate the RhoGEF activity of Tiam1. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6239-46. [PMID: 23757206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases regulate the actin cytoskeleton and thereby control cell migration, cell morphology, cell motility, and other cellular functions. The gene product of the oncogene Tiam1 acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the Rho GTPase Rac. Like other RhoGEFs, Tiam1 is involved in cancer progression, but it also counteracts invasion in different cancer cell types. Hence, further investigations are required to unravel the functions of Tiam1 in the context of cancer initiation and progression, which appear to be cell specific. Although RhoGEFs in general seem to be attractive therapeutic targets, not many inhibitors have been described, yet. Here we report the identification and characterization of inhibitory RNA aptamers that specifically target Tiam1. After 16 selection rounds three aptamers sharing a 15 nucleotides consensus motif were identified. The clones K91 and K11 inhibited the Tiam1-mediated activation of the GTPase Rac2 in vitro. The tightest binder K91 neither bound the Rho GEF Vav1 nor the Arf GEF Cytohesin-2. In the presence of Rac1, the binding of K91 to Tiam1 was impaired indicating that the binding motif on Tiam1 overlaps with the GTPase binding site. K91 and K11 are the first reported inhibitory molecules targeting the GEF function of Tiam1. Due to their specificity over related GEF proteins they may represent promising tools for further elucidation of the biological functions of Tiam1. We anticipated that these aptamers will prove useful in validating the ambiguous roles of Tiam1 in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Niebel
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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125
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Ethynyl-equipped Spirobenzopyrans as Promising Photochromic Markers for Nucleic Acid Fragments. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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126
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Ménová P, Cahová H, Plucnara M, Havran L, Fojta M, Hocek M. Polymerase synthesis of oligonucleotides containing a single chemically modified nucleobase for site-specific redox labelling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4652-4. [PMID: 23579777 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41438h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic construction of single-nucleobase redox-labelled oligonucleotides was developed either based on polymerase incorporation of a single modified nucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) followed by primer extension (PEX) with natural dNTPs or based on PEX with a biotinylated one-nucleotide overhang template, magnetoseparation and the second PEX with a full-length template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Ménová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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127
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Hollenstein M, Hipolito CJ, Lam CH, Perrin DM. Toward the combinatorial selection of chemically modified DNAzyme RNase A mimics active against all-RNA substrates. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2013; 15:174-82. [PMID: 23485334 DOI: 10.1021/co3001378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The convenient use of SELEX and related combinatorial methods of in vitro selection provides a formidable gateway for the generation of DNA enzymes, especially in the context of improving their potential as gene therapeutic agents. Here, we report on the selection of DNAzyme 12-91, a modified nucleic acid catalyst adorned with imidazole, ammonium, and guanidinium groups that provide for efficient M(2+)-independent cleavage of an all-RNA target sequence (kobs = 0.06 min(-1)). While Dz12-91 was selected for intramolecular cleavage of an all-RNA target, it surprisingly cleaves a target containing a lone ribocytosine unit with even greater efficiency (kobs = 0.27 min(-1)) than Dz9-86 (kobs = 0.13 min(-1)). The sequence composition of Dz12-91 bears a marked resemblance to that of Dz9-86 (kobs = 0.0014 min(-1) with an all-RNA substrate) that was selected from the same library to cleave a target containing a single ribonucleotide. However, small alterations in the sequence composition have a profound impact on the substrate preference and catalytic properties. Indeed, Dz12-91 displays the highest known rate enhancement for the M(2+)-independent cleavage of all-RNA targets. Hence, Dz12-91 represents a step toward the generation of potentially therapeutically active DNAzymes and further underscores the usefulness of modified triphosphates in selection experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hollenstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T
1Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Hipolito
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T
1Z1, Canada
| | - Curtis H. Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T
1Z1, Canada
| | - David M. Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T
1Z1, Canada
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128
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Neveu M, Kim HJ, Benner SA. The "strong" RNA world hypothesis: fifty years old. ASTROBIOLOGY 2013; 13:391-403. [PMID: 23551238 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2012.0868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This year marks the 50(th) anniversary of a proposal by Alex Rich that RNA, as a single biopolymer acting in two capacities, might have supported both genetics and catalysis at the origin of life. We review here both published and previously unreported experimental data that provide new perspectives on this old proposal. The new data include evidence that, in the presence of borate, small amounts of carbohydrates can fix large amounts of formaldehyde that are expected in an environment rich in carbon dioxide. Further, we consider other species, including arsenate, arsenite, phosphite, and germanate, that might replace phosphate as linkers in genetic biopolymers. While linkages involving these oxyanions are judged to be too unstable to support genetics on Earth, we consider the possibility that they might do so in colder semi-aqueous environments more exotic than those found on Earth, where cosolvents such as ammonia might prevent freezing at temperatures well below 273 K. These include the ammonia-water environments that are possibly present at low temperatures beneath the surface of Titan, Saturn's largest moon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Neveu
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA
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129
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Kielkowski P, Brock NL, Dickschat JS, Hocek M. Nucleobase protection strategy for gene cloning and expression. Chembiochem 2013; 14:801-4. [PMID: 23532949 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protecting group chemistry meets molecular biology: Chemically modified dATP carrying a bulky triethylsilylethynyl group was used in a PCR-based synthesis of a gene internally protected against cleavage by restriction endonucleases. The unmodified flanking regions were cleaved for cloning into a plasmid which was replicated by E. coli, and used for protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kielkowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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130
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Wenge U, Ehrenschwender T, Wagenknecht HA. Synthesis of 2'-O-propargyl nucleoside triphosphates for enzymatic oligonucleotide preparation and "click" modification of DNA with Nile red as fluorescent probe. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:301-4. [PMID: 23425139 DOI: 10.1021/bc300624m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Uridine, adenosine, guanosine, and cytidine that carry a propargyl group attached to the 2'-oxygen were converted efficiently to the corresponding nucleoside triphosphates (pNTPs). Primer extension experiments revealed that pUTP, pATP, and pGTP can be successfully incorporated in oligonucleotides in the so-called 9°N and Therminator DNA polymerases. Most importantly, the ethynyl group as single 2'-modification of the enzymatically prepared oligonucleotides can be applied for postsynthetic labeling. This was representatively shown by PAGE analysis after the "click"-type cycloaddition with the fluorescent nile red azide. These results show that the 2'-position as one of the most important modification sites in oligonucleotides is now accessible not only for synthetic, but also for enzymatic oligonucleotide preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Wenge
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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131
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Beales PA, Geerts N, Inampudi KK, Shigematsu H, Wilson CJ, Vanderlick TK. Reversible Assembly of Stacked Membrane Nanodiscs with Reduced Dimensionality and Variable Periodicity. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3335-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja311561d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Beales
- Centre for Molecular Nanoscience,
School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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132
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Hili R, Niu J, Liu DR. DNA ligase-mediated translation of DNA into densely functionalized nucleic acid polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:98-101. [PMID: 23256841 PMCID: PMC3544274 DOI: 10.1021/ja311331m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We developed a method to translate DNA sequences into densely functionalized nucleic acids by using T4 DNA ligase to mediate the DNA-templated polymerization of 5'-phosphorylated trinucleotides containing a wide variety of appended functional groups. This polymerization proceeds sequence specifically along a DNA template and can generate polymers of at least 50 building blocks (150 nucleotides) in length with remarkable efficiency. The resulting single-stranded highly modified nucleic acid is a suitable template for primer extension using deep vent (exo-) DNA polymerase, thereby enabling the regeneration of template DNA. We integrated these capabilities to perform iterated cycles of in vitro translation, selection, and template regeneration on libraries of modified nucleic acid polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Hili
- Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
| | - Jia Niu
- Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
| | - David R. Liu
- Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
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133
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Steigenberger B, Schiesser S, Hackner B, Brandmayr C, Laube SK, Steinbacher J, Pfaffeneder T, Carell T. Synthesis of 5-hydroxymethyl-, 5-formyl-, and 5-carboxycytidine-triphosphates and their incorporation into oligonucleotides by polymerase chain reaction. Org Lett 2013; 15:366-9. [PMID: 23286330 DOI: 10.1021/ol3033219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the triphosphates of 5-hydroxymethyl-, 5-formyl-, and 5-carboxycytidine and the incorporation of these building blocks into long DNA fragments using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are reported. In this way DNA fragments containing multiple hmC, fC, and caC nucleobases are readily accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Steigenberger
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
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134
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Schoch J, Jäschke A. Synthesis and enzymatic incorporation of norbornene-modified nucleoside triphosphates for Diels–Alder bioconjugation. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40373d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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135
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Tolle F, Mayer G. Dressed for success – applying chemistry to modulate aptamer functionality. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21510a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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136
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Madsen AS, Jørgensen AS, Jensen TB, Wengel J. Large scale synthesis of 2'-amino-LNA thymine and 5-methylcytosine nucleosides. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10718-28. [PMID: 23145501 DOI: 10.1021/jo302036h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thymine intermediate 17 has been synthesized on a multigram scale (50 g, 70 mmol) from starting sugar 1 in 15 steps in an overall yield of 73%, with only 5 purification steps. The key thymine intermediate 18 was obtained from 17 in a single step in 96% yield, whereas the key 5-methylcytosine intermediate 20 was obtained from 17 in 2 steps in 58% yield. This highly efficient large scale route necessitates only 2 and 3 novel steps to obtain N2'-functionalized thymine and 5-methylcytosine amino-LNA phosphoramidites from these key intermediates, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stahl Madsen
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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137
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Hollenstein M. Nucleoside triphosphates--building blocks for the modification of nucleic acids. Molecules 2012; 17:13569-91. [PMID: 23154273 PMCID: PMC6268876 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171113569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside triphosphates are moldable entities that can easily be functionalized at various locations. The enzymatic polymerization of these modified triphosphate analogues represents a versatile platform for the facile and mild generation of (highly) functionalized nucleic acids. Numerous modified triphosphates have been utilized in a broad palette of applications spanning from DNA-tagging and -labeling to the generation of catalytic nucleic acids. This review will focus on the recent progress made in the synthesis of modified nucleoside triphosphates as well as on the understanding of the mechanisms underlying their polymerase acceptance. In addition, the usefulness of chemically altered dNTPs in SELEX and related methods of in vitro selection will be highlighted, with a particular emphasis on the generation of modified DNA enzymes (DNAzymes) and DNA-based aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hollenstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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138
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Kasahara Y, Kuwahara M. Artificial specific binders directly recovered from chemically modified nucleic acid libraries. J Nucleic Acids 2012; 2012:156482. [PMID: 23094139 PMCID: PMC3472525 DOI: 10.1155/2012/156482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific binders comprised of nucleic acids, that is, RNA/DNA aptamers, are attractive functional biopolymers owing to their potential broad application in medicine, food hygiene, environmental analysis, and biological research. Despite the large number of reports on selection of natural DNA/RNA aptamers, there are not many examples of direct screening of chemically modified nucleic acid aptamers. This is because of (i) the inferior efficiency and accuracy of polymerase reactions involving transcription/reverse-transcription of modified nucleotides compared with those of natural nucleotides, (ii) technical difficulties and additional time and effort required when using modified nucleic acid libraries, and (iii) ambiguous efficacies of chemical modifications in binding properties until recently; in contrast, the effects of chemical modifications on biostability are well studied using various nucleotide analogs. Although reports on the direct screening of a modified nucleic acid library remain in the minority, chemical modifications would be essential when further functional expansion of nucleic acid aptamers, in particular for medical and biological uses, is considered. This paper focuses on enzymatic production of chemically modified nucleic acids and their application to random screenings. In addition, recent advances and possible future research are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuya Kasahara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kuwahara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
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139
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Hollenstein M. Synthesis of deoxynucleoside triphosphates that include proline, urea, or sulfonamide groups and their polymerase incorporation into DNA. Chemistry 2012; 18:13320-30. [PMID: 22996052 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To expand the chemical array available for DNA sequences in the context of in vitro selection, I present herein the synthesis of five nucleoside triphosphate analogues containing side chains capable of organocatalysis. The synthesis involved the coupling of L-proline-containing residues (dU(tP)TP and dU(cP)TP), a dipeptide (dU(FP)TP), a urea derivative (dU(Bpu)TP), and a sulfamide residue (dU(Bs)TP) to a suitably protected common intermediate, followed by triphosphorylation. These modified dNTPs were shown to be excellent substrates for the Vent (exo(-)) and Pwo DNA polymerases, as well as the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I, although they were only acceptable substrates for the 9°N(m) polymerase. All of the modified dNTPs, with the exception of dU(Bpu)TP, were readily incorporated into DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Modified oligonucleotides efficiently served as templates for PCR for the regeneration of unmodified DNA. Thermal denaturation experiments showed that these modifications are tolerated in the major groove. Overall, these heavily modified dNTPs are excellent candidates for SELEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hollenstein
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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140
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Riedl J, Ménová P, Pohl R, Orság P, Fojta M, Hocek M. GFP-like fluorophores as DNA labels for studying DNA-protein interactions. J Org Chem 2012; 77:8287-93. [PMID: 22935023 DOI: 10.1021/jo301684b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
GFP-like 3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylideneimidazolinone (FBI) and 3,5-bis(methoxy)-4-hydroxy-benzylideneimidazolinone (MBI) labels were attached to dCTP through a propargyl linker, and the resulting labeled nucleotides (dC(MBI)TP and dC(FBI)TP) were used for a facile enzymatic synthesis of oligonucleotide or DNA probes by polymerase-catalyzed primer extension. The MBI/FBI-labeled DNA probes exerted low fluorescence that was increased 2-3.2 times upon binding of a protein. The concept was demonstrated on sequence-specific binding of p53 to dsDNA and on nonspecific binding of single strand binding protein to an oligonucleotide. The FBI label was also used for a time-resolved experiment monitoring a single-nucleotide incorporation followed by primer extension by Vent(exo-) polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Riedl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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141
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Obeid S, Busskamp H, Welte W, Diederichs K, Marx A. Interactions of non-polar and "Click-able" nucleotides in the confines of a DNA polymerase active site. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8320-2. [PMID: 22766607 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34181f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modified nucleotides play a paramount role in many cutting-edge biomolecular techniques. The present structural study highlights the plasticity and flexibility of the active site of a DNA polymerase while incorporating non-polar "Click-able" nucleotide analogs and emphasizes new insights into rational design guidelines for modified nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Obeid
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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142
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Pinheiro VB, Holliger P. The XNA world: progress towards replication and evolution of synthetic genetic polymers. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:245-52. [PMID: 22704981 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Life's diversity is built on the wide range of properties and functions that can be encoded in natural biopolymers such as polypeptides and nucleic acids. However, despite their versatility, the range of chemical functionalities is limited, particularly in the case of nucleic acids. Chemical modification of nucleic acids can greatly increase their functional diversity but access to the full phenotypic potential of such polymers requires a system of replication. Here we review progress in the chemical and enzymatic synthesis, replication and evolution of unnatural nucleic acid polymers, which promises to enable the exploration of a vast sequence space not accessible to nature and deliver ligands, catalysts and materials based on this new class of biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor B Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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143
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Functionalization of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions (review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-012-0986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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144
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Kore AR, Senthilvelan A, Shanmugasundaram M. Highly chemoselective palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling of 5-iodouridine-5′-triphosphates with propargylamine: a new efficient method for the synthesis of 5-aminopropargyl-uridine-5′-triphosphates. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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145
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Ménová P, Hocek M. Preparation of short cytosine-modified oligonucleotides by nicking enzyme amplification reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:6921-3. [PMID: 22644213 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32930a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A method for enzymatic production of short (10-20 nt) cytosine-modified oligonucleotides was developed by nicking enzyme amplification reaction using Vent(exo-) polymerase, Nt.BstNBI nicking endonuclease and 5-substituted dCTP derivatives. The methodology including isolation was scaled up to nanomolar amounts and was proved to be suitable for production of diverse base-modified short single-stranded oligonucleotides (inaccessible by other enzymatic methods) that are of potential interest as labelled primers or functionalized aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Ménová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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146
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Rao H, Tanpure AA, Sawant AA, Srivatsan SG. Enzymatic incorporation of an azide-modified UTP analog into oligoribonucleotides for post-transcriptional chemical functionalization. Nat Protoc 2012; 7:1097-112. [PMID: 22576108 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This protocol describes the detailed experimental procedure for the synthesis of an azide-modified uridine triphosphate analog and its effective incorporation into an oligoribonucleotide by in vitro transcription reactions. Furthermore, procedures for labeling azide-modified oligoribonucleotides post-transcriptionally with biophysical probes by copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) and Staudinger reactions are also provided. This post-transcriptional chemical modification protocol is simple and modular, and it affords labeled oligonucleotides in reasonable amounts for biophysical assays. The procedure for enzymatic incorporation of the monophosphate of azide-modified UTP into an oligoribonucleotide transcript takes ∼2 d, and subsequent post-transcriptional chemical functionalization of the transcript takes about 2 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harita Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
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147
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Raindlová V, Pohl R, Klepetářová B, Havran L, Šimková E, Horáková P, Pivoňková H, Fojta M, Hocek M. Synthesis of Hydrazone-Modified Nucleotides and Their Polymerase Incorporation onto DNA for Redox Labeling. Chempluschem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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148
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Bergen K, Steck AL, Strütt S, Baccaro A, Welte W, Diederichs K, Marx A. Structures of KlenTaq DNA polymerase caught while incorporating C5-modified pyrimidine and C7-modified 7-deazapurine nucleoside triphosphates. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11840-3. [PMID: 22475415 DOI: 10.1021/ja3017889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The capability of DNA polymerases to accept chemically modified nucleotides is of paramount importance for many biotechnological applications. Although these analogues are widely used, the structural basis for the acceptance of the unnatural nucleotide surrogates has been only sparsely explored. Here we present in total six crystal structures of modified 2'-deoxynucleoside-5'-O-triphosphates (dNTPs) carrying modifications at the C5 positions of pyrimidines or C7 positions of 7-deazapurines in complex with a DNA polymerase and a primer/template complex. The modified dNTPs are in positions poised for catalysis leading to incorporation. These structural data provide insight into the mechanism of incorporation and acceptance of modified dNTPs. Our results open the door for rational design of modified nucleotides, which should offer great opportunities for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Bergen
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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149
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Holzberger B, Strohmeier J, Siegmund V, Diederichsen U, Marx A. Enzymatic synthesis of 8-vinyl- and 8-styryl-2'-deoxyguanosine modified DNA--novel fluorescent molecular probes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3136-9. [PMID: 22483394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent analogs of the natural nucleobases are widely used as molecular probes for investigating DNA hybridization and topology. In this study the guanosine analogs 8-vinyl- and 8-styryl-2'-deoxyguanosine were synthesized and converted into the corresponding 5'-triphosphates. These C8 modified nucleotides were processed by various DNA polymerases to create fluorescent DNA. Whereas the 8-styryl modified nucleotide somewhat hampers DNA synthesis 8-vinyl-2'-deoxyguanosine is processed by DNA polymerases emphasizing the broad applicability as a molecular probe for fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Holzberger
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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150
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Raindlová V, Pohl R, Hocek M. Synthesis of aldehyde-linked nucleotides and DNA and their bioconjugations with lysine and peptides through reductive amination. Chemistry 2012; 18:4080-7. [PMID: 22337599 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
5-(5-Formylthienyl)-, 5-(4-formylphenyl)- and 5-(2-fluoro-5-formylphenyl)cytosine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside mono- (dC(R)MP) and triphosphates (dC(R)TP) were prepared by aqueous Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of 5-iodocytosine nucleotides with the corresponding formylarylboronic acids. The dC(R)TPs were excellent substrates for DNA polymerases and were incorporated into DNA by primer extension or PCR. Reductive aminations of the model dC(R)MPs with lysine or lysine-containing tripeptide were studied and optimized. In aqueous phosphate buffer (pH 6.7) the yields of the reductive aminations with tripeptide III were up to 25 %. Bioconjugation of an aldehyde-containing DNA with a lysine-containing tripeptide was achieved through reductive amination in yields of up to 90 % in aqueous phosphate buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Raindlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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