101
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Wang Y, Hu S, Fast W. A click chemistry mediated in vivo activity probe for dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:15096-7. [PMID: 19919155 DOI: 10.1021/ja906432e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-l-arginine (ADMA) is an endogenously produced inhibitor of human nitric oxide synthase and an emerging biomarker for cardiovascular disease. Concentrations of ADMA are controlled by two isoforms of its catabolic enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), the dysregulation of which has been studied as a mediating factor for endothelial dysfunction. A two-part, click-chemistry mediated activity-based probe, N-but-3-ynyl-2-chloroacetamidine, is shown to label myc-tagged DDAH-1 expressed in HEK 293T cells, but not an inactive mutant or inhibited enzyme. A two-color Western blotting technique is used to determine the in vivo IC(50) value for a reversible inhibitor of DDAH-1, N(5)-(1-iminopropyl)-l-ornithine, indicating this compound's bioavailability and its competition for binding to the active site. This probe provides a novel tool for the analysis of DDAH-1 activity in normal and pathophysiological states and should allow more meaningful studies of the etiology of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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102
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Uysal H, Nandakumar KS, Kessel C, Haag S, Carlsen S, Burkhardt H, Holmdahl R. Antibodies to citrullinated proteins: molecular interactions and arthritogenicity. Immunol Rev 2010; 233:9-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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103
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Lee YH, Stallcup MR. Minireview: protein arginine methylation of nonhistone proteins in transcriptional regulation. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:425-33. [PMID: 19164444 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine regulation frequently culminates in altered transcription of specific genes. The signal transduction pathways, which transmit the endocrine signal from cell surface to the transcription machinery, often involve posttranslational modifications of proteins. Although phosphorylation has been by far the most widely studied protein modification, recent studies have indicated important roles for other types of modification, including protein arginine methylation. Ten different protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) family members have been identified in mammalian cells, and numerous substrates are being identified for these PRMTs. Whereas major attention has been focused on the methylation of histones and its role in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation, there are many nonhistone substrates methylated by PRMTs. This review primarily focuses on recent progress on the roles of the nonhistone protein methylation in transcription. Protein methylation of coactivators, transcription factors, and signal transducers, among other proteins, plays important roles in transcriptional regulation. Protein methylation may affect protein-protein interaction, protein-DNA or protein-RNA interaction, protein stability, subcellular localization, or enzymatic activity. Thus, protein arginine methylation is critical for regulation of transcription and potentially for various physiological/pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90089-9176, USA
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104
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Zheng YG, Wu J, Chen Z, Goodman M. Chemical regulation of epigenetic modifications: opportunities for new cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:645-87. [PMID: 18271058 DOI: 10.1002/med.20120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is concerned about heritable changes in gene expression without alteration of the coding sequence. Epigenetic modification of chromatin includes methylation of genomic DNA as well as post-translational modification of chromatin-associated proteins, in particular, histones. The spectrum of histone and non-histone modifications ranges from the addition of relatively small groups such as methyl, acetyl and phosphoryl groups to the attachment of larger moieties such as poly(ADP-ribose) and small proteins ubiquitin or small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). The combinatorial nature of DNA methylation and histone modifications constitutes a significant pathway of epigenetic regulation and considerably extends the information potential of the genetic code. Chromatin modification has emerged as a new fundamental mechanism for gene transcriptional activity control associated with many cellular processes like proliferation, growth, and differentiation. Also it is increasingly recognized that epigenetic modifications constitute important regulatory mechanisms for the pathogenesis of malignant transformations. We review here the recent progress in the development of chemical inhibitors/activators that target different chromatin modifying enzymes. Such potent natural or synthetic modulators can be utilized to establish the quantitative contributions of epigenetic modifications in DNA regulated pathways including transcription, replication, recombination and repair, as well as provide leads for developing new cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun George Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, PO Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098, USA.
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105
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Musse AA, Polverini E, Raijmakers R, Harauz G. Kinetics of human peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (hPAD2) — Reduction of Ca2+ dependence by phospholipids and assessment of proposed inhibition by paclitaxel side chains. Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 86:437-47. [DOI: 10.1139/o08-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a complex human neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the active destruction of the insulating myelin sheath around the axons in the central nervous system. The physical deterioration of myelin is mediated by hyperdeimination of myelin basic and other proteins, catalysed by the Ca2+-dependent enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2). Thus, inhibition of PAD2 may be of value in treatment of this disease. Here, we have first characterized the in vitro kinetic properties of the human peptidylarginine deiminase isoform 2 (hPAD2). Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine reduced its Ca2+ dependence by almost twofold. Second, we have explored the putative inhibitory action of the methyl ester side chain of paclitaxel (TSME), which shares structural features with a synthetic PAD substrate, viz., the benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE). Using the known crystallographic structure of the homologous enzyme hPAD4 and in silico molecular docking, we have shown that TSME interacted strongly with the catalytic site, albeit with a 100-fold lower affinity than BAEE. Despite paclitaxel having previously been shown to inhibit hPAD2 in vitro, the side chain of paclitaxel alone did not inhibit this enzyme’s activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdiwahab A. Musse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Dipartimento di Fisica and CNISM, Università di Parma, V. le Usberti, 7/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eugenia Polverini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Dipartimento di Fisica and CNISM, Università di Parma, V. le Usberti, 7/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Reinout Raijmakers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Dipartimento di Fisica and CNISM, Università di Parma, V. le Usberti, 7/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - George Harauz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Dipartimento di Fisica and CNISM, Università di Parma, V. le Usberti, 7/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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106
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Berkowitz DB, Karukurichi KR, de la Salud-Bea R, Nelson DL, McCune CD. Use of Fluorinated Functionality in Enzyme Inhibitor Development: Mechanistic and Analytical Advantages. J Fluor Chem 2008; 129:731-742. [PMID: 19727327 PMCID: PMC2598403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
On the one hand, owing to its electronegativity, relatively small size, and notable leaving group ability from anionic intermediates, fluorine offers unique opportunities for mechanism-based enzyme inhibitor design. On the other, the "bio-orthogonal" and NMR-active 19-fluorine nucleus allows the bioorganic chemist to follow the mechanistic fate of fluorinated substrate analogues or inhibitors as they are enzymatically processed. This article takes an overview of the field, highlighting key developments along these lines. It begins by highlighting new screening methodologies for drug discovery that involve appropriate tagging of either substrate or the target protein itself with (19)F-markers, that then report back on turnover and binding, respectively, via an the NMR screen. Taking this one step further, substrate-tagging with fluorine can be done is such a manner as to provide stereochemical information on enzyme mechanism. For example, substitution of one of the terminal hydrogens in phosphoenolpyruvate, provides insight into the, otherwise latent, facial selectivity of C-C bond formation in KDO synthase. Perhaps, most importantly, from the point of view of this discussion, appropriately tailored fluorinated functionality can be used to form to stabilized "transition state analogue" complexes with a target enzymes. Thus, 5-fluorinated pyrimidines, alpha-fluorinated ketones, and 2-fluoro-2-deoxysugars each lead to covalent adduction of catalytic active site residues in thymidylate synthase, serine protease and glycosidase enzymes, respectively. In all such cases, (19)F NMR allows the bioorganic chemist to spectrally follow "transition state analogue" formation. Finally, the use of specific fluorinated functionality to engineer "suicide substrates" is highlighted in a discussion of the development of the alpha-(2'Z-fluoro)vinyl trigger for amino acid decarboxylase inactivation. Here (19)F NMR allows the bioorganic chemist to glean useful partition ratio data directly out of the NMR tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304
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107
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Causey CP, Thompson PR. An improved synthesis of haloaceteamidine-based inactivators of protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4). Tetrahedron Lett 2008; 49:4383-4385. [PMID: 19587776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes peptidyl arginine residues to form citrulline and ammonia. This enzyme has been implicated in several disease states, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, and therefore represents a unique target for the development of a novel therapeutic. A solution-phase synthesis of Cl-amidine, the most potent PAD4 inactivator described to date, has been developed. This synthesis proceeds in 80% yield over 4 steps at a significantly (12-fold) lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey P Causey
- Departent of Chemstry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208
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108
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Smith BC, Denu JM. Chemical mechanisms of histone lysine and arginine modifications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2008; 1789:45-57. [PMID: 18603028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Histone lysine and arginine residues are subject to a wide array of post-translational modifications including methylation, citrullination, acetylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation. The combinatorial action of these modifications regulates critical DNA processes including replication, repair, and transcription. In addition, enzymes that modify histone lysine and arginine residues have been correlated with a variety of human diseases including arthritis, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, it is important to fully understand the detailed kinetic and chemical mechanisms of these enzymes. Here, we review recent progress towards determining the mechanisms of histone lysine and arginine modifying enzymes. In particular, the mechanisms of S-adenosyl-methionine (AdoMet) dependent methyltransferases, FAD-dependent demethylases, iron dependent demethylases, acetyl-CoA dependent acetyltransferases, zinc dependent deacetylases, NAD(+) dependent deacetylases, and protein arginine deiminases are covered. Particular attention is paid to the conserved active-site residues necessary for catalysis and the individual chemical steps along the catalytic pathway. When appropriate, areas requiring further work are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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109
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Li L, Li Z, Wang C, Xu D, Mariano PS, Guo H, Dunaway-Mariano D. The Electrostatic Driving Force for Nucleophilic Catalysis in l-Arginine Deiminase: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study. Biochemistry 2008; 47:4721-32. [DOI: 10.1021/bi7023496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Zhimin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Canhui Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Dingguo Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Patrick S. Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Debra Dunaway-Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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110
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Luo Y, Knuckley B, Bhatia M, Pellechia PJ, Thompson PR. Activity-based protein profiling reagents for protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4): synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a fluorescently labeled probe. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:14468-9. [PMID: 17090024 PMCID: PMC2234596 DOI: 10.1021/ja0656907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), which catalyzes the post-translational conversion of peptidyl arginine to peptidyl citrulline, is widely regarded as one of the best new targets for the development of a novel rheumatoid arthritis therapeutic. In addition to its presumed role in this disease, PAD4 is also a calcium-dependent histone deiminase that acts as a transcriptional co-repressor. Herein we describe the design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of two fluorescently labeled activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) reagents that specifically and irreversibly modify the active, that is, calcium-bound, form PAD4 with equal affinity to previously described small molecule chemical probes of PAD4 function. These fluorescently tagged ABPPs will be useful for identifying the conditions under which this enzyme is activated in vivo and may prove to be useful RA diagnostics.
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111
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Knuckley B, Luo Y, Thompson PR. Profiling Protein Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4): a novel screen to identify PAD4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 16:739-45. [PMID: 17964793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4) has emerged as a leading target for the development of a Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) pharmaceutical. Herein, we describe the development of a novel screen for PAD4 inhibitors that is based on a PAD4-targeted Activity-Based Protein Profiling reagent, denoted Rhodamine-conjugated F-Amidine (RFA). This screen was validated by screening 10 Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) and identified streptomycin, minocycline, and chlortetracycline as micromolar inhibitors of PAD4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Knuckley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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112
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Knuckley B, Bhatia M, Thompson PR. Protein arginine deiminase 4: evidence for a reverse protonation mechanism. Biochemistry 2007; 46:6578-87. [PMID: 17497940 PMCID: PMC2212595 DOI: 10.1021/bi700095s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The presumed role of an overactive protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) suggests that PAD4 inhibitors could be used to treat an underlying cause of RA, potentially offering a mechanism to stop further disease progression. Thus, the development of such inhibitors is of paramount importance. Toward the goal of developing such inhibitors, we initiated efforts to characterize the catalytic mechanism of PAD4 and thereby identify important mechanistic features that can be exploited for inhibitor development. Herein we report the results of mutagenesis studies as well as our efforts to characterize the initial steps of the PAD4 reaction, in particular, the protonation status of Cys645 and His471 prior to substrate binding. The results indicate that Cys645, the active site nucleophile, exists as the thiolate in the active form of the free enzyme. pH studies on PAD4 further suggest that this enzyme utilizes a reverse protonation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul R. Thompson
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208 tel: (803)-777-6414; fax: (803)-777-9521; e-mail:
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113
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Hartzoulakis B, Rossiter S, Gill H, O'Hara B, Steinke E, Gane PJ, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Leiper JM, Vallance P, Rust JM, Selwood DL. Discovery of inhibitors of the pentein superfamily protein dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), by virtual screening and hit analysis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3953-6. [PMID: 17543521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An efficient process for the discovery of inhibitors of DDAH enzymes, without the requirement for high throughput screening, is described. Physicochemical filtering of a 308,000-compound library according to drug likeness followed by reciprocal nearest neighbour selection produced a representative subset of 35,000 compounds. Virtual screening on a dual processor PC using FlexX, followed by biological screening, identified two hit series. Similarity searches of commercial databases and chemical re-synthesis of pure compounds resulted in SR445 as an inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa DDAH at 2 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Hartzoulakis
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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114
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Karukurichi KR, de la Salud-Bea R, Jahng WJ, Berkowitz DB. Examination of the new alpha-(2'Z-fluoro)vinyl trigger with lysine decarboxylase: the absolute stereochemistry dictates the reaction course. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:258-9. [PMID: 17212389 PMCID: PMC2562574 DOI: 10.1021/ja067240k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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115
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Luo Y, Arita K, Bhatia M, Knuckley B, Lee YH, Stallcup MR, Sato M, Thompson PR. Inhibitors and inactivators of protein arginine deiminase 4: functional and structural characterization. Biochemistry 2006; 45:11727-36. [PMID: 17002273 PMCID: PMC1808342 DOI: 10.1021/bi061180d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is a transcriptional coregulator that catalyzes the calcium-dependent conversion of specific arginine residues in proteins to citrulline. Recently, we reported the synthesis and characterization of F-amidine, a potent and bioavailable irreversible inactivator of PAD4. Herein, we report our efforts to identify the steric and leaving group requirements for F-amidine-induced PAD4 inactivation, the structure of the PAD4-F-amidine x calcium complex, and in vivo studies with N-alpha-benzoyl-N5-(2-chloro-1-iminoethyl)-L-ornithine amide (Cl-amidine), a PAD4 inactivator with enhanced potency. The PAD4 inactivators described herein will be useful pharmacological probes in characterizing the incompletely defined physiological role(s) of this enzyme. In addition, they represent potential lead compounds for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis because a growing body of evidence supports a role for PAD4 in the onset and progression of this chronic autoimmune disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul R. Thompson
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631
Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208. Telephone: (803) 777-6414. Fax: (803) 777-9521.
E-mail:
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116
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Chavanas S, Méchin MC, Nachat R, Adoue V, Coudane F, Serre G, Simon M. Peptidylarginine deiminases and deimination in biology and pathology: relevance to skin homeostasis. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 44:63-72. [PMID: 16973334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deimination corresponds to the transformation of arginine residues within a peptide sequence into citrulline residues. Catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminases, it decreases the net positive charge of proteins, alters intra and intermolecular ionic interactions and probably the folding of target proteins. Deimination has recently been implicated in several physiological and pathological processes. Here, we describe the enzymes involved in this post-translational modification, focusing on their expression, location and roles in skin, as well as their known protein substrates in the epidermis and hair follicles. We discuss also the potential involvement of deimination in human diseases including cutaneous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Chavanas
- UMR 5165, CNRS-University Toulouse III, Faculty of Medicine Purpan, 37 allées J. Guesde, 31073 Toulouse, France
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117
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Thompson PR, Fast W. Histone citrullination by protein arginine deiminase: is arginine methylation a green light or a roadblock? ACS Chem Biol 2006; 1:433-41. [PMID: 17168521 DOI: 10.1021/cb6002306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein citrullination, a once-obscure post-translational modification (PTM) of peptidylarginine, has recently become an area of significant interest because of its suspected role in human disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, and also because of its newfound role in gene regulation. One protein isozyme responsible for this modification, protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), has also been proposed to "reverse" epigenetic histone modifications made by the protein arginine methyltransferases. Here, we review the in vivo and in vitro studies of transcriptional regulation by PAD4, evaluate conflicting evidence for its ability to use methylated peptidylarginine as a substrate, and highlight promising areas of future work. Understanding the interplay of multiple arginine PTMs is an emerging area of importance in health and disease and is a topic best addressed by novel tools in proteomics and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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118
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Harauz G, Musse AA. A Tale of Two Citrullines—Structural and Functional Aspects of Myelin Basic Protein Deimination in Health and Disease. Neurochem Res 2006; 32:137-58. [PMID: 16900293 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Myelin basic protein (MBP) binds to negatively charged lipids on the cytosolic surface of oligodendrocyte membranes and is responsible for adhesion of these surfaces in the multilayered myelin sheath. The pattern of extensive post-translational modifications of MBP is dynamic during normal central nervous system (CNS) development and during myelin degeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS), affecting its interactions with the myelin membranes and with other molecules. In particular, the degree of deimination (or citrullination) of MBP is correlated with the severity of MS, and may represent a primary defect that precedes neurodegeneration due to autoimmune attack. That the degree of MBP deimination is also high in early CNS development indicates that this modification plays major physiological roles in myelin assembly. In this review, we describe the structural and functional consequences of MBP deimination in healthy and diseased myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Harauz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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