101
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Purushotham U, Vijay D, Narahari Sastry G. A computational investigation and the conformational analysis of dimers, anions, cations, and zwitterions of L-phenylalanine. J Comput Chem 2011; 33:44-59. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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102
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Burt MB, Decker SGA, Atkins CG, Rowsell M, Peremans A, Fridgen TD. Structures of bare and hydrated [Pb(aminoacid-H)]+ complexes using infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:11506-18. [PMID: 21875029 DOI: 10.1021/jp2068655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy was used to determine the gas-phase structures of deprotonated Pb(2+)/amino acid (Aa) complexes with and without a solvent molecule present. Five amino acid complexes with side chains containing only carbon and hydrogen (Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro) and one with a basic side chain (Lys) were compared. These experiments demonstrated that all [Pb(Aa-H)](+) complexes have Pb(2+) covalently bound between the amine nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen. The nonhydrated complexes containing Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, and Pro are amine-deprotonated, whereas the one containing Lys is deprotonated at its carboxylic acid. The difference is attributed to the polar and basic side chain of lysine, which helps stabilize Pb(2+). IRMPD spectroscopy was also performed on the monohydrated analogues of the [Pb(Aa-H)](+) complexes. The [Pb(Aa-H)H(2)O](+) complexes, where Aa = Ala, Val, Leu, and Ile, exhibited two N-H stretches as well as a carboxylic acid O-H and a PbO-H stretch. Hence, their structures are monohydrated versions of the amine-deprotonated [Pb(Aa-H)](+) complexes where a proton transfer has occurred from the lead-bound water to the deprotonated amine. The IRMPD spectrum and calculations suggest that [Pb(Pro-H)H(2)O](+) has a hydrated carboxylate salt structure. The structure of [Pb(Lys-H)H(2)O](+) was also carboxyl-deprotonated, but Pb(2+) is bound to the carbonyl oxygen and the amine nitrogen, with one of the protons belonging to the water transferred to the basic side chain. This results in an intramolecular hydrogen bond that does not absorb in the region of the spectrum probed in these experiments. The IRMPD spectra and structural characterizations were confirmed and aided by infrared spectra calculated at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory and 298 K enthalpies and Gibbs energies using the MP2(full)/6-311++G(2d,2p) method on the B3LYP geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Burt
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, A1B 3X7
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103
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Mertens LA, Marzluff EM. Gas Phase Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange of Arginine and Arginine Dipeptides Complexed with Alkali Metals. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:9180-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp204896z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa, 50112 United States
| | - Elaine M. Marzluff
- Department of Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa, 50112 United States
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104
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Hwang TK, Eom GY, Choi MS, Jang SW, Kim JY, Lee S, Lee Y, Kim B. Microsolvation of Lysine by Water: Computational Study of Stabilized Zwitterion. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:10147-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jp202850s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyu Hwang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Kyungki 446-701, South Korea
| | - Ga-Young Eom
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Kyungki 446-701, South Korea
| | - Min-Seo Choi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Kyungki 446-701, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Jang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Kyungki 446-701, South Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Kyungki 446-701, South Korea
| | - Sungyul Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Kyungki 446-701, South Korea
| | - Yonghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 534-729, South Korea
| | - Bongsoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon 305-701, South Korea
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105
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Wang D, Gulyuz K, Stedwell CN, Polfer NC. Diagnostic NH and OH vibrations for oxazolone and diketopiperazine structures: b2 from protonated triglycine. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:1197-1203. [PMID: 21953102 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectra in the hydrogen stretching region of the simplest b fragment, b(2) from protonated triglycine, contrasted to that of protonated cyclo(Gly-Gly). Both spectra confirm the presence of intense, diagnostic vibrations linked to the site of proton attachment. Protonated cyclo(Gly-Gly) serves as a reference spectrum for the diketopiperazine structure, showing a diagnostic O-H(+) stretch of the protonated carbonyl group at 3585 cm(-1). Conversely, b(2) from protonated triglycine exhibits a strong band at 3345 cm(-1), associated with the N-H stretching mode of the protonated oxazolone ring structure. Other weaker N-H stretches can also be discerned, such as the amino NH(2) and amide NH bands. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the hydrogen stretching region, and hence benchtop optical parametric oscillator/amplifier (OPO/A) set-ups, in making structural assignments of product ions in collision-induced dissociation (CID) of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
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106
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Schmidt J, Meyer MM, Spector I, Kass SR. Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation Spectroscopy Study of Protonated p-Aminobenzoic Acid: Does Electrospray Ionization Afford the Amino- or Carboxy-Protonated Ion? J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:7625-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203829z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Matthew M. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ivan Spector
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven R. Kass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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107
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Dunbar RC, Steill JD, Oomens J. Encapsulation of metal cations by the PhePhe ligand: a cation-π ion cage. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:9376-86. [PMID: 21553844 DOI: 10.1021/ja200219q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Structures and binding thermochemistry are investigated for protonated PhePhe and for complexes of PhePhe with the alkaline-earth ions Ba(2+) and Ca(2+), the alkali-metal ions Li(+), Na(+), K(+), and Cs(+), and the transition-metal ion Ag(+). The two neighboring aromatic side chains open the possibility of a novel encapsulation motif of the metal ion in a double cation-π configuration, which is found to be realized for the alkaline-earth complexes and, in a variant form, for the Ag(+) complex. Experimentally, complexes are formed by electrospray ionization, trapped in an FT-ICR mass spectrometer, and characterized by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy using the free electron laser FELIX. Interpretation is assisted by thermochemical and IR spectral calculations using density functional theory (DFT). The IRMPD spectrum of protonated PhePhe is reproduced with good fidelity by the calculated spectrum of the most stable conformation, although the additional presence of the secondmost stable conformation is not excluded. All metal-ion complexes have charge-solvated binding modes, with zwitterion (salt bridge) forms being much less stable. The amide oxygen always coordinates to the metal ion, as well as at least one phenyl ring (cation-π interaction). At least one additional chelation site is always occupied, which may be either the amino nitrogen or the carboxy carbonyl oxygen. The alkaline-earth complexes prefer a highly compact caged structure with both phenyl rings providing cation-π stabilization in a "sandwich" configuration (OORR chelation). The alkali-metal complexes prefer open-cage structures with only one cation-π interaction, except perhaps Cs(+). The Ag(+) complex shows a unique preference for the closed-cage amino-bound NORR structure. Ligand-driven perturbations of normal-mode frequencies are generally found to correlate linearly with metal-ion binding energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Dunbar
- Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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108
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Gulyuz K, Stedwell CN, Wang D, Polfer NC. Hybrid quadrupole mass filter∕quadrupole ion trap∕time-of-flight-mass spectrometer for infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of mass-selected ions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:054101. [PMID: 21639521 DOI: 10.1063/1.3585982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a laboratory-constructed mass spectrometer optimized for recording infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectra of mass-selected ions using a benchtop tunable infrared optical parametric oscillator∕amplifier (OPO∕A). The instrument is equipped with two ionization sources, an electrospray ionization source, as well as an electron ionization source for troubleshooting. This hybrid mass spectrometer is composed of a quadrupole mass filter for mass selection, a reduced pressure (∼10(-5) Torr) quadrupole ion trap (QIT) for OPO irradiation, and a reflectron time-of-flight drift tube for detecting the remaining precursor and photofragment ions. A helium gas pulse is introduced into the QIT to temporarily increase the pressure and hence enhance the trapping efficiency of axially injected ions. After a brief pump-down delay, the compact ion cloud is subjected to the focused output from the continuous wave OPO. In a recent study, we implemented this setup in the study of protonated tryptophan, TrpH(+), as well as collision-induced dissociation products of this protonated amino acid [W. K. Mino, Jr., K. Gulyuz, D. Wang, C. N. Stedwell, and N. C. Polfer, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 299 (2011)]. Here, we give a more detailed account on the figures of merit of such IRMPD experiments. The appreciable photodissociation yields in these measurements demonstrate that IRMPD spectroscopy of covalently bound ions can be routinely carried out using benchtop OPO setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerim Gulyuz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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109
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Lee SY. Proton Transfer in Biomolecules Facilitated by Water: Quantum Chemical Investigations. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.4.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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110
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Prell JS, Chang TM, Biles JA, Berden G, Oomens J, Williams ER. Isomer Population Analysis of Gaseous Ions From Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Kinetics. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:2745-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2004166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Terrence M. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Biles
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Giel Berden
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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111
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Prell JS, O’Brien JT, Williams ER. Structural and Electric Field Effects of Ions in Aqueous Nanodrops. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4810-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja108341t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Jeremy T. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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112
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Yoo EJH, Feketeová L, Khairallah GN, O'Hair RAJ. Intercluster reactions show that (CH3)2S(+)CH2CO2H is a better methyl cation donor than (CH3)3N(+)CH2CO2H. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2011; 17:159-166. [PMID: 21719924 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic methylating abilities of the known biological methylating zwitterionic agents, dimethylsulfonioacetate (DMSA), (CH(3))(2)S⁺CH(2)CO(2)(-) (1) and glycine betaine (GB), (CH(3))(3)N⁺CH(2)CO(2)(-) (2), have been examined via a range of gas phase experiments involving collision-induced dissociation (CID) of their proton-bound homo- and heterodimers, including those containing the amino acid arginine. The relative yields of the products of methyl cation transfer are consistent in all cases and show that protonated DMSA is a more potent methylating agent than protonated GB. Since methylation can occur at more than one site in arginine, the [M+CH(3)](+) ion of arginine, formed from the heterocluster [DMSA+Arg+H](+), was subject to an additional stage of CID. The resultant CID spectrum is virtually identical to that of an authentic sample of protonated arginine-O-methyl ester but is significantly different to that of an authentic sample of protonated N(G)-methyl arginine. This suggests that methylation has occurred within a salt bridge complex of [DMSA+Arg+H](+), in which the arginine exists in the zwitterionic form. Finally, density functional theory calculations on the model salts, (CH(3)CO(2)(-))[(CH(3))(3)S(+)] and (CH(3)CO(2)(-))[(CH(3))(4)N(+)], show that methylation of CH(3)CO(2)(-) by (CH(3))(3)S(+) is both kinetically and thermodynamically preferred over methylation by (CH(3))(4)N(+).
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113
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Polfer NC. Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of trapped ions. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:2211-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00171f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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114
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Cooper TE, O'Brien JT, Williams ER, Armentrout PB. Zn2+ has a primary hydration sphere of five: IR action spectroscopy and theoretical studies of hydrated Zn2+ complexes in the gas phase. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12646-55. [PMID: 21077603 DOI: 10.1021/jp1078345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(n), where n = 6-12, are examined using infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy, blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD), and theory. Geometry optimizations and frequency calculations are performed at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level along with single point energy calculations for relative energetics at the B3LYP, B3P86, and MP2(full) levels with a 6-311+G(2d,2p) basis set. The IRPD spectrum of Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(8) is most consistent with the calculated spectrum of the five-coordinate MP2(full) ground-state (GS) species. Results from larger complexes also point toward a coordination number of five, although contributions from six-coordinate species cannot be ruled out. For n = 6 and 7, comparisons of the individual IRPD spectra with calculated spectra are less conclusive. However, in combination with the BIRD and laser photodissociation kinetics as well as a comparison to hydrated Cu(2+) and Ca(2+), the presence of five-coordinate species with some contribution from six-coordinate species seems likely. Additionally, the BIRD rate constants show that Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(6) and Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(7) complexes are less stable than Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(8). This trend is consistent with previous work that demonstrates the enthalpic favorability of the charge separation process forming singly charged hydrated metal hydroxide and protonated water complexes versus loss of a water molecule for complexes of n ≤ 7. Overall, these results are most consistent with the lowest-energy structures calculated at the MP2(full) level of theory and disagree with those calculated at B3LYP and B3P86 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 Sourth 1400 East, Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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115
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Prell JS, Correra TC, Chang TM, Biles JA, Williams ER. Entropy Drives an Attached Water Molecule from the C- to N-Terminus on Protonated Proline. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:14733-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja106167d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Thiago C. Correra
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Terrence M. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Jeffrey A. Biles
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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116
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Prell JS, Chang TM, O'Brien JT, Williams ER. Hydration isomers of protonated phenylalanine and derivatives: relative stabilities from infrared photodissociation. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:7811-9. [PMID: 20469865 DOI: 10.1021/ja102765w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The binding sites of water molecules to protonated Phe and its derivatives are investigated using infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy and kinetics as well as by computational chemistry. Calculated relative energies for hydration of PheH(+) at various sites on the N- and C-termini depend on the type of theory and basis set used, and no one hydration site was consistently calculated to be most favorable. Infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectra between approximately 2650 and 3850 cm(-1) are reported for PheH(+)(H(2)O)(1-4) at 133 K and compared to calculated absorption spectra of low-energy hydration isomers, which do not resemble the IRPD spectra closely enough to unambiguously assign spectral bands. The IRPD spectra of PheH(+)(H(2)O)(1-4) are instead compared to those of N,N-Me(2)PheH(+)(H(2)O)(1,2), N-MePheH(+)(H(2)O)(1-3), and PheOMeH(+)(H(2)O)(1-3) at 133 K, which makes possible systematic band assignments. A unique band associated with a binding site not previously reported for PheH(+)(H(2)O), in which the water molecule accepts a hydrogen bond from the N-terminus of PheH(+) and donates a weak hydrogen bond to the pi-system of the side chain, is identified in the IRPD spectra. IRPD kinetics at laser frequencies resonant with specific hydration isomers are found to be biexponential for N,N-Me(2)PheH(+)(H(2)O), N-MePheH(+)(H(2)O), and PheH(+)(H(2)O). Relative populations of ions with water molecules attached at various binding sites are determined from fitting these kinetic data, and relative energies for hydration of these competitive binding sites at 133 K are obtained from these experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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117
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O’Brien JT, Prell JS, Bush MF, Williams ER. Sulfate Ion Patterns Water at Long Distance. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8248-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1024113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Matthew F. Bush
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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118
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Prell JS, O'Brien JT, Williams ER. IRPD spectroscopy and ensemble measurements: effects of different data acquisition and analysis methods. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:800-9. [PMID: 20185332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Three different commonly used infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy acquisition and analysis methods are described, and results from these methods are compared using the same dataset for an extensively hydrated metal cation, La(3+)(H(2)O)(36). Using the first-order laser-induced photodissociation rate constant as an IRPD intensity has several advantages over photodissociation yield and depletion/appearance methods in that intensities can be more directly compared with calculated infrared absorption spectra, and the intensities can be readily corrected for changes in laser power or irradiation times used for optimum data acquisition at each frequency. Extending IRPD spectroscopy to large clusters can be complicated when blackbody infrared radiative dissociation competes strongly with laser-induced photodissociation. A new method to obtain IRPD spectra of single precursor ions or ensembles of precursor ions that is nearly equivalent to the photodissociation rate constant method for single precursor ions is demonstrated. The ensemble IRPD spectra represent the "average" structure of clusters of a given size range, and this method has the advantage that spectra with improved signal-to-noise ratios can be obtained with no increase in data acquisition time. Results using this new method for a precursor ensemble consisting of La(3+)(H(2)O)(35-37) are compared with results for La(3+)(H(2)O)(36).
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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119
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Semrouni D, Balaj OP, Calvo F, Correia CF, Clavaguéra C, Ohanessian G. Structure of sodiated octa-glycine: IRMPD spectroscopy and molecular modeling. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:728-38. [PMID: 20189824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the sodiated peptide GGGGGGGG-Na(+) or G(8)-Na(+) was investigated by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy and a combination of theoretical methods. IRMPD was carried out in both the fingerprint and N-H/O-H stretching regions. Modeling used the polarizable force field AMOEBA in conjunction with the replica-exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) method, allowing an efficient exploration of the potential energy surface. Geometries and energetics were further refined at B3LYP-D and MP2 quantum chemical levels. The IRMPD spectra indicate that there is no free C-terminus OH and that several N-Hs are free of hydrogen bonding, while several others are bound, however not very strongly. The structure must then be either of the charge solvation (CS) type with a hydrogen-bound acidic OH, or a salt bridge (SB). Extensive REMD searches generated several low-energy structures of both types. The most stable structures of each type are computed to be very close in energy. The computed energy barrier separating these structures is small enough that G(8)-Na(+) is likely fluxional with easy proton transfer between the two peptide termini. There is, however, good agreement between experiment and computations in the entire spectral range for the CS isomer only, which thus appears to be the most likely structure of G(8)-Na(+) at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Semrouni
- Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, Ecole Polytechnique and CNRS, Palaiseau, France
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120
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Coletti C, Re N, Scuderi D, Maître P, Chiavarino B, Fornarini S, Lanucara F, Sinha RK, Crestoni ME. IRMPD spectroscopy of protonated S-nitrosocaptopril, a biologically active, synthetic amino acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:13455-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00671h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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121
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Dunbar RC, Steill JD, Oomens J. Cationized phenylalanine conformations characterized by IRMPD and computation for singly and doubly charged ions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:13383-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00784f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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122
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A. Soderquist J, Soto-Cairoli B, Kock I, Yang G, Justo de Pomar J, M. Guzmán J, R. González J, Antomattei A. Selective Triisopropylsilylation of α-Amino Acids: Protection without Racemization. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/com-09-s(s)37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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123
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Prell JS, Flick TG, Oomens J, Berden G, Williams ER. Coordination of Trivalent Metal Cations to Peptides: Results from IRMPD Spectroscopy and Theory. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:854-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jp909366a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen,” Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Tawnya G. Flick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen,” Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen,” Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen,” Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen,” Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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Donald WA, Leib RD, Demireva M, O’Brien JT, Prell JS, Williams ER. Directly relating reduction energies of gaseous Eu(H2O)n(3+), n = 55-140, to aqueous solution: the absolute SHE potential and real proton solvation energy. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:13328-37. [PMID: 19711981 PMCID: PMC2909332 DOI: 10.1021/ja902815v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In solution, half-cell potentials are measured relative to other half-cells resulting in a ladder of thermodynamic values that is anchored to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), which is assigned an arbitrary value of exactly 0 V. A new method for measuring the absolute SHE potential is introduced in which reduction energies of Eu(H(2)O)(n)(3+), from n = 55 to 140, are extrapolated as a function of the geometric dependence of the cluster reduction energy to infinite size. These measurements make it possible to directly relate absolute reduction energies of these gaseous nanodrops containing Eu(3+) to the absolute reduction enthalpy of this ion in bulk solution. From this value, an absolute SHE potential of +4.11 V and a real proton solvation energy of -269.0 kcal/mol are obtained. The infrared photodissociation spectrum of Eu(H(2)O)(119-124)(3+) indicates that the structure of the surface of the nanodrops is similar to that at the bulk air-water interface and that the hydrogen bonding of interior water molecules is similar to that in aqueous solution. These results suggest that the environment of Eu(3+) in these nanodrops and the surface potential of the nandrops are comparable to those of the condensed phase. This method for obtaining absolute potentials of redox couples has the advantage that no explicit solvation model is required, which eliminates uncertainties associated with these models, making this method potentially more accurate than previous methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Donald
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Ryan D. Leib
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Maria Demireva
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Jeremy T. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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125
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Atkins CG, Banu L, Rowsell M, Blagojevic V, Bohme DK, Fridgen TD. Structure of [Pb(Gly-H)]+ and the Monosolvated Water and Methanol Solvated Species by Infrared Multiple-Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy, Energy-Resolved Collision-Induced Dissociation, and Electronic Structure Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:14457-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905654v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad G. Atkins
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7 Canada, and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Laura Banu
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7 Canada, and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Mark Rowsell
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7 Canada, and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Voislav Blagojevic
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7 Canada, and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Diethard K. Bohme
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7 Canada, and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Travis D. Fridgen
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7 Canada, and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada
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126
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Bush MF, O’Brien JT, Prell JS, Wu CC, Saykally RJ, Williams ER. Hydration of Alkaline Earth Metal Dications: Effects of Metal Ion Size Determined Using Infrared Action Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:13270-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja901011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Bush
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Jeremy T. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Chih-Che Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Richard J. Saykally
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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127
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Prell JS, O’Brien JT, Steill JD, Oomens J, Williams ER. Structures of Protonated Dipeptides: The Role of Arginine in Stabilizing Salt Bridges. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11442-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja901870d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy T. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey D. Steill
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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128
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Constantino E, Rimola A, Sodupe M, Rodríguez-Santiago L. Coordination of (Glycyl)nglycine (n = 1−3) to Co+ and Co2+. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:8883-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp901179t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Constantino
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Albert Rimola
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Mariona Sodupe
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
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129
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Dunbar RC, Hopkinson AC, Oomens J, Siu CK, Siu KWM, Steill JD, Verkerk UH, Zhao J. Conformation Switching in Gas-Phase Complexes of Histidine with Alkaline Earth Ions. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:10403-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp903064w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Dunbar
- Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada, and FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Alan C. Hopkinson
- Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada, and FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada, and FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada, and FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - K. W. Michael Siu
- Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada, and FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey D. Steill
- Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada, and FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Udo H. Verkerk
- Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada, and FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Junfang Zhao
- Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada, and FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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130
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Gao B, Wyttenbach T, Bowers MT. Protonated Arginine and Protonated Lysine: Hydration and Its Effect on the Stability of Salt-Bridge Structures. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:9995-10000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp903307h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510
| | - Thomas Wyttenbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510
| | - Michael T. Bowers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510
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131
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Fridgen TD. Infrared consequence spectroscopy of gaseous protonated and metal ion cationized complexes. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:586-607. [PMID: 19343731 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the new and exciting techniques of infrared consequence spectroscopy (sometimes called action spectroscopy) of gaseous ions are reviewed. These techniques include vibrational predissociation spectroscopy and infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy and they typically complement one another in the systems studied and the information gained. In recent years infrared consequence spectroscopy has provided long-awaited direct evidence into the structures of gaseous ions from organometallic species to strong ionic hydrogen bonded structures to large biomolecules. Much is being learned with respect to the structures of ions without their stabilizing solvent which can be used to better understand the effect of solvent on their structures. This review mainly covers the topics with which the author has been directly involved in research: structures of proton-bound dimers, protonated amino acids and DNA bases, amino acid and DNA bases bound to metal ions and, more recently, solvated ionic complexes. It is hoped that this review reveals the impact that infrared consequence spectroscopy has had on the field of gaseous ion chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis D Fridgen
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1B 3X7.
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132
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Eyler JR. Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of ions in Penning traps. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:448-467. [PMID: 19219931 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Paul and Penning traps to contain ions for time periods ranging from milliseconds to minutes allows the trapped ions to be subjected to laser irradiation for extended lengths of time. In this way, relatively low-powered tunable infrared lasers can be used to induce ion fragmentation when a sufficient number of infrared photons are absorbed, a process known as infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD). If ion fragmentation is monitored as a function of laser wavelength, a photodissociation action spectrum can be obtained. The development of widely tunable infrared laser sources, in particular free electron lasers (FELs) and optical parametric oscillators/amplifiers (OPO/As), now allows spectra of trapped ions to be obtained for the entire "chemically relevant" infrared spectral region. This review describes experiments in which tunable infrared lasers have been used to irradiate ions in Penning traps. Early studies which utilized tunable carbon dioxide lasers with a limited output range are first reviewed. More recent studies with either FEL or OPO/A irradiation sources are then covered. The ionic systems examined have ranged from small hydrocarbons to multiply charged proteins, and they are discussed in approximate order of increasing complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Eyler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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133
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Polfer NC, Oomens J. Vibrational spectroscopy of bare and solvated ionic complexes of biological relevance. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:468-494. [PMID: 19241457 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The low density of ions in mass spectrometers generally precludes direct infrared (IR) absorption measurements. The IR spectrum of an ion can nonetheless be obtained by inducing photodissociation of the ion using a high-intensity tunable laser. The emergence of free electron lasers (FELs) and recent breakthroughs in bench-top lasers based on nonlinear optics have now made it possible to routinely record IR spectra of gas-phase ions. As the energy of one IR photon is insufficient to cause dissociation of molecules and strongly bound complexes, two main experimental strategies have been developed to effect photodissociation. In infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IR-MPD) many photons are absorbed resonantly and their energy is stored in the bath of vibrational modes, leading to dissociation. In the "messenger" technique a weakly bound van der Waals atom is detached upon absorption of a single photon. Fundamental, historical, and practical aspects of these methods will be presented. Both of these approaches make use of very different methods of ion preparation and manipulation. While in IR-MPD ions are irradiated in trapping mass spectrometers, the "messenger" technique is generally carried out in molecular beam instruments. The main focus of this review is the application of IR spectroscopy to biologically relevant molecular systems (amino acids, peptides, proteins). Particular issues that will be addressed here include gas-phase zwitterions, the (chemical) structures of peptides and their collision-induced dissociation (CID) products, IR spectra of gas-phase proteins, and the chelation of metal-ligand complexes. Another growing area of research is IR spectroscopy on solvated clusters, which offer a bridge between the gas-phase and solution environments. The development of state-of-the-art computational approaches has gone hand-in-hand with advances in experimental techniques. The main advantage of gas-phase cluster research, as opposed to condensed-phase experiments, is that the systems of interest can be understood in detail and structural effects can be studied in isolation. It will be shown that IR spectroscopy of mass-selected (bio)molecular systems is now well-placed to address specific questions on the individual effect of charge carriers (protons and metal ions), as well as solvent molecules on the overall structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick C Polfer
- Chemistry Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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134
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Burke RM, Dessent CEH. Effect of cation complexation on the structure of a conformationally flexible multiply charged anion: stabilization of excess charge in the Na+ x adenosine 5'-triphosphate dianion ion-pair complex. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:2683-92. [PMID: 19249856 DOI: 10.1021/jp805868u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a computational study of the conformationally and tautomerically flexible cation-dianion complex of Na(+) with doubly deprotonated adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) using a hierarchical selection method. The method uses molecular dynamics to generate initial conformeric structures, followed by a classification process that groups conformers into five "families" to ensure that a representative sample of structures is retained for further analysis, while very similar conformational structures are eliminated. Hierarchical ab initio calculations (DFT and MP2) of typical conformers of the families are then performed to identify the lowest-energy conformeric structures. The procedure described should provide a useful methodology for conducting higher-level ab initio calculations of medium-sized gas-phase biological molecules for interpreting contemporary laser spectroscopy measurements. For Na(+) x [ATP-2H](2) (considering tautomers where the phosphate chain of ATP is doubly deprotonated), the calculations reveal that the sodium cation interacts directly with the negatively charged phosphates (maximum distance = 2.54 A) in all of the low-energy conformers, while a number of the structures also display close cation-adenine interactions producing compact ball-like structures. These compact structures generally correspond to the lowest-energy conformers. The structural variation between the bare [ATP-2H](2-) molecular ion (Burke et al. J. Phys. Chem. A 2005 , 109 , 9775-9785) and the Na(+) x [ATP-2H](2-) cluster is discussed in detail, including the effect of sodiation on the intramolecular hydrogen-bonding network within ATP in a gas-phase environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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135
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Bush MF, Oomens J, Williams ER. Proton affinity and zwitterion stability: new results from infrared spectroscopy and theory of cationized lysine and analogues in the gas phase. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:431-8. [PMID: 19128186 DOI: 10.1021/jp807470p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase structures of alkali metal cationized lysine (Lys), alpha-N-methyllysine (NMeLys), and epsilon-N,N-dimethyllysine (Lys(Me)(2)) are investigated using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy utilizing light generated by a free electron laser and ab initio calculations. The proton affinities of the compounds span a range of approximately 20 kJ/mol. For NMeLys x M(+), experiment and theory indicate that NMeLys is nonzwitterionic for M = Li and zwitterionic for M = Na and K. For Lys(Me)(2) x M(+), experiment and theory indicate that Lys(Me)(2) is zwitterionic for M = Li, Na, and K. This is the first spectroscopic observation of the zwitterionic form of an amino acid complexed with Li(+). The results are compared with IRMPD spectra reported previously for Lys and -N-methyllysine (Lys(Me)) complexed with Li, Na, and K, and new calculations performed at higher levels of theory for those ions. The combined experimental and theoretical results indicate that protonation in the zwitterionic forms of the these amino acids is favored at the more basic methylated amine site, but that any relationship between the proton affinity of the amino acid and the relative zwitterion stability of the alkali metal cationized amino acid is only indirect. These results provide additional evidence that proton affinities are not a reliable indicator of zwitterion stability for cationized amino acids because side chains can have very different effects on the stability of different conformers in the neutral, protonated, and metal cationized forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Bush
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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136
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Oomens J, Steill JD, Redlich B. Gas-Phase IR Spectroscopy of Deprotonated Amino Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:4310-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja807615v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jos Oomens
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey D. Steill
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Britta Redlich
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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137
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O’Brien JT, Prell JS, Steill JD, Oomens J, Williams ER. Changes in Binding Motif of Protonated Heterodimers Containing Valine and Amines Investigated Using IRMPD Spectroscopy between 800 and 3700 cm−1 and Theory. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:3905-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ja809928h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey D. Steill
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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138
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Prell JS, Williams ER. Structures of Thermal, Mass-Selected Water Clusters Probed with Hydrophobic Ion Tags and Infrared Photodissociation Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:4110-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja809414a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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139
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Zhang H, Grabenauer M, Bowers MT, Dearden DV. Supramolecular modification of ion chemistry: modulation of peptide charge state and dissociation behavior through complexation with cucurbit[n]uril (n = 5, 6) or alpha-cyclodextrin. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:1508-17. [PMID: 19191519 DOI: 10.1021/jp808625v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, and computational methods were utilized to characterize the complexes between lysine or pentalysine with three prototypical host molecules: alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD), cucurbit[5]uril (CB[5]), and cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]). Ion mobility measurements show lysine forms externally bound, singly charged complexes with either alpha-CD or CB[5], but a doubly charged complex with the lysine side chain threaded through the host cavity of CB[6]. These structural differences result in distinct dissociation behaviors in collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments: the alpha-CD complex dissociates via the simple loss of intact lysine, whereas the CB[5] complex dissociates to yield [CB[5] + H(3)O](+), and the CB[6] complex loses neutral NH(3) and CO, the product ion remaining a doubly charged complex. These results are consistent with B3LYP/6-31G* binding energies (kJ mol(-1)) of D(Lys + H(+)-alpha-CD) = 281, D(Lys + H(+)-CB[5]) = 327, and D(Lys + 2H(2+)-CB[6]) = 600. B3LYP/6-31G* geometry optimizations show complexation with alpha-CD stabilizes the salt bridge form of protonated lysine, whereas complexation with CB[6] stabilizes doubly protonated lysine. Complexation of the larger polypeptide pentalysine with alpha-CD forms a nonspecific adduct: no modification of the pentalysine charge state distribution is observed, and dissociation occurs via the simple loss of alpha-CD. Complexation of pentalysine with the cucurbiturils is more specific: the observed charge state distribution shifts higher on complexation, and fragmentation patterns are significantly altered relative to uncomplexed pentalysine: C-terminal fragment ions appear that are consistent with charge stabilization by the cucurbiturils, and the cucurbiturils are retained on the fragment ions. Molecular mechanics calculations suggest CB[5] binds to two protonated sites on pentalysine without threading onto the peptide and that CB[6] binds two adjacent protonated sites via threading onto the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602-5700, USA
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140
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Prell JS, Demireva M, Oomens J, Williams ER. Role of Sequence in Salt-Bridge Formation for Alkali Metal Cationized GlyArg and ArgGly Investigated with IRMPD Spectroscopy and Theory. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 131:1232-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ja808177z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen,” Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Demireva
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen,” Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen,” Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen,” Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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141
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Adesokan AA, Gerber RB. Anharmonic Vibrational Spectroscopy Calculations for Proton-Bound Amino Acid Dimers. J Phys Chem A 2008; 113:1905-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jp807106h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi A. Adesokan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, and Department of Physical Chemistry and The Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - R. B. Gerber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, and Department of Physical Chemistry and The Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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142
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Wu R, McMahon TB. IRMPD spectra of Gly.NH4 + and proton-bound betaine dimer: evidence for the smallest gas phase zwitterionic structures. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1641-1648. [PMID: 18613000 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic structures exist extensively in biological systems and the electric field resulting from zwitterion formation is the driving force for determination of the properties, function and activity of biological molecules, such as amino acids, peptides and proteins. It is of considerable interest and import to investigate the stabilization of zwitterionic structures in the gas phase. Infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy is a very powerful and sensitive technique, which may elucidate clearly the structures of both ions and ionic clusters in the gas phase, since it provides IR vibrational fingerprint information. The structures of the clusters of glycine and ammonium ion and of the betaine proton-bound homodimer have been investigated using IRMPD spectroscopy, in combination with electronic structure calculations. The experimental and calculated results indicate that zwitterionic structure of glycine may be effectively stabilized by an ammonium ion. This is the smallest zwitterionic structure of an amino acid to be demonstrated in the gas phase. On the basis of the experimental IRMPD and calculated results, it is very clear that a zwitterionic structure exists in the proton-bound betaine dimer. The proton is bound to one of the carboxylate oxygens of betaine, rather than being equally shared. Investigations of zwitterionic structures in the isolated state are essential for an understanding of the intrinsic characteristics of zwitterions and salt bridge interactions in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, Canada
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143
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Bush MF, Saykally RJ, Williams ER. Infrared Action Spectra of Ca2+(H2O)11−69 Exhibit Spectral Signatures for Condensed-Phase Structures with Increasing Cluster Size. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:15482-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja804621r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Bush
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Richard J. Saykally
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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144
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O’Brien JT, Prell JS, Steill JD, Oomens J, Williams ER. Interactions of Mono- and Divalent Metal Ions with Aspartic and Glutamic Acid Investigated with IR Photodissociation Spectroscopy and Theory. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:10823-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jp805787e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jeff D. Steill
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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145
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Atkins CG, Rajabi K, Gillis EAL, Fridgen TD. Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectra of Proton- and Sodium Ion-Bound Glycine Dimers in the N−H and O−H Stretching Region. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:10220-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp805514b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad G. Atkins
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1N 4T8
| | - Khadijeh Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1N 4T8
| | - Elizabeth A. L. Gillis
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1N 4T8
| | - Travis D. Fridgen
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1N 4T8
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146
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Im S, Jang SW, Lee S, Lee Y, Kim B. Arginine Zwitterion is More Stable than the Canonical Form when Solvated by a Water Molecule. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:9767-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jp801933y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suk Im
- College of Environmental Science and Applied Chemistry (BK21), Kyunghee University, Kyungki 449-701, S. Korea, Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, S. Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon 305-701, S. Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Jang
- College of Environmental Science and Applied Chemistry (BK21), Kyunghee University, Kyungki 449-701, S. Korea, Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, S. Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon 305-701, S. Korea
| | - Sungyul Lee
- College of Environmental Science and Applied Chemistry (BK21), Kyunghee University, Kyungki 449-701, S. Korea, Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, S. Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon 305-701, S. Korea
| | - Yonghoon Lee
- College of Environmental Science and Applied Chemistry (BK21), Kyunghee University, Kyungki 449-701, S. Korea, Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, S. Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon 305-701, S. Korea
| | - Bongsoo Kim
- College of Environmental Science and Applied Chemistry (BK21), Kyunghee University, Kyungki 449-701, S. Korea, Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, S. Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon 305-701, S. Korea
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147
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Bush MF, Oomens J, Saykally RJ, Williams ER. Alkali Metal Ion Binding to Glutamine and Glutamine Derivatives Investigated by Infrared Action Spectroscopy and Theory. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:8578-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jp803121w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Bush
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Saykally
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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148
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Remko M, Fitz D, Rode BM. Effect of metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) and water coordination on the structure and properties of L-arginine and zwitterionic L-arginine. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:7652-61. [PMID: 18652440 DOI: 10.1021/jp801418h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between metal ions and amino acids are common both in solution and in the gas phase. The effect of metal ions and water on the structure of L-arginine is examined. The effects of metal ions (Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+), and Zn(2+)) and water on structures of Arg x M(H2O)m , m = 0, 1 complexes have been determined theoretically by employing the density functional theories (DFT) and using extended basis sets. Of the three stable complexes investigated, the relative stability of the gas-phase complexes computed with DFT methods (with the exception of K(+) systems) suggests metallic complexes of the neutral L-arginine to be the most stable species. The calculations of monohydrated systems show that even one water molecule has a profound effect on the relative stability of individual complexes. Proton dissociation enthalpies and Gibbs energies of arginine in the presence of the metal cations Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+), and Zn(2+) were also computed. Its gas-phase acidity considerably increases upon chelation. Of the Lewis acids investigated, the strongest affinity to arginine is exhibited by the Cu(2+) cation. The computed Gibbs energies DeltaG(o) are negative, span a rather broad energy interval (from -150 to -1500 kJ/mol), and are appreciably lowered upon hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Remko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Comenius University, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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149
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Bush MF, Saykally RJ, Williams ER. Reactivity and Infrared Spectroscopy of Gaseous Hydrated Trivalent Metal Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:9122-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja801894d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Bush
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Richard J. Saykally
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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150
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O’Brien JT, Williams ER. Hydration of Gaseous Copper Dications Probed by IR Action Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:5893-901. [DOI: 10.1021/jp7115643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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