101
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Rojas V, Carreras J, Corzana F, Avenoza A, Busto JH, Peregrina JM. Synthesis and conformational analysis of neoglycoconjugates derived from O- and S-glucose. Carbohydr Res 2013; 373:1-8. [PMID: 23545325 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Using olefin metathesis as a key step, four neoglycoconjugates incorporating α-O-glucose, α-S-glucose or β-S-glucose as a carbohydrate unit and L-serine or L-cysteine as an amino acid moiety have been synthesized. The four-atom carbon spacer allows the carbohydrate to explore a wide-ranging conformational space, which may have important implications for the molecular recognition of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Rojas
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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102
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Pandey AK, Naduthambi D, Thomas KM, Zondlo NJ. Proline editing: a general and practical approach to the synthesis of functionally and structurally diverse peptides. Analysis of steric versus stereoelectronic effects of 4-substituted prolines on conformation within peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4333-63. [PMID: 23402492 PMCID: PMC4209921 DOI: 10.1021/ja3109664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized proline residues have diverse applications. Herein we describe a practical approach, proline editing, for the synthesis of peptides with stereospecifically modified proline residues. Peptides are synthesized by standard solid-phase peptide synthesis to incorporate Fmoc-hydroxyproline (4R-Hyp). In an automated manner, the Hyp hydroxyl is protected and the remainder of the peptide synthesized. After peptide synthesis, the Hyp protecting group is orthogonally removed and Hyp selectively modified to generate substituted proline amino acids, with the peptide main chain functioning to "protect" the proline amino and carboxyl groups. In a model tetrapeptide (Ac-TYPN-NH2), 4R-Hyp was stereospecifically converted to 122 different 4-substituted prolyl amino acids, with 4R or 4S stereochemistry, via Mitsunobu, oxidation, reduction, acylation, and substitution reactions. 4-Substituted prolines synthesized via proline editing include incorporated structured amino acid mimetics (Cys, Asp/Glu, Phe, Lys, Arg, pSer/pThr), recognition motifs (biotin, RGD), electron-withdrawing groups to induce stereoelectronic effects (fluoro, nitrobenzoate), handles for heteronuclear NMR ((19)F:fluoro; pentafluorophenyl or perfluoro-tert-butyl ether; 4,4-difluoro; (77)SePh) and other spectroscopies (fluorescence, IR: cyanophenyl ether), leaving groups (sulfonate, halide, NHS, bromoacetate), and other reactive handles (amine, thiol, thioester, ketone, hydroxylamine, maleimide, acrylate, azide, alkene, alkyne, aryl halide, tetrazine, 1,2-aminothiol). Proline editing provides access to these proline derivatives with no solution-phase synthesis. All peptides were analyzed by NMR to identify stereoelectronic and steric effects on conformation. Proline derivatives were synthesized to permit bioorthogonal conjugation reactions, including azide-alkyne, tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene, oxime, reductive amination, native chemical ligation, Suzuki, Sonogashira, cross-metathesis, and Diels-Alder reactions. These proline derivatives allowed three parallel bioorthogonal reactions to be conducted in one solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Devan Naduthambi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Krista M. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Neal J. Zondlo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
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103
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Takaoka Y, Ojida A, Hamachi I. Organische Proteinchemie und ihre Anwendung für Markierungen und Engineering in Lebendzellsystemen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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104
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Takaoka Y, Ojida A, Hamachi I. Protein organic chemistry and applications for labeling and engineering in live-cell systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4088-106. [PMID: 23426903 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The modification of proteins with synthetic probes is a powerful means of elucidating and engineering the functions of proteins both in vitro and in live cells or in vivo. Herein we review recent progress in chemistry-based protein modification methods and their application in protein engineering, with particular emphasis on the following four strategies: 1) the bioconjugation reactions of amino acids on the surfaces of natural proteins, mainly applied in test-tube settings; 2) the bioorthogonal reactions of proteins with non-natural functional groups; 3) the coupling of recognition and reactive sites using an enzyme or short peptide tag-probe pair for labeling natural amino acids; and 4) ligand-directed labeling chemistries for the selective labeling of endogenous proteins in living systems. Overall, these techniques represent a useful set of tools for application in chemical biology, with the methods 2-4 in particular being applicable to crude (living) habitats. Although still in its infancy, the use of organic chemistry for the manipulation of endogenous proteins, with subsequent applications in living systems, represents a worthy challenge for many chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Takaoka
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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105
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Takagi R, Yamamoto K, Hiraga Y, Kojima S, Abe M. A novel non-metathetic behavior of Grubbs catalyst: Ruthenium-mediated intramolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition of bis-1,3-dienes. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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106
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Debets MF, van Hest JCM, Rutjes FPJT. Bioorthogonal labelling of biomolecules: new functional handles and ligation methods. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:6439-55. [PMID: 23969529 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41329b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjoke F Debets
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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107
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Cochrane SA, Huang Z, Vederas JC. Investigation of the ring-closing metathesis of peptides in water. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 11:630-9. [PMID: 23212663 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26938d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study of the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) of unprotected oxytocin and crotalphine peptide analogues in water is reported. The replacement of cysteine with S-allyl cysteine enables RCM to proceed readily in water containing excess MgCl(2) with 30% t-BuOH as a co-solvent. The presence of the sulfur atom is vital for efficient aqueous RCM to occur, with non-sulfur containing analogues undergoing RCM in low yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Cochrane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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108
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2010. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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109
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Himanen JA, Pihko PM. Synthesis of Trisaccharides by Hetero-Diels-Alder Welding of Two Monosaccharide Units. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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110
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Khan SN, Kim A, Grubbs RH, Kwon YU. Cross Metathesis Assisted Solid-Phase Synthesis of Glycopeptoids. Org Lett 2012; 14:2952-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300808c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharaf Nawaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea, and The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Arim Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea, and The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea, and The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yong-Uk Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea, and The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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111
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Liu Z, Mehta SJ, Hruby VJ. Strategies for Asymmetric Synthesis of Amino Acids with γ,δ-Unsaturation. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2012.676507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arizona, Tucson , Arizona , USA
| | - Sukeshi J. Mehta
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arizona, Tucson , Arizona , USA
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arizona, Tucson , Arizona , USA
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112
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Fujishima SH, Yasui R, Miki T, Ojida A, Hamachi I. Ligand-Directed Acyl Imidazole Chemistry for Labeling of Membrane-Bound Proteins on Live Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3961-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2108855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sho-hei Fujishima
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry
and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510,
Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yasui
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry
and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510,
Japan
| | - Takayuki Miki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry
and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510,
Japan
| | - Akio Ojida
- Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi,
Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry
and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510,
Japan
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113
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Mutlu H, Parvulescu AN, Bruijnincx PCA, Weckhuysen BM, Meier MAR. On the Polymerization Behavior of Telomers: Metathesis versus Thiol–Ene Chemistry. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2026572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Mutlu
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg-6, Building 30.42, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrei N. Parvulescu
- Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science, Inorganic Chemistry & Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science, Inorganic Chemistry & Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science, Inorganic Chemistry & Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael A. R. Meier
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg-6, Building 30.42, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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114
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Ng S, Jafari MR, Derda R. Bacteriophages and viruses as a support for organic synthesis and combinatorial chemistry. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:123-38. [PMID: 21988453 DOI: 10.1021/cb200342h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Display of polypeptide on the coat proteins of bacteriophages and viruses is a powerful tool for selection and amplification of libraries of great diversity. Chemical diversity of these libraries, however, is limited to libraries made of natural amino acid side chains. Bacteriophages and viruses can be modified chemically; peptide libraries presented on phage thus can be functionalized to yield moieties that cannot be encoded genetically. In this review, we summarize the possibilities for using bacteriophage and viral particles as support for the synthesis of diverse chemically modified peptide libraries. This review critically summarizes the key chemical considerations for on-phage syntheses such as selection of reactions compatible with protein of phage, modification of phage "support" that renders it more suitable for reactions, and characterization of reaction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ng
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Innovates Centre
for Carbohydrate Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Mohammad R. Jafari
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Innovates Centre
for Carbohydrate Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Innovates Centre
for Carbohydrate Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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115
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Forbes CR, Zondlo NJ. Synthesis of thiophenylalanine-containing peptides via Cu(I)-mediated cross-coupling. Org Lett 2012; 14:464-7. [PMID: 22224916 DOI: 10.1021/ol202947f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aryl thiolates have unique reactive, redox, electronic, and spectroscopic properties. A practical approach to synthesize peptides containing thiophenylalanine has been developed via a novel Cu(I)-mediated cross-coupling reaction between thiolacetic acid and iodophenylalanine-containing peptides in the solid phase. This approach is compatible with all canonical proteinogenic functional groups, providing general access to aryl thiolates in peptides. Peptides containing thiophenylalanine (pK(a) 6.4) were readily elaborated to contain methyl, allyl, and nitrobenzyl thioethers, disulfides, sulfoxides, sulfones, or sulfonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Forbes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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116
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117
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Siman P, Brik A. Chemical and semisynthesis of posttranslationally modified proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5684-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25149c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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118
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Han MJ, Xiong DC, Ye XS. Enabling Wittig reaction on site-specific protein modification. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11079-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35738k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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119
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Chalker JM, Bernardes GJL, Davis BG. A "tag-and-modify" approach to site-selective protein modification. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:730-41. [PMID: 21563755 DOI: 10.1021/ar200056q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Covalent modification can expand a protein's functional capacity. Fluorescent or radioactive labeling, for instance, allows imaging of a protein in real time. Labeling with an affinity probe enables isolation of target proteins and other interacting molecules. At the other end of this functional spectrum, protein structures can be naturally altered by enzymatic action. Protein-protein interactions, genetic regulation, and a range of cellular processes are under the purview of these post-translational modifications. The ability of protein chemists to install these covalent additions selectively has been critical for elucidating their roles in biology. Frequently the transformations must be applied in a site-specific manner, which demands the most selective chemistry. In this Account, we discuss the development and application of such chemistry in our laboratory. A centerpiece of our strategy is a "tag-and-modify" approach, which entails sequential installation of a uniquely reactive chemical group into the protein (the "tag") and the selective or specific modification of this group. The chemical tag can be a natural or unnatural amino acid residue. Of the natural residues, cysteine is the most widely used as a tag. Early work in our program focused on selective disulfide formation in the synthesis of glycoproteins. For certain applications, the susceptibility of disulfides to reduction was a limitation and prompted the development of several methods for the synthesis of more stable thioether modifications. The desulfurization of disulfides and conjugate addition to dehydroalanine are two routes to these modifications. The dehydroalanine tag has since proven useful as a general precursor to many modifications after conjugate addition of various nucleophiles; phosphorylated, glycosylated, peptidylated, prenylated, and even mimics of methylated and acetylated lysine-containing proteins are all accessible from dehydroalanine. While cysteine is a useful tag for selective modification, unnatural residues present the opportunity for bio-orthogonal chemistry. Azide-, arylhalide-, alkyne-, and alkene-containing amino acids can be incorporated into proteins genetically and can be specifically modified through various transformations. These transformations often rely on metal catalysis. The Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne addition, Ru-catalyzed olefin metathesis, and Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling are examples of such transformations. In the course of adapting these reactions to protein modification, we learned much about the behavior of these reactions in water, and in some cases entirely new catalysts were developed. Through a combination of these bio-orthogonal transformations from the panel of tag-and-modify reactions, multiple and distinct modifications can be installed on protein surfaces. Multiple modifications are common in natural systems, and synthetic access to these proteins has enabled study of their biological role. Throughout these investigations, much has been learned in chemistry and biology. The demands of selective protein modification have revealed many aspects of reaction mechanisms, which in turn have guided the design of reagents and catalysts that allow their successful deployment in water and in biological milieu. With this ability to modify proteins, it is now possible to interrogate biological systems with precision that was not previously possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Chalker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin G. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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120
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Keitz BK, Grubbs RH. Probing the origin of degenerate metathesis selectivity via characterization and dynamics of ruthenacyclobutanes containing variable NHCs. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16277-84. [PMID: 21919449 DOI: 10.1021/ja207252r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of new phosphonium alkylidene ruthenium metathesis catalysts containing N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) that result in a preference for degenerate metathesis is described. The reaction of the catalysts with ethylene or substrates relevant to ring-closing metathesis (RCM) produced ruthenacyclobutanes that could be characterized by cryogenic NMR spectroscopy. The rate of α/β methylene exchange in ethylene-only ruthenacycles was found to vary widely between ruthenacycles, in some cases being as low as 3.97 s(-1) at -30 °C, suggesting that the NHC plays an important role in degenerative metathesis reactions. Attempts to generate RCM-relevant ruthenacycles resulted in the low-yielding formation of a previously unobserved species, which we assign to be a β-alkyl-substituted ruthenacycle. Kinetic investigations of the RCM-relevant ruthenacycles in the presence of excess ethylene revealed a large increase in the kinetic barrier of the rate-limiting dissociation of the cyclopentene RCM product compared with previously investigated catalysts. Taken together, these results shed light on the degenerate/productive selectivity differences observed for different metathesis catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Keitz
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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121
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Li N, Lim RKV, Edwardraja S, Lin Q. Copper-free Sonogashira cross-coupling for functionalization of alkyne-encoded proteins in aqueous medium and in bacterial cells. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15316-9. [PMID: 21899368 DOI: 10.1021/ja2066913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal reactions suitable for functionalization of genetically or metabolically encoded alkynes, for example, copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction ("click chemistry"), have provided chemical tools to study biomolecular dynamics and function in living systems. Despite its prominence in organic synthesis, copper-free Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction suitable for biological applications has not been reported. In this work, we report the discovery of a robust aminopyrimidine-palladium(II) complex for copper-free Sonogashira cross-coupling that enables selective functionalization of a homopropargylglycine (HPG)-encoded ubiquitin protein in aqueous medium. A wide range of aromatic groups including fluorophores and fluorinated aromatic compounds can be readily introduced into the HPG-containing ubiquitin under mild conditions with good to excellent yields. The suitability of this reaction for functionalization of HPG-encoded ubiquitin in Escherichia coli was also demonstrated. The high efficiency of this new catalytic system should greatly enhance the utility of Sonogashira cross-coupling in bioorthogonal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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122
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Wan X, Zhang G, Ge Z, Narain R, Liu S. Construction of Polymer-Protein Bioconjugates with Varying Chain Topologies: Polymer Molecular Weight and Steric Hindrance Effects. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:2835-45. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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123
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Keitz BK, Endo K, Herbert MB, Grubbs RH. Z-selective homodimerization of terminal olefins with a ruthenium metathesis catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:9686-8. [PMID: 21649443 PMCID: PMC3138429 DOI: 10.1021/ja203488e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cross-metathesis of terminal olefins using a novel ruthenium catalyst results in excellent selectivity for the Z-olefin homodimer. The reaction was found to tolerate a large number of functional groups, solvents, and temperatures while maintaining excellent Z-selectivity, even at high reaction conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K. Keitz
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125
| | - Koji Endo
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125
| | - Myles B. Herbert
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125
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124
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Abstract
This short account discusses the awesome power of metathesis which has profoundly changed the practice of natural product synthesis during the last decade. Since a comprehensive coverage is beyond the scope of this highlight article, I shall focus on the conceptual framework and on significant advances since the turn of the century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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125
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Spicer CD, Davis BG. Palladium-mediated site-selective Suzuki-Miyaura protein modification at genetically encoded aryl halides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1698-700. [PMID: 21206952 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04970k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific genetic incorporation of unnatural p-halophenylalanine amino acid residues as 'tags' coupled with Pd(0)-mediated Suzuki-Miyuara 'modification' has been enabled by discovery of an effective small molecule palladium scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Spicer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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126
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Lo C, Ringenberg MR, Gnandt D, Wilson Y, Ward TR. Artificial metalloenzymes for olefin metathesis based on the biotin-(strept)avidin technology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:12065-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15004a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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127
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Chalker JM, Gunnoo SB, Boutureira O, Gerstberger SC, Fernández-González M, Bernardes GJL, Griffin L, Hailu H, Schofield CJ, Davis BG. Methods for converting cysteine to dehydroalanine on peptides and proteins. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00185j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Lin YA, Davis BG. The allylic chalcogen effect in olefin metathesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2010; 6:1219-28. [PMID: 21283554 PMCID: PMC3028527 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.6.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Olefin metathesis has emerged as a powerful tool in organic synthesis. The activating effect of an allylic hydroxy group in metathesis has been known for more than 10 years, and many organic chemists have taken advantage of this positive influence for efficient synthesis of natural products. Recently, the discovery of the rate enhancement by allyl sulfides in aqueous cross-metathesis has allowed the first examples of such a reaction on proteins. This led to a new benchmark in substrate complexity for cross-metathesis and expanded the potential of olefin metathesis for other applications in chemical biology. The enhanced reactivity of allyl sulfide, along with earlier reports of a similar effect by allylic hydroxy groups, suggests that allyl chalcogens generally play an important role in modulating the rate of olefin metathesis. In this review, we discuss the effect of allylic chalcogens in olefin metathesis and highlight its most recent applications in synthetic chemistry and protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya A Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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