101
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Gendron F, Fleischauer VE, Duignan TJ, Scott BL, Löble MW, Cary SK, Kozimor SA, Bolvin H, Neidig ML, Autschbach J. Magnetic circular dichroism of UCl6− in the ligand-to-metal charge-transfer spectral region. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02572f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a combined ab initio theoretical and experimental study of the magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectrum of the octahedral UCl6− complex ion in the UV-Vis spectral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Gendron
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Buffalo
- State University of New York
- Buffalo
- USA
| | | | - Thomas J. Duignan
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Buffalo
- State University of New York
- Buffalo
- USA
| | - Brian L. Scott
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Los Alamos
- New Mexico 87544
- USA
| | | | | | | | - Hélène Bolvin
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Physique Quantiques
- 31062 Toulouse
- France
| | | | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Buffalo
- State University of New York
- Buffalo
- USA
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102
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O'Brien KTP, Kaltsoyannis N. Computational study of An–X bonding (An = Th, U; X = p-block-based ligands) in pyrrolic macrocycle-supported complexes from the quantum theory of atoms in molecules and bond energy decomposition analysis. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:760-769. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04340b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Good correlations are found between QTAIM BCP and EDA data for a range of Th(iv)- and Th(iii)-p element bonds.
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103
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Actinide covalency measured by pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nat Chem 2016; 9:578-583. [PMID: 28537586 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of actinide chemical bonds lags far behind our understanding of the bonding regimes of any other series of elements. This is a major issue given the technological as well as fundamental importance of f-block elements. Some key chemical differences between actinides and lanthanides-and between different actinides-can be ascribed to minor differences in covalency, that is, the degree to which electrons are shared between the f-block element and coordinated ligands. Yet there are almost no direct measures of such covalency for actinides. Here we report the first pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of actinide compounds. We apply the hyperfine sublevel correlation technique to quantify the electron-spin density at ligand nuclei (via the weak hyperfine interactions) in molecular thorium(III) and uranium(III) species and therefore the extent of covalency. Such information will be important in developing our understanding of the chemical bonding, and therefore the reactivity, of actinides.
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104
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King DM, Cleaves PA, Wooles AJ, Gardner BM, Chilton NF, Tuna F, Lewis W, McInnes EJL, Liddle ST. Molecular and electronic structure of terminal and alkali metal-capped uranium(V) nitride complexes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13773. [PMID: 27996007 PMCID: PMC5187438 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the electronic structure of actinide complexes is intrinsically challenging because inter-electronic repulsion, crystal field, and spin-orbit coupling effects can be of similar magnitude. Moreover, such efforts have been hampered by the lack of structurally analogous families of complexes to study. Here we report an improved method to U≡N triple bonds, and assemble a family of uranium(V) nitrides. Along with an isoelectronic oxo, we quantify the electronic structure of this 5f1 family by magnetometry, optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies and modelling. Thus, we define the relative importance of the spin-orbit and crystal field interactions, and explain the experimentally observed different ground states. We find optical absorption linewidths give a potential tool to identify spin-orbit coupled states, and show measurement of UV···UV super-exchange coupling in dimers by EPR. We show that observed slow magnetic relaxation occurs via two-phonon processes, with no obvious correlation to the crystal field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. King
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Peter A. Cleaves
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ashley J. Wooles
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Benedict M. Gardner
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nicholas F. Chilton
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Floriana Tuna
- School of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Eric J. L. McInnes
- School of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Stephen T. Liddle
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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105
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Thorium-phosphorus triamidoamine complexes containing Th-P single- and multiple-bond interactions. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12884. [PMID: 27682617 PMCID: PMC5056418 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the burgeoning field of uranium-ligand multiple bonds, analogous complexes involving other actinides remain scarce. For thorium, under ambient conditions only a few multiple bonds to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium and tellurium are reported, and no multiple bonds to phosphorus are known, reflecting a general paucity of synthetic methodologies and also problems associated with stabilising these linkages at the large thorium ion. Here we report structurally authenticated examples of a parent thorium(IV)-phosphanide (Th-PH2), a terminal thorium(IV)-phosphinidene (Th=PH), a parent dithorium(IV)-phosphinidiide (Th-P(H)-Th) and a discrete actinide-phosphido complex under ambient conditions (Th=P=Th). Although thorium is traditionally considered to have dominant 6d-orbital contributions to its bonding, contrasting to majority 5f-orbital character for uranium, computational analyses suggests that the bonding of thorium can be more nuanced, in terms of 5f- versus 6d-orbital composition and also significant involvement of the 7s-orbital and how this affects the balance of 5f- versus 6d-orbital bonding character.
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106
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Mounce AM, Yasuoka H, Koutroulakis G, Lee JA, Cho H, Gendron F, Zurek E, Scott BL, Trujillo JA, Slemmons AK, Cross JN, Thompson JD, Kozimor SA, Bauer ED, Autschbach J, Clark DL. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Measurements and Electronic Structure of Pu(IV) in [(Me)4N]2PuCl6. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:8371-80. [PMID: 27513717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Mounce
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Hiroshi Yasuoka
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Georgios Koutroulakis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jeongseop A. Lee
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Herman Cho
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Frédéric Gendron
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Eva Zurek
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Brian L. Scott
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Julie A. Trujillo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Alice K. Slemmons
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Justin N. Cross
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Joe D. Thompson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Stosh A. Kozimor
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Eric D. Bauer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - David L. Clark
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
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107
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Dumas T, Guillaumont D, Fillaux C, Scheinost A, Moisy P, Petit S, Shuh DK, Tyliszczak T, Den Auwer C. The nature of chemical bonding in actinide and lanthanide ferrocyanides determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:2887-95. [PMID: 26733312 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05820a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties of actinide cations are of fundamental interest to describe intramolecular interactions and chemical bonding in the context of nuclear waste reprocessing or direct storage. The 5f and 6d orbitals are the first partially or totally vacant states in these elements, and the nature of the actinide ligand bonds is related to their ability to overlap with ligand orbitals. Because of its chemical and orbital selectivities, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is an effective probe of actinide species frontier orbitals and for understanding actinide cation reactivity toward chelating ligands. The soft X-ray probes of the light elements provide better resolution than actinide L3-edges to obtain electronic information from the ligand. Thus coupling simulations to experimental soft X-ray spectral measurements and complementary quantum chemical calculations yields quantitative information on chemical bonding. In this study, soft X-ray XAS at the K-edges of C and N, and the L2,3-edges of Fe was used to investigate the electronic structures of the well-known ferrocyanide complexes K4Fe(II)(CN)6, thorium hexacyanoferrate Th(IV)Fe(II)(CN)6, and neodymium hexacyanoferrate KNd(III)Fe(II)(CN)6. The soft X-ray spectra were simulated based on quantum chemical calculations. Our results highlight the orbital overlapping effects and atomic effective charges in the Fe(II)(CN)6 building block. In addition to providing a detailed description of the electronic structure of the ferrocyanide complex (K4Fe(II)(CN)6), the results strongly contribute to confirming the actinide 5f and 6d orbital oddity in comparison to lanthanide 4f and 5d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dumas
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Radiochemistry and Process Department, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | - Dominique Guillaumont
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Radiochemistry and Process Department, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | - Clara Fillaux
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Radiochemistry and Process Department, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | | | - Philippe Moisy
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Radiochemistry and Process Department, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | - Sébastien Petit
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Radiochemistry and Process Department, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | - David K Shuh
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tolek Tyliszczak
- Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christophe Den Auwer
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Radiochemistry and Process Department, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France. and University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice Chemistry Institute, UMR 7272, 06108 Nice, France
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108
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Lukens WW, Speldrich M, Yang P, Duignan TJ, Autschbach J, Kögerler P. The roles of 4f- and 5f-orbitals in bonding: a magnetochemical, crystal field, density functional theory, and multi-reference wavefunction study. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:11508-21. [PMID: 27349178 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00634e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structures of 4f(3)/5f(3) Cp''3M and Cp''3M·alkylisocyanide complexes, where Cp'' is 1,3-bis-(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadienyl, are explored with a focus on the splitting of the f-orbitals, which provides information about the strengths of the metal-ligand interactions. While the f-orbital splitting in many lanthanide complexes has been reported in detail, experimental determination of the f-orbital splitting in actinide complexes remains rare in systems other than halide and oxide compounds, since the experimental approach, crystal field analysis, is generally significantly more difficult for actinide complexes than for lanthanide complexes. In this study, a set of analogous neodymium(iii) and uranium(iii) tris-cyclopentadienyl complexes and their isocyanide adducts was characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility. The crystal field model was parameterized by combined fitting of EPR and susceptibility data, yielding an accurate description of f-orbital splitting. The isocyanide derivatives were also studied using density functional theory, resulting in f-orbital splitting that is consistent with crystal field fitting, and by multi-reference wavefunction calculations that support the electronic structure analysis derived from the crystal-field calculations. The results highlight that the 5f-orbitals, but not the 4f-orbitals, are significantly involved in bonding to the isocyanide ligands. The main interaction between isocyanide ligand and the metal center is a σ-bond, with additional 5f to π* donation for the uranium complexes. While interaction with the isocyanide π*-orbitals lowers the energies of the 5fxz(2) and 5fyz(2)-orbitals, spin-orbit coupling greatly reduces the population of 5fxz(2) and 5fyz(2) in the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Lukens
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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109
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Pham TA, Altman AB, Stieber SCE, Booth CH, Kozimor SA, Lukens WW, Olive DT, Tyliszczak T, Wang J, Minasian SG, Raymond KN. A Macrocyclic Chelator That Selectively Binds Ln4+ over Ln3+ by a Factor of 1029. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:9989-10002. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A. Pham
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alison B. Altman
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - S. Chantal E. Stieber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California 91768, United States
| | - Corwin H. Booth
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stosh A. Kozimor
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Wayne W. Lukens
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel T. Olive
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tolek Tyliszczak
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Canadian Light Source (CLS), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Stefan G. Minasian
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth N. Raymond
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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110
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Tamasi AL, Rungthanapathsophon P, Dame AN, Moody MA, Barnes CL, Wilkerson MP, Walensky JR. Pseudo-halide uranyl salicylaldiminate complexes including the isolation of a rare uranyl azide. J COORD CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2016.1189544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison L. Tamasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Ashley N. Dame
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Morgan A. Moody
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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111
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Gregson M, Lu E, Tuna F, McInnes EJL, Hennig C, Scheinost AC, McMaster J, Lewis W, Blake AJ, Kerridge A, Liddle ST. Emergence of comparable covalency in isostructural cerium(iv)- and uranium(iv)-carbon multiple bonds. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3286-3297. [PMID: 29997821 PMCID: PMC6006499 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00278a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report comparable levels of covalency in cerium- and uranium-carbon multiple bonds in the iso-structural carbene complexes [M(BIPMTMS)(ODipp)2] [M = Ce (1), U (2), Th (3); BIPMTMS = C(PPh2NSiMe3)2; Dipp = C6H3-2,6-iPr2] whereas for M = Th the M[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond interaction is much more ionic. On the basis of single crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR, IR, EPR, and XANES spectroscopies, and SQUID magnetometry complexes 1-3 are confirmed formally as bona fide metal(iv) complexes. In order to avoid the deficiencies of orbital-based theoretical analysis approaches we probed the bonding of 1-3 via analysis of RASSCF- and CASSCF-derived densities that explicitly treats the orbital energy near-degeneracy and overlap contributions to covalency. For these complexes similar levels of covalency are found for cerium(iv) and uranium(iv), whereas thorium(iv) is found to be more ionic, and this trend is independently found in all computational methods employed. The computationally determined trends in covalency of these systems of Ce ∼ U > Th are also reproduced in experimental exchange reactions of 1-3 with MCl4 salts where 1 and 2 do not exchange with ThCl4, but 3 does exchange with MCl4 (M = Ce, U) and 1 and 2 react with UCl4 and CeCl4, respectively, to establish equilibria. This study therefore provides complementary theoretical and experimental evidence that contrasts to the accepted description that generally lanthanide-ligand bonding in non-zero oxidation state complexes is overwhelmingly ionic but that of uranium is more covalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gregson
- School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - Erli Lu
- School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - Floriana Tuna
- EPSRC National UK EPR Facility , School of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK
| | - Eric J L McInnes
- EPSRC National UK EPR Facility , School of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK
| | - Christoph Hennig
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Institute of Resource Ecology , Bautzner Landstrasse 400 , D-01314 Dresden , Germany
- The Rossendorf Beamline , ESRF , BP 220 , F-38043 Grenoble , France
| | - Andreas C Scheinost
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Institute of Resource Ecology , Bautzner Landstrasse 400 , D-01314 Dresden , Germany
- The Rossendorf Beamline , ESRF , BP 220 , F-38043 Grenoble , France
| | - Jonathan McMaster
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK
| | - Alexander J Blake
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK
| | - Andrew Kerridge
- Department of Chemistry , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA1 4YB , UK .
| | - Stephen T Liddle
- School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
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112
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Self-assembly of [UO2X4]2− (X=Cl, Br) dianions with γ substituted pyridinium cations: Structural systematics and fluorescence properties. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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113
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Xie H, Liu C, Yuan Y, Zhou T, Fan T, Lei Q, Fang W. Oxidation of phenyl and hydride ligands of bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)hafnium derivatives by nitrous oxide via selective oxygen atom transfer reactions: insights from quantum chemistry calculations. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:1152-9. [PMID: 26660046 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03264d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms for the oxidation of phenyl and hydride ligands of bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)hafnium derivatives (Cp* = η(5)-C5Me5) by nitrous oxide via selective oxygen atom transfer reactions have been systematically studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. On the basis of the calculations, we investigated the original mechanism proposed by Hillhouse and co-workers for the activation of N2O. The calculations showed that the complex with an initial O-coordination of N2O to the coordinatively unsaturated Hf center is not a local minimum. Then we proposed a new reaction mechanism to investigate how N2O is activated and why N2O selectively oxidize phenyl and hydride ligands of . Frontier molecular orbital theory analysis indicates that N2O is activated by nucleophilic attack by the phenyl or hydride ligand. Present calculations provide new insights into the activation of N2O involving the direct oxygen atom transfer from nitrous oxide to metal-ligand bonds instead of the generally observed oxygen abstraction reaction to generate metal-oxo species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hujun Xie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ting Fan
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Qunfang Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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114
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Fortier S, Veleta J, Pialat A, Le Roy J, Ghiassi KB, Olmstead MM, Metta‐Magaña A, Murugesu M, Villagrán D. [U(bipy)
4
]: A Mistaken Case of U
0
? Chemistry 2016; 22:1931-1936. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Skye Fortier
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at El Paso El Paso TX 79968 USA
| | - José Veleta
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at El Paso El Paso TX 79968 USA
| | - Amélie Pialat
- Department of Chemistry University of Ottawa Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Jennifer Le Roy
- Department of Chemistry University of Ottawa Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Kamran B. Ghiassi
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Davis Davis CA 95616 USA
| | | | | | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department of Chemistry University of Ottawa Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Dino Villagrán
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at El Paso El Paso TX 79968 USA
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115
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Lee K, Wei H, Blake AV, Donahue CM, Keith JM, Daly SR. Ligand K-edge XAS, DFT, and TDDFT analysis of pincer linker variations in Rh(i) PNP complexes: reactivity insights from electronic structure. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:9774-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00200e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ligand K-edge XAS and DFT studies of ligand variations in Rh(i) pincer complexes and correlations to small molecule reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyounghoon Lee
- The University of Iowa
- Department of Chemistry
- Iowa City
- USA
| | - Haochuan Wei
- Colgate University
- Department of Chemistry
- Hamilton
- USA
| | | | | | | | - Scott R. Daly
- The University of Iowa
- Department of Chemistry
- Iowa City
- USA
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116
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Altman AB, Pacold JI, Wang J, Lukens WW, Minasian SG. Evidence for 5d-σ and 5d-π covalency in lanthanide sesquioxides from oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:9948-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00358c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure in the complete series of stable lanthanide sesquioxides, Ln2O3 (Ln = La to Lu, except radioactive Pm), has been evaluated using oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy with a scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B. Altman
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley CA 94720
- USA
- Chemical Sciences Division
| | - Joseph I. Pacold
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley CA 94720
- USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Canadian Light Source
- Saskatoon
- Canada
| | - Wayne W. Lukens
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley CA 94720
- USA
| | - Stefan G. Minasian
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley CA 94720
- USA
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117
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Bross DH, Parmar P, Peterson KA. Multireference configuration interaction calculations of the first six ionization potentials of the uranium atom. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:184308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4935375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David H. Bross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, USA
| | - Payal Parmar
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, USA
| | - Kirk A. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, USA
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118
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Assessing Covalency in Cerium and Uranium Hexachlorides: A Correlated Wavefunction and Density Functional Theory Study. INORGANICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics3040482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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119
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Chen Y, Kasama T, Huang Z, Hu P, Chen J, Liu X, Tang X. Highly Dense Isolated Metal Atom Catalytic Sites: Dynamic Formation and In Situ Observations. Chemistry 2015; 21:17397-402. [PMID: 26448583 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atomically dispersed noble-metal catalysts with highly dense active sites are promising materials with which to maximise metal efficiency and to enhance catalytic performance; however, their fabrication remains challenging because metal atoms are prone to sintering, especially at a high metal loading. A dynamic process of formation of isolated metal atom catalytic sites on the surface of the support, which was achieved starting from silver nanoparticles by using a thermal surface-mediated diffusion method, was observed directly by using in situ electron microscopy and in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. A combination of electron microscopy images with X-ray absorption spectra demonstrated that the silver atoms were anchored on five-fold oxygen-terminated cavities on the surface of the support to form highly dense isolated metal active sites, leading to excellent reactivity in catalytic oxidation at low temperature. This work provides a general strategy for designing atomically dispersed noble-metal catalysts with highly dense active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution & Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai (P. R. China)
| | - Takeshi Kasama
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby (Denmark)
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution & Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai (P. R. China)
| | - Pingping Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution & Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai (P. R. China)
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution & Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai (P. R. China)
| | - Xi Liu
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby (Denmark).
| | - Xingfu Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution & Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai (P. R. China).
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120
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Behrle AC, Levin JR, Kim JE, Drewett JM, Barnes CL, Schelter EJ, Walensky JR. Stabilization of MIV = Ti, Zr, Hf, Ce, and Th using a selenium bis(phenolate) ligand. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:2693-702. [PMID: 25209827 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01798f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report M(iv) M = Ti, Zr, Hf, Ce, and Th, complexes of a selenium bis(phenolate) ligand, 2,2'-selenobis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), (H(2)(Ar)OSeO), 1. Reaction of Ti(NEt(2))(4) with two equivalents of affords Ti((Ar)OSeO)(2), 2. Salt metathesis of ZrCl(4) and HfCl(4) with two equivalents of Na(2)(Ar)OSeO produces Zr((Ar)OSeO)(2)(THF), 3, and Hf((Ar)OSeO)(2)(THF), 4, respectively. Protonolysis of ThCl[N(SiMe(3))(2)](3) with two equivalents of yields Th((Ar)OSeO)(2)(THF)(2), 5. Salt metathesis of Ce(OTf)(3) and two equivalents of Na(2)(Ar)OSeO produces [Na(THF)(3)][Ce((Ar)OSeO)(2)], which was oxidized in situ using 0.5 equivalents of I(2) to yield the diamagnetic Ce(iv) product, Ce((Ar)OSeO)(2)(THF)(2), 6. Addition of 2,2'-bipyridyl to forms Ce((Ar)OSeO)(2)(bipy), 6a. Each diamagnetic complex was characterized using (1)H, (13)C, and (77)Se NMR and IR spectroscopy and the structures of 2-6a were established with X-ray crystallography. Electrochemical measurements using cyclic voltammetry on complexes 2, 5, and 6a re also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Behrle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, MO 65211-7600, USA.
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121
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering
Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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122
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Olson AC, Keith JM, Batista ER, Boland KS, Daly SR, Kozimor SA, MacInnes MM, Martin RL, Scott BL. Using solution- and solid-state S K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy with density functional theory to evaluate M-S bonding for MS4(2-) (M = Cr, Mo, W) dianions. Dalton Trans 2015; 43:17283-95. [PMID: 25311904 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02302a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have evaluated relative changes in M-S electronic structure and orbital mixing in Group 6 MS4(2-) dianions using solid- and solution-phase S K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS; M = Mo, W), as well as density functional theory (DFT; M = Cr, Mo, W) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. To facilitate comparison with solution measurements (conducted in acetonitrile), theoretical models included gas-phase calculations as well as those that incorporated an acetonitrile dielectric, the latter of which provided better agreement with experiment. Two pre-edge features arising from S 1s → e* and t electron excitations were observed in the S K-edge XAS spectra and were reasonably assigned as (1)A1 → (1)T2 transitions. For MoS4(2-), both solution-phase pre-edge peak intensities were consistent with results from the solid-state spectra. For WS4(2-), solution- and solid-state pre-edge peak intensities for transitions involving e* were equivalent, while transitions involving the t orbitals were less intense in solution. Experimental and computational results have been presented in comparison to recent analyses of MO4(2-) dianions, which allowed M-S and M-O orbital mixing to be evaluated as the principle quantum number (n) for the metal valence d orbitals increased (3d, 4d, 5d). Overall, the M-E (E = O, S) analyses revealed distinct trends in orbital mixing. For example, as the Group 6 triad was descended, e* (π*) orbital mixing remained constant in the M-S bonds, but increased appreciably for M-O interactions. For the t orbitals (σ* + π*), mixing decreased slightly for M-S bonding and increased only slightly for the M-O interactions. These results suggested that the metal and ligand valence orbital energies and radial extensions delicately influenced the orbital compositions for isoelectronic ME4(2-) (E = O, S) dianions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Olson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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123
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Liddle ST. The Renaissance of Non-Aqueous Uranium Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8604-41. [PMID: 26079536 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the year 2000, non-aqueous uranium chemistry mainly involved metallocene and classical alkyl, amide, or alkoxide compounds as well as established carbene, imido, and oxo derivatives. Since then, there has been a resurgence of the area, and dramatic developments of supporting ligands and multiply bonded ligand types, small-molecule activation, and magnetism have been reported. This Review 1) introduces the reader to some of the specialist theories of the area, 2) covers all-important starting materials, 3) surveys contemporary ligand classes installed at uranium, including alkyl, aryl, arene, carbene, amide, imide, nitride, alkoxide, aryloxide, and oxo compounds, 4) describes advances in the area of single-molecule magnetism, and 5) summarizes the coordination and activation of small molecules, including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, dinitrogen, white phosphorus, and alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Liddle
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD (UK).
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124
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125
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Gardner BM, Balázs G, Scheer M, Tuna F, McInnes EJL, McMaster J, Lewis W, Blake AJ, Liddle ST. Triamidoamine uranium(IV)-arsenic complexes containing one-, two- and threefold U-As bonding interactions. Nat Chem 2015; 7:582-90. [PMID: 26100807 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To further our fundamental understanding of the nature and extent of covalency in uranium-ligand bonding, and the benefits that this may have for the design of new ligands for nuclear waste separation, there is burgeoning interest in the nature of uranium complexes with soft- and multiple-bond-donor ligands. Despite this, there have so far been no examples of structurally authenticated molecular uranium-arsenic bonds under ambient conditions. Here, we report molecular uranium(IV)-arsenic complexes featuring formal single, double and triple U-As bonding interactions. Compound formulations are supported by a range of characterization techniques, and theoretical calculations suggest the presence of polarized covalent one-, two- and threefold bonding interactions between uranium and arsenic in parent arsenide [U-AsH2], terminal arsinidene [U=AsH] and arsenido [U≡AsK2] complexes, respectively. These studies inform our understanding of the bonding of actinides with soft donor ligands and may be of use in future ligand design in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict M Gardner
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institut of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitaets Strasse 31, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitaets Strasse 31, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Floriana Tuna
- School of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Eric J L McInnes
- School of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jonathan McMaster
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alexander J Blake
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stephen T Liddle
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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126
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Donahue CM, McCollom SP, Forrest CM, Blake AV, Bellott BJ, Keith JM, Daly SR. Impact of Coordination Geometry, Bite Angle, and Trans Influence on Metal-Ligand Covalency in Phenyl-Substituted Phosphine Complexes of Ni and Pd. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:5646-59. [PMID: 25996554 DOI: 10.1021/ic503125b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the long-standing use of phosphine and diphosphine ligands in coordination chemistry and catalysis, questions remain as to their effects on metal-ligand bonding in transition metal complexes. Here we report ligand K-edge XAS, DFT, and TDDFT studies aimed at quantifying the impact of coordination geometry, diphosphine bite angle, and phosphine trans influence on covalency in M-P and M-Cl bonds. A series of four-coordinate NiCl2 and PdCl2 complexes containing PPh3 or Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2, where n = 1 (dppm), 2 (dppe), 3 (dppp), and 4 (dppb), was analyzed. The XAS data revealed that changing the coordination geometry from tetrahedral in Ni(PPh3)2Cl2 (1) to square planar in Ni(dppe)Cl2 (2) more than doubles the intensity of pre-edge features assigned to Ni-P and Ni-Cl 1s → σ* transitions. By way of comparison, varying the diphosphine in Pd(dppm)Cl2 (4), Pd(dppp)Cl2 (6), and Pd(dppb)Cl2 (7) yielded Pd-P 1s → σ* transitions with identical intensities, but a 10% increase was observed in the P K-edge XAS spectrum of Pd(dppe)Cl2 (5). A similar observation was made when comparing Ni(dppe)Cl2 (2) to Ni(dppp)Cl2 (3), and DFT and TDDFT calculations corroborated XAS results obtained for both series. Comparison of the spectroscopic and theoretical results to the diphosphine structures revealed that changes in M-P covalency were not correlated to changes in bite angles or coordination geometry. As a final measure, P and Cl K-edge XAS data were collected on trans-Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (8) for comparison to the cis diphosphine complex Pd(dppe)Cl2 (5). Consistent with phosphine's stronger trans influence compared to chloride, a 35% decrease in the intensity of the Pd-P 1s → σ* pre-edge feature and a complementary 34% increase in Pd-Cl 1s → σ* feature was observed for 8 (trans) compared to 5 (cis). Overall, the results reveal how coordination geometry, ligand arrangement, and diphosphine structure affect covalent metal-phosphorus and metal-chloride bonding in these late transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Donahue
- †Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Samuel P McCollom
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Chelsie M Forrest
- §Department of Chemistry, Western Illinois University, 1 University Circle, Macomb, Illinois 61455, United States
| | - Anastasia V Blake
- †Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Brian J Bellott
- §Department of Chemistry, Western Illinois University, 1 University Circle, Macomb, Illinois 61455, United States
| | - Jason M Keith
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Scott R Daly
- †Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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127
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Zeng J, Yang X, Liao J, Liu N, Yang Y, Chai Z, Wang D. A computational study on the complexation of Np(V) with N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-3-oxa-glutaramide (TMOGA) and its carboxylate analogs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:16536-46. [PMID: 24986631 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01381f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory has been used to study the geometries and relative stabilities of the complexes of NpO2(+) with the title compounds (L), including TMOGA, deprotonated N,N'-dimethyl-3-oxa-glutaramic acid (DMOGA) and their deprotonated oxydiacetic analog (ODA). Our calculations suggest that the complexes where the ligands appear as tridentate chelators are more stable than as bidentate ones, and the substitution of the amide group by carboxylate favors the formation of the complexes. Thermodynamically the 1 : 2 complex (Np-L2) is more favorable than the 1 : 1 complex (Np-L) in the cases of TMOGA and DMOGA, but not for the ODA anion. Taking into account the solvation effect of water, the 1 : 2 complex is more favorable than the 1 : 1 complex for all of the three ligands, though the reaction enthalpy decreases compared to that in the gas phase, and the formation of Np-(TMOGA)2 from Np-TMOGA is roughly a thermal neutral process. The strength of the Np=O bond is weakened upon the coordination of ligands to Np(V) and the increase of the negative charge on the ligand (-1e for deprotonated DMOGA and -2e for deprotonated ODA). The Quantum Theory of Atoms-in-Molecules (QTAIM) was used here to analyze the bonding mode of NpO2(+)-Lx (x = 1, 2) and to compare the bond order data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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129
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Su J, Dau PD, Liu HT, Huang DL, Wei F, Schwarz WHE, Li J, Wang LS. Photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical studies of gaseous uranium hexachlorides in different oxidation states: UCl6q− (q = 0–2). J Chem Phys 2015; 142:134308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4916399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Phuong D. Dau
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Hong-Tao Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Dao-Ling Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Fan Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - W. H. E. Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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130
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Sturzbecher-Hoehne M, Choi TA, Abergel RJ. Hydroxypyridinonate complex stability of group (IV) metals and tetravalent f-block elements: the key to the next generation of chelating agents for radiopharmaceuticals. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:3462-8. [PMID: 25799124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The solution thermodynamics of the water-soluble complexes formed between 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) and Zr(IV) or Pu(IV) were investigated to establish the metal coordination properties of this octadentate chelating agent. Stability constants log β110 = 43.1 ± 0.6 and 43.5 ± 0.7 were determined for [Zr(IV)(3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO))] and [Pu(IV)(3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO))], respectively, by spectrophotometric competition titrations against Ce(IV). Such high thermodynamic stabilities not only confirm the unparalleled Pu(IV) affinity of 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) as a decorporation agent but also corroborate the great potential of hydroxypyridinonate ligands as new (89)Zr-chelating platforms for immuno-PET applications. These experimental values are in excellent agreement with previous estimates and are discussed with respect to ionic radius and electronic configuration, in comparison with those of Ce(IV) and Th(IV). Furthermore, a liquid chromatography assay combined with mass spectrometric detection was developed to probe the separation of the neutral [M(IV)(3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO))] complex species (M = Zr, Ce, Th, and Pu), providing additional insight into the coordination differences between group IV and tetravalent f-block metals and on the role of d and f orbitals in bonding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sturzbecher-Hoehne
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Taylor A Choi
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca J Abergel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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131
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Löble MW, Keith JM, Altman AB, Stieber SCE, Batista ER, Boland KS, Conradson SD, Clark DL, Lezama Pacheco J, Kozimor SA, Martin RL, Minasian SG, Olson AC, Scott BL, Shuh DK, Tyliszczak T, Wilkerson MP, Zehnder RA. Covalency in Lanthanides. An X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Study of LnCl6x– (x = 3, 2). J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2506-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ja510067v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W. Löble
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jason M. Keith
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Colgate University, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Alison B. Altman
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Enrique R. Batista
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Kevin S. Boland
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - David L. Clark
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - Stosh A. Kozimor
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Richard L. Martin
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Stefan G. Minasian
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Angela C. Olson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Brian L. Scott
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - David K. Shuh
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tolek Tyliszczak
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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132
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Bagus PS, Nelin CJ, Ilton ES. Theoretical modeling of the uranium 4f XPS for U(VI) and U(IV) oxides. J Chem Phys 2014; 139:244704. [PMID: 24387385 DOI: 10.1063/1.4846135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A rigorous study is presented of the physical processes related to X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS, in the 4f level of U oxides, which, as well as being of physical interest in themselves, are representative of XPS in heavy metal oxides. In particular, we present compelling evidence for a new view of the screening of core-holes that extends prior understandings. Our analysis of the screening focuses on the covalent mixing of high lying U and O orbitals as opposed to the, more common, use of orbitals that are nominally pure U or pure O. It is shown that this covalent mixing is quite different for the initial and final, core-hole, configurations and that this difference is directly related to the XPS satellite intensity. Furthermore, we show that the high-lying U d orbitals as well as the U(5f) orbital may both contribute to the core-hole screening, in contrast with previous work that has only considered screening through the U(5f) shell. The role of modifying the U-O interaction by changing the U-O distance has been investigated and an unexpected correlation between U-O distance and XPS satellite intensity has been discovered. The role of flourite and octahedral crystal structures for U(IV) oxides has been examined and relationships established between XPS features and the covalent interactions in the different structures. The physical views of XPS satellites as arising from shake processes or as arising from ligand to metal charge transfers are contrasted; our analysis provides strong support that shake processes give a more fundamental physical understanding than charge transfer. Our theoretical studies are based on rigorous, strictly ab initio determinations of the electronic structure of embedded cluster models of U oxides with formal U(VI) and U(IV) oxidation states. Our results provide a foundation that makes it possible to establish quantitative relationships between features of the XPS spectra and materials properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Bagus
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA
| | - Connie J Nelin
- Consulting and Services, 6008 Maury's Trail, Austin, Texas 78730, USA
| | - Eugene S Ilton
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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133
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Lima FA, Bjornsson R, Weyhermüller T, Chandrasekaran P, Glatzel P, Neese F, DeBeer S. High-resolution molybdenum K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyzed with time-dependent density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 15:20911-20. [PMID: 24197060 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53133c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a widely used experimental technique capable of selectively probing the local structure around an absorbing atomic species in molecules and materials. When applied to heavy elements, however, the quantitative interpretation can be challenging due to the intrinsic spectral broadening arising from the decrease in the core-hole lifetime. In this work we have used high-energy resolution fluorescence detected XAS (HERFD-XAS) to investigate a series of molybdenum complexes. The sharper spectral features obtained by HERFD-XAS measurements enable a clear assignment of the features present in the pre-edge region. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) has been previously shown to predict K-pre-edge XAS spectra of first row transition metal compounds with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Here we extend this approach to molybdenum K-edge HERFD-XAS and present the necessary calibration. Modern pure and hybrid functionals are utilized and relativistic effects are accounted for using either the Zeroth Order Regular Approximation (ZORA) or the second order Douglas-Kroll-Hess (DKH2) scalar relativistic approximations. We have found that both the predicted energies and intensities are in excellent agreement with experiment, independent of the functional used. The model chosen to account for relativistic effects also has little impact on the calculated spectra. This study provides an important calibration set for future applications of molybdenum HERFD-XAS to complex catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico A Lima
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D- 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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135
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Gendron F, Páez-Hernández D, Notter FP, Pritchard B, Bolvin H, Autschbach J. Magnetic Properties and Electronic Structure of Neptunyl(VI) Complexes: Wavefunctions, Orbitals, and Crystal-Field Models. Chemistry 2014; 20:7994-8011. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201305039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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136
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Hu P, Huang Z, Amghouz Z, Makkee M, Xu F, Kapteijn F, Dikhtiarenko A, Chen Y, Gu X, Tang X. Electronic Metal-Support Interactions in Single-Atom Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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137
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Hu P, Huang Z, Amghouz Z, Makkee M, Xu F, Kapteijn F, Dikhtiarenko A, Chen Y, Gu X, Tang X. Electronic Metal-Support Interactions in Single-Atom Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3418-21. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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138
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Govind N, de Jong WA. Simulating Cl K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy in MCl6 2− (M = U, Np, Pu) complexes and UOCl5 − using time-dependent density functional theory. Theor Chem Acc 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-014-1463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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139
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Donahue CM, Lezama Pacheco JS, Keith JM, Daly SR. Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and time-dependent density functional theory of arsenic dithiocarbamates. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:9189-201. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00078a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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140
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Minasian SG, Keith JM, Batista ER, Boland KS, Clark DL, Kozimor SA, Martin RL, Shuh DK, Tyliszczak T. New evidence for 5f covalency in actinocenes determined from carbon K-edge XAS and electronic structure theory. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52030g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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141
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Carretta S, Amoretti G, Santini P, Mougel V, Mazzanti M, Gambarelli S, Colineau E, Caciuffo R. Magnetic properties and chiral states of a trimetallic uranium complex. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:486001. [PMID: 24169692 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/48/486001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic properties of the triangular molecular nanomagnet [UO2L]3 (L = 2-(4-tolyl)-1,3-bis(quinolyl)malondiiminate) have been investigated through electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-field magnetization and susceptibility measurements. The experimental findings are well reproduced by a microscopic model including exchange interactions and local crystal fields. These results show that [UO2L]3 is characterized by a non-magnetic ground doublet corresponding to two oppositely twisted chiral arrangements of the uranium moments. The non-axial character of single-ion crystal fields leads to quantum tunneling of the noncollinear magnetization in the presence of a magnetic field applied perpendicularly to the triangle plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carretta
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Parma, and Unità CNISM di Parma, Viale G P Usberti 7/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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142
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Cation‐Mediated Conversion of the State of Charge in Uranium Arene Inverted‐Sandwich Complexes. Chemistry 2013; 19:17528-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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143
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Minasian SG, Keith JM, Batista ER, Boland KS, Kozimor SA, Martin RL, Shuh DK, Tyliszczak T, Vernon LJ. Carbon K-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Examination of Metal–Carbon Bonding in Metallocene Dichlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14731-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405844j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G. Minasian
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New
Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jason M. Keith
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New
Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Enrique R. Batista
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New
Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Kevin S. Boland
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New
Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Stosh A. Kozimor
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New
Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Richard L. Martin
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New
Mexico 87545, United States
| | - David K. Shuh
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tolek Tyliszczak
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Louis J. Vernon
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New
Mexico 87545, United States
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144
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Tecmer P, Govind N, Kowalski K, de Jong WA, Visscher L. Reliable modeling of the electronic spectra of realistic uranium complexes. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:034301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4812360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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145
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Su J, Dau PD, Xu CF, Huang DL, Liu HT, Wei F, Wang LS, Li J. A Joint Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Study on the Electronic Structure of UCl5−and UCl5. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:2489-96. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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146
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Lukens WW, Edelstein NM, Magnani N, Hayton TW, Fortier S, Seaman LA. Quantifying the σ and π Interactions between U(V) f Orbitals and Halide, Alkyl, Alkoxide, Amide and Ketimide Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:10742-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ja403815h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W. Lukens
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Norman M. Edelstein
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Nicola Magnani
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Trevor W. Hayton
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Skye Fortier
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Lani A. Seaman
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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147
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Su J, Dau PD, Qiu YH, Liu HT, Xu CF, Huang DL, Wang LS, Li J. Probing the Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding in Tricoordinate Uranyl Complexes UO2X3– (X = F, Cl, Br, I): Competition between Coulomb Repulsion and U–X Bonding. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:6617-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4006482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Su
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Phuong Diem Dau
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence,
Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Yi-Heng Qiu
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong-Tao Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence,
Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Chao-Fei Xu
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dao-Ling Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence,
Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence,
Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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148
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Cooper OJ, Mills DP, McMaster J, Tuna F, McInnes EJL, Lewis W, Blake AJ, Liddle ST. The Nature of the UC Double Bond: Pushing the Stability of High-Oxidation-State Uranium Carbenes to the Limit. Chemistry 2013; 19:7071-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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149
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Brown JL, Fortier S, Wu G, Kaltsoyannis N, Hayton TW. Synthesis and Spectroscopic and Computational Characterization of the Chalcogenido-Substituted Analogues of the Uranyl Ion, [OUE]2+ (E = S, Se). J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5352-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja402068j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie L. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Skye Fortier
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nikolas Kaltsoyannis
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher
Ingold Laboratories, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W. Hayton
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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150
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Minasian SG, Keith JM, Batista ER, Boland KS, Bradley JA, Daly SR, Kozimor SA, Lukens WW, Martin RL, Nordlund D, Seidler GT, Shuh DK, Sokaras D, Tyliszczak T, Wagner GL, Weng TC, Yang P. Covalency in Metal–Oxygen Multiple Bonds Evaluated Using Oxygen K-edge Spectroscopy and Electronic Structure Theory. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1864-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ja310223b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G. Minasian
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Jason M. Keith
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Enrique R. Batista
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Kevin S. Boland
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Joseph A. Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United
States
| | - Scott R. Daly
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Stosh A. Kozimor
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Wayne W. Lukens
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Richard L. Martin
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - David K. Shuh
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Tolek Tyliszczak
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Gregory L. Wagner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Tsu-Chein Weng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ping Yang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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