101
|
Prevention of rotavirus infections in vitro with aqueous extracts of Quillaja Saponaria Molina. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:1083-97. [PMID: 20725585 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea disease in newborns and young children worldwide, estimated to be responsible for over 300,000 childhood deaths every year, mostly in developing countries. Rotavirus-related deaths represent approximately 5% of all deaths in children younger than 5 years of age worldwide. Saponins are readily soluble in water and are approved by the US FDA for inclusion in beverages intended for human consumption. The addition of saponins to existing water supplies offers a new form of intervention into the cycle of rotavirus infection. We believe that saponins will 'coat' the epithelium of the host's small intestine and prevent attachment of rotavirus. DISCUSSION This experiment provides in vitro data for the possibility of including saponin in drinking water to prevent infections of rotavirus. We demonstrate that microgram amounts of extract, while exhibiting no cell cytotoxicity or direct virucidal activity, prevent rotavirus from infecting its host cells. In addition, the presence of residual amounts of extract continue to block viral infection and render cells resistant to infection for at least 16 h after the removal of the extract from the cell culture media. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that two Quillaja extracts possess strong antiviral activity at concentrations more than 1000-fold lower than concentrations exhibiting cell cytotoxicity. Extract concentrations as high as 1000 μg/ml are not cytotoxic, but concentrations as low as 1.0 μg/ml are able to block rotavirus and reovirus attachment and infection.
Collapse
|
102
|
|
103
|
Ok JU, Baek YC, Kim KH, Lee SC, Seol YJ, Lee KY, Choi CW, Jeon CO, Lee SS, Lee SS, Oh YK. Effects of Saponin Contained Plant Extracts on Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Production. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2011.53.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
104
|
ISWANTINI DYAH, SILITONGA RHOITOFROISTA, MARTATILOFA ELIZABETH, DARUSMAN LATIFAHKOSIM. Zingiber cassumunar, Guazuma ulmifolia, and Murraya paniculata Extracts as Antiobesity: In Vitro Inhibitory Effect on Pancreatic Lipase Activity. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.4308/hjb.18.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
105
|
Hao W, Li H, Hu M, Yang L, Rizwan-ul-Haq M. Integrated control of citrus green and blue mold and sour rot by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in combination with tea saponin. POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY 2011; 59:316-323. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
|
106
|
Nasri S, Ben Salem H, Vasta V, Abidi S, Makkar H, Priolo A. Effect of increasing levels of Quillaja saponaria on digestion, growth and meat quality of Barbarine lamb. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
107
|
The effect and mode of action of saponins on the microbial populations and fermentation in the rumen and ruminant production. Nutr Res Rev 2010; 22:204-19. [PMID: 20003589 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422409990163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The growing public concerns over chemical residues in animal-derived foods and threats of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have renewed interest in exploring safer alternatives to chemical feed additives in ruminant livestock. Various bioactive phytochemicals including saponins appear to be potential 'natural' alternatives to 'chemical' additives in modulating rumen fermentation favourably and animal performance. Saponins are a diverse group of glycosides present in many families of plants. The primary effect of saponins in the rumen appears to be to inhibit the protozoa (defaunation), which might increase the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and protein flow to the duodenum. Furthermore, saponins may decrease methane production via defaunation and/or directly by decreasing the activities (i.e. rate of methanogenesis or expression of methane-producing genes) and numbers of methanogens. Saponins may also selectively affect specific rumen bacteria and fungi, which may alter the rumen metabolism beneficially or adversely. The ammonia-adsorption and modulation of digesta passage in the rumen by saponins have also been implicated in altering rumen metabolism, but their physiological responses are likely to be negligible compared with microbiological effects. The effects of saponins on rumen fermentation have not been found to be consistent. These discrepancies appear to be related to the chemical structure and dosage of saponins, diet composition, microbial community and adaptation of microbiota to saponins. There is need for systematic research based on chemical structures of saponins, nutrient composition of diets and their effects on rumen microbial ecosystem to obtain consistent results. The present paper reviews and discusses the effects and mode of action of saponins on microbial community and fermentation in the rumen, and ruminant performance.
Collapse
|
108
|
|
109
|
Bachran C, Weng A, Bachran D, Riese SB, Schellmann N, Melzig MF, Fuchs H. The distribution of saponins in vivo affects their synergy with chimeric toxins against tumours expressing human epidermal growth factor receptors in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 159:345-52. [PMID: 20015087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Certain saponins synergize with antitumour drugs to enhance their efficacy, but the mechanisms underlying this synergy in vivo are not well studied. Here, we describe the distribution of Saponinum album (Spn) from Gypsophila paniculata L. in mice after subcutaneous injection. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The [(3)H]-labelled Spn used for in vivo experiments was biologically active, as it still increased the cytotoxicity of a chimeric toxin in vitro. Distribution of [(3)H]-Spn was measured in BALB/c mice, with or without subcutaneous tumours in the flank. Labelled Spn was subcutaneously injected in the neck, and samples of organs, blood, urine and tumour tissue were analysed for radioactivity, 5-240 min after the injection. KEY RESULTS The majority of [(3)H]-Spn distributed within 10 min throughout the entire animal, with high levels of radioactivity in the urine by 30 min. No preferential accumulation in tumour tissue or other organs was observed. In tumour-bearing mice, using a sequential combination of Spn (given first) and a chimeric toxin against the epidermal growth factor receptor, ErbB1, we tested two different pretreatment times for Spn. There was high antitumour efficacy (66% inhibition of tumour growth) after 60 min pre treatment with Spn, but no significant inhibition after 10 min pre treatment with Spn. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS [(3)H]-Spn was rapidly cleared from the mice after s.c. injection, and antitumour synergy with chimeric toxins was correlated with the removal of excess Spn from tissues. Disposition of Spn in vivo may critically determine antitumour synergy with chimeric toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Bachran
- Zentralinstitut für Laboratoriumsmedizin und Pathobiochemie, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Li Y, Du Y, Zou C. Effects of pH on antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of tea saponins. Eur Food Res Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-009-1014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
111
|
|
112
|
Khiaosa-Ard R, Bryner S, Scheeder M, Wettstein HR, Leiber F, Kreuzer M, Soliva C. Evidence for the inhibition of the terminal step of ruminal α-linolenic acid biohydrogenation by condensed tannins. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:177-88. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
113
|
Hart K, Yáñez-Ruiz D, Duval S, McEwan N, Newbold C. Plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
114
|
Lourenço M, Cardozo PW, Calsamiglia S, Fievez V. Effects of saponins, quercetin, eugenol, and cinnamaldehyde on fatty acid biohydrogenation of forage polyunsaturated fatty acids in dual-flow continuous culture fermenters1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:3045-53. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
115
|
Singer M, Robinson P, Salem A, DePeters E. Impacts of rumen fluid modified by feeding Yucca schidigera to lactating dairy cows on in vitro gas production of 11 common dairy feedstuffs, as well as animal performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
116
|
Hoffmann EM, Selje-Assmann N, Becker K. Dose studies on anti-proteolytic effects of a methanol extract from Knautia arvensis on in vitro ruminal fermentation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
117
|
Lourenço M, Van Ranst G, Vlaeminck B, De Smet S, Fievez V. Influence of different dietary forages on the fatty acid composition of rumen digesta as well as ruminant meat and milk. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
118
|
Goel G, Makkar HPS, Becker K. Changes in microbial community structure, methanogenesis and rumen fermentation in response to saponin-rich fractions from different plant materials. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:770-7. [PMID: 18422554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Investigation of the effects of saponin-rich fractions on rumen fermentation, methane production and the microbial community. METHODS AND RESULTS Saponins were extracted from Carduus, Sesbania and Knautia leaves and fenugreek seeds. Two levels of saponin-rich fractions with a substrate were incubated using the Hohenheim gas method. Methane was measured using an infrared-based methane analyser and microbial communities using quantitative PCR. On addition of saponin-rich fractions, methane and short-chain fatty acid production was not affected. The protozoal counts decreased by 10-39%. Sesbania saponins decreased methanogen population by 78%. Decrease in ruminal fungal population (20-60%) and increase in Fibrobacter succinogenes (21-45%) and Ruminococcus flavefaciens (23-40%) were observed. CONCLUSIONS The saponins evaluated possessed anti-protozoal activity; however, this activity did not lead to methane reduction. Fenugreek saponins seemed to have potential for increasing rumen efficiency. The saponins altered the microbial community towards proliferation of fibre-degrading bacteria and inhibition of fungal population. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The uni-directional relationship between protozoal numbers and methanogenesis, as affected by saponins, is not obligatory. All saponins might not hold promise for decreasing methane production from ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Goel
- Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480b), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Kirby J, Romanini DW, Paradise EM, Keasling JD. Engineering triterpene production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae-β-amyrin synthase from Artemisia annua. FEBS J 2008; 275:1852-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
120
|
Wisløff H, Uhlig S, Scheie E, Loader J, Wilkins A, Flåøyen A. Toxicity testing of saponin-containing Yucca schidigera Roetzl. juice in relation to hepato- and nephrotoxicity of Narthecium ossifragum (L.) Huds. Toxicon 2008; 51:140-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
121
|
The effect of organic diets on the performance of pullets maintained under semi-organic conditions. Animal 2008; 2:117-24. [PMID: 22444970 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of organic diets, with or without supplements of betaine, saponin, fructo-oligosaccharide and methionine, on the health, performance and gut flora of pullets were investigated. A comparison was also made between birds fed organic diets and those fed a non-organic diet. Day-old Lohmann Tradition pullets were reared in 24 groups of 64 chicks indoors until 11 weeks, and then in 48 groups of 24 to 27 chicks with access to range until 17 weeks of age. Groups of birds were fed one of eight diets, a conventional rearing diet with supplementary amino acids, an organic basal diet, organic basal plus methionine and organic basal supplemented with one of the test ingredients. At most stages of growth the birds fed the conventional diet and those fed the basal diet with methionine performed better than those that had no supplemental methionine. Other dietary treatments had no consistently significant effect on growth, the microbial populations within the gastro-intestinal tract of the birds or the number of parasite eggs excreted. After 5 weeks with access to range, the birds that were fed three out of five diets regarded as deficient in sulphur amino acids achieved similar weights (P > 0.05) to birds that received diets adequate in sulphur amino acids. Health and welfare of birds fed organic diets was not adversely affected; however, an investigation of birds housed in larger flocks and taken into the laying phase, when physical demands on birds are greatest, is required.
Collapse
|
122
|
Baah J, Ivan M, Hristov A, Koenig K, Rode L, McAllister T. Effects of potential dietary antiprotozoal supplements on rumen fermentation and digestibility in heifers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
123
|
Selje N, Hoffmann EM, Muetzel S, Ningrat R, Wallace RJ, Becker K. Results of a screening programme to identify plants or plant extracts that inhibit ruminal protein degradation. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:45-53. [PMID: 17445338 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507472506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
One aim of the EC Framework V project, ’Rumen-up’ (QLK5-CT-2001-00 992), was to find plants or plant extracts that would inhibit the nutritionally wasteful degradation of protein in the rumen. A total of 500 samples were screenedin vitrousing14C-labelled casein in a 30-min incubation with ruminal digesta. Eight were selected for further investigation using a batch fermentation system and soya protein and bovine serum albumin as proteolysis substrates; proteolysis was monitored over 12 h by the disappearance of soluble protein and the production of branched SCFA and NH3. Freeze-dried, ground foliage ofPeltiphyllum peltatum,Helianthemum canum,Arbutus unedo,Arctostaphylos uva-ursiandKnautia arvensisinhibited proteolysis (P < 0·05), whileDaucus carota,Clematis vitalbaandErica arboreahad little effect. Inhibition by the first four samples appeared to be caused by the formation of insoluble tannin–protein complexes. The samples were rich in phenolics and inhibition was reversed by polyethyleneglycol. In contrast,K.arvensiscontained low concentrations of phenolics and no tannins, had no effect in the 30-min assay, yet inhibited the degradation rate of soluble protein (by 14 %,P < 0·0001) and the production of branched SCFA (by 17 %,P < 0·05) without precipitating protein in the 12-h batch fermentation. The effects showed some resemblance to those obtained in parallel incubations containing 3 μm-monensin, suggesting thatK.arvensismay be a plant-derived feed additive that can suppress growth and activity of key proteolytic ruminal micro-organisms in a manner similar to that already well known for monensin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Selje
- Department for Aquaculture Systems and Animal Nutrition, Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Koenig KM, Ivan M, Teferedegne BT, Morgavi DP, Rode LM, Ibrahim IM, Newbold CJ. Effect of dietary Enterolobium cyclocarpum on microbial protein flow and nutrient digestibility in sheep maintained fauna-free, with total mixed fauna or with Entodinium caudatum monofauna. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:504-16. [PMID: 17459191 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507723930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Three groups of five wethers with ruminal and duodenal cannulas and maintained as either fauna-free (FF) or inoculated with total mixed fauna (TF) or Entodinium caudatum as a single-species monofauna (EN) were used in an experiment with two 28 d periods. In the first period, the sheep were fed a control barley-based diet (40:60 concentrate to silage DM) and in the second period the diet was supplemented with 187 g DM of Enterolobium cyclocarpum for the last 12 d of the period. The diets of period 1 and 2 were isonitrogenous. There was no effect of fauna on apparent ruminal and total tract organic matter and fibre digestion, but bacterial and microbial N flow and efficiency were improved in FF sheep compared to TF sheep. In period 2, protozoal numbers were reduced between 31 and 88 % 2 h after feeding E. cyclocarpum for the third to twelfth day of supplementation and by an average of 25 % in samples collected over the 24 h feeding cycle. Supplementation of the diet with E. cyclocarpum and the consequent protozoal reduction in TF and EN sheep improved the flow of non-ammonia N and bacterial N to the small intestine and the efficiency of microbial synthesis. However, E. cyclocarpum reduced ruminal organic matter digestion, especially in faunated sheep, and total tract organic matter, N and fibre digestion. Thus, a reduction in the protozoal cell numbers of 25 % was sufficient to achieve the beneficial effects of reduced fauna on the bacterial protein supply, but diet digestibility was reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Koenig
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Guo M, Song F, Liu Z, Liu S. Characterization of triterpenoidic saponin mixture in crude extracts from leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms by saponin structural correlation and mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|