101
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Survival control of malignant lymphocytes by anti-apoptotic MCL-1. Leukemia 2016; 30:2152-2159. [PMID: 27479182 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed apoptotic cell death is critical to maintain tissue homeostasis and cellular integrity in the lymphatic system. Accordingly, the evasion of apoptosis is a critical milestone for the transformation of lymphocytes on their way to becoming overt lymphomas. The anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins are pivotal regulators of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and genetic aberrations in these genes are associated with lymphomagenesis and chemotherapeutic resistance. Pharmacological targeting of BCL-2 is highly effective in certain indolent B-cell lymphomas; however, recent evidence highlights a critical role for the BCL-2 family member MCL-1 in several lymphoma subtypes. MCL-1 is recurrently highly expressed in various kinds of cancer including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of B- and T-cell origin. Moreover, both indolent and aggressive forms of lymphoma require MCL-1 for lymphomagenesis and for their continued survival. This review summarizes the role of MCL-1 in B- and T-cell lymphoma and discusses its potential as a therapeutic target.
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102
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Smith ML, Chyla B, McKeegan E, Tahir SK. Development of a flow cytometric method for quantification of BCL-2 family members in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and correlation with sensitivity to BCL-2 family inhibitors. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 92:331-339. [PMID: 27177607 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have developed a quantitative fluorescence cytometry (QFCM) method that can be used to measure BCL-2 family member proteins in cell lines and clinical samples. We described the validation of antibodies, methods development and application of the assay. METHOD We characterized and validated antibodies to BCL-2, BCL-XL , and MCL-1 in cell lines to confirm specificity for flow cytometry. Each protein was measured in a panel of leukemia/lymphoma cell lines and B-cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients treated with the BCL-2/BCL-XL inhibitor navitoclax. The cellular activity of various BCL-2 family member inhibitors alone and in combination was determined to demonstrate utility of our assay to correlate protein levels with efficacy. RESULTS We identified antibodies that were highly specific for each protein. The expression profile in cell lines as determined by molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome was comparable to western blot. Using our assay, BCL-2, BCL-XL , and MCL-1 protein levels were shown to correlate with response to BCL-2 family inhibitors in vitro and could be measured in clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS This method can quantify BCL-2 family members in a specific, highly reproducible and sensitive fashion, and requires fewer cells compared to western blot. It is particularly useful for identifying BCL-2, BCL-XL , and MCL-1 protein levels in a specific cell population within a heterogeneous population like those collected from CLL patients. These data show that our QFCM method can be used to facilitate the quantification and evaluation of biomarkers predictive of response in patients treated with BCL-2 family member inhibitors. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morey L Smith
- Research and Development, Oncology Discovery, AbbVie, Inc, 1 North Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064
| | - Brenda Chyla
- Research and Development, Oncology Discovery, AbbVie, Inc, 1 North Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064
| | - Evelyn McKeegan
- Research and Development, Oncology Discovery, AbbVie, Inc, 1 North Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064
| | - Stephen K Tahir
- Research and Development, Oncology Discovery, AbbVie, Inc, 1 North Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064
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103
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Lee S, Wales TE, Escudero S, Cohen DT, Luccarelli J, Gallagher CG, Cohen NA, Huhn AJ, Bird GH, Engen JR, Walensky LD. Allosteric inhibition of antiapoptotic MCL-1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:600-7. [PMID: 27159560 PMCID: PMC4900187 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MCL-1 is an antiapoptotic BCL-2 family protein that has emerged as a major pathogenic factor in human cancer. Like BCL-2, MCL-1 bears a surface groove whose function is to sequester the BH3 killer domains of proapoptotic BCL-2 family members, a mechanism harnessed by cancer cells to establish formidable apoptotic blockades. Although drugging the BH3-binding groove has been achieved for BCL-2, translating this approach to MCL-1 has been challenging. Here, we report an alternative mechanism for MCL-1 inhibition by small-molecule covalent modification of C286 at a new interaction site distant from the BH3-binding groove. Our structure-function analyses revealed that the BH3 binding capacity of MCL-1 and its suppression of BAX are impaired by molecular engagement, a phenomenon recapitulated by C286W mutagenic mimicry in vitro and in mouse cells. Thus, we characterize an allosteric mechanism for disrupting the antiapoptotic BH3 binding activity of MCL-1, informing a new strategy for disarming MCL-1 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Lee
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas E Wales
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Silvia Escudero
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel T Cohen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Luccarelli
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine G Gallagher
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicole A Cohen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annissa J Huhn
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory H Bird
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Loren D Walensky
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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104
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Beekman AM, Howell LA. Small-Molecule and Peptide Inhibitors of the Pro-Survival Protein Mcl-1. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:802-13. [PMID: 26696548 PMCID: PMC4991272 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability of protein-protein interactions to regulate cellular processes in both beneficial and detrimental ways has made them obvious drug targets. The Bcl-2 family of proteins undergo a series of protein-protein interactions which regulate the intrinsic cell-death pathway. The pro-survival members of the Bcl-2 family, including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL , and Mcl-1, are commonly overexpressed in a number of human cancers. Effective modulators of members of the Bcl-2 family have been developed and are undergoing clinical trials, but the efficient modulation of Mcl-1 is still not represented in the clinic. In addition, Mcl-1 is a major cause of resistance to radio- and chemotherapies, including inhibitors that target other Bcl-2 family members. Subsequently, the inhibition of Mcl-1 has become of significant interest to the scientific community. This review covers the progress made to date in modulating the activity of Mcl-1, by both stapled peptides and small molecules. The development of peptides as drug candidates, and the advancement of experimental and computational techniques used to discover small molecules are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Beekman
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Lesley A Howell
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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105
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Beekman AM, O'Connell MA, Howell LA. Identification of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the Antiapoptotic Protein Myeloid Cell Leukaemia-1 (Mcl-1). ChemMedChem 2016; 11:840-4. [PMID: 26616140 PMCID: PMC4848766 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) control many cellular processes in cancer and tumour growth. Of significant interest is the role PPIs play in regulating apoptosis. The overexpression of the antiapoptosis regulating Bcl-2 family of proteins is commonly observed in several cancers, leading to resistance towards both radiation and chemotherapies. From this family, myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) has proven the most difficult to target, and one of the leading causes of treatment resistance. Exploiting the selective PPI between the apoptosis-regulating protein Noxa and Mcl-1, utilising a fluorescence polarization assay, we have identified four small molecules with the ability to modulate Mcl-1. The identified compounds were computationally modelled and docked against the Mcl-1 binding interface to obtain structural information about their binding sites allowing for future analogue design. When examined for their activity towards pancreatic cell lines that overexpress Mcl-1 (MiaPaCa-2 and BxPC-3), the identified compounds demonstrated growth inhibition, suggesting effective Mcl-1 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Beekman
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Maria A O'Connell
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Lesley A Howell
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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106
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Besbes S, Mirshahi M, Pocard M, Billard C. New dimension in therapeutic targeting of BCL-2 family proteins. Oncotarget 2016; 6:12862-71. [PMID: 25970783 PMCID: PMC4536985 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the BCL-2 family control the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Targeting these proteins proves to be an attractive strategy for anticancer therapy. The biological context is based on the fact that BH3-only members of the family are specific antagonists of prosurvival members. This prompted the identification of “BH3 mimetic” compounds. These small peptides or organic molecules indeed mimic the BH3 domain of BH3-only proteins: by selectively binding and antagonizing prosurvival proteins, they can induce apoptosis in malignant cells. Some small-molecule inhibitors of prosurvival proteins have already entered clinical trials in cancer patients and two of them have shown significant therapeutic effects. The latest developments in the field of targeting BCL-2 family proteins highlight several new antagonists of prosurvival proteins as well as direct activators of proapoptotic proteins. These compounds open up novel prospects for the development of BH3 mimetic anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaher Besbes
- INSERM U 965, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR S965, Paris, France
| | - Massoud Mirshahi
- INSERM U 965, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR S965, Paris, France
| | - Marc Pocard
- INSERM U 965, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR S965, Paris, France
| | - Christian Billard
- INSERM U 965, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR S965, Paris, France
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107
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Pelz NF, Bian Z, Zhao B, Shaw S, Tarr JC, Belmar J, Gregg C, Camper DV, Goodwin CM, Arnold AL, Sensintaffar JL, Friberg A, Rossanese OW, Lee T, Olejniczak ET, Fesik SW. Discovery of 2-Indole-acylsulfonamide Myeloid Cell Leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) Inhibitors Using Fragment-Based Methods. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2054-66. [PMID: 26878343 PMCID: PMC5565212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) is a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins responsible for the regulation of programmed cell death. Amplification of Mcl-1 is a common genetic aberration in human cancer whose overexpression contributes to the evasion of apoptosis and is one of the major resistance mechanisms for many chemotherapies. Mcl-1 mediates its effects primarily through interactions with pro-apoptotic BH3 containing proteins that achieve high affinity for the target by utilizing four hydrophobic pockets in its binding groove. Here we describe the discovery of Mcl-1 inhibitors using fragment-based methods and structure-based design. These novel inhibitors exhibit low nanomolar binding affinities to Mcl-1 and >500-fold selectivity over Bcl-xL. X-ray structures of lead Mcl-1 inhibitors when complexed to Mcl-1 provided detailed information on how these small-molecules bind to the target and were used extensively to guide compound optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F. Pelz
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | | | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Subrata Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - James C. Tarr
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Johannes Belmar
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Claire Gregg
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - DeMarco V. Camper
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Craig M. Goodwin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Allison L. Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - John L. Sensintaffar
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | | | | | - Taekyu Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Edward T. Olejniczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen W. Fesik
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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108
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Besbes S, Pocard M, Mirshahi M, Billard C. The first MCL-1-selective BH3 mimetics have therapeutic potential for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 100:32-6. [PMID: 26899021 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule BH3 mimetics are designed to mimic the BH3 domain of BH3-only BCL-2 family members which are antagonists of the prosurvival members (such as BCL-2, BCL-XL and MCL-1). The BH3 mimetics are intended to bind with high affinity to prosurvival proteins, in order to inhibit their functional activity and hence to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Both navitoclax (BCL-2/BCL-XL antagonist) and ABT-199/venetoclax (BCL-2-selective inhibitor) have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy especially in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, these BH3 mimetics cannot antagonize the prosurvival protein MCL-1 that is overexpressed and involved in therapeutic resistance in CLL. Furthermore, until now, none of the reported small-molecule MCL-1 inhibitors bound to their target with high affinity. The first MCL-1-selective BH3 mimetics capable of high-affinity binding and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells through an on-target mechanism have just been identified. This discovery should advance the translational research to implement novel drugs in treating CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaher Besbes
- INSERM U 965, Hôpital Lariboisière, 41 Bd de la Chapelle, 750010 Paris, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Marc Pocard
- INSERM U 965, Hôpital Lariboisière, 41 Bd de la Chapelle, 750010 Paris, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Massoud Mirshahi
- INSERM U 965, Hôpital Lariboisière, 41 Bd de la Chapelle, 750010 Paris, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Christian Billard
- INSERM U 965, Hôpital Lariboisière, 41 Bd de la Chapelle, 750010 Paris, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.
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109
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Drennen B, Scheenstra JA, Yap JL, Chen L, Lanning ME, Roth BM, Wilder PT, Fletcher S. Structural Re-engineering of the α-Helix Mimetic JY-1-106 into Small Molecules: Disruption of the Mcl-1-Bak-BH3 Protein-Protein Interaction with 2,6-Di-Substituted Nicotinates. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:827-33. [PMID: 26844930 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The disruption of aberrant protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with synthetic agents remains a challenging goal in contemporary medicinal chemistry but some progress has been made. One such dysregulated PPI is that between the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, including myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), and the α-helical Bcl-2 homology-3 (BH3) domains of its pro-apoptotic counterparts, such as Bak. Herein, we describe the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of the Mcl-1 oncoprotein based on a novel chemotype. Particularly, re-engineering of our α-helix mimetic JY-1-106 into 2,6-di-substituted nicotinates afforded inhibitors of comparable potencies but with significantly decreased molecular weights. The most potent inhibitor 2-(benzyloxy)-6-(4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenoxy)nicotinic acid (1 r: Ki =2.90 μm) likely binds in the p2 pocket of Mcl-1 and engages R263 in a salt bridge through its carboxylic acid, as supported by 2D (1) H-(15) N HSQC NMR data. Significantly, inhibitors were easily accessed in just four steps, which will facilitate future optimization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Drennen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jacob A Scheenstra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jeremy L Yap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lijia Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Maryanna E Lanning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Braden M Roth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Paul T Wilder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,University of Maryland, Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Steven Fletcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,University of Maryland, Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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110
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Structure-based design of N-substituted 1-hydroxy-4-sulfamoyl-2-naphthoates as selective inhibitors of the Mcl-1 oncoprotein. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 113:273-92. [PMID: 26985630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based drug design was utilized to develop novel, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate-based small-molecule inhibitors of Mcl-1. Ligand design was driven by exploiting a salt bridge with R263 and interactions with the p2 pocket of the protein. Significantly, target molecules were accessed in just two synthetic steps, suggesting further optimization will require minimal synthetic effort. Molecular modeling using the Site-Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation (SILCS) approach was used to qualitatively direct ligand design as well as develop quantitative models for inhibitor binding affinity to Mcl-1 and the Bcl-2 relative Bcl-xL as well as for the specificity of binding to the two proteins. Results indicated hydrophobic interactions in the p2 pocket dominated affinity of the most favourable binding ligand (3bl: Ki = 31 nM). Compounds were up to 19-fold selective for Mcl-1 over Bcl-xL. Selectivity of the inhibitors was driven by interactions with the deeper p2 pocket in Mcl-1 versus Bcl-xL. The SILCS-based SAR of the present compounds represents the foundation for the development of Mcl-1 specific inhibitors with the potential to treat a wide range of solid tumours and hematological cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia.
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111
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Nhu D, Lessene G, Huang DCS, Burns CJ. Small molecules targeting Mcl-1: the search for a silver bullet in cancer therapy. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00582e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Progress towards the development of potent and selective inhibitors of the pro-survival protein Mcl-1 is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong Nhu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
- Australia
- Department of Medical Biology
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Guillaume Lessene
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
- Australia
- Department of Medical Biology
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
| | - David C. S. Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
- Australia
- Department of Medical Biology
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Christopher J. Burns
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
- Australia
- Department of Medical Biology
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
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112
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Chen L, Wilder PT, Drennen B, Tran J, Roth BM, Chesko K, Shapiro P, Fletcher S. Structure-based design of 3-carboxy-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines as inhibitors of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1). Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5505-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02063h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel Mcl-1 inhibitor chemotype based on a tetrahydroquinoline carboxylic acid was developed utilizing structure-based design, which was subsequently validated by a fluorescence polarization competition assay and HSQC NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - P. T. Wilder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Maryland School of Medicine
- Baltimore
- USA
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center
| | - B. Drennen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - J. Tran
- PharmD Program
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - B. M. Roth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Maryland School of Medicine
- Baltimore
- USA
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center
| | - K. Chesko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - P. Shapiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy
- Baltimore
- USA
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center
| | - S. Fletcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy
- Baltimore
- USA
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center
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113
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Design, synthesis and preliminary biological studies of pyrrolidine derivatives as Mcl-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7685-93. [PMID: 26620718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic proteins, such as B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) protein, myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1) protein, are potential targets for cancer treatment. In the studies, a series of pyrrolidine derivatives were developed as potent Mcl-1 inhibitors. The preliminary biological studies suggested that most of target compounds exhibit good abilities for targeting Mcl-1 protein. Among them, compound 21 (Ki=0.53μM) exhibited equal inhibitory activities towards Mcl-1 protein compared to positive control gossypol (Ki=0.39μM). This compound also possessed good antiproliferative activities against MDA-MB-231 and PC-3 cancer cells.
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114
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Phillips DC, Xiao Y, Lam LT, Litvinovich E, Roberts-Rapp L, Souers AJ, Leverson JD. Loss in MCL-1 function sensitizes non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines to the BCL-2-selective inhibitor venetoclax (ABT-199). Blood Cancer J 2015; 5:e368. [PMID: 26565405 PMCID: PMC4670945 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2015.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a population, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) cell lines positive for the t(14;18) translocation and/or possessing elevated BCL2 copy number (CN; BCL2(High)) are exquisitely sensitive to navitoclax or the B-cell lymphoma protein-2 (BCL-2)-selective inhibitor venetoclax. Despite this, some BCL2(High) cell lines remain resistant to either agent. Here we show that the MCL-1-specific inhibitor A-1210477 sensitizes these cell lines to navitoclax. Chemical segregation of this synergy with the BCL-2-selective inhibitor venetoclax or BCL-XL-selective inhibitor A-1155463 indicated that MCL-1 and BCL-2 are the two key anti-apoptotic targets for sensitization. Similarly, the CDK inhibitor flavopiridol downregulated MCL-1 expression and synergized with venetoclax in BCL2(High) NHL cell lines to a similar extent as A-1210477. A-1210477 also synergized with navitoclax in the majority of BCL2(Low) NHL cell lines. However, chemical segregation with venetoclax or A-1155463 revealed that synergy was driven by BCL-XL inhibition in this population. Collectively these data emphasize that BCL2 status is predictive of venetoclax potency in NHL not only as a single agent, but also in the adjuvant setting with anti-tumorigenic agents that inhibit MCL-1 function. These studies also potentially identify a patient population (BCL2(Low)) that could benefit from BCL-XL (navitoclax)-driven combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Phillips
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Y Xiao
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L T Lam
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - A J Souers
- Oncology Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J D Leverson
- Oncology Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
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115
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Opferman JT. Attacking cancer's Achilles heel: antagonism of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members. FEBS J 2015; 283:2661-75. [PMID: 26293580 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Malignant cells routinely violate cellular checkpoints that should initiate cell death in normal cells by triggering pro-apoptotic members of the BCL-2 family of proteins. To escape such death inducing signals, cancer cells often select for upregulation of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members including BCL-2, BCL-XL , BFL-1, BCL-W and MCL-1. These family members prevent death by sequestering pro-apoptotic molecules. To counter this resistance mechanism, small molecule inhibitors of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members have been under development. These molecules have shown promise in pre-clinical and clinical testing to overcome apoptotic resistance, prompting cancer cells to undergo apoptosis. Alternatively, other strategies have taken advantage of the normal regulatory machinery controlling anti-apoptotic molecules and have used inhibitors of signaling pathways to down-modulate the expression of anti-apoptotic molecules, thus tilting the balance in cancer cells to cell death. This review explores recent developments and strategies aimed at antagonizing anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family member action to promote the induction of cell death in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Opferman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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116
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Targeting BCL-2 to enhance vulnerability to therapy in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Oncogene 2015; 35:1877-87. [PMID: 26257067 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The last three decades have seen significant progress in our understanding of the role of the pro-survival protein BCL-2 and its family members in apoptosis and cancer. BCL-2 and other pro-survival family members including Mcl-1 and BCL-XL have been shown to have a key role in keeping pro-apoptotic 'effector' proteins BAK and BAX in check. They also neutralize a group of 'sensor' proteins (such as BIM), which are triggered by cytotoxic stimuli such as chemotherapy. BCL-2 proteins therefore have a central role as guardians against apoptosis, helping cancer cells to evade cell death. More recently, an increasing number of BH3 mimetics, which bind and neutralize BCL-2 and/or its pro-survival relatives, have been developed. The utility of targeting BCL-2 in hematological malignancies has become evident in early-phase studies, with remarkable clinical responses seen in heavily pretreated patients. As BCL-2 is overexpressed in ~75% of breast cancer, there has been growing interest in determining whether this new class of drug could show similar promise in breast cancer. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of BCL-2 and its family members in mammary gland development and breast cancer, recent progress in the development of new BH3 mimetics as well as their potential for targeting estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.
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117
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Gowthaman R, Miller SA, Rogers S, Khowsathit J, Lan L, Bai N, Johnson DK, Liu C, Xu L, Anbanandam A, Aubé J, Roy A, Karanicolas J. DARC: Mapping Surface Topography by Ray-Casting for Effective Virtual Screening at Protein Interaction Sites. J Med Chem 2015; 59:4152-70. [PMID: 26126123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions represent an exciting and challenging target class for therapeutic intervention using small molecules. Protein interaction sites are often devoid of the deep surface pockets presented by "traditional" drug targets, and crystal structures reveal that inhibitors typically engage these sites using very shallow binding modes. As a consequence, modern virtual screening tools developed to identify inhibitors of traditional drug targets do not perform as well when they are instead deployed at protein interaction sites. To address the need for novel inhibitors of important protein interactions, here we introduce an alternate docking strategy specifically designed for this regime. Our method, termed DARC (Docking Approach using Ray-Casting), matches the topography of a surface pocket "observed" from within the protein to the topography "observed" when viewing a potential ligand from the same vantage point. We applied DARC to carry out a virtual screen against the protein interaction site of human antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 and found that four of the top-scoring 21 compounds showed clear inhibition in a biochemical assay. The Ki values for these compounds ranged from 1.2 to 21 μM, and each had ligand efficiency comparable to promising small-molecule inhibitors of other protein-protein interactions. These hit compounds do not resemble the natural (protein) binding partner of Mcl-1, nor do they resemble any known inhibitors of Mcl-1. Our results thus demonstrate the utility of DARC for identifying novel inhibitors of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragul Gowthaman
- Center for Computational Biology, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, Center for Cancer Experimental Therapeutics, ∥Department of Radiation Oncology, ⊥Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, #Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ∇High Throughput Screening Laboratory University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534, United States
| | - Sven A Miller
- Center for Computational Biology, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, Center for Cancer Experimental Therapeutics, ∥Department of Radiation Oncology, ⊥Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, #Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ∇High Throughput Screening Laboratory University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534, United States
| | - Steven Rogers
- Center for Computational Biology, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, Center for Cancer Experimental Therapeutics, ∥Department of Radiation Oncology, ⊥Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, #Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ∇High Throughput Screening Laboratory University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534, United States
| | - Jittasak Khowsathit
- Center for Computational Biology, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, Center for Cancer Experimental Therapeutics, ∥Department of Radiation Oncology, ⊥Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, #Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ∇High Throughput Screening Laboratory University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534, United States
| | - Lan Lan
- Center for Computational Biology, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, Center for Cancer Experimental Therapeutics, ∥Department of Radiation Oncology, ⊥Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, #Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ∇High Throughput Screening Laboratory University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534, United States
| | - Nan Bai
- Center for Computational Biology, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, Center for Cancer Experimental Therapeutics, ∥Department of Radiation Oncology, ⊥Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, #Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ∇High Throughput Screening Laboratory University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534, United States
| | - David K Johnson
- Center for Computational Biology, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, Center for Cancer Experimental Therapeutics, ∥Department of Radiation Oncology, ⊥Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, #Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ∇High Throughput Screening Laboratory University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534, United States
| | - Chunjing Liu
- Center for Computational Biology, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, Center for Cancer Experimental Therapeutics, ∥Department of Radiation Oncology, ⊥Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, #Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ∇High Throughput Screening Laboratory University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534, United States
| | - Liang Xu
- Center for Computational Biology, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, Center for Cancer Experimental Therapeutics, ∥Department of Radiation Oncology, ⊥Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, #Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ∇High Throughput Screening Laboratory University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534, United States
| | - Asokan Anbanandam
- Center for Computational Biology, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, Center for Cancer Experimental Therapeutics, ∥Department of Radiation Oncology, ⊥Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, #Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ∇High Throughput Screening Laboratory University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534, United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Center for Computational Biology, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, Center for Cancer Experimental Therapeutics, ∥Department of Radiation Oncology, ⊥Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, #Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ∇High Throughput Screening Laboratory University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534, United States
| | - Anuradha Roy
- Center for Computational Biology, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, Center for Cancer Experimental Therapeutics, ∥Department of Radiation Oncology, ⊥Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, #Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ∇High Throughput Screening Laboratory University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534, United States
| | - John Karanicolas
- Center for Computational Biology, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, Center for Cancer Experimental Therapeutics, ∥Department of Radiation Oncology, ⊥Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, #Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and ∇High Throughput Screening Laboratory University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534, United States
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118
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Besbes S, Billard C. First MCL-1-selective BH3 mimetics as potential therapeutics for targeted treatment of cancer. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1810. [PMID: 26158516 PMCID: PMC4650721 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Besbes
- INSERM U965, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - C Billard
- INSERM U965, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
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119
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Xiao Y, Nimmer P, Sheppard GS, Bruncko M, Hessler P, Lu X, Roberts-Rapp L, Pappano WN, Elmore SW, Souers AJ, Leverson JD, Phillips DC. MCL-1 Is a Key Determinant of Breast Cancer Cell Survival: Validation of MCL-1 Dependency Utilizing a Highly Selective Small Molecule Inhibitor. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1837-47. [PMID: 26013319 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperexpression of antiapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins allows cells to survive despite the receipt of signals that would ordinarily induce their deletion, a facet frequently exploited by tumors. Tumors addicted to the BCL-2 family proteins for survival are now being targeted therapeutically. For example, navitoclax, a BCL-2/BCL-XL/BCL-W inhibitor, is currently in phase I/II clinical trials in numerous malignancies. However, the related family member, MCL-1, limits the efficacy of navitoclax and other chemotherapeutic agents. In the present study, we identify breast cancer cell lines that depend upon MCL-1 for survival and subsequently determine the mechanism of apoptosis mediated by the MCL-1 selective inhibitor A-1210477. We demonstrate that apoptosis resulting from a loss in MCL-1 function requires expression of the proapoptotic protein BAK. However, expression of BCL-XL can limit apoptosis resulting from loss in MCL-1 function through sequestration of free BIM. Finally, we demonstrate substantial synergy between navitoclax and MCL-1 siRNA, the direct MCL-1 inhibitor A-1210477, or the indirect MCL-1 inhibitor flavopiridol, highlighting the therapeutic potential for inhibiting BCL-XL and MCL-1 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paul Nimmer
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Milan Bruncko
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paul Hessler
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xin Lu
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
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120
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Leverson JD. Chemical parsing: Dissecting cell dependencies with a toolkit of selective BCL-2 family inhibitors. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1050155. [PMID: 27308564 PMCID: PMC4845185 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1050155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The BCL-2/BCL-XL inhibitor navitoclax has shown promise for the treatment of cancer but on-target toxicities have limited its utility. Recently, the generation of selective BCL-2 family inhibitors has enabled a careful dissection of BCL-2 biology, and early work indicates that these molecules have improved therapeutic profiles for the treatment of cancer.
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121
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Magee TV. Progress in discovery of small-molecule modulators of protein-protein interactions via fragment screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2461-8. [PMID: 25971770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) present a formidable challenge to medicinal chemistry. The extended and open nature of many binding sites at protein interfaces has made it difficult to find useful chemical matter by traditional screening methods using standard screening libraries. This Digest focuses on the progress that has been made in discovering small-molecule modulators for a diverse selection of PPI targets using fragment screening and highlights the utility of this strategy in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Magee
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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122
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Hata AN, Engelman JA, Faber AC. The BCL2 Family: Key Mediators of the Apoptotic Response to Targeted Anticancer Therapeutics. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:475-87. [PMID: 25895919 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ability of cancer cells to suppress apoptosis is critical for carcinogenesis. The BCL2 family proteins comprise the sentinel network that regulates the mitochondrial or intrinsic apoptotic response. Recent advances in our understanding of apoptotic signaling pathways have enabled methods to identify cancers that are "primed" to undergo apoptosis, and have revealed potential biomarkers that may predict which cancers will undergo apoptosis in response to specific therapies. Complementary efforts have focused on developing novel drugs that directly target antiapoptotic BCL2 family proteins. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of BCL2 family members in cancer development and response to therapy, focusing on targeted therapeutics, recent progress in the development of apoptotic biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies designed to overcome deficiencies in apoptosis. SIGNIFICANCE Apoptosis, long known to be important for response to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, has more recently been shown to be essential for the efficacy of targeted therapies. Approaches that increase the likelihood of a cancer to undergo apoptosis following therapy may help improve targeted treatment strategies. Cancer Discov; 5(5); 475-87. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N Hata
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Anthony C Faber
- Virginia Commonwealth University Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia.
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123
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Leverson JD, Zhang H, Chen J, Tahir SK, Phillips DC, Xue J, Nimmer P, Jin S, Smith M, Xiao Y, Kovar P, Tanaka A, Bruncko M, Sheppard GS, Wang L, Gierke S, Kategaya L, Anderson DJ, Wong C, Eastham-Anderson J, Ludlam MJC, Sampath D, Fairbrother WJ, Wertz I, Rosenberg SH, Tse C, Elmore SW, Souers AJ. Potent and selective small-molecule MCL-1 inhibitors demonstrate on-target cancer cell killing activity as single agents and in combination with ABT-263 (navitoclax). Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1590. [PMID: 25590800 PMCID: PMC4669759 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The anti-apoptotic protein MCL-1 is a key regulator of cancer cell survival and a known resistance factor for small-molecule BCL-2 family inhibitors such as ABT-263 (navitoclax), making it an attractive therapeutic target. However, directly inhibiting this target requires the disruption of high-affinity protein-protein interactions, and therefore designing small molecules potent enough to inhibit MCL-1 in cells has proven extremely challenging. Here, we describe a series of indole-2-carboxylic acids, exemplified by the compound A-1210477, that bind to MCL-1 selectively and with sufficient affinity to disrupt MCL-1-BIM complexes in living cells. A-1210477 induces the hallmarks of intrinsic apoptosis and demonstrates single agent killing of multiple myeloma and non-small cell lung cancer cell lines demonstrated to be MCL-1 dependent by BH3 profiling or siRNA rescue experiments. As predicted, A-1210477 synergizes with the BCL-2/BCL-XL inhibitor navitoclax to kill a variety of cancer cell lines. This work represents the first description of small-molecule MCL-1 inhibitors with sufficient potency to induce clear on-target cellular activity. It also demonstrates the utility of these molecules as chemical tools for dissecting the basic biology of MCL-1 and the promise of small-molecule MCL-1 inhibitors as potential therapeutics for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Leverson
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - H Zhang
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - J Chen
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - S K Tahir
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - D C Phillips
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - J Xue
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - P Nimmer
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - S Jin
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - M Smith
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Y Xiao
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - P Kovar
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - A Tanaka
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - M Bruncko
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - G S Sheppard
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - L Wang
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - S Gierke
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - L Kategaya
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - D J Anderson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - C Wong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - M J C Ludlam
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - D Sampath
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - W J Fairbrother
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - I Wertz
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - S H Rosenberg
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - C Tse
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - S W Elmore
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - A J Souers
- Oncology Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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