101
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Li CKL, Sun RWY, Kui SCF, Zhu N, Che CM. Anticancer Cyclometalated [AuIIIm(C∧N∧C)mL]n+ Compounds: Synthesis and Cytotoxic Properties. Chemistry 2006; 12:5253-66. [PMID: 16642532 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of cyclometalated gold(III) compounds [Au(m)(C(wedge)N(wedge)C)mL]n+ (m = 1-3; n = 0-3; HC(wedge)N(wedge)CH = 2,6-diphenylpyridine) was prepared by ligand substitution reaction of L with N-donor or phosphine ligands. The [Au(m)(C(wedge)N(wedge)C)mL]n+ compounds are stable in solution in the presence of glutathione. Crystal structures of the gold(III) compounds containing bridging bi- and tridentate phosphino ligands reveal the presence of weak intramolecular pi pi stacking between the [Au(C(wedge)N(wedge)C)]+ units. Results of MTT assays demonstrated that the [Au(m)(C(wedge)N(wedge)C)mL]n+ compounds containing nontoxic N-donor auxiliary ligands (2) exert anticancer potency comparable to that of cisplatin, with IC50 values ranging from 1.5 to 84 microM. The use of [Au(C(wedge)N(wedge)C)(1-methylimidazole)]+ (2 a) as a model compound revealed that the gold(III)-induced cytotoxicity occurs through an apoptotic cell-death pathway. The cell-free interaction of 2 a with double-stranded DNA was also examined. Absorption titration showed that 2 a binds to calf-thymus DNA (ctDNA) with a binding constant of 4.5 x 10(5) dm3 mol(-1) at 298 K. Evidence from gel-mobility-shift assays and viscosity measurements supports an intercalating binding mode for the 2 a-DNA interaction. Cell-cycle analysis revealed that 2 a causes S-phase cell arrest after incubation for 24 and 48 hours. The cytotoxicity of 3 b-g toward cancer cells (IC50 = 0.04-4.3 microM) correlates to that of the metal-free phosphine ligands (IC50 = 0.1-38.0 microM), with [Au2(C(wedge)N(wedge)C)2(mu-dppp)]2+ (3 d) and dppp (dppp = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) being the most cytotoxic gold(III) and metal-free compounds, respectively. Compound 3 d shows a cytotoxicity at least ten-fold higher than the other gold(III) analogues; in vitro cellular-uptake experiments reveal similar absorptions for all the gold(III) compounds into nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (SUNE1) (1.18-3.81 ng/cell; c.f., 3 d = 2.04 ng/cell), suggesting the presence of non-gold-mediated cytotoxicity. Unlike 2 a, both gold(III) compounds [Au(C(wedge)N(wedge)C)(PPh3)]+ (3 a) (PPh3 = triphenylphosphine) and [Au2(C(wedge)N(wedge)C)2(mu-dppp)]2+ (3 d) interact only weakly with ctDNA and do not arrest the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Ka-Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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102
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Engman L, McNaughton M, Gajewska M, Kumar S, Birmingham A, Powis G. Thioredoxin reductase and cancer cell growth inhibition by organogold(III) compounds. Anticancer Drugs 2006; 17:539-44. [PMID: 16702810 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200606000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) expression is increased in several human primary cancers associated with aggressive tumor growth and decreased patient survival, and the Trx/Trx reductase (TrxR) system therefore provides an attractive target for cancer drug development. Various gold(III) compounds with none, one, two or three carbon-gold bonds were evaluated for their capacity to inhibit TrxR and the growth of MCF-7 cancer cells in vitro. Compounds with up to two carbon-gold bonds were often potent inhibitors of TrxR with IC50 values as low as 2 nmol/l. In the presence of Trx and insulin the inhibiting capacity was much lower. However, the inhibitory concentrations of the compounds did not correlate with the ability to kill cells. Out of the organometallics tested, only compound 8 with two carbon-gold bonds was able to inhibit colony formation by MCF-7 breast cancer cells at low micromolar concentrations (IC50=1.6 micromol/l). Unfortunately, the compound did not show any anti-tumor activity against MCF-7 breast cancer and HT-29 colon cancer xenografts in scid mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Engman
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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103
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The Chemistry of Cyclometallated Gold(III) Complexes with C,N-Donor Ligands. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3055(05)54005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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104
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Synthesis, characterization, and aqueous chemistry of cytotoxic Au(III) polypyridyl complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2005.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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105
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Takeda Y, Kondow T, Mafuné F. Formation of Au(III)-DNA coordinate complex by laser ablation of Au nanoparticles in solution. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2005; 24:1215-25. [PMID: 16270664 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200067416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We discovered that an Au(III)-DNA coordinate complex, Au(III)(DNA-base)2(amine)L, are formed by laser ablation of Au nanoparticles in an aqueous solution containing DNA molecules in the presence of amines and multi-valent cations, where L represents an unknown ligand (either amine or water). Optical absorption spectrum of the solution after laser ablation exhibited a 360 nm absorption peak assined to ligand-->Au(III) charge transfer (LMCT) band of the coordinate complex. The complex is considered to be formed as follows: (1) the DNA molecules are neutralized by binding the multi-valent cations to their negatively charged phosphate groups, and adsorbed on the surface of the Au nanoparticles by a hydrophobic interaction, (2) Au(III) ions are liberated from the Au nanoparticles by laser ablation, and (3) an Au(III) ion reacts with amine and two DNA bases of a DNA molecule into an Au(III)(DNA-base)2(amine)L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Takeda
- East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., Chiba, Japan.
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106
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Lum CT, Yang ZF, Li HY, Wai-Yin Sun R, Fan ST, Poon RTP, Lin MCM, Che CM, Kung HF. Gold(III) compound is a novel chemocytotoxic agent for hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2005; 118:1527-38. [PMID: 16206274 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a series of gold(III) meso-tetraarylporphyrins that are stable against demetallation in physiological conditions have been synthesized. In the present study, the antitumor effects of one of these compounds, gold(III) meso-tetraarylporphyrin 1a (gold-1a) was investigated in an orthotopic rat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model as well as using a HCC cell line. The rat HCC model was induced by injection of rat hepatoma cells, McA-RH7777, into the left lobe of the liver. Seven days after tumor cell inoculation, gold-1a was injected directly into the tumor nodule at different doses, followed by the same doses via intraperitoneal injection twice a week. Gold-1a administration significantly prolonged the survival of HCC-bearing rats. Importantly, gold-1a induced necrosis as well as apoptosis in the tumor tissues, but not in the normal liver tissues. Furthermore, gold-1a treatment neither caused significant drop in body weight of the rats nor affected plasma aspartate aminotransferase level. In the in vitro studies, we observed that gold-1a treatment inhibited the proliferation of McA-RH7777 cells. Gold-1a upregulated genes that increase apoptosis, stabilize p53, decrease proliferation and downregulated genes playing roles in angiogenesis, invasion, and metabolism, as demonstrated by microarray. In particular, the compound upregulated 2 members of the growth arrest and DNA damage (Gadd) inducible gene family, Gadd34 and Gadd153. Suppression of Gadd34 and Gadd153 in McA-RH7777 cells by small hairpin RNA reduced the gold-1a-induced apoptosis and growth inhibition, indicating that gold-1a mediated its effects via upregulation of Gadd34 and Gadd153. Results from our study demonstrated that gold-1a might be a novel promising chemocytotoxic agent for treating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Tung Lum
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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107
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Coronnello M, Mini E, Caciagli B, Cinellu MA, Bindoli A, Gabbiani C, Messori L. Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity of Selected Organogold(III) Compounds. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6761-5. [PMID: 16220992 DOI: 10.1021/jm050493o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a few cytotoxic organogold(III) compounds on ovarian A2780 human cancer cells were investigated in comparison to cisplatin and oxaliplatin. The tested compounds produced significant antiproliferative effects and promoted apoptosis to a greater extent than platinum drugs while causing only modest cell cycle modifications. The mechanistic implications of these findings are discussed: mitochondrial pathways are proposed to be directly involved in the apoptotic process in relation to selective inhibition of thioredoxin reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Coronnello
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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108
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Casas JS, Castaño MV, Cifuentes MC, García-Monteagudo JC, Sánchez A, Sordo J, Abram U. Complexes of dichloro[2-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl-C1,N]gold(III), [Au(damp-C1,N)Cl2], with formylferrocene thiosemicarbazones: synthesis, structure and cytotoxicity. J Inorg Biochem 2005; 98:1009-16. [PMID: 15149809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Revised: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 02/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dichloro[2-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl- phenyl-C1,N]gold(III), [Au(damp-C1,N)Cl2], reacts with the formylferrocene thiosemicarbazones derived from 4-methyl-, 4-phenyl-, 4-ethyl- and 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazides, HFcTSC, to give complexes of general formula [Au(Hdamp-1C)Cl(FcTSC)]Cl. These complexes were isolated and characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and IR, 1H NMR and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. In some cases, cyclic voltammetric studies were carried out and these showed that the complexation of gold affects the redox behaviour of the ferrocene unit. The in vitro antitumor activity against the HeLa cell line was also determined for the more soluble complexes. The IC(50) values were found to be higher than that of cisplatin but the maximum antiproliferative activity was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S Casas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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109
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110
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Messori L, Marcon G, Cinellu MA, Coronnello M, Mini E, Gabbiani C, Orioli P. Solution chemistry and cytotoxic properties of novel organogold(III) compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:6039-43. [PMID: 15519149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The solution behaviour of some novel organogold(III) compounds was investigated, and their cytotoxic properties evaluated against a few human tumour cell lines (A2780/S, A2780/R, MCF7, HT29 and A549). Specifically, the following compounds were considered: [Au(bipy(dmb)-H)(2,6-xylidine-H)][PF(6)] (AuXyl) and [Au(bipy(dmb)-H)(p-toluidine-H)][PF(6)] (AuTol) (in which bipy(dmb)=6-(1,1-dimethylbenzyl)-2,2'-bipyridine), [Au(py(dmb)-H)(AcO)(2)] (AuPyAcO) (in which py(dmb)=2-(1,1-dimethylbenzyl)-pyridine) and [Au(pz(Ph)-H)Cl(3)]K (AuPzCl) (in which pz(Ph)=1-phenylpyrazole). The solution chemistry of these compounds, under physiological-like conditions, was investigated through UV-vis absorption and (1)H NMR spectroscopies. Significant cytotoxic effects in vitro were observed in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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111
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Abstract
The many activities of metal ions in biology have stimulated the development of metal-based therapeutics. Cisplatin, as one of the leading metal-based drugs, is widely used in treatment of cancer, being especially effective against genitourinary tumors such as testicular. Significant side effects and drug resistance, however, have limited its clinical applications. Biological carriers conjugated to cisplatin analogs have improved specificity for tumor tissue, thereby reducing side effects and drug resistance. Platinum complexes with distinctively different DNA binding modes from that of cisplatin also exhibit promising pharmacological properties. Ruthenium and gold complexes with antitumor activity have also evolved. Other metal-based chemotherapeutic compounds have been investigated for potential medicinal applications, including superoxide dismutase mimics and metal-based NO donors/scavengers. These compounds have the potential to modulate the biological properties of superoxide anion and nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
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112
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Goss CH, Henderson W, Wilkins AL, Evans C. Synthesis, characterisation and biological activity of gold(III) catecholate and related complexes. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(03)00585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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113
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Zhu Y, Cameron BR, Skerlj RT. Cycloauration of substituted 2-phenoxypyridine derivatives and X-ray crystal structure of gold, dichloro[2-[[5-[(cyclopentylamino)carbonyl]-2-pyridinyl-κN]oxy]phenyl-κC]-, (SP-4-3)-. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(03)00347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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114
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Pillarsetty N, Katti KK, Hoffman TJ, Volkert WA, Katti KV, Kamei H, Koide T. In vitro and in vivo antitumor properties of tetrakis((trishydroxy- methyl)phosphine)gold(I) chloride. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1130-2. [PMID: 12646023 DOI: 10.1021/jm025615g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel hydrophilic gold compound, tetrakis((trishydroxymethyl)phosphine)gold(I) chloride 1, has been investigated for its antitumor properties. In vitro studies demonstrate that 1 is active against HCT-15, AGS, PC-3, and LNCaP tumor cells. Cell cycle analysis of the HCT-15 cells by flow cytometry revealed elongation of the G1 phase of the cell cycle leading to growth inhibition. Administration of 1 to Balb/C mice inoculated with syngenic meth/A cells demonstrated statistically significant dose-dependent survival time.
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115
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Fan D, Yang CT, Ranford JD, Vittal JJ. Chemical and biological studies of gold(iii) complexes with uninegative bidentate N–N ligands. Dalton Trans 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b309310g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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116
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Fan D, Yang CT, Ranford JD, Lee PF, Vittal JJ. Chemical and biological studies of the dichloro(2-phenylpyridine) gold(iii) complex and its derivatives. Dalton Trans 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b303297c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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117
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Abstract
The cytotoxicity and anti-tumour activity screening trials for both gold(I) and gold(III) are summarised. Gold(I) thiolates employed clinically in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis display some potency against various tumours but a greater potential is found in their analogues. In particular, analogues featuring a linear P-Au-S arrangement in which the thiolate ligand is derived from a biologically active thiol display high potency. Further, targeting mitochondria with tetrahedrally coordinated gold(I) phosphine compounds with enhanced hydrophilicity is a research direction with exciting potential. Recent research has shown that gold(III) compounds featuring square-planar geometries, as found in cisplatin, may target DNA and may provide new anti-tumour agents.
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118
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Marcon G, Carotti S, Coronnello M, Messori L, Mini E, Orioli P, Mazzei T, Cinellu MA, Minghetti G. Gold(III) complexes with bipyridyl ligands: solution chemistry, cytotoxicity, and DNA binding properties. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1672-7. [PMID: 11931621 DOI: 10.1021/jm010997w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gold(III) compounds generally exhibit significant cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines and are of potential interest as antitumor drugs. We report here on the solution chemistry, the cytotoxicity, and the DNA binding properties of two new bipyridyl gold(III) compounds: [Au(bipy)(OH)(2)][PF(6)] (1) and the organometallic compound [Au(bipy(c)-H)(OH)][PF(6)] (2) (bipy(c) = 6-(1,1-dimethylbenzyl)-2,2'-bipyridine). Both compounds are sufficiently soluble, and stable for hours, within a physiological buffer at 37 degrees C; [Au(bipy)(OH)(2)][PF(6)], at variance with [Au(bipy(c)-H)(OH)][PF(6)], is quickly and quantitatively reduced by ascorbate. Both compounds showed relevant cytotoxic effects toward the A2780S, A2780R, and SKOV3 tumor cell lines; lower effects were detected on the CCRF-CEM/S and CCRF-CEM/R lines. In most cases the mechanisms of resistance to CDDP are only marginally effective against these gold(III) complexes. The interactions of [Au(bipy)(OH)(2)][PF(6)] and [Au(bipy(c)-H)(OH)][PF(6)] with calf thymus DNA were investigated in vitro by various techniques to establish whether DNA represents a primary target for these compounds. Addition of saturating amounts of DNA did not affect appreciably the visible spectra of these gold(III) complexes. Some slight modifications of the CD spectra of calf thymus DNA and of the DNA melting parameters were observed; in any case, ultrafiltration experiments showed that binding of these gold(III) complexes to DNA is weak and reversible. The mechanistic implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordana Marcon
- CIRCMSB, local Unit of Florence, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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119
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Gold(III) thiosalicylate complexes containing cycloaurated 2-arylpyridine, 2-anilinopyridine and 2-benzylpyridine ligands. J Organomet Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(01)00987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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120
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Bonire JJ, Fricker SP. The in vitro antitumour profile of some 1,2-diaminocyclohexane organotin complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2001; 83:217-21. [PMID: 11237262 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(00)00192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Platinum compounds containing the ligand 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) such as tetraplatin [PtCl4(DACH)] have been found to be active in cisplatin-resistant tumour models. In an attempt to develop novel metal-based drugs with a different therapeutic profile to cisplatin, we have synthesised a series of tin compounds containing the DACH ligand, including the Sn analogue of tetraplatin [SnCl4(DACH)], and the di- and monoorganotin complexes [Ph2Sn(OAc)2(DACH)], [Bu2Sn(OAc)2(DACH)], [PhSnCl3(DACH)], [BuSn(OAc)3(DACH)], [BuSnCl3(DACH)], and [PhSn(OCOCF3)3(DACH)]. Mossbauer and IR spectroscopy indicates that the Sn(DACH) complexes are hexacoordinated with a molecular structure similar to that of tetraplatin. These compounds were tested for potential antitumour activity against a panel of human tumour cell lines, (SW620, SW1116 colon carcinoma, ZR-75-1 breast carcinoma, HT1376 bladder carcinoma, SKOV-3, PA-1 ovarian carcinoma). [Ph2Sn(penicillinate)], [Ph2Sn(OCOCH2NCOCH2NH2)], [Ph2Sn(OAc)2] were included for comparison. The results show that whereas [SnCl4(DACH)] and the monoorganotin complexes had limited or no activity, the diorganotin DACH complexes were cytotoxic with an associated increase in potency on going from diphenyl to dibutyltin, with mean IC50 values of 7.26+/-4.09 micromol ml(-1) for [Ph2Sn(OAc)2(DACH)] and 2.58+/-0.83 micromol ml(-1) for [Bu2Sn(OAc)2(DACH)] across the cell line panel. Comparison with [Ph2Sn(OAc)2] (IC50 0.69-0.43 micromol ml(-1)) indicated that addition of the DACH ligand resulted in a decrease in cytotoxicity but increased differential toxicity across the cell line panel. These results indicate that the diorganotin DACH complexes merit further investigation as potential metal-based antitumour drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Bonire
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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121
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Abbate F, Orioli P, Bruni B, Marcon G, Messori L. Crystal structure and solution chemistry of the cytotoxic complex 1,2-dichloro(o-phenanthroline)gold(III) chloride. Inorganica Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)00299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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122
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Messori L, Abbate F, Marcon G, Orioli P, Fontani M, Mini E, Mazzei T, Carotti S, O'Connell T, Zanello P. Gold(III) complexes as potential antitumor agents: solution chemistry and cytotoxic properties of some selected gold(III) compounds. J Med Chem 2000; 43:3541-8. [PMID: 11000008 DOI: 10.1021/jm990492u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gold(III) complexes generally exhibit interesting cytotoxic and antitumor properties, but until now, their development has been heavily hampered by their poor stability under physiological conditions. To enhance the stability of the gold(III) center, we prepared a number of gold(III) complexes with multidentate ligands - namely [Au(en)(2)]Cl(3), [Au(dien)Cl]Cl(2), [Au(cyclam)](ClO(4))(2)Cl, [Au(terpy)Cl]Cl(2), and [Au(phen)Cl(2)]Cl - and analyzed their behavior in solution. The solution properties of these complexes were monitored by visible absorption spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and chloride-selective potentiometric measurements; the electrochemical properties were also studied by cyclic voltammetry and coulometry. Since all the investigated compounds exhibited sufficient stability under physiological conditions, their cytotoxic properties were tested in vitro, via the sulforhodamine B assay, on the representative human ovarian tumor cell line A2780, either sensitive or resistant to cisplatin. In most cases the investigated compounds showed relevant cell-killing properties with IC(50) values falling in the 0.2-10 microM range; noticeably most investigated gold(III) complexes were able to overcome, to a large extent, resistance to cisplatin when tested on the corresponding cisplatin-resistant cell line. The cytotoxic properties of the free ligands were also determined under the same solution conditions. Ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, and cyclam were virtually nontoxic (IC(50) values > 100 microM) so that the relevant cytotoxic effects observed for [Au(en)(2)]Cl(3) and [Au(dien)Cl]Cl(2) could be quite unambiguously ascribed to the presence of the gold(III) center. In contrast the phenanthroline and terpyridine ligands turned out to be even more cytotoxic than the corresponding gold(III) complexes rendering the interpretation of the cytotoxicity profiles of the latter complexes less straightforward. The implications of the present findings for the development of novel gold(III) complexes as possible cytotoxic and antitumor drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Messori
- Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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123
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Carotti S, Marcon G, Marussich M, Mazzei T, Messori L, Mini E, Orioli P. Cytotoxicity and DNA binding properties of a chloro glycylhistidinate gold(III) complex (GHAu). Chem Biol Interact 2000; 125:29-38. [PMID: 10724364 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(99)00160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chloro glycylhistidinate gold(III) complex (GHAu) is shown to be fairly cytotoxic towards the established A2780 ovarian carcinoma human cell line either sensitive or resistant to cisplatin. Remarkably, GHAu is far more cytotoxic than the corresponding zinc(II), palladium(II), platinum(II) and cobalt(II) complexes implying that cytotoxicity is essentially to be ascribed to the presence of a gold(III) center. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra, atomic absorption measurements and DNA melting profiles suggest that GHAu in vitro is able to bind DNA, the presumed target for several antitumor metal complexes, and to modify its conformation, even if the observed changes are generally small. Implications of these findings for the mechanism of action of cytotoxic gold(III) complexes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carotti
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Italy
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124
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Mercury(II) and gold(III) derivatives of 2-phenyl pyridines and 2-phenyl-4-(methylcarboxylato)quinoline. J Organomet Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(99)00645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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125
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Shaw III
- The Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky 40475-3124, and The Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-0413
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