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McIntosh JD, Brimble MA, Brooks AES, Dunbar PR, Kowalczyk R, Tomabechi Y, Fairbanks AJ. Convergent chemo-enzymatic synthesis of mannosylated glycopeptides; targeting of putative vaccine candidates to antigen presenting cells. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4636-4642. [PMID: 28717478 PMCID: PMC5500846 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of solid phase peptide synthesis and endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) catalysed glycosylation is a powerful convergent synthetic method allowing access to glycopeptides bearing full-length N-glycan structures. Mannose-terminated N-glycan oligosaccharides, produced by either total or semi-synthesis, were converted into oxazoline donor substrates. A peptide from the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) tegument protein pp65 that incorporates a well-characterised T cell epitope, containing N-acetylglucosamine at specific Asn residues, was accessed by solid phase peptide synthesis, and used as an acceptor substrate. High-yielding enzymatic glycosylation afforded glycopeptides bearing defined homogeneous high-mannose N-glycan structures. These high-mannose containing glycopeptides were tested for enhanced targeting to human antigen presenting cells (APCs), putatively mediated via the mannose receptor, and for processing by the APCs for presentation to human CD8+ T cells specific for a 9-mer epitope within the peptide. Binding assays showed increased binding of glycopeptides to APCs compared to the non-glycosylated control. Glycopeptides bearing high-mannose N-glycan structures at a single site outside the T cell epitope were processed and presented by the APCs to allow activation of a T cell clone. However, the addition of a second glycan within the T cell epitope resulted in ablation of T cell activation. We conclude that chemo-enzymatic synthesis of mannosylated glycopeptides enhances uptake by human APCs while preserving the immunogenicity of peptide epitopes within the glycopeptides, provided those epitopes are not themselves glycosylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D McIntosh
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand .
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds St , Auckland , New Zealand .
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Anna E S Brooks
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand .
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - P Rod Dunbar
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand .
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Renata Kowalczyk
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds St , Auckland , New Zealand .
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Yusuke Tomabechi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800 , Christchurch , 8140 , New Zealand .
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Antony J Fairbanks
- Department of Chemistry , University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800 , Christchurch , 8140 , New Zealand .
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
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102
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Kurogochi M, Mori M, Osumi K, Tojino M, Sugawara SI, Takashima S, Hirose Y, Tsukimura W, Mizuno M, Amano J, Matsuda A, Tomita M, Takayanagi A, Shoda SI, Shirai T. Glycoengineered Monoclonal Antibodies with Homogeneous Glycan (M3, G0, G2, and A2) Using a Chemoenzymatic Approach Have Different Affinities for FcγRIIIa and Variable Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Activities. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26200113 PMCID: PMC4511734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many therapeutic antibodies have been developed, and IgG antibodies have been extensively generated in various cell expression systems. IgG antibodies contain N-glycans at the constant region of the heavy chain (Fc domain), and their N-glycosylation patterns differ during various processes or among cell expression systems. The Fc N-glycan can modulate the effector functions of IgG antibodies, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). To control Fc N-glycans, we performed a rearrangement of Fc N-glycans from a heterogeneous N-glycosylation pattern to homogeneous N-glycans using chemoenzymatic approaches with two types of endo-β-N-acetyl glucosaminidases (ENG'ases), one that works as a hydrolase to cleave all heterogeneous N-glycans, another that is used as a glycosynthase to generate homogeneous N-glycans. As starting materials, we used an anti-Her2 antibody produced in transgenic silkworm cocoon, which consists of non-fucosylated pauci-mannose type (Man2-3GlcNAc2), high-mannose type (Man4-9GlcNAc2), and complex type (Man3GlcNAc3-4) N-glycans. As a result of the cleavage of several ENG'ases (endoS, endoM, endoD, endoH, and endoLL), the heterogeneous glycans on antibodies were fully transformed into homogeneous-GlcNAc by a combination of endoS, endoD, and endoLL. Next, the desired N-glycans (M3; Man3GlcNAc1, G0; GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc1, G2; Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc1, A2; NeuAc2Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc1) were transferred from the corresponding oxazolines to the GlcNAc residue on the intact anti-Her2 antibody with an ENG'ase mutant (endoS-D233Q), and the glycoengineered anti-Her2 antibody was obtained. The binding assay of anti-Her2 antibody with homogenous N-glycans with FcγRIIIa-V158 showed that the glycoform influenced the affinity for FcγRIIIa-V158. In addition, the ADCC assay for the glycoengineered anti-Her2 antibody (mAb-M3, mAb-G0, mAb-G2, and mAb-A2) was performed using SKBR-3 and BT-474 as target cells, and revealed that the glycoform influenced ADCC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kurogochi
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Mori
- Laboratory of Glyco-Bioengineering, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Osumi
- Laboratory of Glyco-organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Tojino
- Laboratory of Glyco-organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu-ichi Sugawara
- Laboratory of Glyco-organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shou Takashima
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Hirose
- Laboratory of Glyco-organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Tsukimura
- Laboratory of Glyco-Bioengineering, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Mizuno
- Laboratory of Glyco-organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Amano
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Matsuda
- Laboratory of Glyco-Bioengineering, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tomita
- Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., 1091-1 Naka, Fujioka-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takayanagi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Shoda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Shirai
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Glyco-Bioengineering, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Glyco-organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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103
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Wang N, Seko A, Takeda Y, Kikuma T, Ito Y. Cooperative role of calnexin and TigA in Aspergillus oryzae glycoprotein folding. Glycobiology 2015; 25:1090-9. [PMID: 26085184 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calnexin (CNX), known as a lectin chaperone located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), specifically recognizes G1M9GN2-proteins and facilitates their proper folding with the assistance of ERp57 in mammalian cells. However, it has been left unidentified how CNX works in Aspergillus oryzae, which is a filamentous fungus widely exploited in biotechnology. In this study, we found that a protein disulfide isomerase homolog TigA can bind with A. oryzae CNX (AoCNX), which was revealed to specifically recognize monoglucosylated glycans, similarly to CNX derived from other species, and accelerate the folding of G1M9GN2-ribonuclease (RNase) in vitro. For refolding experiments, a homogeneous monoglucosylated high-mannose-type glycoprotein G1M9GN2-RNase was chemoenzymatically synthesized from G1M9GN-oxazoline and GN-RNase. Denatured G1M9GN2-RNase was refolded with highest efficiency in the presence of both soluble form of AoCNX and TigA. TigA contains two thioredoxin domains with CGHC motif, mutation analysis of which revealed that the one in N-terminal regions is involved in binding to AoCNX, while the other in catalyzing protein refolding. The results suggested that in glycoprotein folding process of A. oryzae, TigA plays a similar role as ERp57 in mammalian cells, as a partner protein of AoCNX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akira Seko
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuma
- Department of Biotechnology, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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104
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an important class of therapeutic glycoproteins widely used for the treatment of cancer, inflammation, and infectious diseases. Compelling data have shown that the presence and fine structures of the conserved N-glycans at the Fc domain can profoundly affect the effector functions of antibodies. However, mAbs are usually produced as mixtures of Fc glycoforms and the control of glycosylation to a favorable, homogeneous status in various host expression systems is still a challenging task. In this chapter, we describe a detailed procedure of chemoenzymatic glyco-engineering of monoclonal antibodies, using rituximab (a therapeutic monoclonal antibody) as a model system. The protocol includes the deglycosylation of a mAb by an endoglycosidase (such as wild type EndoS) to remove the heterogeneous Fc N-glycans, leaving only the innermost GlcNAc or the core-fucosylated GlcNAc at the glycosylation site. Then the deglycosylated IgG serves as an acceptor for an endoglycosidase-catalyzed transglycosylation to add a desired N-glycan to the GlcNAc acceptor to reconstitute a defined, homogeneous natural glycoform of IgG, using a glycosynthase mutant as the enzyme and activated glycan oxazoline as the donor substrate. A semi-synthesis of sialylated and asialylated biantennary N-glycan oxazolines is also described. This detailed procedure can be used for the Fc glycosylation remodeling of other mAbs to provide homogeneous Fc glycoforms for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Giddens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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105
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Tanaka T, Inoue G, Shoda SI, Kimura Y. Protecting-group-free synthesis of glycopolymers bearing thioglycosides via one-pot monomer synthesis from free saccharides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Tanaka
- Department of Biobased Materials Science; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Genri Inoue
- Department of Biobased Materials Science; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba; Sendai Miyagi 980-8579 Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Kimura
- Department of Biobased Materials Science; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
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106
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Lim D, Brimble MA, Kowalczyk R, Watson AJA, Fairbanks AJ. Protecting-Group-Free One-Pot Synthesis of Glycoconjugates Directly from Reducing Sugars. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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107
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Lim D, Brimble MA, Kowalczyk R, Watson AJA, Fairbanks AJ. Protecting-group-free one-pot synthesis of glycoconjugates directly from reducing sugars. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11907-11. [PMID: 25199905 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of sugars into glycomimetics typically involves multiple protecting-group manipulations. The development of methodology allowing the direct aqueous conversion of free sugars into glycosides, and mimics of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in a high-yielding and stereoselective process is highly desirable. The combined use of 2-azido-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium hexafluorophosphate and the Cu-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition allowed the synthesis of a range of glycoconjugates in a one-step reaction directly from reducing sugars under aqueous conditions. The reaction, which is completely stereoselective, may be applied to the convergent synthesis of triazole-linked glycosides, oligosaccharides, and glycopeptides. The procedure provides a method for the one-pot aqueous ligation of oligosaccharides and peptides bearing alkyne side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140 (New Zealand)
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108
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A simplified procedure for gram-scale production of sialylglycopeptide (SGP) from egg yolks and subsequent semi-synthesis of Man3GlcNAc oxazoline. Carbohydr Res 2014; 396:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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109
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Tomabechi Y, Squire MA, Fairbanks AJ. Endo-β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase catalysed glycosylation: tolerance of enzymes to structural variation of the glycosyl amino acid acceptor. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:942-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42104j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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110
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Kumar H. V. R, Naruchi K, Miyoshi R, Hinou H, Nishimura SI. A New Approach for the Synthesis of Hyperbranched N-Glycan Core Structures from Locust Bean Gum. Org Lett 2013; 15:6278-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ol403140h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar H. V.
- Division of Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Advanced life Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21, W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co. Ltd., N21, W12, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kentaro Naruchi
- Division of Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Advanced life Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21, W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co. Ltd., N21, W12, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Risho Miyoshi
- Division of Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Advanced life Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21, W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co. Ltd., N21, W12, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hinou
- Division of Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Advanced life Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21, W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co. Ltd., N21, W12, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Nishimura
- Division of Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Advanced life Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21, W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co. Ltd., N21, W12, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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111
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Tanaka H, Yoshimura Y, Hindsgaul O. A simple chemical synthesis of sugar nucleoside diphosphates in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 54:13.12.1-13.12.10. [PMID: 24510796 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc1312s54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic oligosaccharide synthesis is attractive since it eliminates the tedious multistep protection-deprotection requirements of pure chemical synthesis. Chemoenzymatic synthesis using glycosyltransferases, however, requires not only the correct enzyme to control both regio- and stereospecificity, but also the glycosyl donor to provide the sugar that is added. This unit describes a simple synthesis of sugar-nucleoside diphosphates (sugar-NDPs), the type of glycosyl donor (e.g., UDP-Glc, UDP-Gal, ADP-Glc) required by most glycosyltransferases, by using a chemical coupling reaction in water. The preparation of sugar-NDPs by this method therefore does not require any skills in synthetic organic chemistry.
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112
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Tomabechi Y, Krippner G, Rendle PM, Squire MA, Fairbanks AJ. Glycosylation of Pramlintide: Synthetic Glycopeptides that Display In Vitro and In Vivo Activities as Amylin Receptor Agonists. Chemistry 2013; 19:15084-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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113
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Abstract
The synthetic application of endohexosaminidase enzymes (e.g., Endo A, Endo M, Endo D) promises to allow ready access to a wide variety of defined homogeneous glycoproteins and glycopeptides. The use ofN-glycan oligosaccharides that are activated at the reducing terminus as oxazolines allows their high-yielding attachment to almost any amino acid, peptide, or protein that contains a GlcNAc residue as an acceptor. A wide variety of oxazoline donors are readily available, either by total synthesis or by isolation of the corresponding oligosaccharide from natural sources and then conversion to the oxazoline in water. The synthetic potential of the enzymes is particularly augmented by the production of mutant glycosynthases, the use of which allows the synthesis of a wide variety of glycopeptides and glycoproteins bearing defined homogeneousN-glycan structures.
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114
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Synthetic glycopeptides reveal the glycan specificity of HIV-neutralizing antibodies. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:521-6. [PMID: 23831758 PMCID: PMC3730851 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new class of glycan-reactive HIV-neutralizing antibodies, including PG9 and PG16, has been recently discovered that appear to recognize novel glycopeptide epitopes on HIV-1 gp120. However, further characterization and reconstitution of the precise neutralizing epitopes are complicated by the heterogeneity of glycosylation. We report here the design, synthesis, and antigenic evaluation of novel cyclic V1V2 glycopeptides carrying defined N-linked glycans at the conserved glycosylation sites (N160 and N156/N173) derived from gp120 of two HIV-1 isolates. Antibody binding studies confirmed the necessity of a Man5GlcNAc2 glycan at N160 for recognition by PG9 and PG16, and further revealed a critical role of a sialylated N-glycan at the secondary site (N156/N173) in the context of glycopeptides for antibody binding. In addition to defining the glycan specificities of PG9 and PG16, the identified synthetic glycopeptides provide a valuable template for HIV-1 vaccine design.
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115
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Recent advances in glycotechnology for glycoconjugate synthesis using microbial endoglycosidases. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:1733-43. [PMID: 23801123 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnology associated with synthesis of glycopeptides and glycoproteins has recently advanced as glycotechnology. Studies toward glycotechonology include the artificial modification of sugar chains in glycoconjugates to improve their function because the physiological importance of sugar chains in living organisms is well recognized. Methods involving addition of oligosaccharides to peptides and proteins have attracted attention as efficient techniques in glycotechnology, especially those involving the transglycosylation activities of microbial endoglycosidases. The exploration of oligosaccharide oxazolines as donor substrates for the transglycosylation of endoglycosidases has significantly enhanced the efficiency of these processes. Moreover, discovery of novel endoglycosidase mutants with glycosynthase-like activity has made it possible to effectively synthesize large quantities of glycopeptides, as well as homogeneous glycoprotein. The use of mutant enzymes and oligosaccharide oxazolines has led to development of practical applications for the synthesis of bioactive glycopeptides and therapeutic glycoproteins as bio-medicines.
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116
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Lomino JV, Naegeli A, Orwenyo J, Amin MN, Aebi M, Wang LX. A two-step enzymatic glycosylation of polypeptides with complex N-glycans. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2262-2270. [PMID: 23477942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A chemoenyzmatic method for direct glycosylation of polypeptides is described. The method consists of two site-specific enzymatic glycosylation steps: introduction of a glucose moiety at the consensus N-glycosylation sequence (NXS/T) in a polypeptide by an N-glycosyltransferase (NGT) and attachment of a complex N-glycan to the glucose primer by an endoglycosidase (ENGase)-catalyzed transglycosylation. Our experiments demonstrated that a relatively small excess of the UDP-Glc (the donor substrate) was sufficient for an effective glucosylation of polypeptides by the NGT, and different high-mannose and complex type N-glycans could be readily transferred to the glucose moiety by ENGases to provide full-size glycopeptides. The usefulness of the chemoenzymatic method was exemplified by an efficient synthesis of a complex glycoform of polypeptide C34, a potent HIV inhibitor derived from HIV-1 gp41. A comparative study indicated that the Glc-peptide was equally efficient as the natural GlcNAc-peptide to serve as an acceptor in the transglycosylation with sugar oxazoline as the donor substrate. Interestingly, the Glc-Asn linked glycopeptide was completely resistant to PNGase F digestion, in contrast to the GlcNAc-Asn linked natural glycopeptide that is an excellent substrate for hydrolysis. In addition, the Glc-Asn linked glycopeptide showed at least 10-fold lower hydrolytic activity toward Endo-M than the natural GlcNAc-Asn linked glycopeptide. The chemoenzymatic glycosylation method described here provides an efficient way to introducing complex N-glycans into polypeptides, for gain of novel properties that could be valuable for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V Lomino
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Andreas Naegeli
- Institute of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jared Orwenyo
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Mohammed N Amin
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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117
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Unverzagt C, Kajihara Y. Chemical assembly of N-glycoproteins: a refined toolbox to address a ubiquitous posttranslational modification. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4408-20. [PMID: 23403448 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35485g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Incremental developments in the chemistry of peptides, proteins and carbohydrates have enabled researchers to assemble entire glycoproteins with high precision. Based on sophisticated ligation chemistries pure glycoproteins bearing a single glycosylation pattern have become available. The impact of N-glycosylation on the function of glycoproteins is generally recognized but not well understood. Based on the recent advances in the synthesis of glycoproteins by chemical methods researchers can finally start to elucidate the various roles of carbohydrates in complex biomolecules in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Unverzagt
- Bioorganische Chemie, Gebäude NWI, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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118
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119
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Noguchi M, Fujieda T, Huang WC, Ishihara M, Kobayashi A, Shoda SI. A Practical One-Step Synthesis of 1,2-Oxazoline Derivatives from Unprotected Sugars and Its Application to Chemoenzymaticβ-N-Acetylglucosaminidation of Disialo-oligosaccharide. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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120
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Tanaka H, Yoshimura Y, Jørgensen MR, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Hindsgaul O. A Simple Synthesis of Sugar Nucleoside Diphosphates by Chemical Coupling in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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121
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Tanaka H, Yoshimura Y, Jørgensen MR, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Hindsgaul O. A simple synthesis of sugar nucleoside diphosphates by chemical coupling in water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11531-4. [PMID: 23065967 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Tanaka
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799, Copenhagen-V, Denmark
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122
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Biological analysis of the microbial metabolism of hetero-oligosaccharides in application to glycotechnology. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1815-27. [PMID: 23047108 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the relationship between hetero-oligosaccharides and microorganisms. It is possible to prepare aminosugar nucleotides as donors for hetero-oligosaccharide synthesis with a combination of yeast fermentation and bacterial enzymes, and to use the product to test for a rare human blood group. We have isolated various glycosidases produced by microorganisms, mainly from soil, to elucidate the structure and function of hetero-oligosaccharides. Among them, a mold endoglycosidase was found to have specific transglycosylation activity in addition to hydrolysis activity, and we have used it to synthesize chemo-enzymatically various bioactive glycopeptides by the attachment of a hetero-oligosaccharide to a peptide. We found that lactic acid bacteria bound to a hetero-oligosaccharide on the intestinal tract cell surface in animals. We also analyzed the bifidobacterial hetero-oligosaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes involved in the degradation of mucin glycoprotein in the host intestinal tract and human milk oligosaccharides, and identified a specific saccharide that acted as a bifidobacteria growth factor.
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123
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Hojo H, Tanaka H, Hagiwara M, Asahina Y, Ueki A, Katayama H, Nakahara Y, Yoneshige A, Matsuda J, Ito Y, Nakahara Y. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Hydrophobic Glycoprotein: Synthesis of Saposin C Carrying Complex-Type Carbohydrate. J Org Chem 2012; 77:9437-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351- 0198, Japan
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124
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Yoshida N, Tanaka T, Noguchi M, Kobayashi A, Ishikura K, Ikenuma T, Seno H, Watanabe T, Kohri M, Shoda SI. One-pot Chemoenzymatic Route to Chitoheptaose via Specific Transglycosylation of Chitopentaose–Oxazoline on Chitinase-template. CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2012.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yoshida
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tohoku University
| | | | - Masato Noguchi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tohoku University
| | | | | | | | - Hiromu Seno
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tohoku University
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125
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Noguchi M, Nakamura M, Ohno A, Tanaka T, Kobayashi A, Ishihara M, Fujita M, Tsuchida A, Mizuno M, Shoda SI. A dimethoxytriazine type glycosyl donor enables a facile chemo-enzymatic route toward α-linked N-acetylglucosaminyl-galactose disaccharide unit from gastric mucin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5560-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc30946g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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126
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Landström J, Bergström M, Hamark C, Ohlson S, Widmalm G. Combining weak affinity chromatography, NMR spectroscopy and molecular simulations in carbohydrate–lysozyme interaction studies. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3019-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob07066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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127
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Kiyohara M, Nakatomi T, Kurihara S, Fushinobu S, Suzuki H, Tanaka T, Shoda SI, Kitaoka M, Katayama T, Yamamoto K, Ashida H. α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from infant-associated bifidobacteria belonging to novel glycoside hydrolase family 129 is implicated in alternative mucin degradation pathway. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:693-700. [PMID: 22090027 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.277384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria inhabit the lower intestine of mammals including humans where the mucin gel layer forms a space for commensal bacteria. We previously identified that infant-associated bifidobacteria possess an extracellular membrane-bound endo-α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (EngBF) that may be involved in degradation and assimilation of mucin-type oligosaccharides. However, EngBF is highly specific for core-1-type O-glycan (Galβ1-3GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr), also called T antigen, which is mainly attached onto gastroduodenal mucins. By contrast, core-3-type O-glycans (GlcNAcβ1-3GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) are predominantly found on the mucins in the intestines. Here, we identified a novel α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (NagBb) from Bifidobacterium bifidum JCM 1254 that hydrolyzes the Tn antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr). Sialyl and galactosyl core-3 (Galβ1-3/4GlcNAcβ1-3(Neu5Acα2-6)GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr), a major tetrasaccharide structure on MUC2 mucin primarily secreted from goblet cells in human sigmoid colon, can be serially hydrolyzed into Tn antigen by previously identified bifidobacterial extracellular glycosidases such as α-sialidase (SiaBb2), lacto-N-biosidase (LnbB), β-galactosidase (BbgIII), and β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (BbhI and BbhII). Because NagBb is an intracellular enzyme without an N-terminal secretion signal sequence, it is likely involved in intracellular degradation and assimilation of Tn antigen-containing polypeptides, which might be incorporated through unknown transporters. Thus, bifidobacteria possess two distinct pathways for assimilation of O-glycans on gastroduodenal and intestinal mucins. NagBb homologs are conserved in infant-associated bifidobacteria, suggesting a significant role for their adaptation within the infant gut, and they were found to form a new glycoside hydrolase family 129.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kiyohara
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakatomi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shin Kurihara
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tomonari Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Shoda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Motomitsu Kitaoka
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Takane Katayama
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ashida
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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128
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Zou G, Ochiai H, Huang W, Yang Q, Li C, Wang LX. Chemoenzymatic synthesis and Fcγ receptor binding of homogeneous glycoforms of antibody Fc domain. Presence of a bisecting sugar moiety enhances the affinity of Fc to FcγIIIa receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18975-91. [PMID: 22004528 DOI: 10.1021/ja208390n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Structurally well-defined IgG-Fc glycoforms are highly demanded for understanding the effects of glycosylation on an antibody's effector functions. We report in this paper chemoenzymatic synthesis and Fcγ receptor binding of an array of homogeneous IgG-Fc glycoforms. The chemoenzymatic approach consists of the chemical synthesis of defined N-glycan oxazolines as donor substrates, the expression of the Fc domain in a CHO cell line in the presence of an α-mannosidase inhibitor kifunensine, and an endoglycosidase-catalyzed glycosylation of the deglycosylated Fc domain (GlcNAc-Fc homodimer) with the synthetic glycan oxazolines. The enzyme from Arthrobacter protophormiae (Endo-A) was found to be remarkably efficient to take various modified N-glycan core oxazolines, including the bisecting sugar-containing derivatives, for Fc glycosylation remodeling, resulting in the formation of the corresponding homogeneous Fc glycoforms. Nevertheless, neither Endo-A nor the Mucor hiemalis endoglycosidase mutants (EndoM-N175A and EndoM-N175Q) were able to transfer full-length complex-type N-glycan to the Fc domain, implicating the limitations of these two enzymes in Fc glycosylation remodeling. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding studies with the synthetic IgG-Fc glycoforms unambiguously proved that the presence of a bisecting GlcNAc moiety could significantly enhance the binding of Fc to FcγRIIIa, the activating Fcγ receptor, independent of Fc core-fucosylation. Interestingly, the Fc glycoforms carrying an unusual bisecting sugar moiety such as a mannose or a LacNAc moiety also demonstrated enhanced affinity to FcγRIIIa. On the orther hand, the presence of a bisecting GlcNAc or core-fucosylation had little effect on the affinity of Fc to the inhibitory Fcγ receptor, FcγRIIb. Our experimental data also showed that the α-linked mannose residues in the pentasaccharide Man3GlcNAc2 core was essential to maintain a high affinity of Fc to both FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIb. The synthetic homogeneous Fc glycoforms thus provide a useful tool for elucidating how a fine Fc N-glycan structure precisely affects the function of the Fc domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhang Zou
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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129
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Amin MN, Huang W, Mizanur RM, Wang LX. Convergent synthesis of homogeneous Glc1Man9GlcNAc2-protein and derivatives as ligands of molecular chaperones in protein quality control. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14404-17. [PMID: 21819116 DOI: 10.1021/ja204831z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the molecular mechanism of chaperone-assisted protein quality control is often hampered by the lack of well-defined homogeneous glycoprotein probes. We describe here a highly convergent chemoenzymatic synthesis of the monoglucosylated glycoforms of bovine ribonuclease (RNase) as specific ligands of lectin-like chaperones calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT) that are known to recognize the monoglucosylated high-mannose oligosaccharide component of glycoproteins in protein folding. The synthesis of a selectively modified glycoform Gal(1)Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-RNase was accomplished by chemical synthesis of a large N-glycan oxazoline and its subsequent enzymatic ligation to GlcNAc-RNase under the catalysis of a glycosynthase. Selective removal of the terminal galactose by a β-galactosidase gave the Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-RNase glycoform in excellent yield. CD spectroscopic analysis and RNA-hydrolyzing assay indicated that the synthetic RNase glycoforms maintained essentially the same global conformations and were fully active as the natural bovine ribonuclease B. SPR binding studies revealed that the Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-RNase had high affinity to lectin CRT, while the synthetic Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-RNase glycoform and natural RNase B did not show CRT-binding activity. These results confirmed the essential role of the glucose moiety in the chaperone molecular recognition. Interestingly, the galactose-masked glycoform Gal(1)Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-RNase also showed significant affinity to lectin CRT, suggesting that a galactose β-1,4-linked to the key glucose moiety does not significantly block the lectin binding. These synthetic homogeneous glycoprotein probes should be valuable for a detailed mechanistic study on how molecular chaperones work in concert to distinguish between misfolded and folded glycoproteins in the protein quality control cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed N Amin
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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130
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Schiel JE, Lowenthal MS, Phinney KW. Mass spectrometry characterization for chemoenzymatic glycoprotein synthesis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:649-657. [PMID: 21706674 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The current project describes the chemoenzymatic modification of bovine ribonuclease B (RNase B) to contain a single glycosylation site with a known glycan. A reactive disaccharide oxazoline derivative was synthesized and stereospecifically added to deglycosylated RNase B through endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase M catalyzed chemoenzymatic transglycosylation. Oxazoline formation conditions were optimized using mass spectrometry, and the product verified based on its collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrum. Enzymatic removal of native glycans as well as formation of the desired homogeneous product was also monitored using mass spectrometry. LC-MS(n) using four sequential rounds of CID was used to verify that the original glycosylation site had been reorganized to contain the new glycan. The techniques described herein are not limited to this analyte or glycan and should be amenable to the synthesis of numerous homogeneous glycoconjugates with judicious choice of enzyme/substrate combinations. The combined use of chemoenzymatic synthesis and mass spectrometry-based characterization shows promise for the development of homogeneous glycoprotein reference materials. A well-defined glycoprotein standard containing a single glycan of known composition, linkage and stereochemistry would be of great value for the comparison and evaluation of glycoprotein analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Schiel
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology,100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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131
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Yoshida N, Noguchi M, Tanaka T, Matsumoto T, Aida N, Ishihara M, Kobayashi A, Shoda SI. Direct Dehydrative Pyridylthio-Glycosidation of Unprotected Sugars in Aqueous Media Using 2-Chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium Chloride as a Condensing Agent. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:1876-85. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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132
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Wang LX. The Amazing Transglycosylation Activity of Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2011; 23:33-52. [PMID: 25309039 DOI: 10.4052/tigg.23.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Major advances have been made in exploring the transglycosylation activity of endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (ENGases) for synthetic purpose. The exploration of synthetic sugar oxazolines as donor substrates for the ENGase-catalyzed transglycosylation has expanded the substrate availability and significantly enhanced the overall transglycosylation efficiency. On the other hand, site-directed mutagenesis in combination with activity screening has led to the discovery of the first generation ENGase-based glycosynthases that can use highly active sugar oxazolines as substrates for transglycosylation but lack hydrolytic activity on the ground-state products. ENGases have shown amazing flexibility in transglycosylation and possess much broader substrate specificity than previously thought. Now the ENGase-based chemoenzymatic method has been extended to the synthesis of a range of complex carbohydrates, including homogeneous glycopeptides, glycoproteins carrying well-defined glycans, novel oligosaccharide clusters, unusually glycosylated natural products, and even polysaccharides. This article highlights recent advances related to ENGase-catalyzed transglycosylation with a focus on their synthetic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Xi Wang
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA, Tel: 410-706-4982
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133
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Tanaka T, Noguchi M, Watanabe K, Misawa T, Ishihara M, Kobayashi A, Shoda SI. Novel dialkoxytriazine-type glycosyl donors for cellulase-catalysed lactosylation. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:5126-32. [PMID: 20835455 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel glycosidic compounds, 4,6-dialkoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl β-lactosides (DAT-β-Lac), have been prepared directly in water from lactose. The reaction was carried out on a laboratory scale without protecting the hydroxy groups of lactose. The resulting triazine derivatives were found to be recognized by endo-β1,4-glucanase III from Trichoderma reesei (EGIII). The EGIII-catalysed transglycosylation of 4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine derivative (DMT-β-Lac) with various glycosyl acceptors has successfully been demonstrated, affording the corresponding lactosylated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Tanaka
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-514 Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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134
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Murase T, Kajihara Y. Unique cleavage of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose from the reducing end of biantennary complex type oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1702-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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135
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Huang W, Yang Q, Umekawa M, Yamamoto K, Wang LX. Arthrobacter endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase shows transglycosylation activity on complex-type N-glycan oxazolines: one-pot conversion of ribonuclease B to sialylated ribonuclease C. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1350-5. [PMID: 20486148 PMCID: PMC3444296 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine-linked glycosylation is a major form of posttranslational modifications, which plays important roles in protein folding, intracellular signaling, and a number of other biological recognition events [1 ]. Glycoproteins are often characterized by their structural micro-heterogeneity where different glycoforms have the same polypeptide backbone but differ in the pendant oligosaccharides. Of particular interest are the findings that subtle difference in the attached glycans can have a significant impact on the biological functions of a given glycoprotein [2 , 3 ]. The urgent need of pure glycoforms for functional studies and biomedical applications has stimulated a great interest in exploring new methods for making homogeneous glycoproteins [4 ]. Major advances include the application of native chemical ligation and expressed protein ligation for constructing full-size glycoproteins [5 –7 ], chemoselective ligation to introduce homogeneous glycans [8 ], and the engineering of yeast glycosylation pathways to produce single glycoforms [9 ]. Yet another interesting advance in the field is the endoglycosidase-catalyzed transglycosylation for glycosylation engineering and glycoprotein synthesis [10 –16 ].
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA, Fax: (+)1-410-706-4694
| | - Qiang Yang
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA, Fax: (+)1-410-706-4694
| | - Midori Umekawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA, Fax: (+)1-410-706-4694
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136
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Kittl R, Withers SG. New approaches to enzymatic glycoside synthesis through directed evolution. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1272-9. [PMID: 20427037 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The expanding field of glycobiology requires tools for the synthesis of structurally defined oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, while any potential therapeutic applications of sugar-based derivates would require access to substantial quantities of such compounds. Classical chemical approaches are not well suited for such large-scale syntheses, thus enzymatic approaches are sought. Traditional routes to the enzymatic assembly of oligosaccharides have involved the use of either Nature's own biosynthetic enzymes, the glycosyl transferases, or glycosidases run in transglycosylation mode. However, each approach has drawbacks that have limited its application. Glycosynthases are mutant glycosidases in which the catalytic nucleophile has been replaced by mutation, inactivating them as hydrolases. When used in conjunction with glycosyl fluorides of the opposite anomeric configuration to that of the substrate, these enzymes function as highly efficient transferases, frequently giving stoichiometric yields of products. Further improvements can be obtained through directed evolution of the gene encoding the enzyme in question, but this requires the ability to screen very large libraries of catalysts. In this review we survey new screening methods for the formation of glycosidic linkages using high-throughput techniques, such as FACS, chemical complementation, and robot-assisted ELISA assays. Enzymes were evolved to have higher catalytic activity with their natural substrates, to show altered substrate specificities or to be promiscuous for efficient application in oligosaccharide, glycolipid, and glycoprotein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kittl
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2125 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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137
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Tanaka T, Matsumoto T, Noguchi M, Kobayashi A, Shoda SI. Direct Transformation of Unprotected Sugars to Aryl 1-Thio-β-glycosides in Aqueous Media Using 2-Chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium Chloride. CHEM LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2009.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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138
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Tanaka T, Huang WC, Noguchi M, Kobayashi A, Shoda SI. Direct synthesis of 1,6-anhydro sugars from unprotected glycopyranoses by using 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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139
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Tanaka T, Nagai H, Noguchi M, Kobayashi A, Shoda SI. One-step conversion of unprotected sugars to β-glycosyl azides using 2-chloroimidazolinium salt in aqueous solution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:3378-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b905761g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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