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Gaete J, Strong T. Facilitating supervisees’ developing competence through supervisory conversation. COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2016.1167013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gerwing J, Indseth T, Gulbrandsen P. A microanalysis of the clarity of information in physicians' and patients' discussions of treatment plans with and without language barriers. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2016; 99:522-529. [PMID: 26561309 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physicians and patients discuss treatment plans. If tasks within plans are not described adequately, patients cannot adhere. We evaluated task descriptions, testing whether patient engagement and language barriers affected task clarity. METHOD We sampled 12 videotaped hospital interactions from a corpus of 497: two encounters each from six hospital physicians, interacting with one native-speaking and one non-native-speaking patient. We used microanalysis of face-to-face dialogue to assess whether the physicians and patients achieved a complete, clear description of each task's three core information elements (who should do what and when). RESULTS We conducted detailed analysis on 78 of the 90 tasks. Core information elements were complete in 62 (0.79) and clear in 37 (0.47). Language barriers had no effect on task clarity. When native-speaking patients were engaged, tasks were clearer (p<0.05). Although non-native-speaking patients were significantly more engaged (p<0.01), their engagement had no effect. CONCLUSION Physicians may be pursuing patients' agreement, motivation, and commitment at the expense of working with the patient to be clear about what needs to be done. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Physicians need to improve how clearly they present basic task information. Previous research demonstrated that even a short course can significantly improve the clarity of instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gerwing
- Health Services Research Center (HØKH), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Thor Indseth
- Norwegian Center for Minority Health Research (NAKMI), Oslo Universitetssykehus HF, avd. Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Pål Gulbrandsen
- Health Services Research Center (HØKH), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Socially anxious individuals elicit less positive reactions from interlocutors than non-anxious individuals, but evidence for a distinctive social anxiety linked behaviour deficit to explain this finding has been sparse. We investigated whether socially anxious individuals engage less in joint action--a process which promotes rapport and usually arises spontaneously between conversation partners when they actively attend to the conversation. METHODS In Study 1, participants with high fear of negative evaluation, and low fear of negative evaluation conversed with a peer. Study 2 simulated the cognitive impact of anxiety-linked threat focus in non-anxious participants via a partial distraction task and measured the social consequences. RESULTS In Study 1, listeners with high fear of negative evaluation made fewer collaborative contributions to a partner's anecdote (an index of joint action). In Study 2, non-anxious distracted listeners showed the same behavioural pattern (fewer collaborative responses) and were less well-liked by their conversation partners, compared to non-distracted listeners. LIMITATIONS We coded for only one marker of joint action. Future research should identify further indices of connectedness between partners. In addition, both studies were conducted with small groups of university students, and future research should be conducted on larger samples selected on the basis of social anxiety, not fear of negative evaluation alone. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings indicate that socially anxious individuals engage less in the shared task of conversation, and this behaviour attracts less positive responses from conversation partners.
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Peräkylä A, Henttonen P, Voutilainen L, Kahri M, Stevanovic M, Sams M, Ravaja N. Sharing the Emotional Load. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0190272515611054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In conversational storytelling, the recipients are expected to show affiliation with the emotional stance displayed by the storytellers. We investigated emotional arousal-related autonomic nervous system responses in tellers and recipients of conversational stories. The data consist of 20 recordings of 45- to 60-minute dyadic conversations between female university and polytechnic students. Conversations were videotaped and analyzed by means of conversation analysis (CA), with a special emphasis on the verbal and nonverbal displays of affiliation in storytelling. Electrodermal activity in both participants was measured to estimate their arousal level. The results show that the verbal and nonverbal displays of affiliation decrease the storyteller’s but increase the recipient’s level of arousal. This means that the monitoring of the recipient actions in storytelling, shown by earlier CA studies, has a physiological correlate. We suggest that storytelling involves an emotional load, which the participants share physiologically in affiliative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Niklas Ravaja
- University of Helsinki, Finland
- Aalto-University, Espoo, Finland
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Pasupathi M, Oldroyd K. Telling and Remembering: Complexities in Long-term Effects of Listeners on Autobiographical Memory. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristina Oldroyd
- Department of Psychology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City USA
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107
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Köber C, Habermas T. Development of Temporal Macrostructure in Life Narratives Across the Lifespan. DISCOURSE PROCESSES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/0163853x.2015.1105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Katevas K, Healey PGT, Harris MT. Robot Comedy Lab: experimenting with the social dynamics of live performance. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1253. [PMID: 26379585 PMCID: PMC4548079 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of live comedy depends on a performer's ability to “work” an audience. Ethnographic studies suggest that this involves the co-ordinated use of subtle social signals such as body orientation, gesture, gaze by both performers and audience members. Robots provide a unique opportunity to test the effects of these signals experimentally. Using a life-size humanoid robot, programmed to perform a stand-up comedy routine, we manipulated the robot's patterns of gesture and gaze and examined their effects on the real-time responses of a live audience. The strength and type of responses were captured using SHORE™computer vision analytics. The results highlight the complex, reciprocal social dynamics of performer and audience behavior. People respond more positively when the robot looks at them, negatively when it looks away and performative gestures also contribute to different patterns of audience response. This demonstrates how the responses of individual audience members depend on the specific interaction they're having with the performer. This work provides insights into how to design more effective, more socially engaging forms of robot interaction that can be used in a variety of service contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleomenis Katevas
- Cognitive Science Research Group, School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
| | - Patrick G T Healey
- Cognitive Science Research Group, School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
| | - Matthew Tobias Harris
- Cognitive Science Research Group, School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
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Tolins J, Fox Tree JE. Overhearers Use Addressee Backchannels in Dialog Comprehension. Cogn Sci 2015; 40:1412-34. [PMID: 26331673 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Observing others in conversation is a common format for comprehending language, yet little work has been done to understand dialog comprehension. We tested whether overhearers use addressee backchannels as predictive cues for how to integrate information across speaker turns during comprehension of spontaneously produced collaborative narration. In Experiment 1, words that followed specific backchannels (e.g., really, oh) were recognized more slowly than words that followed either generic backchannels (e.g., uh huh, mhm) or pauses. In Experiment 2, we found that when the turn after the backchannel was a continuation of the narrative, specific backchannels prompted the fastest verification of prior information. When the turn after was an elaboration, they prompted the slowest, indicating that overhearers took specific backchannels as cues to integrate preceding talk with subsequent talk. These findings demonstrate that overhearers capitalize on the predictive relationship between backchannels and the development of speakers' talk, coordinating information across conversational roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Tolins
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz
| | - Jean E Fox Tree
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz
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110
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Ho S, Foulsham T, Kingstone A. Speaking and Listening with the Eyes: Gaze Signaling during Dyadic Interactions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136905. [PMID: 26309216 PMCID: PMC4550266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive scientists have long been interested in the role that eye gaze plays in social interactions. Previous research suggests that gaze acts as a signaling mechanism and can be used to control turn-taking behaviour. However, early research on this topic employed methods of analysis that aggregated gaze information across an entire trial (or trials), which masks any temporal dynamics that may exist in social interactions. More recently, attempts have been made to understand the temporal characteristics of social gaze but little research has been conducted in a natural setting with two interacting participants. The present study combines a temporally sensitive analysis technique with modern eye tracking technology to 1) validate the overall results from earlier aggregated analyses and 2) provide insight into the specific moment-to-moment temporal characteristics of turn-taking behaviour in a natural setting. Dyads played two social guessing games (20 Questions and Heads Up) while their eyes were tracked. Our general results are in line with past aggregated data, and using cross-correlational analysis on the specific gaze and speech signals of both participants we found that 1) speakers end their turn with direct gaze at the listener and 2) the listener in turn begins to speak with averted gaze. Convergent with theoretical models of social interaction, our data suggest that eye gaze can be used to signal both the end and the beginning of a speaking turn during a social interaction. The present study offers insight into the temporal dynamics of live dyadic interactions and also provides a new method of analysis for eye gaze data when temporal relationships are of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Tom Foulsham
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Kingstone
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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111
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Itzchakov
- School of Business Administration, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | - Dotan R. Castro
- School of Business Administration, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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Gordon RG, Rigon A, Duff MC. Conversational synchrony in the communicative interactions of individuals with traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2015; 29:1300-8. [PMID: 26083049 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1042408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To assess conversational synchrony in moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Conversational synchrony, assessed by the similarity and co-ordination of words and words per turn, allows for effective and efficient communication and enhances the development of rapport. RESEARCH DESIGN Eighteen participants with TBI (seven females) and 19 healthy comparison participants (CP; eight females) engaged in a 10-minute conversation with an unfamiliar partner. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Conversational synchrony was assessed in these conversations by measuring the degree to which the participants' productions of words and words per turn became more similar to one another over the course of the session. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Significantly more sessions with participants with TBI (11/18 for words, 9/18 for words per turn) compared to CP sessions (5/19 for words, 4/19 for words per turns) did not display conversational synchrony. Likewise, synchrony was significantly correlated with subjective ratings of the interaction from raters who were blind to participant status and the study hypotheses. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TBI can disrupt conversational synchrony and can, in turn, negatively impact social perceptions. The relationship between impaired conversational synchrony and other social communicative deficits in TBI warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Gupta Gordon
- a Department of Psychology , Augustana College , Rock Island , IL , USA .,b Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience
| | | | - Melissa C Duff
- b Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience .,c Neuroscience Training Program , and.,d Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
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Pasupathi M, Billitteri J. Being and Becoming through Being Heard: Listener Effects on Stories and Selves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10904018.2015.1029363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lavelle M, Dimic S, Wildgrube C, McCabe R, Priebe S. Non-verbal communication in meetings of psychiatrists and patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 131:197-205. [PMID: 25124849 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence found that patients with schizophrenia display non-verbal behaviour designed to avoid social engagement during the opening moments of their meetings with psychiatrists. This study aimed to replicate, and build on, this finding, assessing the non-verbal behaviour of patients and psychiatrists during meetings, exploring changes over time and its association with patients' symptoms and the quality of the therapeutic relationship. METHOD 40-videotaped routine out-patient consultations, involving patients with schizophrenia, were analysed. Non-verbal behaviour of patients and psychiatrists was assessed during three fixed, 2-min intervals using a modified Ethological Coding System for Interviews. Symptoms, satisfaction with communication and the quality of the therapeutic relationship were also measured. RESULTS Over time, patients' non-verbal behaviour remained stable, whilst psychiatrists' flight behaviour decreased. Patients formed two groups based on their non-verbal profiles, one group (n = 25) displaying pro-social behaviour, inviting interaction and a second (n = 15) displaying flight behaviour, avoiding interaction. Psychiatrists interacting with pro-social patients displayed more pro-social behaviours (P < 0.001). Patients' pro-social profile was associated reduced symptom severity (P < 0.05), greater satisfaction with communication (P < 0.001) and positive therapeutic relationships (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Patients' non-verbal behaviour during routine psychiatric consultations remains unchanged, and is linked to both their psychiatrist's non-verbal behaviour and the quality of the therapeutic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lavelle
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
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115
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Lloyd KJ, Boer D, Kluger AN, Voelpel SC. Building Trust and Feeling Well: Examining Intraindividual and Interpersonal Outcomes and Underlying Mechanisms of Listening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10904018.2014.928211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bavelas J, Gerwing J, Healing S. Effect of Dialogue on Demonstrations: Direct Quotations, Facial Portrayals, Hand Gestures, and Figurative References. DISCOURSE PROCESSES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/0163853x.2014.883730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nguyen DT, Fussell SR. Retrospective Analysis of Cognitive and Affective Responses in Intercultural and Intracultural Conversations. DISCOURSE PROCESSES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/0163853x.2014.949121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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118
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Abstract
Among the many analytical categories bequeathed by linguistics to the study of dialogue, some inadvertently conceal more than they reveal. In addition to instantiating such fictions as speaker and listener or langue and parole, these categories tend to privilege the study of syntax over semantics, utterance over gesture, speaking over listening, and words over everything else. Moreover, our underlying models tend to depict dialogue spatially as a series of sequential exchanges between individual subjects wherein voices are construed in terms of positions, utterances as message-objects, and time as a unidirectional linear sequence. To open up this seemingly solid spatiality, this article reckons with the polymodal, polyphonic, and polychronic aspects of human communication by introducing a concept I call interlistening: movements of dense interactional synchrony wherein listening, speaking, and thinking co-occur with rhythmically textured and cacaphonously con-fused temporality.
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119
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Migerode L. The no conclusion intervention for couples in conflict. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2014; 40:391-401. [PMID: 24749719 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dealing with difference is central to all couple therapy. This article presents an intervention designed to assist couples in handling conflict. Central to this approach is the acceptance that most conflicts cannot be solved. Couples are in need of a different understanding of couples conflict. This understanding is found in the analysis of love in context and in relational dialectics. Couples are guided through different steps: deciding on the valence of the issue as individuals, helping them decide which differences can be resolved and which issues demand new ways of living with the inevitable, and the introduction in the suggested no conclusion dialogue. This article briefly describes the five day intensive couple therapy program, in which the no intervention is embedded. The theoretical foundation of the intervention, followed by the step by step description of the intervention forms the major part of the article. A case vignette illustrates this approach.
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121
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Barber SJ, Mather M. How retellings shape younger and older adults' memories. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 26:263-279. [PMID: 25436107 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2014.892494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The way a story is retold influences the way it is later remembered; after retelling an event in a biased manner people subsequently remember the event in line with their distorted retelling. This study tested the hypothesis that this should be especially true for older adults. To test this, older and younger adults retold a story to be entertaining, to be accurate, or did not complete an initial retelling. Later, all participants recalled the story as accurately as possible. On this final test younger adults were unaffected by how they had previously retold the story. In contrast, older adults had better memory for the story's content and structure if they had previously retold the story accurately. Furthermore, for older adults, greater usage of storytelling language during the retelling was associated with lower subsequent recall. In summary, retellings exerted a greater effect on memory in older, compared with younger, adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Barber
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0191
| | - Mara Mather
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0191
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122
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Ziółkowska J. Time and the psychiatric interview: The negotiation of temporal criteria of the depressive disorder. Health (London) 2014; 18:163-78. [DOI: 10.1177/1363459313488005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, I am concerned with doctors’ negotiations of the temporal dimension of the diagnostic criteria of depressive disorders during the first psychiatric interview. The data come from 16 initial psychiatric interviews recorded by doctors in three psychiatric hospitals in Poland. Taking a constructionist view of discourse and psychiatric practices, I shall argue that the discursive practice related to temporal information about patients’ illnesses serves in gaining information, which is useful in the medical model of psychiatric diagnosis. The doctors positioned the patients’ experiences on the timeline when the illness history was taken and temporal information authenticated the information. Conversely, the patients’ current conditions were constructed in a limitless present, which allowed the psychiatrists to remove the relativity.
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123
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Overton TL, Rives TE, Hecht C, Shafi S, Gandhi RR. Distracted driving: prevalence, problems, and prevention. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2014; 22:187-92. [PMID: 24499372 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2013.879482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
While the number of motor vehicle crashes has declined over the years, crashes resulting from distracted driving are increasing in the United States resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. The national public seems to be aware of the dangers associated with using technology while driving, but continues to engage in this dangerous behaviour, and may be unaware of or underestimate the impact of cell phone use on their own driving performance. Problems associated with distracted driving are not limited to novice or teenage drivers; multifaceted universal prevention efforts aimed at impacting large segments of the population may have the greatest impact. Legislation limiting drivers' cell phone use has had little impact, possibly due to low regulation and enforcement. Behaviour change programmes, improved vehicle safety, and public awareness campaigns have been developed as potential preventive efforts to reduce accidents caused by distracted drivers.
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Shepherd TA, King G, Servais M, Bolack L, Willoughby C. Clinical Scenario Discussions of Listening in Interprofessional Health Care Teams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10904018.2014.861295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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125
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Talking to each other and talking together: Joint language tasks and degrees of interactivity. Behav Brain Sci 2013; 36:423-4. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x12001926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA second-person perspective in neuroscience is particularly appropriate for the study of communication. We describe how the investigation of joint language tasks can contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying interaction.
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Abstract
Experiments that aim to model language processing in spoken dialogue contexts often use confederates as speakers or addressees. However, the decision of whether to use a confederate, and of precisely how to deploy one, is shaped by researchers' explicit theories and implicit assumptions about the nature of dialogue. When can a confederate fulfill the role of conversational partner without changing the nature of the dialogue itself? We survey the benefits and risks of using confederates in studies of language in dialogue contexts, identifying four concerns that appear to guide how confederates are deployed. We then discuss several studies that have addressed these concerns differently-and, in some cases, have found different results. We conclude with recommendations for how to weigh the benefits and risks of using experimental confederates in dialogue studies: Confederates are best used when an experimental hypothesis concerns responses to unusual behaviors or low-frequency linguistic forms and when the experimental task calls for the confederate partner to take the initiative as speaker. Confederates can be especially risky in the addressee role, especially if their nonverbal behavior is uncontrolled and if they know more than is warranted by the experimental task.
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Abstract
Currently, production and comprehension are regarded as quite distinct in accounts of language processing. In rejecting this dichotomy, we instead assert that producing and understanding are interwoven, and that this interweaving is what enables people to predict themselves and each other. We start by noting that production and comprehension are forms of action and action perception. We then consider the evidence for interweaving in action, action perception, and joint action, and explain such evidence in terms of prediction. Specifically, we assume that actors construct forward models of their actions before they execute those actions, and that perceivers of others' actions covertly imitate those actions, then construct forward models of those actions. We use these accounts of action, action perception, and joint action to develop accounts of production, comprehension, and interactive language. Importantly, they incorporate well-defined levels of linguistic representation (such as semantics, syntax, and phonology). We show (a) how speakers and comprehenders use covert imitation and forward modeling to make predictions at these levels of representation, (b) how they interweave production and comprehension processes, and (c) how they use these predictions to monitor the upcoming utterances. We show how these accounts explain a range of behavioral and neuroscientific data on language processing and discuss some of the implications of our proposal.
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128
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Echterhoff G, Kopietz R, Higgins ET. Adjusting Shared Reality: Communicators' Memory Changes As Their Connection with Their Audience Changes. SOCIAL COGNITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2013.31.2.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Co-constructing Grounded Symbols—Feedback and Incremental Adaptation in Human–Agent Dialogue. KUNSTLICHE INTELLIGENZ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13218-013-0241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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130
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Massfeller HF, Strong T. Clients as conversational agents. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2012; 88:196-202. [PMID: 22525804 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conversational agency is our invented term that orients us to ways in which clients participate in therapeutic dialogues. In this study we examined how clients' conversational correctives and initiatives influenced collaborative therapeutic consultations. METHODS Thirty-five single-session lifestyle consultations were videotaped in which adult clients volunteered to discuss concerns of non-clinical severity with a counselor. We discursively microanalyzed excerpts where clients initiated topic shifts or corrected counselor misunderstandings and how counselors responded to them. RESULTS Clients were actively involved in co-managing conversational developments during the consultations. They influenced the content and course of the conversations with the counselors by correcting, interrupting, or speaking from positions contrary or unrelated to those of the counselors. CONCLUSION Clients observably influenced the conversational agenda through their correctives and initiatives if counselors were responsive during face-to-face consultations. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Clinicians should demonstrate increased sensitivity and relational responsivity by intentionally engaging with clients' agentive contributions to consultative dialogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen F Massfeller
- Educational Studies in Counselling Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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Sandgren O, Andersson R, van de Weijer J, Hansson K, Sahlén B. Timing of gazes in child dialogues: a time-course analysis of requests and back channelling in referential communication. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2012; 47:373-383. [PMID: 22788224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigates gaze behaviour in child dialogues. In earlier studies the authors have investigated the use of requests for clarification and responses in order to study the co-creation of understanding in a referential communication task. By adding eye tracking, this line of research is now expanded to include non-verbal contributions in conversation. AIMS To investigate the timing of gazes in face-to-face interaction and to relate the gaze behaviour to the use of requests for clarification. METHODS & PROCEDURES Eight conversational pairs of typically developing 10-15 year olds participated. The pairs (director and executor) performed a referential communication task requiring the description of faces. During the dialogues both participants wore head-mounted eye trackers. All gazes were recorded and categorized according to the area fixated (Task, Face, Off). The verbal context for all instances of gaze at the partner's face was identified and categorized using time-course analysis. OUTCOMES & RESULTS The results showed that the executor spends almost 90% of the time fixating the gaze on the task, 10% on the director's face and less than 0.5% elsewhere. Turn shift, primarily requests for clarification, and back channelling significantly predicted the executors' gaze to the face of the task director. The distribution of types of requests showed that requests for previously unmentioned information were significantly more likely to be associated with gaze at the director. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS The study shows that the executors' gaze at the director accompanies important dynamic shifts in the dialogue. The association with requests for clarification indicates that gaze at the director can be used to monitor the response with two modalities. Furthermore, the significantly higher association with requests for previously unmentioned information indicates that gaze may be used to emphasize the verbal content. The results will be used as a reference for studies of gaze behaviour in clinical populations with hearing and language impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Sandgren
- Department of Logopedics, Phoniatrics and Audiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Ames D, Maissen LB, Brockner J. The role of listening in interpersonal influence. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kaulard K, Cunningham DW, Bülthoff HH, Wallraven C. The MPI facial expression database--a validated database of emotional and conversational facial expressions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32321. [PMID: 22438875 PMCID: PMC3305299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to communicate is one of the core aspects of human life. For this, we use not only verbal but also nonverbal signals of remarkable complexity. Among the latter, facial expressions belong to the most important information channels. Despite the large variety of facial expressions we use in daily life, research on facial expressions has so far mostly focused on the emotional aspect. Consequently, most databases of facial expressions available to the research community also include only emotional expressions, neglecting the largely unexplored aspect of conversational expressions. To fill this gap, we present the MPI facial expression database, which contains a large variety of natural emotional and conversational expressions. The database contains 55 different facial expressions performed by 19 German participants. Expressions were elicited with the help of a method-acting protocol, which guarantees both well-defined and natural facial expressions. The method-acting protocol was based on every-day scenarios, which are used to define the necessary context information for each expression. All facial expressions are available in three repetitions, in two intensities, as well as from three different camera angles. A detailed frame annotation is provided, from which a dynamic and a static version of the database have been created. In addition to describing the database in detail, we also present the results of an experiment with two conditions that serve to validate the context scenarios as well as the naturalness and recognizability of the video sequences. Our results provide clear evidence that conversational expressions can be recognized surprisingly well from visual information alone. The MPI facial expression database will enable researchers from different research fields (including the perceptual and cognitive sciences, but also affective computing, as well as computer vision) to investigate the processing of a wider range of natural facial expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Kaulard
- Department of Human Cognition, Perception and Action, Max-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Heinrich H. Bülthoff
- Department of Human Cognition, Perception and Action, Max-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Christian Wallraven
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how consultants negotiated exceptions to clients problem or aspiration discourse in lifestyle consultations held for research purposes. DESIGN Participants from a university campus (students and employees) were recruited for 1-hr lifestyle consultations with therapist consultants having graduate training and supervision in narrative and solution-focused therapy. The consultations were held with the expectation that consultants would, at least once, invite discussions of exceptions in client's problem or aspiration discourse. We wanted to understand how such discussions were initiated and brought to conclusion by examining client and consultants use of conversational practices. METHOD Twelve volunteer 'clients' participated in consultations with our six volunteering consultants. These consultations were videotaped then passages were selected where consultants initiated exception discussions with the clients involved. The 18 selected passages were discursively analyzed for general rhetorical features evident in those passages, and three passages were transcribed and analyzed using conversation analysis to make evident more specific rhetorical features of exception discussions, as they were engaged in by consultants and clients. RESULTS Ten general features of exception discussions were highlighted and the more specific conversational analyses revealed a 'messiness' that was related to how exception discussions were introduced and negotiated as a novel discourse in the consultations. CONCLUSIONS We discuss our findings in the context of therapists' use of exception questions and discussions in therapy and highlight particular conversational practices and sensitivities relevant to engaging clients in such exception discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Strong
- Division of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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135
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Analyzing nonverbal listener responses using parallel recordings of multiple listeners. Cogn Process 2012; 13 Suppl 2:499-506. [PMID: 22350325 PMCID: PMC3443475 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-012-0434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we study nonverbal listener responses on a corpus with multiple parallel recorded listeners. These listeners were meant to believe that they were the sole listener, while in fact there were three persons listening to the same speaker. The speaker could only see one of the listeners. We analyze the impact of the particular setup of the corpus on the behavior and perception of the two types of listeners: the listeners that could be seen by the speaker and the listeners that could not be seen. Furthermore, we compare the nonverbal listening behaviors of these three listeners to each other with regard to timing and form. We correlate these behaviors with behaviors of the speaker, like pauses and whether the speaker is looking at the listeners or not.
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Incremental Dialogue Understanding and Feedback for Multiparty, Multimodal Conversation. INTELLIGENT VIRTUAL AGENTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33197-8_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Strong T, Zeman D. Dialogic Considerations of Confrontation as a Counseling Activity: An Examination of Allen Ivey's Use of Confronting as a Microskill. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gill SP. Rhythmic synchrony and mediated interaction: towards a framework of rhythm in embodied interaction. AI & SOCIETY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00146-011-0362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hooghe A, Neimeyer RA, Rober P. The complexity of couple communication in bereavement: an illustrative case study. DEATH STUDIES 2011; 35:905-924. [PMID: 24501858 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2011.553335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sharing grief experiences, or "storying"grief can be a key resource in adapting to loss, one that can contribute to stronger bonds and relational intimacy within the family. In this article, the authors conceptualize communication between grieving family members in terms of 3 "D" processes, emphasizing the extent to which such communication is dialectic, dialogic, and dynamic in nature. They illustrate the complexity of sharing about a mutual loss, focused on these 3 features, by referring to a case study of a couple coping with the death of a child in the context of a newly formed family. Rather than unilaterally advocating the promotion of open communication, the authors suggest that therapists working with bereaved families first discuss the complexities of communication with the family members, specifically those concerning talking and keeping silent, and explore the different meanings associated with sharing grief experiences with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Hooghe
- Institute for Family and Sexuality Studies, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Robert A Neimeyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peter Rober
- Institute for Family and Sexuality Studies, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Fels DI, Astell AJ. Storytelling as a model of conversation for people with dementia and caregivers. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2011; 26:535-41. [PMID: 22155895 PMCID: PMC10845687 DOI: 10.1177/1533317511429324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Storytelling is an important method of communication at all stages of life. Sharing narratives about lived events and experiences provides topics of conversation and opportunities for connecting with other people. In this article, we apply a conventional model of storytelling to the verbal reminiscences of older people with a dementia diagnosis. Their stories retain the conventional structure, suggesting that storytelling, which is an enjoyable and engaging social activity, can provide a conversation model for people with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah I Fels
- Ted Rogers School of Information Technology Management, University of Ryerson, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Tan R, Fay N. Cultural transmission in the laboratory: agent interaction improves the intergenerational transfer of information. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Baron JM, Bluck S. That Was a Good Story! Preliminary Construction of the Perceived Story Quality Index. DISCOURSE PROCESSES 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01638531003702109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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McLean KC, Pasupathi M. Old, New, Borrowed, Blue? The Emergence and Retention of Personal Meaning in Autobiographical Storytelling. J Pers 2011; 79:135-63. [PMID: 21223267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate C McLean
- Western Washington University, Department of Psychology, MS 9172, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA.
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Positive and Negative Childhood and Adolescent Identity Memories Stemming from One’s Country and Culture-of-origin: A Comparative Narrative Analysis. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-010-9122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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147
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Kuhlen AK, Brennan SE. Anticipating Distracted Addressees: How Speakers' Expectations and Addressees' Feedback Influence Storytelling. DISCOURSE PROCESSES 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/01638530903441339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractAn important priority for the English Profile programme is to incorporate empirical evidence of the spoken language into the Common European Framework (CEFR). At present, the CEFR descriptors relating to the spoken language include references to fluency and its development as the learner moves from one level to another. This article offers a critique of the monologic bias of much of our current approach to spoken fluency. Fluency undoubtedly involves a degree of automaticity and the ability quickly to retrieve ready-made chunks of language. However, fluency also involves the ability to create flow and smoothness across turn-boundaries and can be seen as an interactive phenomenon in discourse. The article offers corpus evidence for the notion of confluence, that is the joint production of flow by more than one speaker, focusing in particular on turn-openings and closings. It considers the implications of an interactive view of fluency for pedagogy, assessment and in the broader social context.
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Harris CB, Barnier AJ, Sutton J, Keil PG. How did you feel when "The Crocodile Hunter" died? Voicing and silencing in conversation influences memory for an autobiographical event. Memory 2010; 18:185-97. [PMID: 19714547 DOI: 10.1080/09658210903153915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Conversations about the past can involve voicing and silencing; processes of validation and invalidation that shape recall. In this experiment we examined the products and processes of remembering a significant autobiographical event in conversation with others. Following the death of Australian celebrity Steve Irwin, in an adapted version of the collaborative recall paradigm, 69 participants described and rated their memories for hearing of his death. Participants then completed a free recall phase where they either discussed the event in groups of three or wrote about the event on their own. Finally, participants completed the original questionnaire again, both 1 week and 1 month after the free recall phase. Discussion influenced later memories for hearing of Irwin's death, particularly memories for emotion and shock. Qualitative analysis of the free recall phase suggested that during conversation a shared understanding of the event developed, but that emotional reactions to the event were silenced in ways that minimised the event's impact. These findings are discussed in terms of the processes and consequences of sharing public and personal memories in conversation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia B Harris
- Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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