101
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Kazandjian D, Landgren O. A look backward and forward in the regulatory and treatment history of multiple myeloma: Approval of novel-novel agents, new drug development, and longer patient survival. Semin Oncol 2016; 43:682-689. [PMID: 28061986 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding and treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and its precursor diseases. These advances include gains in knowledge of the underlying pathobiology including molecular and cellular prognostic factors for disease progression. In parallel we have witnessed the availability of novel therapeutics. Together these advances have translated into improvements in long-term clinical benefit and survival in MM. Indeed, it has been shown that patients diagnosed in the last decade have experienced almost doubling of median survival time. We aim to review and give further insight into drug development and novel drug approvals that have revolutionized the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickran Kazandjian
- Myeloma program, Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health and the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Ola Landgren
- Myeloma Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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102
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Turner JG, Dawson JL, Grant S, Shain KH, Dalton WS, Dai Y, Meads M, Baz R, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Sullivan DM. Treatment of acquired drug resistance in multiple myeloma by combination therapy with XPO1 and topoisomerase II inhibitors. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:73. [PMID: 27557643 PMCID: PMC4997728 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired drug resistance is the greatest obstacle to the successful treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Despite recent advanced treatment options such as liposomal formulations, proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, myeloma-targeted antibodies, and histone deacetylase inhibitors, MM is still considered an incurable disease. METHODS We investigated whether the clinical exportin 1 (XPO1) inhibitor selinexor (KPT-330), when combined with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) or doxorubicin hydrochloride, could overcome acquired drug resistance in multidrug-resistant human MM xenograft tumors, four different multidrug-resistant MM cell lines, or ex vivo MM biopsies from relapsed/refractory patients. Mechanistic studies were performed to assess co-localization of topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A), DNA damage, and siRNA knockdown of drug targets. RESULTS Selinexor was found to restore sensitivity of multidrug-resistant 8226B25, 8226Dox6, 8226Dox40, and U266PSR human MM cells to doxorubicin to levels found in parental myeloma cell lines. NOD/SCID-γ mice challenged with drug-resistant or parental U266 human MM and treated with selinexor/PLD had significantly decreased tumor growth and increased survival with minimal toxicity. Selinexor/doxorubicin treatment selectively induced apoptosis in CD138/light-chain-positive MM cells without affecting non-myeloma cells in ex vivo-treated bone marrow aspirates from newly diagnosed or relapsed/refractory MM patients. Selinexor inhibited XPO1-TOP2A protein complexes (proximity ligation assay), preventing nuclear export of TOP2A in both parental and multidrug-resistant MM cell lines. Selinexor/doxorubicin treatment significantly increased DNA damage (comet assay/γ-H2AX) in both parental and drug-resistant MM cells. TOP2A knockdown reversed both the anti-tumor effect and significantly reduced DNA damage induced by selinexor/doxorubicin treatment. CONCLUSIONS The combination of an XPO1 inhibitor and liposomal doxorubicin was highly effective against acquired drug resistance in in vitro MM models, in in vivo xenograft studies, and in ex vivo samples obtained from patients with relapsed/refractory myeloma. This drug combination synergistically induced TOP2A-mediated DNA damage and subsequent apoptosis. In addition, based on our preclinical data, we have initiated a phase I/II study with the XPO1 inhibitor selinexor and PLD (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02186834). Initial results from both preclinical and clinical trials have shown significant promise for this drug combination for the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Turner
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Jana L. Dawson
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Steven Grant
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Kenneth H. Shain
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - William S. Dalton
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
- M2Gen® Biotechnologies, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Yun Dai
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Mark Meads
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Rachid Baz
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | | | | | - Daniel M. Sullivan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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103
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Mahipal A, Malafa M. Importins and exportins as therapeutic targets in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:135-43. [PMID: 27113410 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear transport proteins, importins and exportins (karyopherin-β proteins), may play an important role in cancer by transporting key mediators of oncogenesis across the nuclear membrane in cancer cells. During nucleocytoplasmic transport of tumor suppressor proteins and cell cycle regulators during the processing of these proteins, aberrant cellular growth signaling and inactivation of apoptosis can occur, both critical to growth and development of tumors. Karyopherin-β proteins bind to these cargo proteins and RanGTP for active transport across the nuclear membrane through the nuclear pore complex. Importins and exportins are overexpressed in multiple tumors including melanoma, pancreatic, breast, colon, gastric, prostate, esophageal, lung cancer, and lymphomas. Furthermore, some of the karyopherin-β proteins such as exportin-1 have been implicated in drug resistance in cancer. Importin and exportin inhibitors are being considered as therapeutic targets against cancer and have shown preclinical anticancer activity. Moreover, synergistic activity has been observed with various chemotherapeutic and targeted agents. However, clinical development of the exportin-1 inhibitor leptomycin B was stopped due to adverse events, including vomiting, anorexia, and dehydration. Selinexor, a selective nuclear export inhibitor, is being tested in multiple clinical trials both as a single agent and in combination with chemotherapy. Selinexor has demonstrated clinical activity in multiple cancers, especially acute myelogenous leukemia and multiple myeloma. The roles of other importin and exportin inhibitors still need to be investigated clinically. Targeting the key mediators of nucleocytoplasmic transport in cancer cells represents a novel strategy in cancer intervention with the potential to significantly affect outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mahipal
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Mokenge Malafa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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104
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Sun Q, Chen X, Zhou Q, Burstein E, Yang S, Jia D. Inhibiting cancer cell hallmark features through nuclear export inhibition. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2016; 1:16010. [PMID: 29263896 PMCID: PMC5661660 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treating cancer through inhibition of nuclear export is one of the best examples of basic research translation into clinical application. Nuclear export factor chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1; Xpo1 and exportin-1) controls cellular localization and function of numerous proteins that are critical for the development of many cancer hallmarks. The diverse actions of CRM1 are likely to explain the broad ranging anti-cancer potency of CRM1 inhibitors observed in pre-clinical studies and/or clinical trials (phase I–III) on both advanced-stage solid and hematological tumors. In this review, we compare and contrast the mechanisms of action of different CRM1 inhibitors, and discuss the potential benefit of unexplored non-covalent CRM1 inhibitors. This emerging field has uncovered that nuclear export inhibition is well poised as an attractive target towards low-toxicity broad-spectrum potent anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Da Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China 2nd University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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105
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Sun H, Lin DC, Cao Q, Guo X, Marijon H, Zhao Z, Gery S, Xu L, Yang H, Pang B, Lee VKM, Lim HJ, Doan N, Said JW, Chu P, Mayakonda A, Thomas T, Forscher C, Baloglu E, Shacham S, Rajalingam R, Koeffler HP. CRM1 Inhibition Promotes Cytotoxicity in Ewing Sarcoma Cells by Repressing EWS-FLI1-Dependent IGF-1 Signaling. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2687-97. [PMID: 26956669 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is an aggressive bone malignancy that mainly affects children and young adults. The mechanisms by which EWS (EWSR1) fusion genes drive the disease are not fully understood. CRM1 (XPO1) traffics proteins from the nucleus, including tumor suppressors and growth factors, and is overexpressed in many cancers. A small-molecule inhibitor of CRM1, KPT-330, has shown therapeutic promise, but has yet to be investigated in the context of EWS. In this study, we demonstrate that CRM1 is also highly expressed in EWS. shRNA-mediated or pharmacologic inhibition of CRM1 in EWS cells dramatically decreased cell growth while inducing apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, and protein expression alterations to several cancer-related factors. Interestingly, silencing of CRM1 markedly reduced EWS-FLI1 fusion protein expression at the posttranscriptional level and upregulated the expression of the well-established EWS-FLI1 target gene, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), which inhibits IGF-1. Accordingly, KPT-330 treatment attenuated IGF-1-induced activation of the IGF-1R/AKT pathway. Furthermore, knockdown of IGFBP3 increased cell growth and rescued the inhibitory effects on IGF-1 signaling triggered by CRM1 inhibition. Finally, treatment of EWS cells with a combination of KPT-330 and the IGF-1R inhibitor, linsitinib, synergistically decreased cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo Taken together, these findings provide a strong rationale for investigating the efficacy of combinatorial inhibition of CRM1 and IGF-1R for the treatment of EWS. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2687-97. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Sun
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
| | - De-Chen Lin
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Helene Marijon
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sigal Gery
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Liang Xu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brendan Pang
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Huey Jin Lim
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ngan Doan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan W Said
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peiguo Chu
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anand Mayakonda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tom Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Charles Forscher
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Raja Rajalingam
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore. National University Cancer Institute, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
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106
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Xie QL, Liu Y, Zhu Y. Chromosome region maintenance 1 expression and its association with clinical pathological features in primary carcinoma of the liver. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:59-68. [PMID: 27347018 PMCID: PMC4907041 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Recurrence and metastasis are the major factors affecting the prognosis; thus, investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms of invasion and metastasis, and detection of novel drug target may improve the mortality rate of liver cancer patients. Chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) recognizes specific leucine-rich nuclear export signal sequences, and its overexpression is associated with tumor-suppressor gene inactivation, proliferation, invasion and resistance to chemotherapy. The aim of the present study was to examine the association of CRM1 expression with the clinical and pathological features of primary liver cancer. In total, 152 cases diagnosed with liver cancer were included. CRM1 expression was detected in cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues by immunohistochemical assay. No statistically significant difference was found between the CRM1 expression levels in tumor and adjacent normal tissues (P=0.106). However, CRM1 expression in adjacent normal tissues was higher compared with that in tumor tissues in the negative hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg; P=0.029) and low differentiation (P=0.004) groups. In tumor tissues, CRM1 expression was significantly correlated with differentiation (P=0.045), whereas in adjacent normal tissues, CRM1 expression was significantly correlated with the tumor diameter (P=0.004). Therefore, it can be concluded that CRM1 is highly expressed in both tumor and adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, CRM1 expression is associated with the tumor differentiation degree and diameter. Lower differentiation and larger tumor diameter resulted in higher CRM1 expression in adjacent normal tissues, and higher tendency for invasion and metastasis. In addition, the risk of invasion and metastasis remains in chronic hepatitis B patients with negative HBeAg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Ling Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
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107
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Attiyeh EF, Maris JM, Lock R, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Carol H, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Keir ST, Wu J, Landesman Y, Shacham S, Lyalin D, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Pharmacodynamic and genomic markers associated with response to the XPO1/CRM1 inhibitor selinexor (KPT-330): A report from the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:276-86. [PMID: 26398108 PMCID: PMC4722540 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selinexor (KPT-330) is an inhibitor of the major nuclear export receptor, exportin 1 (XPO1, also termed chromosome region maintenance 1, CRM1) that has demonstrated activity in preclinical models and clinical activity against several solid and hematological cancers. PROCEDURES Selinexor was tested against the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) in vitro cell line panel at concentrations from 1.0 nM to 10 μM and against the PPTP in vivo xenograft panels administered orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg thrice weekly for 4 weeks. RESULTS Selinexor demonstrated cytotoxic activity in vitro, with a median relative IC50 value of 123 nM (range 13.0 nM to >10 μM). Selinexor induced significant differences in event-free survival (EFS) distribution in 29 of 38 (76%) of the evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in five of eight (63%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. Objective responses (partial or complete responses, PR/CR) were observed for 4 of 38 solid tumor xenografts including Wilms tumor, medulloblastoma (n = 2), and ependymoma models. For the ALL panel, two of eight (25%) xenografts achieved either CR or maintained CR. Two responding xenografts had FBXW7 mutations at R465 and two had SMARCA4 mutations. Selinexor induced p53, p21, and cleaved PARP in several solid tumor models. CONCLUSIONS Selinexor induced regression against several solid tumor and ALL xenografts and slowed tumor growth in a larger number of models. Pharmacodynamic effects for XPO1 inhibition were noted. Defining the relationship between selinexor systemic exposures in mice and humans will be important in assessing the clinical relevance of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F. Attiyeh
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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108
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Crochiere ML, Baloglu E, Klebanov B, Donovan S, del Alamo D, Lee M, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Landesman Y. A method for quantification of exportin-1 (XPO1) occupancy by Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (SINE) compounds. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1863-77. [PMID: 26654943 PMCID: PMC4811503 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (SINE) compounds are a family of small-molecules that inhibit nuclear export through covalent binding to cysteine 528 (Cys528) in the cargo-binding pocket of Exportin 1 (XPO1/CRM1) and promote cancer cell death. Selinexor is the lead SINE compound currently in phase I and II clinical trials for advanced solid and hematological malignancies. In an effort to understand selinexor-XPO1 interaction and to establish whether cancer cell response is a function of drug-target engagement, we developed a quantitative XPO1 occupancy assay. Biotinylated leptomycin B (b-LMB) was utilized as a tool compound to measure SINE-free XPO1. Binding to XPO1 was quantitated from SINE compound treated adherent and suspension cells in vitro, dosed ex vivo human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and PBMCs from mice dosed orally with drug in vivo. Evaluation of a panel of selinexor sensitive and resistant cell lines revealed that resistance was not attributed to XPO1 occupancy by selinexor. Administration of a single dose of selinexor bound XPO1 for minimally 72 hours both in vitro and in vivo. While XPO1 inhibition directly correlates with selinexor pharmacokinetics, the biological outcome of this inhibition depends on modulation of pathways downstream of XPO1, which ultimately determines cancer cell responsiveness.
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MESH Headings
- Acrylamides/chemistry
- Acrylamides/pharmacology
- Acrylates/chemistry
- Acrylates/pharmacology
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/chemistry
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacokinetics
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Biotinylation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/chemistry
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacokinetics
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology
- HCT116 Cells
- Humans
- Hydrazines/chemistry
- Hydrazines/pharmacokinetics
- Hydrazines/pharmacology
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Structure
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Thiazoles/chemistry
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Triazoles/chemistry
- Triazoles/pharmacokinetics
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha L. Crochiere
- All authors are current or former employees of Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, MA, 02459 U.S.A
| | - Erkan Baloglu
- All authors are current or former employees of Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, MA, 02459 U.S.A
| | - Boris Klebanov
- All authors are current or former employees of Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, MA, 02459 U.S.A
| | - Scott Donovan
- All authors are current or former employees of Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, MA, 02459 U.S.A
| | - Diego del Alamo
- All authors are current or former employees of Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, MA, 02459 U.S.A
| | - Margaret Lee
- All authors are current or former employees of Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, MA, 02459 U.S.A
| | - Michael Kauffman
- All authors are current or former employees of Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, MA, 02459 U.S.A
| | - Sharon Shacham
- All authors are current or former employees of Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, MA, 02459 U.S.A
| | - Yosef Landesman
- All authors are current or former employees of Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, MA, 02459 U.S.A
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109
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Abstract
Treatment for myeloma has dramatically changed over the past decade, as has overall survival, due in large part to the development of new targeted agents. While proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory agents have contributed to improved outcomes, additional new options remain an unmet medical need. Classes of emerging agents include those targeting epigenetics, such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and other emerging targets, such as kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitors, cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, and nuclear protein export inhibitors. Future treatment approaches will need to identify how and when to incorporate these treatment options to optimally treat patients with relapsed or refractory myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Rd, Building C, Room 4004, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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110
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Etchin J, Montero J, Berezovskaya A, Le BT, Kentsis A, Christie AL, Conway AS, Chen WC, Reed C, Mansour MR, Ng CEL, Adamia S, Rodig SJ, Galinsky IA, Stone RM, Klebanov B, Landesman Y, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Kung AL, Wang JCY, Letai A, Look AT. Activity of a selective inhibitor of nuclear export, selinexor (KPT-330), against AML-initiating cells engrafted into immunosuppressed NSG mice. Leukemia 2016; 30:190-9. [PMID: 26202935 PMCID: PMC4994896 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently available combination chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) often fails to result in long-term remissions, emphasizing the need for novel therapeutic strategies. We reasoned that targeted inhibition of a prominent nuclear exporter, XPO1/CRM1, could eradicate self-renewing leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) whose survival depends on timely XPO1-mediated transport of specific protein and RNA cargoes. Using an immunosuppressed mouse model bearing primary patient-derived AML cells, we demonstrate that selinexor (KPT-330), an oral antagonist of XPO1 that is currently in clinical trials, has strong activity against primary AML cells while sparing normal stem and progenitor cells. Importantly, limiting dilution transplantation assays showed that this cytotoxic activity is not limited to the rapidly proliferating bulk population of leukemic cells but extends to the LICs, whose inherent drug resistance and unrestricted self-renewal capacity has been implicated in the difficulty of curing AML patients with conventional chemotherapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Etchin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Montero
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Berezovskaya
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - BT Le
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Kentsis
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - AL Christie
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - AS Conway
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - WC Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Reed
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - MR Mansour
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - CEL Ng
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Adamia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - SJ Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - IA Galinsky
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - RM Stone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Klebanov
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, MA, USA
| | | | - M Kauffman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, MA, USA
| | - S Shacham
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, MA, USA
| | - AL Kung
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - JCY Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Letai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - AT Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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111
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Rosebeck S, Alonge MM, Kandarpa M, Mayampurath A, Volchenboum SL, Jasielec J, Dytfeld D, Maxwell SP, Kraftson SJ, McCauley D, Shacham S, Kauffman M, Jakubowiak AJ. Synergistic Myeloma Cell Death via Novel Intracellular Activation of Caspase-10-Dependent Apoptosis by Carfilzomib and Selinexor. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 15:60-71. [PMID: 26637366 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exportin1 (XPO1; also known as chromosome maintenance region 1, or CRM1) controls nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of most tumor suppressors and is overexpressed in many cancers, including multiple myeloma, functionally impairing tumor suppressive function via target mislocalization. Selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) compounds block XPO1-mediated nuclear escape by disrupting cargo protein binding, leading to retention of tumor suppressors, induction of cancer cell death, and sensitization to other drugs. Combined treatment with the clinical stage SINE compound selinexor and the irreversible proteasome inhibitor (PI) carfilzomib induced synergistic cell death of myeloma cell lines and primary plasma cells derived from relapsing/refractory myeloma patients and completely impaired the growth of myeloma cell line-derived tumors in mice. Investigating the details of SINE/PI-induced cell death revealed (i) reduced Bcl-2 expression and cleavage and inactivation of Akt, two prosurvival regulators of apoptosis and autophagy; (ii) intracellular membrane-associated aggregation of active caspases, which depended on caspase-10 protease activity; and (iii) novel association of caspase-10 and autophagy-associated proteins p62 and LC3 II, which may prime activation of the caspase cascade. Overall, our findings provide novel mechanistic rationale behind the potent cell death induced by combining selinexor with carfilzomib and support their use in the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma and potentially other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Rosebeck
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mattina M Alonge
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Malathi Kandarpa
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Jagoda Jasielec
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Sean P Maxwell
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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112
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Crochiere M, Kashyap T, Kalid O, Shechter S, Klebanov B, Senapedis W, Saint-Martin JR, Landesman Y. Deciphering mechanisms of drug sensitivity and resistance to Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (SINE) compounds. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:910. [PMID: 26573568 PMCID: PMC4647283 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exportin 1 (XPO1) is a well-characterized nuclear export protein whose expression is up-regulated in many types of cancers and functions to transport key tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs) from the nucleus. Karyopharm Therapeutics has developed a series of small-molecule Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (SINE) compounds, which have been shown to block XPO1 function both in vitro and in vivo. The drug candidate, selinexor (KPT-330), is currently in Phase-II/IIb clinical trials for treatment of both hematologic and solid tumors. The present study sought to decipher the mechanisms that render cells either sensitive or resistant to treatment with SINE compounds, represented by KPT-185, an early analogue of KPT-330. METHODS Using the human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line, resistance to SINE was acquired over a period of 10 months of constant incubation with increasing concentration of KPT-185. Cell viability was assayed by MTT. Immunofluorescence was used to compare nuclear export of TSPs. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and immunoblots were used to measure effects on cell cycle, gene expression, and cell death. RNA from naïve and drug treated parental and resistant cells was analyzed by Affymetrix microarrays. RESULTS Treatment of HT1080 cells with gradually increasing concentrations of SINE resulted in >100 fold decrease in sensitivity to SINE cytotoxicity. Resistant cells displayed prolonged cell cycle, reduced nuclear accumulation of TSPs, and similar changes in protein expression compared to parental cells, however the magnitude of the protein expression changes were more significant in parental cells. Microarray analyses comparing parental to resistant cells indicate that a number of key signaling pathways were altered in resistant cells including expression changes in genes involved in adhesion, apoptosis, and inflammation. While the patterns of changes in transcription following drug treatment are similar in parental and resistant cells, the extent of response was more robust in the parental cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SINE resistance is conferred by alterations in signaling pathways downstream of XPO1 inhibition. Modulation of these pathways could potentially overcome the resistance to nuclear export inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Crochiere
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - Trinayan Kashyap
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - Ori Kalid
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - Sharon Shechter
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - Boris Klebanov
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - William Senapedis
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | | | - Yosef Landesman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
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113
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Dickmanns A, Monecke T, Ficner R. Structural Basis of Targeting the Exportin CRM1 in Cancer. Cells 2015; 4:538-68. [PMID: 26402707 PMCID: PMC4588050 DOI: 10.3390/cells4030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the interference of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking with the establishment and maintenance of various cancers. Nucleocytoplasmic transport is highly regulated and coordinated, involving different nuclear transport factors or receptors, importins and exportins, that mediate cargo transport from the cytoplasm into the nucleus or the other way round, respectively. The exportin CRM1 (Chromosome region maintenance 1) exports a plethora of different protein cargoes and ribonucleoprotein complexes. Structural and biochemical analyses have enabled the deduction of individual steps of the CRM1 transport cycle. In addition, CRM1 turned out to be a valid target for anticancer drugs as it exports numerous proto-oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Clearly, detailed understanding of the flexibility, regulatory features and cooperative binding properties of CRM1 for Ran and cargo is a prerequisite for the design of highly effective drugs. The first compound found to inhibit CRM1-dependent nuclear export was the natural drug Leptomycin B (LMB), which blocks export by competitively interacting with a highly conserved cleft on CRM1 required for nuclear export signal recognition. Clinical studies revealed serious side effects of LMB, leading to a search for alternative natural and synthetic drugs and hence a multitude of novel therapeutics. The present review examines recent progress in understanding the binding mode of natural and synthetic compounds and their inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Dickmanns
- Abteilung für Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, GZMB, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
| | - Thomas Monecke
- Abteilung für Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, GZMB, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
| | - Ralf Ficner
- Abteilung für Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, GZMB, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
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114
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Ishizawa J, Kojima K, Hail N, Tabe Y, Andreeff M. Expression, function, and targeting of the nuclear exporter chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) protein. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 153:25-35. [PMID: 26048327 PMCID: PMC4526315 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of proteins/RNAs is essential to normal cellular function. Indeed, accumulating evidence suggests that cancer cells escape anti-neoplastic mechanisms and benefit from pro-survival signals via the dysregulation of this system. The nuclear exporter chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) protein is the only protein in the karyopherin-β protein family that contributes to the trafficking of numerous proteins and RNAs from the nucleus. It is considered to be an oncogenic, anti-apoptotic protein in transformed cells, since it reportedly functions as a gatekeeper for cell survival, including affecting p53 function, and ribosomal biogenesis. Furthermore, abnormally high expression of CRM1 is correlated with poor patient prognosis in various malignancies. Therapeutic targeting of CRM1 has emerged as a novel cancer treatment strategy, starting with a clinical trial with leptomycin B, the original specific inhibitor of CRM1, followed by development of several next-generation small molecules. KPT-330, a novel member of the CRM1-selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) class of compounds, is currently undergoing clinical evaluation for the therapy of various malignancies. Results from these trials suggest that SINE compounds may be particularly useful against hematological malignancies, which often become refractory to standard chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ishizawa
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kensuke Kojima
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Numsen Hail
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yoko Tabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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115
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The C9orf72 repeat expansion disrupts nucleocytoplasmic transport. Nature 2015; 525:56-61. [PMID: 26308891 DOI: 10.1038/nature14973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 736] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) GGGGCC (G4C2) in C9orf72 is the most common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Recent studies support an HRE RNA gain-of-function mechanism of neurotoxicity, and we previously identified protein interactors for the G4C2 RNA including RanGAP1. A candidate-based genetic screen in Drosophila expressing 30 G4C2 repeats identified RanGAP (Drosophila orthologue of human RanGAP1), a key regulator of nucleocytoplasmic transport, as a potent suppressor of neurodegeneration. Enhancing nuclear import or suppressing nuclear export of proteins also suppresses neurodegeneration. RanGAP physically interacts with HRE RNA and is mislocalized in HRE-expressing flies, neurons from C9orf72 ALS patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-derived neurons), and in C9orf72 ALS patient brain tissue. Nuclear import is impaired as a result of HRE expression in the fly model and in C9orf72 iPSC-derived neurons, and these deficits are rescued by small molecules and antisense oligonucleotides targeting the HRE G-quadruplexes. Nucleocytoplasmic transport defects may be a fundamental pathway for ALS and FTD that is amenable to pharmacotherapeutic intervention.
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116
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Das A, Wei G, Parikh K, Liu D. Selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) in hematological malignancies. Exp Hematol Oncol 2015; 4:7. [PMID: 25745591 PMCID: PMC4350974 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-015-0002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated nucleo-cytoplasmic transport plays a major role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. CRM1 (chromosome region maintenance 1 or exportin 1 or XPO 1) is responsible for the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of more than 200 proteins, including most of the tumor suppressor proteins (TSP). CRM1 is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer, osteosarcoma, glioma, cervical and hematological malignancies. This inspired the development of novel agents that selectively inhibit nuclear exportins (SINEs). In this review we focus on the significance of CRM1 in carcinogenesis and review the new development of SINE inhibitiors in hematological malignancies. Selinexor (KPT-330) as the first-in-human SINE agent represents this novel class of anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Das
- Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Guoqing Wei
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaushal Parikh
- Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Delong Liu
- Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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117
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Conway AE, Haldeman JM, Wechsler DS, Lavau CP. A critical role for CRM1 in regulating HOXA gene transcription in CALM-AF10 leukemias. Leukemia 2015; 29:423-32. [PMID: 25027513 PMCID: PMC4297268 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The leukemogenic CALM-AF10 fusion protein is found in patients with immature acute myeloid and T-lymphoid malignancies. CALM-AF10 leukemias display abnormal H3K79 methylation and increased HOXA cluster gene transcription. Elevated expression of HOXA genes is critical for leukemia maintenance and progression; however, the precise mechanism by which CALM-AF10 alters HOXA gene expression is unclear. We previously determined that CALM contains a CRM1-dependent nuclear export signal (NES), which is both necessary and sufficient for CALM-AF10-mediated leukemogenesis. Here, we find that interaction of CALM-AF10 with the nuclear export receptor CRM1 is necessary for activating HOXA gene expression. We show that CRM1 localizes to HOXA loci where it recruits CALM-AF10, leading to transcriptional and epigenetic activation of HOXA genes. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the CALM-CRM1 interaction prevents CALM-AF10 enrichment at HOXA chromatin, resulting in immediate loss of transcription. These results provide a comprehensive mechanism by which the CALM-AF10 translocation activates the critical HOXA cluster genes. Furthermore, this report identifies a novel function of CRM1: the ability to bind chromatin and recruit the NES-containing CALM-AF10 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Conway
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Haldeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniel S. Wechsler
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Catherine P. Lavau
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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118
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Gravina GL, Senapedis W, McCauley D, Baloglu E, Shacham S, Festuccia C. Nucleo-cytoplasmic transport as a therapeutic target of cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:85. [PMID: 25476752 PMCID: PMC4272779 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shuttling of specific proteins out of the nucleus is essential for the regulation of the cell cycle and proliferation of both normal and malignant tissues. Dysregulation of this fundamental process may affect many other important cellular processes such as tumor growth, inflammatory response, cell cycle, and apoptosis. It is known that XPO1 (Exportin-1/Chromosome Region Maintenance 1/CRM1) is the main mediator of nuclear export in many cell types. Nuclear proteins exported to the cytoplasm by XPO1 include the drug targets topoisomerase IIα (topo IIα) and BCR-ABL and tumor suppressor proteins such as Rb, APC, p53, p21, and p27. XPO1 can mediate cell proliferation through several pathways: (i) the sub-cellular localization of NES-containing oncogenes and tumor suppressor proteins, (ii) the control of the mitotic apparatus and chromosome segregation, and (iii) the maintenance of nuclear and chromosomal structures. The XPO1 protein is elevated in ovarian carcinoma, glioma, osteosarcoma, pancreatic and cervical cancer. There is a growing body of research indicating that XPO1 may have an important role as a prognostic marker in solid tumors. Because of this, nuclear export inhibition through XPO1 is a potential target for therapeutic intervention in many cancers. The best understood XPO1 inhibitors are the small molecule nuclear export inhibitors (NEIs; Leptomycin B and derivatives, ratjadones, PKF050-638, valtrate, ACA, CBS9106, selinexor/KPT-330, and verdinexor/KPT-335). Selinexor and verdinexor are orally bioavailable, highly potent, small molecules that are classified as Selective Inhibitors of Nuclear Export (SINE). KPT-330 is the only NEI currently in Phase I/II human clinical trials in hematological and solid cancers. Of all the potential targets in nuclear cytoplasmic transport, the nuclear export receptor XPO1 remains the best understood and most advanced therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Gravina
- />Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Dilara McCauley
- />Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA USA
| | - Erkan Baloglu
- />Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA USA
| | - Sharon Shacham
- />Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA USA
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- />Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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119
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Dimopoulos MA, Richardson PG, Moreau P, Anderson KC. Current treatment landscape for relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014; 12:42-54. [PMID: 25421279 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in the treatment of multiple myeloma have led to improvements in response rates and to increased survival; however, relapse is inevitable in almost all patients. Recurrence of myeloma is typically more aggressive with each relapse, leading to the development of treatment-refractory disease, which is associated with a shorter survival. Several phase II and III trials have demonstrated the efficacy of recently approved agents in the setting of relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma, including immunomodulatory agents, such as lenalidomide and pomalidomide, and proteasome inhibitors, such as bortezomib and carfilzomib. Currently, however, there is no standard treatment for patients with relapsed and/or refractory disease. This Review discusses the current treatment landscape for patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma and highlights disease-related and patient-related factors--such as pre-existing comorbidities or toxicities--that are important considerations for clinicians when selecting an appropriate treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meletios A Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, University of Athens, School of Medicine, 80 Vas Sofias Avenue, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Paul G Richardson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Dana 1B02, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Haematology Department, University Hôspital Hôtel-Dieu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 01, France
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Dana 1B02, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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120
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Parikh K, Cang S, Sekhri A, Liu D. Selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE)--a novel class of anti-cancer agents. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:78. [PMID: 25316614 PMCID: PMC4200201 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of proteins plays an important role in carcinogenesis. The nuclear export of proteins depends on the activity of transport proteins, exportins. Exportins belong to the karyopherin β superfamily. Exportin-1 (XPO1), also known as chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1), mediates transport of around 220 proteins. In this review, we summarized the development of a new class of antitumor drugs, collectively known as selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE). KPT-330 (selinexor) as an oral agent is showing activities in early clinical trials in both solid tumors and hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Delong Liu
- Henan Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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121
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Gravina GL, Tortoreto M, Mancini A, Addis A, Di Cesare E, Lenzi A, Landesman Y, McCauley D, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Zaffaroni N, Festuccia C. XPO1/CRM1-selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) reduce tumor spreading and improve overall survival in preclinical models of prostate cancer (PCa). J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:46. [PMID: 25284315 PMCID: PMC4283114 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-7-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exportin 1 (XPO1), also called chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1), is the sole exportin mediating transport of many multiple tumor suppressor proteins out of the nucleus. AIM AND METHODS To verify the hypothesis that XPO1 inhibition affects prostate cancer (PCa) metastatic potential, orally available, potent and selective, SINE compounds, Selinexor (KPT- 330) and KPT-251, were tested in preclinical models known to generate bone lesions and systemic tumor spread. RESULTS In vitro, Selinexor reduced both secretion of proteases and ability to migrate and invade of PCa cells. SINEs impaired secretion of pro-angiogenic and pro-osteolytic cytokines and reduced osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells. In the intra-prostatic growth model, Selinexor reduced DU145 tumor growth by 41% and 61% at the doses of 4 mg/Kg qd/5 days and 10 mg/Kg q2dx3 weeks, respectively, as well as the incidence of macroscopic visceral metastases. In a systemic metastasis model, following intracardiac injection of PCb2 cells, 80% (8/10) of controls, 10% (1/10) Selinexor- and 20% (2/10) KPT-251-treated animals developed radiographic evidence of lytic bone lesions. Similarly, after intra-tibial injection, the lytic areas were higher in controls than in Selinexor and KPT-251 groups. Analogously, the serum levels of osteoclast markers (mTRAP and type I collagen fragment, CTX), were significantly higher in controls than in Selinexor- and KPT-251-treated animals. Importantly, overall survival and disease-free survival were significantly higher in Selinexor- and KPT-251-treated animals when compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Selective blockade of XPO1-dependent nuclear export represents a completely novel approach for the treatment of advanced and metastatic PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Gravina
- />Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- />Department of Experimental Medicine, Pathophysiology Section, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Tortoreto
- />Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancini
- />Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Addis
- />Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Ernesto Di Cesare
- />Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Division of Radiotherapy, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- />Department of Experimental Medicine, Pathophysiology Section, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- />Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- />Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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122
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Gerecitano J. SINE (selective inhibitor of nuclear export)--translational science in a new class of anti-cancer agents. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:67. [PMID: 25281264 PMCID: PMC4197302 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of protein trafficking between the nucleus and cytoplasm represents a novel control point for antineoplastic intervention. Several proteins involved with cellular growth and survival depend on precise and timely positioning within the cell to fulfill their functions, and the nuclear membrane defines one of the most important compartmental barriers. Chromosome Region Maintenance 1, or exportin-1 (CRM1/XPO1), is involved with the export of more than 200 nuclear proteins, and has intriguingly been shown to have an increased expression in several tumor cell types. Selinexor (KPT-330) is a first-in-class selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) to be developed for clinical use. Preclinical data has demonstrated antineoplastic activity of SINE compounds in many human solid and hematologic malignancies. The clinical development of Selinexor provides an excellent model for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gerecitano
- />Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
- />Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 USA
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Zheng Y, Gery S, Sun H, Shacham S, Kauffman M, Koeffler HP. KPT-330 inhibitor of XPO1-mediated nuclear export has anti-proliferative activity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 74:487-95. [PMID: 25030088 PMCID: PMC4146741 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exportin-1 (XPO1, CRM1) mediates the nuclear export of several key growth regulatory and tumor suppressor proteins. Cancer cells often overexpress XPO1 resulting in cytoplasmic mislocalization and aberrant activity of its target proteins. Orally bioavailable selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) that irreversibly bind to and inhibit the function of XPO1 have been recently developed. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the clinical staged, orally available, SINE compound, KPT-330 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS In silico, meta-analysis showed that XPO1 is overexpressed in HCC. Six HCC cell lines were treated with KPT-330, and cell proliferation and expression of cell growth regulators were examined by cell proliferation assays and Western blot analysis, respectively. The in vivo anti-cancer activity of KPT-330 was examined in a HCC xenograft murine model. RESULTS KPT-330 reduced the viability of HCC cell lines in vitro and this anti-proliferative effect was associated with cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. The expression of the pro-apoptotic protein PUMA was markedly up-regulated by KPT-330. In addition, SINE treatment increased the expression of the tumor suppressor proteins p53 and p27, while it reduced the expression of HCC promoting proteins, c-Myc and c-Met. XPO1 levels itself were also down-regulated following KPT-330 treatment. Finally, a HCC xenograft murine model showed that treatment of mice with oral KPT-330 significantly inhibited tumor growth with little evidence of toxicity. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that SINE compounds, such as KPT-330, are promising novel drugs for the targeted therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zheng
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine China
| | - Sigal Gery
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA
| | - Haibo Sun
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - H. Phillip Koeffler
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA
- NCIS, CSI at National University of Singapore, Singapore
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124
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Turner JG, Dawson J, Cubitt CL, Baz R, Sullivan DM. Inhibition of CRM1-dependent nuclear export sensitizes malignant cells to cytotoxic and targeted agents. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:62-73. [PMID: 24631834 PMCID: PMC4108511 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of proteins is a significant factor in the development of cancer and drug resistance. Subcellular localization of exported proteins linked to cancer development include those involved in cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, transformation, angiogenesis, cell adhesion, invasion, and metastasis. Here, we examined the basic mechanisms involved in the export of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. All proteins over 40kDa use the nuclear pore complex to gain entry or exit from the nucleus, with the primary nuclear export molecule involved in these processes being chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1, exportin 1 or XPO1). Proteins exported from the nucleus must possess a hydrophobic nuclear export signal (NES) peptide that binds to a hydrophobic groove containing an active-site Cys528 in the CRM1 protein. CRM1 inhibitors function largely by covalent modification of the active site Cys528 and prevent binding to the cargo protein NES. In the absence of a CRM1 inhibitor, CRM1 binds cooperatively to the NES of the cargo protein and RanGTP, forming a trimer that is actively transported out of the nucleus by facilitated diffusion. Nuclear export can be blocked by CRM1 inhibitors, NES peptide inhibitors or by preventing post-translational modification of cargo proteins. Clinical trials using the classic CRM1 inhibitor leptomycin B proved too toxic for patients; however, a new generation of less toxic small molecule inhibitors is being used in clinical trials in patients with both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Additional trials are being initiated using small-molecule CRM1 inhibitors in combination with chemotherapeutics such as pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. In this review, we present evidence that combining the new CRM1 inhibitors with other classes of therapeutics may prove effective in the treatment of cancer. Potential combinatorial therapies discussed include the use of CRM1 inhibitors and the addition of alkylating agents (melphalan), anthracyclines (doxorubicin and daunomycin), BRAF inhibitors, platinum drugs (cisplatin and oxaliplatin), proteosome inhibitors (bortezomib and carfilzomib), or tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (imatinib). Also, the sequence of treatment may be important for combination therapy. We found that the most effective treatment regimen involved first priming the cancer cells with the CRM1 inhibitor followed by doxorubicin, bortezomib, carfilzomib, or melphalan. This order sensitized both de novo and acquired drug-resistant cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Turner
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jana Dawson
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Christopher L Cubitt
- Translational Research Core Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Rachid Baz
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Daniel M Sullivan
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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125
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Fung HYJ, Chook YM. Atomic basis of CRM1-cargo recognition, release and inhibition. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:52-61. [PMID: 24631835 PMCID: PMC4108548 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CRM1 or XPO1 is the major nuclear export receptor in the cell, which controls the nuclear-cytoplasmic localization of many proteins and RNAs. CRM1 is also a promising cancer drug target as the transport receptor is overexpressed in many cancers where some of its cargos are misregulated and mislocalized to the cytoplasm. Atomic level understanding of CRM1 function has greatly facilitated recent drug discovery and development of CRM1 inhibitors to target a variety of malignancies. Numerous atomic resolution CRM1 structures are now available, explaining how the exporter recognizes nuclear export signals in its cargos, how RanGTP and cargo bind with positive cooperativity, how RanBP1 causes release of export cargos in the cytoplasm and how diverse inhibitors such as Leptomycin B and the new KPT-SINE compounds block nuclear export. This review summarizes structure-function studies that explain CRM1-cargo recognition, release and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yee Joyce Fung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6001 Forest Park, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA.
| | - Yuh Min Chook
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6001 Forest Park, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA.
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126
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Senapedis WT, Baloglu E, Landesman Y. Clinical translation of nuclear export inhibitors in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:74-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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127
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Snail nuclear transport: the gateways regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition? Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:39-45. [PMID: 24954011 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the reverse process (MET) play central role in organ developmental biology. It is a fine tuned process that when disturbed leads to pathological conditions especially cancers with aggressive and metastatic behavior. Snail is an oncogene that has been well established to be a promoter of EMT through direct repression of epithelial morphology promoter E-cadherin. It can function in the nucleus, in the cytosol and as discovered recently, extracellularly through secretory vesicular structures. The intracellular transport of snail has for long been shown to be regulated by the nuclear pore complex. One of the Karyopherins, importin alpha, mediates snail import, while exportin 1 (Xpo1) also known as chromosome maintenance region 1 (CRM1) is its major nuclear exporter. A number of additional biological regulators are emerging that directly modulate Snail stability by altering its subcellular localization. These observations indicate that targeting the nuclear transport machinery could be an important and as of yet, unexplored avenue for therapeutic intervention against the EMT processes in cancer. In parallel, a number of novel agents that disrupt nuclear transport have recently been discovered and are being explored for their anti-cancer effects in the early clinical settings. Through this review we provide insights on the mechanisms regulating snail subcellular localization and how this impacts EMT. We discuss strategies on how the nuclear transport function can be harnessed to rein in EMT through modulation of snail signaling.
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128
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Kimura M, Imamoto N. Biological significance of the importin-β family-dependent nucleocytoplasmic transport pathways. Traffic 2014; 15:727-48. [PMID: 24766099 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Importin-β family proteins (Imp-βs) are nucleocytoplasmic transport receptors (NTRs) that import and export proteins and RNAs through the nuclear pores. The family consists of 14-20 members depending on the biological species, and each member transports a specific group of cargoes. Thus, the Imp-βs mediate multiple, parallel transport pathways that can be regulated separately. In fact, the spatiotemporally differential expressions and the functional regulations of Imp-βs have been reported. Additionally, the biological significance of each pathway has been characterized by linking the function of a member of Imp-βs to a cellular consequence. Connecting these concepts, the regulation of the transport pathways conceivably induces alterations in the cellular physiological states. However, few studies have linked the regulation of an importin-β family NTR to an induced cellular response and the corresponding cargoes, despite the significance of this linkage in comprehending the biological relevance of the transport pathways. This review of recent reports on the regulation and biological functions of the Imp-βs highlights the significance of the transport pathways in physiological contexts and points out the possibility that the identification of yet unknown specific cargoes will reinforce the importance of transport regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kimura
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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129
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Lin DC, Hao JJ, Nagata Y, Xu L, Shang L, Meng X, Sato Y, Okuno Y, Varela AM, Ding LW, Garg M, Liu LZ, Yang H, Yin D, Shi ZZ, Jiang YY, Gu WY, Gong T, Zhang Y, Xu X, Kalid O, Shacham S, Ogawa S, Wang MR, Koeffler HP. Genomic and molecular characterization of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Genet 2014; 46:467-73. [PMID: 24686850 PMCID: PMC4070589 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is prevalent worldwide and particularly common in certain regions of Asia. Here we report the whole-exome or targeted deep sequencing of 139 paired ESCC cases, and analysis of somatic copy number variations (SCNV) of over 180 ESCCs. We identified previously uncharacterized mutated genes such as FAT1, FAT2, ZNF750 and KMT2D, in addition to those already known (TP53, PIK3CA and NOTCH1). Further SCNV evaluation, immunohistochemistry and biological analysis suggested their functional relevance in ESCC. Notably, RTK-MAPK-PI3K pathways, cell cycle and epigenetic regulation are frequently dysregulated by multiple molecular mechanisms in this cancer. Our approaches also uncovered many druggable candidates, and XPO1 was further explored as a therapeutic target because it showed both gene mutation and protein overexpression. Our integrated study unmasks a number of novel genetic lesions in ESCC and provides an important molecular foundation for understanding esophageal tumors and developing therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Chen Lin
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia-Jie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yasunobu Nagata
- Cancer Genomics Project, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Liang Xu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Meng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Cancer Genomics Project, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Cancer Genomics Project, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ana Maria Varela
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ling-Wen Ding
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manoj Garg
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li-Zhen Liu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dong Yin
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Zhou Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Yue Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ori Kalid
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, MA, USA
| | | | - Seishi Ogawa
- Cancer Genomics Project, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - H. Phillip Koeffler
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
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130
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Nuclear trafficking in health and disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 28:28-35. [PMID: 24530809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm and the nucleus are separated by a double-membraned nuclear envelope (NE). Thus, transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm occurs via gateways termed the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which are the largest intracellular channels in nature. While small molecules can passively translocate through the NPC, large molecules are actively imported into the nucleus by interacting with receptors that bind nuclear pore complex proteins (Nups). Regulatory factors then function in assembly and disassembly of transport complexes. Signaling pathways, cell cycle, pathogens, and other physiopathological conditions regulate various constituents of the nuclear transport machinery. Here, we will discuss several findings related to modulation of nuclear transport during physiological and pathological conditions, including tumorigenesis, viral infection, and congenital syndrome. We will also explore chemical biological approaches that are being used as probes to reveal new mechanisms that regulate nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and that are serving as starting points for drug development.
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131
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Lawasut P, Groen RWJ, Dhimolea E, Richardson PG, Anderson KC, Mitsiades CS. Decoding the pathophysiology and the genetics of multiple myeloma to identify new therapeutic targets. Semin Oncol 2013; 40:537-48. [PMID: 24135398 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in the characterization of the transcriptional profiles, gene mutations and structural chromosomal lesions in myeloma cells. These studies have identified many candidate therapeutic targets, which are recurrently deregulated in myeloma cells. However, these targets do not appear, at least individually, to represent universal driver(s) of this disease. Furthermore, evaluation of these recurrent lesions does not suggest that they converge to a single molecular pathway. Detailed integration of molecular and functional data for these candidate targets and pathways will hopefully dissect which of them play more critical roles for each of the different individual molecular defined subtypes of this disease. This review focuses on how recent updates in our understanding of myeloma pathogenesis and molecular characterization may impact ongoing and future efforts to develop new therapeutics for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panisinee Lawasut
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital and Chulalongkorn University, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
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