101
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Gomez-Gutierrez JG, Nitz J, Sharma R, Wechman SL, Riedinger E, Martinez-Jaramillo E, Sam Zhou H, McMasters KM. Combined therapy of oncolytic adenovirus and temozolomide enhances lung cancer virotherapy in vitro and in vivo. Virology 2015; 487:249-59. [PMID: 26561948 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) are very promising for the treatment of lung cancer. However, OAd-based monotherapeutics have not been effective during clinical trials. Therefore, the effectiveness of virotherapy must be enhanced by combining OAds with other therapies. In this study, the therapeutic potential of OAd in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) was evaluated in lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The combination of OAd and TMZ therapy synergistically enhanced cancer cell death; this enhanced cancer cell death may be explained via three related mechanisms: apoptosis, virus replication, and autophagy. Autophagy inhibition partially protected cancer cells from this combined therapy. This combination significantly suppressed the growth of subcutaneous H441 lung cancer xenograft tumors in athymic nude mice. In this study, we have provided an experimental rationale to test OAds in combination with TMZ in a lung cancer clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G Gomez-Gutierrez
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Jonathan Nitz
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Stephen L Wechman
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Eric Riedinger
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | | | - Heshan Sam Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kelly M McMasters
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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102
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Capasso C, Hirvinen M, Garofalo M, Romaniuk D, Kuryk L, Sarvela T, Vitale A, Antopolsky M, Magarkar A, Viitala T, Suutari T, Bunker A, Yliperttula M, Urtti A, Cerullo V. Oncolytic adenoviruses coated with MHC-I tumor epitopes increase the antitumor immunity and efficacy against melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1105429. [PMID: 27141389 PMCID: PMC4839367 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1105429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The stimulation of the immune system using oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) has attracted significant interest and several studies suggested that OAds immunogenicity might be important for their efficacy. Therefore, we developed a versatile and rapid system to adsorb tumor-specific major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) peptides onto the viral surface to drive the immune response toward the tumor epitopes. By studying the model epitope SIINFEKL, we demonstrated that the peptide-coated OAd (PeptiCRAd) retains its infectivity and the cross presentation of the modified-exogenous epitope on MHC-I is not hindered. We then showed that the SIINFEKL-targeting PeptiCRAd achieves a superior antitumor efficacy and increases the percentage of antitumor CD8+ T cells and mature epitope-specific dendritic cells in vivo. PeptiCRAds loaded with clinically relevant tumor epitopes derived from tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2) and human gp100 could reduce the growth of primary-treated tumors and secondary-untreated melanomas, promoting the expansion of antigen-specific T-cell populations. Finally, we tested PeptiCRAd in humanized mice bearing human melanomas. In this model, a PeptiCRAd targeting the human melanoma-associated antigen A1 (MAGE-A1) and expressing granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was able to eradicate established tumors and increased the human MAGE-A1-specific CD8+ T cell population. Herein, we show that the immunogenicity of OAds plays a key role in their efficacy and it can be exploited to direct the immune response system toward exogenous tumor epitopes. This versatile and rapid system overcomes the immunodominance of the virus and elicits a tumor-specific immune response, making PeptiCRAd a promising approach for clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Capasso
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Hirvinen
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mariangela Garofalo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, Naples, Italy
| | - Dmitrii Romaniuk
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lukasz Kuryk
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teea Sarvela
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Vitale
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness (DiSMEB), University of Naples Parthenope, Via Medina 40, Naples, Italy, CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate , Via G. Salvatore 486 , Naples, Italy
| | - Maxim Antopolsky
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aniket Magarkar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapani Viitala
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Suutari
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alex Bunker
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Center for Drug Research, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 , Helsinki, Finland
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103
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Immunogénicité de la chimiothérapie. ONCOLOGIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-015-2543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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104
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Bramante S, Koski A, Liikanen I, Vassilev L, Oksanen M, Siurala M, Heiskanen R, Hakonen T, Joensuu T, Kanerva A, Pesonen S, Hemminki A. Oncolytic virotherapy for treatment of breast cancer, including triple-negative breast cancer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1078057. [PMID: 27057453 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1078057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, characterized by several distinct biological subtypes, among which triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one associated with a poor prognosis. Oncolytic virus replication is an immunogenic phenomenon, and viruses can be armed with immunostimulatory molecules to boost virus triggered antitumoral immune responses. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a chemotherapy drug that is associated with cytotoxicity and immunosuppression at higher doses, whereas immunostimulatory and anti-angiogenic properties are observed at low continuous dosage. Therefore, the combination of oncolytic immuno-virotherapy with low-dose CP is an appealing approach. We investigated the potency of oncolytic adenovirus Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF on a TNBC cell line and in vivo in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model, in combination with low-dose CP or its main active metabolite 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HP-CP). Furthermore, we summarized the breast cancer-specific human data on this virus from the Advanced Therapy Access Program (ATAP). Low-dose CP increased the efficacy of Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF in vitro and in a TNBC mouse model. In ATAP, treatments appeared safe and well-tolerated. Thirteen out of 16 breast cancer patients treated were evaluable for possible benefits with modified RECIST 1.1 criteria: 1 patient had a minor response, 2 had stable disease (SD), and 10 had progressive disease (PD). One patient is alive at 1,771 d after treatment. Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF in combination with low-dose CP showed promising efficacy in preclinical studies and possible antitumor activity in breast cancer patients refractory to other forms of therapy. This preliminary data supports continuing the clinical development of oncolytic adenoviruses for treatment of breast cancer, including TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bramante
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anniina Koski
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Liikanen
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group , Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Minna Oksanen
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Siurala
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Anna Kanerva
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Pesonen
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Helsinki, Finland; Oncos Therapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Oncology, Helsinki, Finland
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105
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Fucikova J, Moserova I, Urbanova L, Bezu L, Kepp O, Cremer I, Salek C, Strnad P, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Spisek R. Prognostic and Predictive Value of DAMPs and DAMP-Associated Processes in Cancer. Front Immunol 2015; 6:402. [PMID: 26300886 PMCID: PMC4528281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now clear that human neoplasms form, progress, and respond to therapy in the context of an intimate crosstalk with the host immune system. In particular, accumulating evidence demonstrates that the efficacy of most, if not all, chemo- and radiotherapeutic agents commonly employed in the clinic critically depends on the (re)activation of tumor-targeting immune responses. One of the mechanisms whereby conventional chemotherapeutics, targeted anticancer agents, and radiotherapy can provoke a therapeutically relevant, adaptive immune response against malignant cells is commonly known as “immunogenic cell death.” Importantly, dying cancer cells are perceived as immunogenic only when they emit a set of immunostimulatory signals upon the activation of intracellular stress response pathways. The emission of these signals, which are generally referred to as “damage-associated molecular patterns” (DAMPs), may therefore predict whether patients will respond to chemotherapy or not, at least in some settings. Here, we review clinical data indicating that DAMPs and DAMP-associated stress responses might have prognostic or predictive value for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Irena Moserova
- Sotio , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Linda Urbanova
- Sotio , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Lucillia Bezu
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France
| | - Cyril Salek
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Gynecology and Obsterics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP , Paris , France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
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106
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Johnson DB, Puzanov I, Kelley MC. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:611-9. [PMID: 26098919 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma often spreads to cutaneous or subcutaneous sites that are amenable to direct, intralesional injection. As such, developing effective injectable agents has been of considerable interest. Talimogene laherperepvec (T-VEC) is an injectable modified oncolytic herpes virus being developed for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Pre-clinical studies have shown that T-VEC preferentially infects melanoma cells and exerts antitumor activity through directly mediating cell death and by augmenting local and even distant immune responses. T-VEC has now been assessed in Phase II and III clinical trials and has demonstrated a tolerable side-effect profile and promising efficacy, showing an improved durable response rate and a trend toward superior overall survival compared to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Despite these promising results, responses have been uncommon in patients with visceral metastases. T-VEC is currently being evaluated in combination with other immune therapies (ipilimumab and pembrolizumab) with early signs of activity. In this review, we discuss the preclinical rationale, the clinical experience, and future directions for T-VEC in advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 777 PRB, 2220 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 777 PRB, 2220 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mark C Kelley
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
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107
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Taipale K, Liikanen I, Juhila J, Karioja-Kallio A, Oksanen M, Turkki R, Linder N, Lundin J, Ristimäki A, Kanerva A, Koski A, Joensuu T, Vähä-Koskela M, Hemminki A. T-cell subsets in peripheral blood and tumors of patients treated with oncolytic adenoviruses. Mol Ther 2015; 23:964-973. [PMID: 25655312 PMCID: PMC4427873 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality of the antitumor immune response is decisive when developing new immunotherapies for cancer. Oncolytic adenoviruses cause a potent immunogenic stimulus and arming them with costimulatory molecules reshapes the immune response further. We evaluated peripheral blood T-cell subsets of 50 patients with refractory solid tumors undergoing treatment with oncolytic adenovirus. These data were compared to changes in antiviral and antitumor T cells, treatment efficacy, overall survival, and T-cell subsets in pre- and post-treatment tumor biopsies. Treatment caused a significant (P < 0.0001) shift in T-cell subsets in blood, characterized by a proportional increase of CD8(+) cells, and decrease of CD4(+) cells. Concomitant treatment with cyclophosphamide and temozolomide resulted in less CD4(+) decrease (P = 0.041) than cyclophosphamide only. Interestingly, we saw a correlation between T-cell changes in peripheral blood and the tumor site. This correlation was positive for CD8(+) and inverse for CD4(+) cells. These findings give insight to the interconnections between peripheral blood and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) populations regarding oncolytic virotherapy. In particular, our data suggest that induction of T-cell response is not sufficient for clinical response in the context of immunosuppressive tumors, and that peripheral blood T cells have a complicated and potentially misleading relationship with TILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Taipale
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Liikanen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Minna Oksanen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riku Turkki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Linder
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan Lundin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Ristimäki
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB and Haartman Institute, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anniina Koski
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Markus Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland.
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108
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Bezu L, Gomes-de-Silva LC, Dewitte H, Breckpot K, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Combinatorial strategies for the induction of immunogenic cell death. Front Immunol 2015; 6:187. [PMID: 25964783 PMCID: PMC4408862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The term "immunogenic cell death" (ICD) is commonly employed to indicate a peculiar instance of regulated cell death (RCD) that engages the adaptive arm of the immune system. The inoculation of cancer cells undergoing ICD into immunocompetent animals elicits a specific immune response associated with the establishment of immunological memory. Only a few agents are intrinsically endowed with the ability to trigger ICD. These include a few chemotherapeutics that are routinely employed in the clinic, like doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, oxaliplatin, and cyclophosphamide, as well as some agents that have not yet been approved for use in humans. Accumulating clinical data indicate that the activation of adaptive immune responses against dying cancer cells is associated with improved disease outcome in patients affected by various neoplasms. Thus, novel therapeutic regimens that trigger ICD are urgently awaited. Here, we discuss current combinatorial approaches to convert otherwise non-immunogenic instances of RCD into bona fide ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucillia Bezu
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Campus Cancer , Villejuif , France ; Faculté de Medecine, Université Paris-Sud , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
| | - Ligia C Gomes-de-Silva
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Campus Cancer , Villejuif , France ; Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Heleen Dewitte
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium ; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Jette , Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Jette , Belgium
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio a.c. , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c. , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Gustave Roussy Campus Cancer , Villejuif , France ; Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Campus Cancer , Villejuif , France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Campus Cancer , Villejuif , France ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic ; Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP , Paris , France
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109
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Bramante S, Kaufmann JK, Veckman V, Liikanen I, Nettelbeck DM, Hemminki O, Vassilev L, Cerullo V, Oksanen M, Heiskanen R, Joensuu T, Kanerva A, Pesonen S, Matikainen S, Vähä-Koskela M, Koski A, Hemminki A. Treatment of melanoma with a serotype 5/3 chimeric oncolytic adenovirus coding for GM-CSF: Results in vitro, in rodents and in humans. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1775-83. [PMID: 25821063 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is refractory to irradiation and chemotherapy, but amenable to immunological approaches such as immune-checkpoint-inhibiting antibodies or adoptive cell therapies. Oncolytic virus replication is an immunogenic phenomenon, and viruses can be armed with immunostimulatory molecules. Therefore, oncolytic immuno-virotherapy of malignant melanoma is an appealing approach, which was recently validated by a positive phase 3 trial. We investigated the potency of oncolytic adenovirus Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF on a panel of melanoma cell lines and animal models, and summarized the melanoma-specific human data from the Advanced Therapy Access Program (ATAP). The virus effectively eradicated human melanoma cells in vitro and subcutaneous SK-MEL-28 melanoma xenografts in nude mice when combined with low-dose cyclophosphamide. Furthermore, virally-expressed granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulated the differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages. In contrast to human cells, RPMI 1846 hamster melanoma cells exhibited no response to oncolytic viruses and the chimeric 5/3 fiber failed to increase the efficacy of transduction, suggesting limited utility of the hamster model in the context of viruses with this capsid. In ATAP, treatments appeared safe and well-tolerated. Four out of nine melanoma patients treated were evaluable for possible therapy benefit with modified RECIST criteria: one patient had minor response, two had stable disease, and one had progressive disease. Two patients were alive at 559 and 2,149 days after treatment. Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF showed promising efficacy in preclinical studies and possible antitumor activity in melanoma patients refractory to other forms of therapy. This data supports continuing the clinical development of oncolytic adenoviruses for treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bramante
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna K Kaufmann
- Oncolytic Adenovirus Group, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [DKFZ]), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ville Veckman
- Unit of Systems Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Liikanen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dirk M Nettelbeck
- Oncolytic Adenovirus Group, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [DKFZ]), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Otto Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Oksanen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Pesonen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampsa Matikainen
- Unit of Systems Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anniina Koski
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
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110
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Alvarez-Breckenridge CA, Choi BD, Suryadevara CM, Chiocca EA. Potentiating oncolytic viral therapy through an understanding of the initial immune responses to oncolytic viral infection. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 13:25-32. [PMID: 25846988 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the challenge of implementing oncolytic viral therapy into mainstream clinical use, the obstacles of early clinical trials have outlined numerous areas requiring additional investigation. In particular, the role of innate and adaptive immunity has received significant attention in this context. It is increasingly clear that a one-sided approach of either immune suppression or robust immune cell activation is not the answer for clinical success. Rather, recent studies are increasingly demonstrating the delicate balance between both anti-viral immune suppression and immune mediated tumor killing. In this review we focus on aspects of innate immune cell activation following oncolytic viral infection and how this response has the potential of bridging to the broader goal of viral mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan D Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carter M Suryadevara
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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111
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Liikanen I, Koski A, Merisalo-Soikkeli M, Hemminki O, Oksanen M, Kairemo K, Joensuu T, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Serum HMGB1 is a predictive and prognostic biomarker for oncolytic immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e989771. [PMID: 25949903 PMCID: PMC4404794 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.989771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of effective immunotherapeutics, which nevertheless harbor the potential for toxicity and are expensive to use, biomarkers are urgently needed for identification of cancer patients who respond to treatment. In this clinical-epidemiological study of 202 cancer patients treated with oncolytic adenoviruses, we address the biomarker value of serum high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein. Overall survival and imaging responses were studied as primary endpoints and adjusted for confounding factors in two multivariate analyses (Cox and logistic regression). Mechanistic studies included assessment of circulating tumor-specific T-cells by ELISPOT, virus replication by quantitative PCR, and inflammatory cytokines by cytometric bead array. Patients with low HMGB1 baseline levels (below median concentration) showed significantly improved survival (p = 0.008, Log-Rank test) and radiological disease control rate (49.2% vs. 30.0%, p = 0.038, χ2 test) as compared to high-baseline patients. In multivariate analyses, the low HMGB1 baseline status was a strong prognostic (HR 0.638, 95% CI 0.462–0.881) and the best predictive factor for disease control (OR 2.618, 95% CI 1.004–6.827). Indicative of an immune-mediated mechanism, antitumor T-cell activity in blood and response to immunogenic-transgene coding viruses associated with improved outcome only in HMGB1-low patients. Our results suggest that serum HMGB1 baseline is a useful prognostic and predictive biomarker for oncolytic immunotherapy with adenoviruses, setting the stage for prospective clinical studies.
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Key Words
- ATAP, Advanced Therapy Access Program; CD40L, CD40-ligand; CI, confidence interval; CT, contrast-enhanced computed tomography; DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern; GMCSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1; HR, hazard ratio; IL-6, -8, -10, interleukin-6, -8, -10; ILT2, immunoglobulin-like transcript 2; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; OR, odds ratio; PET, positron emission tomography; RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors; TNF-a, tumor-necrosis factor-α; WHO, World Health Organization.
- HMGB1
- cancer
- immunotherapy
- oncolytic adenovirus
- predictive markers
- prognostic markers
- tumor biomarkers
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Liikanen
- Transplantation laboratory; Cancer Gene Therapy Group (CGTG); Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki ; Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anniina Koski
- Transplantation laboratory; Cancer Gene Therapy Group (CGTG); Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki ; Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maiju Merisalo-Soikkeli
- Transplantation laboratory; Cancer Gene Therapy Group (CGTG); Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki ; Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otto Hemminki
- Transplantation laboratory; Cancer Gene Therapy Group (CGTG); Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki ; Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Oksanen
- Transplantation laboratory; Cancer Gene Therapy Group (CGTG); Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki ; Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Anna Kanerva
- Transplantation laboratory; Cancer Gene Therapy Group (CGTG); Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki ; Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; HUCH , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Transplantation laboratory; Cancer Gene Therapy Group (CGTG); Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki ; Helsinki, Finland ; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd. ; Helsinki, Finland
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112
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Hirvinen M, Rajecki M, Kapanen M, Parviainen S, Rouvinen-Lagerström N, Diaconu I, Nokisalmi P, Tenhunen M, Hemminki A, Cerullo V. Immunological effects of a tumor necrosis factor alpha-armed oncolytic adenovirus. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:134-44. [PMID: 25557131 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For long it has been recognized that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) has anticancer characteristics, and its use as a cancer therapeutic was proposed already in the 1980s. However, its systemic toxicity has limited its usability. Oncolytic viruses, selectively cancer-killing viruses, have shown great potency, and one of their most useful aspects is their ability to produce high amounts of transgene products locally, resulting in high local versus systemic concentrations. Therefore, the overall magnitude of tumor cell killing results from the combination of oncolysis, transgene-mediated direct effect such as TNFa-mediated apoptosis, and, perhaps most significantly, from activation of the host immune system against the tumor. We generated a novel chimeric oncolytic adenovirus expressing human TNFa, Ad5/3-D24-hTNFa, whose efficacy and immunogenicity were tested in vitro and in vivo. The hTNFa-expressing adenovirus showed increased cancer-eradicating potency, which was shown to be because of elevated apoptosis and necrosis rates and induction of various immune responses. Interestingly, we saw increase in immunogenic cell death markers in Ad5/3-d24-hTNFa-treated cells. Moreover, tumors treated with Ad5/3-D24-hTNFa displayed enhanced presence of OVA-specific cytotoxic T cells. We thus can conclude that tumor eradication and antitumor immune responses mediated by Ad5/3-d24-hTNFa offer a new potential drug candidate for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hirvinen
- 1 Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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113
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Workenhe ST, Verschoor ML, Mossman KL. The role of oncolytic virus immunotherapies to subvert cancer immune evasion. Future Oncol 2015; 11:675-89. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Despite huge economic and intellectual investments, developing effective cancer treatments continues to be an overarching challenge. Engineered oncolytic viruses (OVs) present self-amplifying immunotherapy platforms capable of preferential cytotoxicity to cancer cells and simultaneous activation of host anti-tumor immunity. In preclinical studies, OVs are showing potent therapeutic effects when used in combination with other immune therapy strategies. In the clinic, the immunotherapeutic effects of OVs are showing promising results. Here we review current strategies for engineering OVs, and present a perspective of future directions within a discussion of the current outcomes of combinatorial approaches with other cancer immunotherapy platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meghan L Verschoor
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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114
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Abstract
Current mainstays in cancer treatment such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal manipulation, and even targeted therapies such as Trastuzumab (herceptin) for breast cancer or Iressa (gefitinib) for non-small cell lung cancer among others are limited by lack of efficacy, cellular resistance, and toxicity. Dose escalation and combination therapies designed to overcome resistance and increase efficacy are limited by a narrow therapeutic index. Oncolytic viruses are one such group of new biological therapeutics that appears to have a wide spectrum of anticancer activity with minimal human toxicity. Since the malignant phenotype of tumors is the culmination of multiple mutations that occur in genes eventually leading to aberrant signaling pathways, oncolytic viruses either natural or engineered specifically target tumor cells taking advantage of this abnormal cellular signaling for their replication. Reovirus is one such naturally occurring double-stranded RNA virus that exploits altered signaling pathways (including Ras) in a myriad of cancers. The ability of reovirus to infect and lyse tumors under in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo conditions has been well documented previously by us and others. The major mechanism of reovirus oncolysis of cancer cells has been shown to occur through apoptosis with autophagy taking place during this process in certain cancers. In addition, the synergistic antitumor effects of reovirus in combination with radiation or chemotherapy have also been demonstrated for reovirus resistant and moderately sensitive tumors. Recent progress in our understanding of viral immunology in the tumor microenvironment has diverted interest in exploring immunologic mechanisms to overcome resistance exhibited by chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer. Thus, currently several investigations are focusing on immune potentiating of reovirus for maximal tumor targeting. This chapter therefore has concentrated on immunologic cell death induction with reovirus as a novel approach to cancer therapy used under in vitro and in vivo conditions, as well as in a clinical setting. Reovirus phase I clinical trials have shown indications of efficacy, and several phase II/III trials are ongoing at present. Reovirus's extensive preclinical efficacy, replication competency, and low toxicity profile in humans have placed it as an attractive anticancer therapeutic for ongoing clinical testing that are highlighted in this chapter.
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115
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Appaiahgari MB, Vrati S. Adenoviruses as gene/vaccine delivery vectors: promises and pitfalls. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 15:337-51. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.993374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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116
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Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OV) selectively replicate and kill cancer cells and spread within the tumor, while not harming normal tissue. In addition to this direct oncolytic activity, OVs are also very effective at inducing immune responses to themselves and to the infected tumor cells. OVs encompass a broad diversity of DNA and RNA viruses that are naturally cancer selective or can be genetically engineered. OVs provide a diverse platform for immunotherapy; they act as in situ vaccines and can be armed with immunomodulatory transgenes or combined with other immunotherapies. However, the interactions of OVs with the immune system may affect therapeutic outcomes in opposing fashions: negatively by limiting virus replication and/or spread, or positively by inducing antitumor immune responses. Many aspects of the OV-tumor/host interaction are important in delineating the effectiveness of therapy: (i) innate immune responses and the degree of inflammation induced; (ii) types of virus-induced cell death; (iii) inherent tumor physiology, such as infiltrating and resident immune cells, vascularity/hypoxia, lymphatics, and stromal architecture; and (iv) tumor cell phenotype, including alterations in IFN signaling, oncogenic pathways, cell surface immune markers [MHC, costimulatory, and natural killer (NK) receptors], and the expression of immunosuppressive factors. Recent clinical trials with a variety of OVs, especially those expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), have demonstrated efficacy and induction of antitumor immune responses in the absence of significant toxicity. Manipulating the balance between antivirus and antitumor responses, often involving overlapping immune pathways, will be critical to the clinical success of OVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Antonio Chiocca
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
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117
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Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a rapidly progressing brain tumor. Despite the relatively low percentage of cancer patients with glioma diagnoses, recent statistics indicate that the number of glioma patients may have increased over the past decade. Current therapeutic options for glioma patients include tumor resection, chemotherapy, and concomitant radiation therapy with an average survival of approximately 16 months. The rapid progression of gliomas has spurred the development of novel treatment options, such as cancer gene therapy and oncolytic virotherapy. Preclinical testing of oncolytic adenoviruses using glioma models revealed both positive and negative sides of the virotherapy approach. Here we present a detailed overview of the glioma virotherapy field and discuss auxiliary therapeutic strategies with the potential for augmenting clinical efficacy of GBM virotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.V. Ulasov
- Swedish Medical Center, Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, 550 17th Avenue, James Tower, Suite 570, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
- Institute of Experimental Diagnostic and Biotherapy, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center (RONC), Moscow 115478, Russia
- Corresponding author. Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, James Tower, Suite 570, Seattle, WA 98122, USA. Tel.: +1 206 991 2053; fax: +1 206 834 2608.
| | - A.V. Borovjagin
- Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, 1919 7th Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - B.A. Schroeder
- Michigan State University College of Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - A.Y. Baryshnikov
- Institute of Experimental Diagnostic and Biotherapy, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center (RONC), Moscow 115478, Russia
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118
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Case-control estimation of the impact of oncolytic adenovirus on the survival of patients with refractory solid tumors. Mol Ther 2014; 23:321-9. [PMID: 25381801 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic immunotherapy with cytokine armed replication competent viruses is an emerging approach in cancer treatment. In a recent randomized trial, an increase in response rate was seen but the effect on overall survival is not known with any virus. To facilitate randomized trials, we performed a case-control study assessing the survival of 270 patients treated in an Advanced Therapy Access Program (ATAP), in comparison to matched concurrent controls from the same hospital. The overall survival of all virus treated patients was not increased over controls. However, when analysis was restricted to GMCSF-sensitive tumor types treated with GMSCF-coding viruses, a significant improvement in median survival was present (from 170 to 208 days, P = 0.0012, N = 148). An even larger difference was seen when analysis was restricted to good performance score patients (193 versus 292 days, P = 0.034, N = 90). The survival of ovarian cancer patients was especially promising as median survival nearly quadrupled (P = 0.0003, N = 37). These preliminary data lend support to initiation of randomized clinical trials with GMCSF-coding oncolytic adenoviruses.
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119
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Hao YB, Yi SY, Ruan J, Zhao L, Nan KJ. New insights into metronomic chemotherapy-induced immunoregulation. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:220-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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120
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Kepp O, Senovilla L, Vitale I, Vacchelli E, Adjemian S, Agostinis P, Apetoh L, Aranda F, Barnaba V, Bloy N, Bracci L, Breckpot K, Brough D, Buqué A, Castro MG, Cirone M, Colombo MI, Cremer I, Demaria S, Dini L, Eliopoulos AG, Faggioni A, Formenti SC, Fučíková J, Gabriele L, Gaipl US, Galon J, Garg A, Ghiringhelli F, Giese NA, Guo ZS, Hemminki A, Herrmann M, Hodge JW, Holdenrieder S, Honeychurch J, Hu HM, Huang X, Illidge TM, Kono K, Korbelik M, Krysko DV, Loi S, Lowenstein PR, Lugli E, Ma Y, Madeo F, Manfredi AA, Martins I, Mavilio D, Menger L, Merendino N, Michaud M, Mignot G, Mossman KL, Multhoff G, Oehler R, Palombo F, Panaretakis T, Pol J, Proietti E, Ricci JE, Riganti C, Rovere-Querini P, Rubartelli A, Sistigu A, Smyth MJ, Sonnemann J, Spisek R, Stagg J, Sukkurwala AQ, Tartour E, Thorburn A, Thorne SH, Vandenabeele P, Velotti F, Workenhe ST, Yang H, Zong WX, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Consensus guidelines for the detection of immunogenic cell death. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e955691. [PMID: 25941621 PMCID: PMC4292729 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.955691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells have long been considered as intrinsically tolerogenic or unable to elicit immune responses specific for dead cell-associated antigens. However, multiple stimuli can trigger a functionally peculiar type of apoptotic demise that does not go unnoticed by the adaptive arm of the immune system, which we named "immunogenic cell death" (ICD). ICD is preceded or accompanied by the emission of a series of immunostimulatory damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in a precise spatiotemporal configuration. Several anticancer agents that have been successfully employed in the clinic for decades, including various chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy, can elicit ICD. Moreover, defects in the components that underlie the capacity of the immune system to perceive cell death as immunogenic negatively influence disease outcome among cancer patients treated with ICD inducers. Thus, ICD has profound clinical and therapeutic implications. Unfortunately, the gold-standard approach to detect ICD relies on vaccination experiments involving immunocompetent murine models and syngeneic cancer cells, an approach that is incompatible with large screening campaigns. Here, we outline strategies conceived to detect surrogate markers of ICD in vitro and to screen large chemical libraries for putative ICD inducers, based on a high-content, high-throughput platform that we recently developed. Such a platform allows for the detection of multiple DAMPs, like cell surface-exposed calreticulin, extracellular ATP and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and/or the processes that underlie their emission, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and necrotic plasma membrane permeabilization. We surmise that this technology will facilitate the development of next-generation anticancer regimens, which kill malignant cells and simultaneously convert them into a cancer-specific therapeutic vaccine.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- ATP release
- BAK1, BCL2-antagonist/killer 1
- BAX, BCL2-associated X protein
- BCL2, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 protein
- CALR, calreticulin
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DiOC6(3), 3,3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide
- EIF2A, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FLT3LG, fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand
- G3BP1, GTPase activating protein (SH3 domain) binding protein 1
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- H2B, histone 2B
- HMGB1
- HMGB1, high mobility group box 1
- HSP, heat shock protein
- HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type I
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- MOMP, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
- PDIA3, protein disulfide isomerase family A
- PI, propidium iodide
- RFP, red fluorescent protein
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- XBP1, X-box binding protein 1
- autophagy
- calreticulin
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- immunotherapy
- member 3
- Δψm, mitochondrial transmembrane potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Laura Senovilla
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- INSERM; U1015; Villejuif, France
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute; Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Sandy Adjemian
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory; Department of Immunology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- INSERM; UMR866; Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc; Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne; Dijon, France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Departement of Internal Medicine and Medical Sciences; University of Rome La Sapienza; Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur; Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Rome, Italy
| | - Norma Bloy
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Laura Bracci
- Department of Hematology; Oncology and Molecular Medicine; Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS); Rome, Italy
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT); Department of Biomedical Sciences Medical School of the Free University of Brussels (VUB); Jette, Belgium
| | - David Brough
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester, UK
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery and Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Michigan School of Medicine; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Rome La Sapienza; Rome, Italy
| | - Maria I. Colombo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular; Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM); Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; CONICET; Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France
- Equipe 13; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Pathology; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA
| | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (DiSTeBA); University of Salento; Lecce, Italy
| | - Aristides G. Eliopoulos
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory; Division of Basic Sciences; University of Crete Medical School; Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Foundation of Research and Technology - Hellas; Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alberto Faggioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Rome La Sapienza; Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia C. Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology; NewYork University School of Medicine and Langone Medical Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Jitka Fučíková
- Department of Immunology; 2 Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University; Prague, Czech Republic
- Sotio; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Gabriele
- Department of Hematology; Oncology and Molecular Medicine; Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS); Rome, Italy
| | - Udo S. Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University Hospital Erlangen; University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Abhishek Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- INSERM; UMR866; Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc; Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne; Dijon, France
| | - Nathalia A. Giese
- European Pancreas Center; Department of Surgery; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group; Transplantation laboratory; Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlangen, Germany
| | - James W. Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH); Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Stefan Holdenrieder
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn, Germany
| | - Jamie Honeychurch
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Cancer Studies; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center; University of Manchester; Manchester, UK
| | - Hong-Min Hu
- Cancer Research and Biotherapy Center; Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University; Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology; Earle A. Chiles Research Institute; Providence Portland Medical Center; Portland, OR USA
| | - Xing Huang
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Tim M. Illidge
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Cancer Studies; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center; University of Manchester; Manchester, UK
| | - Koji Kono
- Department of Surgery; National University of Singapore; Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore; National University of Singapore; Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Dmitri V. Krysko
- VIB Inflammation Research Center; Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Cancer Medicine and Division of Research; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center; East Melbourne; Victoria, Australia
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery and Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Michigan School of Medicine; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan; Rozzano, Italy
| | - Yuting Ma
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Angelo A. Manfredi
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele; Milano, Italy
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milano, Italy
| | - Isabelle Martins
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1030; Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan; Rozzano, Italy
| | - Laurie Menger
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology; University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute; London, UK
| | - Nicolò Merendino
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University; Viterbo, Italy
| | - Michael Michaud
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Gregoire Mignot
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Endocrinology, Oniris; Nantes, France
| | - Karen L. Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster Immunology Research Center; Hamilton, Canada
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; Hamilton, Canada
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Oehler
- Comprehensive Cancer Center; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabio Palombo
- Departement of Internal Medicine and Medical Sciences; University of Rome La Sapienza; Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur; Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Rome, Italy
| | | | - Jonathan Pol
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Enrico Proietti
- Department of Hematology; Oncology and Molecular Medicine; Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS); Rome, Italy
| | - Jean-Ehrland Ricci
- INSERM; U1065; Nice, France
- Equipe “Contrôle Métabolique des Morts Cellulaires,” Center Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M); Nice, France
- Faculté de Médecine; Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis; Nice, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice; Nice, France
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology and Subalpine Center for Research and Experimental Medicine (CeRMS); University of Turin; Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele; Milano, Italy
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Rubartelli
- Cell Biology Unit; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino; Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro; Genova, Italy
| | | | - Mark J. Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland; Herston, Australia
| | - Juergen Sonnemann
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology; Jena University Hospital, Children's Clinic; Jena, Germany
| | - Radek Spisek
- Department of Immunology; 2 Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University; Prague, Czech Republic
- Sotio; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Center Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal; Montréal, Canada
| | - Abdul Qader Sukkurwala
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- Department of Pathology, Dow International Medical College; Dow University of Health Sciences; Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM; U970; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP; Paris, France
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora, CO USA
| | | | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB Inflammation Research Center; Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
- Methusalem Program; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francesca Velotti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University; Viterbo, Italy
| | - Samuel T. Workenhe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster Immunology Research Center; Hamilton, Canada
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; Hamilton, Canada
| | - Haining Yang
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center; Honolulu, HI USA
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- INSERM; U1015; Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Biothérapie 507 (CICBT507); Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP; Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U1138; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
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Jiang K, Li Y, Zhu Q, Xu J, Wang Y, Deng W, Liu Q, Zhang G, Meng S. Pharmacological modulation of autophagy enhances Newcastle disease virus-mediated oncolysis in drug-resistant lung cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:551. [PMID: 25078870 PMCID: PMC4141091 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oncolytic viruses represent a promising therapy against cancers with acquired drug resistance. However, low efficacy limits its clinical application. The objective of this study is to investigate whether pharmacologically modulating autophagy could enhance oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain NDV/FMW virotherapy of drug-resistant lung cancer cells. Methods The effect of NDV/FMW infection on autophagy machinery in A549 lung cancer cell lines resistant to cisplatin (A549/DDP) or paclitaxel (A549/PTX) was investigated by detection of GFP-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (GFP-LC3) puncta, formation of double-membrane vesicles and conversion of the nonlipidated form of LC3 (LC3-I) to the phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated form (LC3-II). The effects of autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) and autophagy inducer rapamycin on NDV/FMW-mediated antitumor activity were evaluated both in culture cells and in mice bearing drug-resistant lung cancer cells. Results We show that NDV/FMW triggers autophagy in A549/PTX cells via dampening the class I PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway, which inhibits autophagy. On the contrary, NDV/FMW infection attenuates the autophagic process in A549/DDP cells through the activation of the negative regulatory pathway. Furthermore, combination with CQ or knockdown of ATG5 significantly enhances NDV/FMW-mediated antitumor effects on A549/DDP cells, while the oncolytic efficacy of NDV/FMW in A549/PTX cells is significantly improved by rapamycin. Interestingly, autophagy modulation does not increase virus progeny in these drug resistant cells. Importantly, CQ or rapamycin significantly potentiates NDV/FMW oncolytic activity in mice bearing A549/DDP or A549/PTX cells respectively. Conclusions These results demonstrate that combination treatment with autophagy modulators is an effective strategy to augment the therapeutic activity of NDV/FMW against drug-resistant lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guirong Zhang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, 9 Lvshun Road South, Dalian 116044, China.
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Forbes NE, Krishnan R, Diallo JS. Pharmacological modulation of anti-tumor immunity induced by oncolytic viruses. Front Oncol 2014; 4:191. [PMID: 25101247 PMCID: PMC4108035 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) not only kill cancer cells by direct lysis but also generate a significant anti-tumor immune response that allows for prolonged cancer control and in some cases cures. How to best stimulate this effect is a subject of intense investigation in the OV field. While pharmacological manipulation of the cellular innate anti-viral immune response has been shown by several groups to improve viral oncolysis and spread, it is increasingly clear that pharmacological agents can also impact the anti-tumor immune response generated by OVs and related tumor vaccination strategies. This review covers recent progress in using pharmacological agents to improve the activity of OVs and their ability to generate robust anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Forbes
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, ON , Canada ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Ramya Krishnan
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, ON , Canada ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, ON , Canada ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
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123
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Woller N, Gürlevik E, Ureche CI, Schumacher A, Kühnel F. Oncolytic viruses as anticancer vaccines. Front Oncol 2014; 4:188. [PMID: 25101244 PMCID: PMC4104469 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has shown impressive results in preclinical studies and first promising therapeutic outcomes in clinical trials as well. Since viruses are known for a long time as excellent vaccination agents, oncolytic viruses are now designed as novel anticancer agents combining the aspect of lysis-dependent cytoreductive activity with concomitant induction of antitumoral immune responses. Antitumoral immune activation by oncolytic virus infection of tumor tissue comprises both, immediate effects of innate immunity and also adaptive responses for long lasting antitumoral activity, which is regarded as the most prominent challenge in clinical oncology. To date, the complex effects of a viral tumor infection on the tumor microenvironment and the consequences for the tumor-infiltrating immune cell compartment are poorly understood. However, there is more and more evidence that a tumor infection by an oncolytic virus opens up a number of options for further immunomodulating interventions such as systemic chemotherapy, generic immunostimulating strategies, dendritic cell-based vaccines, and antigenic libraries to further support clinical efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Woller
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Engin Gürlevik
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Cristina-Ileana Ureche
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Anja Schumacher
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Florian Kühnel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover , Germany
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Pisanti S, Picardi P, Ciaglia E, D'Alessandro A, Bifulco M. Novel prospects of statins as therapeutic agents in cancer. Pharmacol Res 2014; 88:84-98. [PMID: 25009097 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Statins are well known competitive inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase enzyme (HMG-CoA reductase), thus traditionally used as cholesterol-lowering agents. In recent years, more and more effects of statins have been revealed. Nowadays alterations of lipid metabolism have been increasingly recognized as a hallmark of cancer cells. Consequently, much attention has been directed toward the potential of statins as therapeutic agents in the oncological field. Accumulated in vitro and in vivo clinical evidence point out the role of statins in a variety of human malignancies, in regulating tumor cell growth and anti-tumor immune response. Herein, we summarize and discuss, in light of the most recent observations, the anti-tumor effects of statins, underpinning the detailed mode of action and looking for their true significance in cancer prevention and treatment, to determine if and in which case statin repositioning could be really justified for neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Italy.
| | - Paola Picardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Alba D'Alessandro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Italy.
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Siurala M, Bramante S, Vassilev L, Hirvinen M, Parviainen S, Tähtinen S, Guse K, Cerullo V, Kanerva A, Kipar A, Vähä-Koskela M, Hemminki A. Oncolytic adenovirus and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy results in synergistic antitumor activity against soft-tissue sarcoma. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:945-54. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Siurala
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Simona Bramante
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Mari Hirvinen
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy; Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Suvi Parviainen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Siri Tähtinen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Kilian Guse
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy; Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Finnish Centre for Laboratory Animal Pathology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Infection Biology; Institute of Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Liverpool United Kingdom
| | - Markus Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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André N, Carré M, Pasquier E. Metronomics: towards personalized chemotherapy? Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014; 11:413-31. [PMID: 24913374 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Since its inception in 2000, metronomic chemotherapy has undergone major advances as an antiangiogenic therapy. The discovery of the pro-immune properties of chemotherapy and its direct effects on cancer cells has established the intrinsic multitargeted nature of this therapeutic approach. The past 10 years have seen a marked rise in clinical trials of metronomic chemotherapy, and it is increasingly combined in the clinic with conventional treatments, such as maximum-tolerated dose chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as with novel therapeutic strategies, such as drug repositioning, targeted agents and immunotherapy. We review the latest advances in understanding the complex mechanisms of action of metronomic chemotherapy, and the recently identified factors associated with disease resistance. We comprehensively discuss the latest clinical data obtained from studies performed in both adult and paediatric populations, and highlight ongoing clinical trials. In this Review, we foresee the future developments of metronomic chemotherapy and specifically its potential role in the era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas André
- Service d'Hématologie & Oncologie Pédiatrique, AP-HM, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Manon Carré
- INSERM UMR 911, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Eddy Pasquier
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, PO Box 81, Randwick NSW 2031, Australia
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Pol J, Bloy N, Obrist F, Eggermont A, Galon J, Cremer I, Erbs P, Limacher JM, Preville X, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch:: Oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e28694. [PMID: 25097804 PMCID: PMC4091053 DOI: 10.4161/onci.28694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are natural or genetically modified viral species that selectively infect and kill neoplastic cells. Such an innate or exogenously conferred specificity has generated considerable interest around the possibility to employ oncolytic viruses as highly targeted agents that would mediate cancer cell-autonomous anticancer effects. Accumulating evidence, however, suggests that the therapeutic potential of oncolytic virotherapy is not a simple consequence of the cytopathic effect, but strongly relies on the induction of an endogenous immune response against transformed cells. In line with this notion, superior anticancer effects are being observed when oncolytic viruses are engineered to express (or co-administered with) immunostimulatory molecules. Although multiple studies have shown that oncolytic viruses are well tolerated by cancer patients, the full-blown therapeutic potential of oncolytic virotherapy, especially when implemented in the absence of immunostimulatory interventions, remains unclear. Here, we cover the latest advances in this active area of translational investigation, summarizing high-impact studies that have been published during the last 12 months and discussing clinical trials that have been initiated in the same period to assess the therapeutic potential of oncolytic virotherapy in oncological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pol
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France
| | - Norma Bloy
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France
| | - Florine Obrist
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France
| | | | - Jérôme Galon
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015; CICBT507; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
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The in vivo therapeutic efficacy of the oncolytic adenovirus Delta24-RGD is mediated by tumor-specific immunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97495. [PMID: 24866126 PMCID: PMC4035348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncolytic adenovirus Delta24-RGD represents a new promising therapeutic agent for patients with a malignant glioma and is currently under investigation in clinical phase I/II trials. Earlier preclinical studies showed that Delta24-RGD is able to effectively lyse tumor cells, yielding promising results in various immune-deficient glioma models. However, the role of the immune response in oncolytic adenovirus therapy for glioma has never been explored. To this end, we assessed Delta24-RGD treatment in an immune-competent orthotopic mouse model for glioma and evaluated immune responses against tumor and virus. Delta24-RGD treatment led to long-term survival in 50% of mice and this effect was completely lost upon administration of the immunosuppressive agent dexamethasone. Delta24-RGD enhanced intra-tumoral infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, and increased the local production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In treated mice, T cell responses were directed to the virus as well as to the tumor cells, which was reflected in the presence of protective immunological memory in mice that underwent tumor rechallenge. Together, these data provide evidence that the immune system plays a vital role in the therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic adenovirus therapy of glioma, and may provide angles to future improvements on Delta24-RGD therapy.
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129
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Guo ZS, Liu Z, Bartlett DL. Oncolytic Immunotherapy: Dying the Right Way is a Key to Eliciting Potent Antitumor Immunity. Front Oncol 2014; 4:74. [PMID: 24782985 PMCID: PMC3989763 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are novel immunotherapeutic agents whose anticancer effects come from both oncolysis and elicited antitumor immunity. OVs induce mostly immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD), including immunogenic apoptosis, necrosis/necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagic cell death, leading to exposure of calreticulin and heat-shock proteins to the cell surface, and/or released ATP, high-mobility group box 1, uric acid, and other damage-associated molecular patterns as well as pathogen-associated molecular patterns as danger signals, along with tumor-associated antigens, to activate dendritic cells and elicit adaptive antitumor immunity. Dying the right way may greatly potentiate adaptive antitumor immunity. The mode of cancer cell death may be modulated by individual OVs and cancer cells as they often encode and express genes that inhibit/promote apoptosis, necroptosis, or autophagic cell death. We can genetically engineer OVs with death-pathway-modulating genes and thus skew the infected cancer cells toward certain death pathways for the enhanced immunogenicity. Strategies combining with some standard therapeutic regimens may also change the immunological consequence of cancer cell death. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of danger signals, modes of cancer cell death induced by OVs, the induced danger signals and functions in eliciting subsequent antitumor immunity. We also discuss potential combination strategies to target cells into specific modes of ICD and enhance cancer immunogenicity, including blockade of immune checkpoints, in order to break immune tolerance, improve antitumor immunity, and thus the overall therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Sheng Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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Bramante S, Koski A, Kipar A, Diaconu I, Liikanen I, Hemminki O, Vassilev L, Parviainen S, Cerullo V, Pesonen SK, Oksanen M, Heiskanen R, Rouvinen-Lagerström N, Merisalo-Soikkeli M, Hakonen T, Joensuu T, Kanerva A, Pesonen S, Hemminki A. Serotype chimeric oncolytic adenovirus coding for GM-CSF for treatment of sarcoma in rodents and humans. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:720-30. [PMID: 24374597 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are a relatively rare cancer, but often incurable at the late metastatic stage. Oncolytic immunotherapy has gained attention over the past years, and a wide range of oncolytic viruses have been delivered via intratumoral injection with positive safety and promising efficacy data. Here, we report preclinical and clinical results from treatment of sarcoma with oncolytic adenovirus Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF (CGTG-102). Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF is a serotype chimeric oncolytic adenovirus coding for human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The efficacy of Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF was evaluated on a panel of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) cell lines and in two animal models. Sarcoma specific human data were also collected from the Advanced Therapy Access Program (ATAP), in preparation for further clinical development. Efficacy was seen in both in vitro and in vivo STS models. Fifteen patients with treatment-refractory STS (13/15) or primary bone sarcoma (2/15) were treated in ATAP, and treatments appeared safe and well-tolerated. A total of 12 radiological RECIST response evaluations were performed, and two cases of minor response, six cases of stable disease and four cases of progressive disease were detected in patients progressing prior to virus treatment. Overall, the median survival time post treatment was 170 days. One patient is still alive at 1,459 days post virus treatment. In summary, Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF appears promising for the treatment of advanced STS; a clinical trial for treatment of refractory injectable solid tumors including STS is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bramante
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Hemminki A. Oncolytic immunotherapy: where are we clinically? SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:862925. [PMID: 24551478 PMCID: PMC3914551 DOI: 10.1155/2014/862925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Following a century of preclinical and clinical work, oncolytic viruses are now proving themselves in randomized phase 3 trials. Interestingly, human data indicates that these agents have potent immunostimulatory activity, raising the possibility that the key consequence of oncolysis might be induction of antitumor immunity, especially in the context of viruses harboring immunostimulatory transgenes. While safety and efficacy of many types of oncolytic viruses, including adenovirus, herpes, reo, and vaccinia seem promising, few mechanisms of action studies have been performed with human substrates. Thus, the relative contribution of "pure" oncolysis, the immune response resulting from oncolysis, and the added benefit of adding a transgene remain poorly understood. Here, the available clinical data on oncolytic viruses is reviewed, with emphasis on immunological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., P. Hesperiankatu 37A22, 00260 Helsinki, Finland
- *Akseli Hemminki:
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132
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Workenhe ST, Mossman KL. Oncolytic virotherapy and immunogenic cancer cell death: sharpening the sword for improved cancer treatment strategies. Mol Ther 2013; 22:251-256. [PMID: 24048442 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are novel immunotherapeutics with increasingly promising outcomes in cancer patient clinical trials. Preclinical and clinical studies have uncovered the importance of virus-induced activation of antitumor immune responses for optimal therapeutic efficacy. Recently, several classes of chemotherapeutics have been shown to cause immunogenic cancer cell death characterized by the release of immunomodulatory molecules that activate antigen-presenting cells and thus trigger the induction of more potent anticancer adaptive immune responses. In preclinical models, several oncolytic viruses induce immunogenic cell death, which is associated with increased cross-priming of tumor-associated antigens. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in immunogenic cancer cell death as induced by chemotherapeutic treatments, including the roles of relevant danger-associated molecular patterns and signaling pathways, and highlighting the significance of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. As virtually all viruses modulate both ER stress and cell death responses, we provide perspectives on future research directions that can be explored to optimize oncolytic viruses, alone or in combination with targeted drug therapies, as potent immunogenic cancer cell death-inducing agents. We propose that such optimized virus-drug synergistic strategies will improve the therapeutic outcomes for many currently intractable cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Tovilovic G, Ristic B, Milenkovic M, Stanojevic M, Trajkovic V. The Role and Therapeutic Potential of Autophagy Modulation in Controlling Virus-Induced Cell Death. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:744-67. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Tovilovic
- Institute for Biological Research; University of Belgrade; Despot Stefan Boulevard 142 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Biljana Ristic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology; School of Medicine; University of Belgrade; Dr. Subotica 1 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Marina Milenkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology; School of Medicine; University of Belgrade; Dr. Subotica 1 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Maja Stanojevic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology; School of Medicine; University of Belgrade; Dr. Subotica 1 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology; School of Medicine; University of Belgrade; Dr. Subotica 1 11000 Belgrade Serbia
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Bartlett DL, Liu Z, Sathaiah M, Ravindranathan R, Guo Z, He Y, Guo ZS. Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:103. [PMID: 24020520 PMCID: PMC3847443 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are tumor-selective, multi-mechanistic antitumor agents. They kill infected cancer and associated endothelial cells via direct oncolysis, and uninfected cells via tumor vasculature targeting and bystander effect. Multimodal immunogenic cell death (ICD) together with autophagy often induced by OVs not only presents potent danger signals to dendritic cells but also efficiently cross-present tumor-associated antigens from cancer cells to dendritic cells to T cells to induce adaptive antitumor immunity. With this favorable immune backdrop, genetic engineering of OVs and rational combinations further potentiate OVs as cancer vaccines. OVs armed with GM-CSF (such as T-VEC and Pexa-Vec) or other immunostimulatory genes, induce potent anti-tumor immunity in both animal models and human patients. Combination with other immunotherapy regimens improve overall therapeutic efficacy. Coadministration with a HDAC inhibitor inhibits innate immunity transiently to promote infection and spread of OVs, and significantly enhances anti-tumor immunity and improves the therapeutic index. Local administration or OV mediated-expression of ligands for Toll-like receptors can rescue the function of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells inhibited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and thus enhances the antitumor effect. Combination with cyclophosphamide further induces ICD, depletes Treg, and thus potentiates antitumor immunity. In summary, OVs properly armed or in rational combinations are potent therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bartlett
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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135
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Hirvinen M, Heiskanen R, Oksanen M, Pesonen S, Liikanen I, Joensuu T, Kanerva A, Cerullo V, Hemminki A. Fc-gamma receptor polymorphisms as predictive and prognostic factors in patients receiving oncolytic adenovirus treatment. J Transl Med 2013; 11:193. [PMID: 23965133 PMCID: PMC3765225 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncolytic viruses have shown potential as cancer therapeutics, but not all patients seem to benefit from therapy. Polymorphisms in Fc gamma receptors (FcgRs) lead to altered binding affinity of IgG between the receptor allotypes and therefore contribute to differences in immune defense mechanisms. Associations have been identified between FcgR polymorphisms and responsiveness to different immunotherapies. Taken together with the increasing understanding that immunological factors might determine the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy we studied whether FcgR polymorphisms would have prognostic and/or predictive significance in the context of oncolytic adenovirus treatments. METHODS 235 patients with advanced solid tumors were genotyped for two FcgR polymorphisms, FcgRIIa-H131R (rs1801274) and FcgRIIIa-V158F (rs396991), using TaqMan based qPCR. The genotypes were correlated with patient survival and tumor imaging data. RESULTS In patients treated with oncolytic adenoviruses, overall survival was significantly shorter if the patient had an FcgRIIIa-VV/ FcgRIIa-HR (VVHR) genotype combination (P = 0,032). In contrast, patients with FFHR and FFRR genotypes had significantly longer overall survival (P = 0,004 and P = 0,006, respectively) if they were treated with GM-CSF-armed adenovirus in comparison to other viruses. Treatment of these patients with unarmed virus correlated with shorter survival (P < 0,0005 and P = 0,016, respectively). Treating FFHH individuals with CD40L-armed virus resulted in longer survival than treatment with other viruses (P = 0,047). CONCLUSIONS Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that individual differences in effector cell functions, such as NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and tumor antigen presentation by APCs caused by polymorphisms in FcgRs could play role in the effectiveness of oncolytic virotherapies. If confirmed in larger populations, FcgR polymorphisms could have potential as prognostic and predictive biomarkers for oncolytic adenovirus therapies to enable better selection of patients for clinical trials. Also, putative associations between genotypes, different viruses and survival implicate potentially important mechanistic issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hirvinen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, Helsinki 00290, Finland
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