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McKinnon BD, Kocbek V, Nirgianakis K, Bersinger NA, Mueller MD. Kinase signalling pathways in endometriosis: potential targets for non-hormonal therapeutics. Hum Reprod Update 2016; 22:382-403. [PMID: 26740585 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis, the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, is associated with chronic pelvic pain, subfertility and an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Current treatments include the surgical removal of the lesions or the induction of a hypoestrogenic state. However, a reappearance of the lesion after surgery is common and a hypoestrogenic state is less than optimal for women of reproductive age. Additional approaches are required. Endometriosis lesions exist in a unique microenvironment characterized by increased concentrations of hormones, inflammation, oxidative stress and iron. This environment influences cell survival through the binding of membrane receptors and a subsequent cascading activation of intracellular kinases that stimulate a cellular response. Many of these kinase signalling pathways are constitutively activated in endometriosis. These pathways are being investigated as therapeutic targets in other diseases and thus may also represent a target for endometriosis treatment. METHODS To identify relevant English language studies published up to 2015 on kinase signalling pathways in endometriosis, we searched the Pubmed database using the following search terms in various combinations; 'endometriosis', 'inflammation', 'oxidative stress', 'iron', 'kinase', 'NF kappa', 'mTOR', 'MAPK' 'p38', 'JNK', 'ERK' 'estrogen' and progesterone'. Further citing references were identified using the Scopus database and finally current clinical trials were searched on the clinicaltrials.gov trial registry. RESULTS The current literature on intracellular kinases activated by the endometriotic environment can be summarized into three main pathways that could be targeted for treatments: the canonical IKKβ/NFκB pathway, the MAPK pathways (ERK1/2, p38 and JNK) and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. A number of pharmaceutical compounds that target these pathways have been successfully trialled in in vitro and animal models of endometriosis, although they have not yet proceeded to clinical trials. The current generation of kinase inhibitors carry a potential for adverse side effects. CONCLUSIONS Kinase signalling pathways represent viable targets for endometriosis treatment. At present, however, further improvements in clinical efficacy and the profile of adverse effects are required before these compounds can be useful for long-term endometriosis treatment. A better understanding of the molecular activity of these kinases, including the specific extracellular compounds that lead to their activation in endometriotic cells specifically should facilitate their improvement and could potentially lead to new, non-hormonal treatments of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett D McKinnon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Inselspital, Berne University Hospital, Effingerstrasse 102, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 35, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Vida Kocbek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Inselspital, Berne University Hospital, Effingerstrasse 102, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 35, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Kostantinos Nirgianakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Inselspital, Berne University Hospital, Effingerstrasse 102, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 35, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Nick A Bersinger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Inselspital, Berne University Hospital, Effingerstrasse 102, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 35, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Michael D Mueller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Inselspital, Berne University Hospital, Effingerstrasse 102, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 35, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland
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102
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Henderson-Jackson EB, Bui MM. Molecular Pathology of Soft-Tissue Neoplasms and Its Role in Clinical Practice. Cancer Control 2016; 22:186-92. [PMID: 26068763 DOI: 10.1177/107327481502200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soft-tissue neoplasms embody a histologically diverse group of mesenchymal tumors. Oftentimes the histopathological diagnosis of soft-tissue tumors is challenging due to overlapping pathological features. METHODS We reviewed the current and most importantly known recurrent or tumor-specific genetic abnormalities involving soft-tissue tumors, focusing on how they are useful in working up differential diagnoses and the relevance of potentially targeted therapies. RESULTS Molecular diagnostic tools have shown great advantage as an aid in the differentiation between different soft-tissue tumor entities, providing a potential avenue in the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor is a well-known example of a soft-tissue tumor with a successful, molecularly driven treatment with response rates of more than 80% in stable disease and partial remission. Classifying soft-tissue neoplasms by their molecular genetic pathology has been considered as molecular testing becomes more integrated into various diagnostic and prognostic algorithms. CONCLUSIONS Molecular pathology provides a unique opportunity for pathologists to play a crucial role in the multidisciplinary care of patients with sarcoma. These opportunities include but are not limited to the appropriate triage of tissue for molecular testing and the integration of molecular testing results, with histological and immunohistochemical findings providing actionable information for the diagnosis, prognosis, and choice of therapeutic modality.
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103
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Karagianni P, Lambropoulos V, Stergidou D, Fryssira H, Chatziioannidis I, Spyridakis I. Recurrent giant cell fibroblastoma: Malignancy predisposition in Kabuki syndrome revisited. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170A:1333-8. [PMID: 26898171 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Kabuki syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by distinctive facial phenotype, mental retardation, and internal organ malformations. Mutations of the epigenetic genes KMT2D and KDM6A cause dysregulation of certain developmental genes and account for the multiple congenital anomalies of the syndrome. Eight cases of malignancies have been reported in young patients with Kabuki syndrome although a causative association to the syndrome has not been established. We report a case of a 12-year-old girl with Kabuki syndrome who developed a tumor on the right side of her neck. A relapsing tumor 19 months after initial excision, proved to be giant cell fibroblastoma. Τhis is the first report of giant cell fibroblastoma -a rare tumor of childhood- in a patient with Kabuki syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Karagianni
- Department of Neonatology and B' NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital Papageorgiou, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilios Lambropoulos
- Second Department of Pediatric Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital Papageorgiou, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dorothea Stergidou
- Department of Neonatology and B' NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital Papageorgiou, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Helena Fryssira
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Athens School of Medicine, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Chatziioannidis
- Department of Neonatology and B' NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital Papageorgiou, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Spyridakis
- Second Department of Pediatric Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital Papageorgiou, Thessaloniki, Greece
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104
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The value of research collaborations and consortia in rare cancers. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17:e62-e69. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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105
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Wei S, Dumas A, Zhang PJ, Cooper K. Palisading and Verocay body-prominent dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: A case report. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:145-7. [PMID: 26725533 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare cutaneous sarcoma with a tendency for local recurrence, which commonly presents as a slowly growing flesh-colored skin lesion without epidermal invasion but with intracutaneous and subcutaneous spread. Pathologically, the tumor generally presents with an infiltrating dermal mass containing closely packed fibroblasts arranged in a storiform pattern. Several uncommon growth patterns have been described, including sclerosing, atrophic, myxoid, pigmented, giant cell-rich, granular cell, herringbone pattern and palisading/Verocay body-prominent forms. To our knowledge, only five cases of DFSP with nuclear palisading/Verocay body formation have been reported in the literature, and no t(17:22) translocation study has been done on these cases. In this report we describe such a case with negative t(17:22) translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanzeng Wei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 6th Floor Founders Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Alain Dumas
- Dianon Pathology, 1 Forest Parkway, Shelton, CT 06484, USA.
| | - Paul J Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 6th Floor Founders Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Kumarasen Cooper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 6th Floor Founders Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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106
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Kreicher KL, Kurlander DE, Gittleman HR, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Bordeaux JS. Incidence and Survival of Primary Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans in the United States. Dermatol Surg 2016; 42 Suppl 1:S24-31. [PMID: 26730971 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare cutaneous sarcoma for which data on risk factors, incidence, and survival are limited. OBJECTIVE The authors sought to establish a comprehensive report on the incidence of and survival from primary DFSP. METHODS The authors used data from the 18 registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program from 2000 to 2010. RESULTS Overall incidence was 4.1 per million person-years and steady over the decade. Trunk was the most common anatomic site except in older men. Incidence among women was 1.14 times higher than men (95% confidence interval [CI] of rate ratio: 1.07-1.22). Incidence among blacks was almost 2 times the rate among whites (95% CI of rate ratio: 1.8-2.1). Ten-year relative survival of DFSP was 99.1% (95% CI: 97.6-99.7). Increased age, male sex, black race, and anatomic location of the limbs and head as compared with the trunk were associated with higher all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION This is the largest population-based study of DFSP derived from a cohort of almost 7,000 patients. The epidemiologic profile of DFSP differs from most skin cancers. Incidence is stable and highest among women and blacks. Worse survival is associated with increased age, male sex, black race, and anatomic location of the limbs and head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Kreicher
- Departments of *Dermatology, and †Plastic Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; ‡Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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107
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Mertens F, Antonescu CR, Mitelman F. Gene fusions in soft tissue tumors: Recurrent and overlapping pathogenetic themes. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015; 55:291-310. [PMID: 26684580 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene fusions have been described in approximately one-third of soft tissue tumors (STT); of the 142 different fusions that have been reported, more than half are recurrent in the same histologic subtype. These gene fusions constitute pivotal driver mutations, and detailed studies of their cellular effects have provided important knowledge about pathogenetic mechanisms in STT. Furthermore, most fusions are strongly associated with a particular histotype, serving as ideal molecular diagnostic markers. In recent years, it has also become apparent that some chimeric proteins, directly or indirectly, constitute excellent treatment targets, making the detection of gene fusions in STT ever more important. Indeed, pharmacological treatment of STT displaying fusions that activate protein kinases, such as ALK and ROS1, or growth factors, such as PDGFB, is already in clinical use. However, the vast majority (52/78) of recurrent gene fusions create structurally altered and/or deregulated transcription factors, and a small but growing subset develops through rearranged chromatin regulators. The present review provides an overview of the spectrum of currently recognized gene fusions in STT, and, on the basis of the protein class involved, the mechanisms by which they exert their oncogenic effect are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Mertens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Felix Mitelman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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108
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Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans: an Update and Review. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-015-0120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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109
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Noujaim J, Thway K, Fisher C, Jones RL. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: from translocation to targeted therapy. Cancer Biol Med 2015; 12:375-84. [PMID: 26779374 PMCID: PMC4706526 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2015.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), the most common dermal sarcoma, is a low-grade, slow growing fibroblastic malignant neoplasm that most frequently affects middle aged adults and is characterized by a high local recurrence rate and a low propensity for metastasis. Wide surgical resection or Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) are the preferred approaches for localized disease, while radiation therapy is warranted for inoperable disease or for cases with positive margins where re-excision is not possible. DFSP is generally regarded as refractory to conventional chemotherapy. Treatment options for systemic disease were limited until the discovery of a unique translocation, t(17;22)(q22;q13) (COL1A1;PDGFB) found in a majority of cases. In recent years, imatinib, a PDGFβR, ABL and KIT inhibitor, has revolutionized systemic therapy in DFSP. In this review, we summarize the epidemiological, clinical, histological and genetic characteristics of DFSP and update the readers on its current management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Noujaim
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Khin Thway
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Cyril Fisher
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Robin L Jones
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
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110
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Stacchiotti S, Pantaleo MA, Negri T, Astolfi A, Tazzari M, Dagrada GP, Urbini M, Indio V, Maestro R, Gronchi A, Fiore M, Dei Tos AP, Conca E, Palassini E, Vincenzi B, Grosso F, Pilotti S, Castelli C, Casali PG. Efficacy and Biological Activity of Imatinib in Metastatic Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP). Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:837-46. [PMID: 26261104 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report on imatinib mesylate (IM) in patients with metastatic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP)/fibrosarcomatous (FS)-DFSP and on the impact of the treatment on tumor biology. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Ten consecutive patients treated with IM from 2007 to 2015 for a metastatic relapse from DFSP/FS-DFSP were identified. FISH analysis for COL1A1-PDGFB was performed. Two IM-treated and 4 naïve FS-DFSP were transcriptionally profiled by RNAseq on HiScanSQ platform. Differential gene expression was analyzed with edgeR (Bioconductor), followed by hierarchical clustering and Principal Component Analysis. RESULTS All cases featured fibrosarcomatous in the metastasis and retained the COL1A1-PDGFB. Best RECIST response was: 8 partial response, 1 stable disease, and 1 progressive disease. Median progression-free survival was 11 months. Five patients received surgery after IM and all relapsed. IM was restored in 4 patients with a new response. After IM, the most upregulated genes included those encoding for immunoglobulins and those affecting functions and differentiation of endothelial cells. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed upregulation in genes involved in antigen processing and presentation, natural killer-mediated cytotoxicity, and drug and xenobiotics metabolism. Conversely, a significant down-regulation of kinase signaling pathways was detected. CONCLUSIONS All metastatic cases were fibrosarcomatous. Most patients responded to IM, but PFS was shorter than reported in published series which included both DFSP and FS-DFSP. All patients operated after IM had a relapse, suggesting that IM cannot eradicate metastatic cases and that the role of surgery is limited. Transcriptional profile of naïve and posttreatment samples pointed the contribution of immune infiltrates in sustaining the response to IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Stacchiotti
- Adult Mesenchymal Tumour and Rare Cancer Medical Oncology Unit, Cancer Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria A Pantaleo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Specialistica e Diagnostica, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiziana Negri
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerche sul Cancro G. Prodi, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcella Tazzari
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Dagrada
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Urbini
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerche sul Cancro G. Prodi, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Indio
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerche sul Cancro G. Prodi, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Maestro
- Unit of Experimental Oncology 1, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gronchi
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Unit, Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Unit, Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo P Dei Tos
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, General Hospital of Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Elena Conca
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Palassini
- Adult Mesenchymal Tumour and Rare Cancer Medical Oncology Unit, Cancer Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Vincenzi
- Department Medical Oncology Campus Biomedico, Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Grosso
- Oncology, SS Antonio e Biagio General Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Silvana Pilotti
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Castelli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo G Casali
- Adult Mesenchymal Tumour and Rare Cancer Medical Oncology Unit, Cancer Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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111
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Betsholtz C, Keller A. PDGF, pericytes and the pathogenesis of idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC). Brain Pathol 2015; 24:387-95. [PMID: 24946076 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) are important mitogens for various types of mesenchymal cells, and as such, they exert critical functions during organogenesis in mammalian embryonic and early postnatal development. Increased or ectopic PDGF activity may also cause or contribute to diseases such as cancer and tissue fibrosis. Until recently, no loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in PDGF or PDGF receptor genes were reported as causally linked to a human disease. This changed in 2013 when reports appeared on presumed LOF mutations in the genes encoding PDGF-B and its receptor PDGF receptor-beta (PDGF-Rβ) in familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC), a brain disease characterized by anatomically localized calcifications in or near the blood microvessels. Here, we review PDGF-B and PDGF-Rβ biology with special reference to their functions in brain-blood vessel development, pericyte recruitment and the regulation of the blood-brain barrier. We also discuss various scenarios for IBGC pathogenesis suggested by observations in patients and genetically engineered animal models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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112
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Glazer ES, Prieto-Granada C, Zager JS. Current approaches to cutaneous sarcomas: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and cutaneous leiomyosarcoma. Curr Probl Cancer 2015; 39:248-57. [PMID: 26276213 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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113
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Abstract
Structural chromosome rearrangements may result in the exchange of coding or regulatory DNA sequences between genes. Many such gene fusions are strong driver mutations in neoplasia and have provided fundamental insights into the disease mechanisms that are involved in tumorigenesis. The close association between the type of gene fusion and the tumour phenotype makes gene fusions ideal for diagnostic purposes, enabling the subclassification of otherwise seemingly identical disease entities. In addition, many gene fusions add important information for risk stratification, and increasing numbers of chimeric proteins encoded by the gene fusions serve as specific targets for treatment, resulting in dramatically improved patient outcomes. In this Timeline article, we describe the spectrum of gene fusions in cancer and how the methods to identify them have evolved, and also discuss conceptual implications of current, sequencing-based approaches for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Mertens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bertil Johansson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thoas Fioretos
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Felix Mitelman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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114
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Rutkowski P, Debiec-Rychter M. Current treatment options for dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:901-9. [PMID: 26027711 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1052799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is rare, infiltrating dermal neoplasm, characterized by indolent growth and low probability of metastases. The critical event in DFSP development is the rearrangement of chromosome 17 and 22, leading to transcriptional up-regulation of platelet-derived growth factor, providing an autocrine and/or paracrine stimulus. The cornerstone of treatment for localized DFSP is complete surgical resection with microscopically negative margins. Adjuvant radiotherapy is suggested in cases of positive margins when re-excision is not feasible. The first effective systemic therapy in DFSP introduced into clinical practice was imatinib, demonstrating dramatic activity in advanced cases. Current results indicate that some DFSP patient initially evaluated as unresectable/metastatic or necessitating mutilating surgery turned resectable after imatinib therapy and this rational approach leading to complete remission maybe potentially curative. The clinical experience with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors is limited and imatinib remains the gold standard treatment of locally unresectable/metastatic DFSP. This review summarizes state of the art and perspectives on the DFSP management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
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115
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Paulsson J, Ehnman M, Östman A. PDGF receptors in tumor biology: prognostic and predictive potential. Future Oncol 2015; 10:1695-708. [PMID: 25145436 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PDGF receptors (PDGFRs) exert cell type-specific effects in many different tumor types. They are emerging as key regulators of mesenchymal cells of the tumor microenvironment, and of many common malignancies, such as cancer of the breast, colon and prostate. In some tumor types PDGFRs are genetically activated and are thus directly involved in stimulation of malignant cell growth. Recent studies have uncovered clinically relevant variations in stromal PDGFR expression. High stromal PDGFRβ expression or activation is associated with poor prognosis in breast and prostate cancer. Indications of prognostic significance of stromal PDGFRβ expression in various GI tract tumor types also exist. The prognostic significance of PDGFRα and β in malignant cells of common epithelial tumor types should be further studied. Collectively data suggest that continued characterization of PDGFR expression in human tumors should present opportunities for improved accuracy in prognosis and also allow novel biomarker-based clinical studies exploring the efficacy of PDGFR-directed tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Paulsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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116
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Eilers G, Czaplinski JT, Mayeda M, Bahri N, Tao D, Zhu M, Hornick JL, Lindeman NI, Sicinska E, Wagner AJ, Fletcher JA, Mariño-Enriquez A. CDKN2A/p16 Loss Implicates CDK4 as a Therapeutic Target in Imatinib-Resistant Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1346-53. [PMID: 25852058 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an aggressive PDGFB-dependent cutaneous sarcoma characterized by infiltrative growth and frequent local recurrences. Some DFSP progress to a higher-grade fibrosarcomatous form, with rapid growth and increased risk of metastasis. Imatinib provides clinical benefit in approximately 50% of patients with unresectable or metastatic DFSP. However, efficacious medical therapies have not been developed for imatinib-resistant DFSP. We established a model of imatinib-resistant DFSP and evaluated CDK4/6 inhibition as a genomically credentialed targeted therapy. DFSP105, an imatinib-resistant human cell line, was established from a fibrosarcomatous DFSP (FS-DFSP), and was studied by SNP arrays and sequencing to identify targetable genomic alterations. Findings were validated in vitro and in vivo, and confirmed in a series including 12 DFSP and 6 FS-DFSP. SNP analysis of DFSP105 revealed a homozygous deletion encompassing CDKN2A and CDKN2B. The resultant p16 loss implicated CDK4/6 as a potential therapeutic target in DFSP. We further demonstrated CDKN2A homozygous deletion in 1 of 12 conventional DFSP and 2 of 6 FS-DFSP, whereas p16 expression was lost in 4 of 18 DFSP. In vitro treatment of DFSP105 with two structurally distinct selective CDK4/6 inhibitors, PD-0332991 and LEE011, led to inhibition of RB1 phosphorylation and inhibition of proliferation (GI50 160 nmol/L and 276 nmol/L, respectively). In vivo treatment of DFSP105 with PD-0332991 (150 mg/kg) inhibited xenograft growth in mice, in comparison with imatinib-treated or -untreated tumors. In conclusion, CDKN2A deletion can contribute to DFSP progression. CDK4/6 inhibition is a preclinically effective treatment against p16-negative, imatinib-resistant FS-DFSP, and should be evaluated as a therapeutic strategy in patients with unresectable or metastatic imatinib-resistant DFSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Eilers
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey T Czaplinski
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Mayeda
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nacef Bahri
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Derrick Tao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meijun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason L Hornick
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neal I Lindeman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ewa Sicinska
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew J Wagner
- Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan A Fletcher
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Adrian Mariño-Enriquez
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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117
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Oseni GO, Olaitan PB, Komolafe AO, Olaofe OO, Akinyemi HAM, Suleiman OA. Malignant skin lesions in Oshogbo, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2015; 20:253. [PMID: 26161176 PMCID: PMC4483352 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.20.253.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to retrospectively assess the prevalence of some of skin malignancies in our environment and to provide a data base for creating awareness for prevention and early detection of the diseases in order to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with these skin lesions in our environment. METHODS This is a retrospective study of all histologically diagnosed malignant skin lesions which presented at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital Osogbo Osun State between January 2006 and December 2010. RESULTS Ninety- eight patients presented with skin cancers out of which 60 (61.2%)were males and 38 (38.8%) were females. Malignant melanoma ranked highest followed by squamous cell carcinoma, dermatofibrosarcoma and basal cell carcinoma in that order. Malignant melanoma affects male more than female and it commonly affects lower limbs. CONCLUSION Skin malignancies pose a burden to the economy of the country. Efforts should be directed toward prevention, early diagnosis and management in order to abolish or reduce morbidity, as well as mortality associated with late presentation of people in the developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akinwumi Oluwole Komolafe
- Department of Histopathology, Ladoke Akintola Univeersity of Technology Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olaejirinde Olaniyi Olaofe
- Department of Histopathology, Ladoke Akintola Univeersity of Technology Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Oreoluwa Adeola Suleiman
- Department of Histopathology, Ladoke Akintola Univeersity of Technology Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
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118
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Karanian M, Pérot G, Coindre JM, Chibon F, Pedeutour F, Neuville A. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis is a helpful test for the diagnosis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:230-7. [PMID: 25081750 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetically, most dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans are characterized by chromosomal rearrangements resulting in the collagen type-1 alpha 1 (COL1A1)-platelet-derived growth factor β (PDGFB) fusion gene. This abnormality can be detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in routine practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the FISH analysis in the diagnosis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. A FISH analysis was prospectively and systematically performed on a series of 448 consecutive tumor specimens. All cases were reviewed by two independent pathologists and classified in three categories according to the probability of a DFSP diagnosis before molecular analyses. Cases were classified as certain when dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans was the only possible diagnosis. Those cases for which dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans remained the first diagnosis, but other differential diagnosis existed, were regarded as probable. When dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans was considered a differential diagnosis, they were labeled as possible. The final diagnosis was supported by clinicopathological findings and results of FISH analyses. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD34 was systematically performed, and additional markers when necessary. The cases (n=37) with a non-interpretable FISH were excluded. For the 185 certain tumors specimens: 178 (96%) FISH analyses showed a PDGFB/COL1A1 rearrangement, 7 (4%) were negative. For the 114 probable tumors specimens: 104 (91%) FISH analyses were positive and 10 (9%) were negative leading to a new diagnosis in 8 cases. For the 112 possible cases: 91 (81%) FISH analyses were negative and 21 (19%) were positive. Of the 21 cases, initial diagnoses included unclassified sarcoma, myxofibrosarcoma, dermatofibroma, reactive lesion, solitary fibrous tumor, perineurioma, benign nerve sheath tumor, and undifferentiated spindle cell tumor without malignant evidence. FISH analysis has been helpful for confirming the diagnosis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in 25% (104/411) of cases and necessary for the diagnosis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in 5% (21/411) of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Karanian
- 1] Department of Pathology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France [2] INSERM U916, Bordeaux, France [3] Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gaëlle Pérot
- 1] Department of Pathology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France [2] INSERM U916, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Michel Coindre
- 1] Department of Pathology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France [2] INSERM U916, Bordeaux, France [3] Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Chibon
- 1] Department of Pathology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France [2] INSERM U916, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florence Pedeutour
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Tumeurs Solides, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), University Hospital of Nice, Bordeaux, France
| | - Agnès Neuville
- 1] Department of Pathology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France [2] INSERM U916, Bordeaux, France [3] Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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119
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Wilder F, D'Angelo S, Crago AM. Soft tissue tumors of the trunk: management of local disease in the breast and chest and abdominal walls. J Surg Oncol 2014; 111:546-52. [PMID: 25418423 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas of the trunk are rare lesions, generally managed using an algorithm similar to that employed for extremity sarcomas. This review summarizes the standard treatment of truncal sarcomas and considers how these recommendations differ for each of the various common histologic subtypes observed on the trunk: desmoid, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), and angiosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Wilder
- Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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120
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Andrae J, Gouveia L, He L, Betsholtz C. Characterization of platelet-derived growth factor-A expression in mouse tissues using a lacZ knock-in approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105477. [PMID: 25166724 PMCID: PMC4148317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the platelet-derived growth factor A-chain gene (Pdgfa) occurs widely in the developing mouse, where it is mainly localized to various epithelial and neuronal structures. Until now, in situ mRNA hybridization (ISH) has been the only reliable method to identify Pdgfa expression in tissue sections or whole mount preparations. Validated protocols for in situ detection of PDGF-A protein by immunohistochemistry is lacking. In particular, this has hampered understanding of Pdgfa expression pattern in adult tissues, where ISH is technically challenging. Here, we report a gene targeted mouse Pdgfa allele, Pdgfaex4COIN, which is a combined conditional knockout and reporter allele. Cre-mediated inversion of the COIN cassette inactivates Pdgfa coding while simultaneously activating a beta-galactosidase (lacZ) reporter under endogenous Pdgfa transcription control. The generated Pdgfaex4COIN-INV-lacZ allele can next be used to identify cells carrying a Pdgfa null allele, as well as to map endogenous Pdgfa expression. We evaluated the Pdgfaex4COIN-INV-lacZ allele as a reporter for endogenous Pdgfa expression patterns in mouse embryos and adults. We conclude that the expression pattern of Pdgfaex4COIN-INV-lacZ recapitulates known expression patterns of Pdgfa. We also report on novel embryonic and adult Pdgfa expression patterns in the mouse and discuss their implications for Pdgfa physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Andrae
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Leonor Gouveia
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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121
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Hameed M. Molecular diagnosis of soft tissue neoplasia: clinical applications and recent advances. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:961-77. [PMID: 25109831 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.946909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are rare and heterogeneous neoplasms of mesenchymal tissues with diverse morphologies and clinical behavior. In the last few years, the discovery of specific genetic aberrations in these tumors has allowed better classification and understanding of mechanisms driving their pathogenesis. While the majority of sarcomas are still treated by traditional modalities, molecular markers driving the pathogenesis have paved the way for more accurate diagnosis and opportunity to explore other therapeutic strategies. This review discusses the available molecular tools in sarcoma diagnostics and highlight some of the biological significance of the recent discoveries and their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Hameed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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122
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Davis JL, Mathes E, Berry AB. FNA diagnosis of giant cell fibroblastoma: A case report of an unusual pediatric soft tissue tumor. Diagn Cytopathol 2014; 43:325-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Davis
- Department of Pathology; University of California; San Francisco
| | - Erin Mathes
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics; University of California; San Francisco
| | - Anna B. Berry
- Department of Pathology; University of California; San Francisco
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123
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Aigner B, Ugurel S, Kaddu S, Becker JC. [Cutaneous sarcomas: update on selected fibrohistiocytic and myofibroblastic tumors]. DER HAUTARZT 2014; 65:614-22. [PMID: 24924954 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-013-2738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant fibrohistiocytic tumors are a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal neoplasms that may occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues. DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis of these tumors may be difficult, as they are rare, and a wide morphological diversity of types and subtypes has been described. In this update, relevant aspects of selected entities like dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, desmoid tumor, atypical fibroxanthoma, pleomorphic dermal sarcoma, and myxofibrosarcoma are discussed according to the WHO classification of 2013. The typical clinical feature of these tumors is their mostly asymptomatic appearance. For diagnosis, the histologic workup is therefore the key feature; herein immunohistochemistry as well as molecular diagnostics become increasingly important. THERAPY The primary treatment for locally resectable tumors is complete surgical removal; chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapies with kinase inhibitors are available for inoperable and metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Aigner
- Allgemeine Dermatologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, 8036, Graz, Österreich
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124
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Avilés-Izquierdo JA, Conde-Montero E, Barchino-Ortiz L, Lázaro-Ochaita P. Dermoscopic features of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Australas J Dermatol 2014; 55:125-7. [DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Conde-Montero
- Department of Dermatology; General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón; Madrid Spain
| | - Lucía Barchino-Ortiz
- Department of Dermatology; General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón; Madrid Spain
| | - Pablo Lázaro-Ochaita
- Department of Dermatology; General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón; Madrid Spain
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125
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Cerrone M, Cantile M, Collina F, Marra L, Liguori G, Franco R, De Chiara A, Botti G. Molecular strategies for detecting chromosomal translocations in soft tissue tumors (review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1379-91. [PMID: 24714847 PMCID: PMC4055444 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately one third of soft tissue tumors are characterized by chromosomal aberrations, in particular, translocations and amplifications, which appear to be highly specific. The identification of fusion transcripts not only supports the diagnosis, but provides the basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking the aberrant activity of chimeric proteins. Molecular biology, and in particular, cytogenetic and qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction technologies, allow with high efficiency and specificity, the determination of specific fusion transcripts resulting from chromosomal translocations, as well as the analysis of gene amplifications. In this review, various molecular techniques that allow the identification of translocations and consequent fusion transcripts generated are discussed in the broad spectrum of soft tissue tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Cantile
- Pathology Unit, INT Pascale Foundation, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Laura Marra
- Pathology Unit, INT Pascale Foundation, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, INT Pascale Foundation, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gerardo Botti
- Pathology Unit, INT Pascale Foundation, I-80131 Naples, Italy
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126
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Rutkowski P, Przybył J, Świtaj T. Genetics of rare mesenchymal tumors: implications for targeted treatment in DFSP, ASPS, CCS, GCTB and PEComa. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:466-74. [PMID: 24704529 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue and bone sarcomas comprise a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumors that include roughly 130 distinct diagnostic entities. Many of them are exceptionally rare, with only few cases diagnosed worldwide each year. Development of novel targeted treatment in this group of tumors is of special importance since many sarcoma subtypes are resistant to conventional chemotherapy and the effective therapeutic options are limited. In this review we aim to discuss the molecular implications for targeted therapy in selected rare soft tissue and bone sarcoma subtypes, including dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS), clear cell sarcoma (CCS), giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) and perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms (PEComas). This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Rare cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 5 Roentgen Street, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Przybył
- Department of Molecular and Translational Biology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 5 Roentgen Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Świtaj
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 5 Roentgen Street, Warsaw, Poland
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127
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miR-205 down-regulation promotes proliferation of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans tumor cells by regulating LRP-1 and ERK phosphorylation. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:367-74. [PMID: 24525843 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an intermediate malignancy of the skin. Although COL1A1/PDGFB fusion gene was identified in the tumor cells recently, not all of the cases were positive for the fusion gene, and further researches are still needed to clarify the pathogenesis of DFSP. In this study, we investigated the role of microRNAs in the tumor. microRNA PCR array showed several microRNAs increased or decreased in DFSP in vivo compared with dermatofibroma (DF) and normal skin. Among them, the expression of miR-205 was down-regulated in DFSP compared with DF and normal skin. In situ hybridization showed that miR-205 expression was evident in dermal fibroblasts of normal skin although hardly detected in tumor cells of DF or DFSP. miR-205 inhibitor increased cell proliferation and the luciferase activity of 3'UTR of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) in cultured normal dermal fibroblasts. Immunohistochemistry showed the expression of LRP-1 was increased in DFSP tissue. Knockdown of LRP-1 suppressed cell growth and down-regulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation without affecting MEK phosphorylation in cultured DFSP cells. Taken together, LRP-1 overexpression caused by the miR-205 down-regulation may play a role in the abnormal proliferation of DFSP cells via directly regulating ERK phosphorylation.
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128
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Ishigami T, Hida Y, Matsudate Y, Murao K, Kubo Y. The involvement of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathways in dermatofibroma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2014; 60:106-13. [PMID: 23614918 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.60.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) control a wide range of biological functions; however, their involvement in the pathogenesis of dermatofibroma (DF) and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is currently unknown. In this study, we first confirmed the histological diagnosis by detecting fusion COL1A1-PDGFB transcripts in DFSP, and examined the expression of all FGFRs (FGFR1-4), some of their ligands (FGF1, 2, 9), and forkhead box N1 (FOXN1) as a downstream target of FGFR3 in DF and DFSP by immunohistochemical analysis. Although we failed to detect the expression of FGF1 and FGF9 as specific ligands for FGFR3 in DF, overexpression of FGFR3 and FOXN1 was observed in the epidermal regions of DF, suggesting that the epidermal regions of DF were similar to seborrhoeic keratosis both in terms of histological features and the activation of FGFR3/FOXN1. In addition, strong expression of FGF2 and FGFR4 was observed in the tumor lesions of DF. Expression patterns of FGFR3/FOXN1 and FGF2/FGFR4 in DF were in contrast with those of DFSP. The activation of FGFR signaling pathways may be not only relevant to the pathogenesis of DF, but also very useful in the differential diagnosis of DF and DFSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ishigami
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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129
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Ugurel S, Mentzel T, Utikal J, Helmbold P, Mohr P, Pföhler C, Schiller M, Hauschild A, Hein R, Kämpgen E, Kellner I, Leverkus M, Becker JC, Ströbel P, Schadendorf D. Neoadjuvant imatinib in advanced primary or locally recurrent dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a multicenter phase II DeCOG trial with long-term follow-up. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:499-510. [PMID: 24173542 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare cutaneous tumor. COL1A1-PDGFB gene fusion is frequent in DFSP, rendering tumor cell proliferation and survival dependent on PDGFRβ (platelet-derived growth factor receptor β) signaling. This trial investigated imatinib as neoadjuvant treatment of DFSP, including long-term follow-up. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The primary endpoint of this multicenter phase II trial was response; secondary endpoints were safety, tumor relapse, and response biomarkers. Patients with advanced primary or locally recurrent DFSP and measurable disease by RECIST (response evaluation criteria in solid tumors) were eligible and received imatinib 600 mg/d until definitive surgery with histopathologic proof of tumor-free margins. RESULTS Sixteen patients received imatinib, and 14 patients were evaluable for all endpoints. Median treatment duration was 3.1 months; median tumor shrinkage was 31.5%. Best overall response was 7.1% complete response (CR), 50.0% partial response (PR), 35.7% stable disease, and 7.1% progressive disease (PD). Toxicity was moderate with 25.0% grade 3 and 4 events. During a median follow-up of 6.4 years, one patient developed secondary resistance to imatinib but responded to second-line sunitinib. This patient also presented local recurrence, distant metastasis, and death from DFSP. Exploratory analysis showed that response to imatinib was associated with decreased tumor cellularity and formation of strong hyalinic fibrosis. Weak PDGFRB phosphorylation and pigmented-type DFSP were associated with nonresponse. Additional to PDGFRB, the kinases EGFR and insulin receptor were found activated in a high percentage of DFSPs. CONCLUSION The neoadjuvant use of imatinib 600 mg/d in DFSP is efficacious and well tolerated. Long-term follow-up results do not definitely support smaller surgical margins after successful imatinib pretreatment, and presume that secondary resistance to imatinib might promote accelerated disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Ugurel
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Dermatopathology Bodensee, Friedrichshafen; Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim; Department of Dermatology, Martin Luther University, Halle/Saale; Department of Dermatology, Elbe Klinikum Buxtehude, Buxtehude; Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Saarland; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster; Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel; Department of Dermatology, Technical University Munich, Munich; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen; Department of Dermatology, Helios Klinikum Erfurt, Erfurt; Department of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen; Department of Dermatology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; and Department of Dermatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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130
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Bridge JA. The role of cytogenetics and molecular diagnostics in the diagnosis of soft-tissue tumors. Mod Pathol 2014; 27 Suppl 1:S80-97. [PMID: 24384855 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Soft-tissue sarcomas are rare, comprising <1% of all cancer diagnoses. Yet the diversity of histological subtypes is impressive with >100 benign and malignant soft-tissue tumor entities defined. Not infrequently, these neoplasms exhibit overlapping clinicopathologic features posing significant challenges in rendering a definitive diagnosis and optimal therapy. Advances in cytogenetic and molecular science have led to the discovery of genetic events in soft-tissue tumors that have not only enriched our understanding of the underlying biology of these neoplasms but have also proven to be powerful diagnostic adjuncts and/or indicators of molecular targeted therapy. In particular, many soft-tissue tumors are characterized by recurrent chromosomal rearrangements that produce specific gene fusions. For pathologists, identification of these fusions as well as other characteristic mutational alterations aids in precise subclassification. This review will address known recurrent or tumor-specific genetic events in soft-tissue tumors and discuss the molecular approaches commonly used in clinical practice to identify them. Emphasis is placed on the role of molecular pathology in the management of soft-tissue tumors. Familiarity with these genetic events provides important ancillary testing for pathologists to include in their diagnostic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Bridge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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131
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Heldin CH. Targeting the PDGF signaling pathway in tumor treatment. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:97. [PMID: 24359404 PMCID: PMC3878225 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms and PDGF receptors have important functions in the regulation of growth and survival of certain cell types during embryonal development and e.g. tissue repair in the adult. Overactivity of PDGF receptor signaling, by overexpression or mutational events, may drive tumor cell growth. In addition, pericytes of the vasculature and fibroblasts and myofibroblasts of the stroma of solid tumors express PDGF receptors, and PDGF stimulation of such cells promotes tumorigenesis. Inhibition of PDGF receptor signaling has proven to useful for the treatment of patients with certain rare tumors. Whether treatment with PDGF/PDGF receptor antagonists will be beneficial for more common malignancies is the subject for ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for life laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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132
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Platelet-derived growth factor. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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133
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Sarcomas. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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134
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Chu MB, Dhandha M, Guo A. Coexistent dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and anticonvulsant-induced cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia: diagnostic challenge. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2013-200998. [PMID: 24306629 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-200998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 60-year-old African-American male patient with a history of seizures, developmental delay, long history of behavioural issues with psychotic episodes, heart, liver, thyroid and kidney diseases presented for evaluation of a right neck skin lesion. Physical examination revealed a shiny purplish-red plaque on the right neck and a thin pink plaque on the posterior neck. The lesions were similar in appearance, but different enough to warrant skin biopsy of each. Pathology demonstrated mycosis fungoides (MF) on the right neck and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) on the posterior neck. The identification of two rare conditions made us reconsider our diagnosis. After further review, the right neck skin lesion was thought to be anticonvulsant-induced cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia, not MF. This case demonstrates how insufficient skin biopsy can have significant clinical consequences. Biopsy of the right neck only would have overlooked a DFSP and incorrectly given the patient a diagnosis of MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda B Chu
- Department of Dermatology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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135
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Al-Zaid T, Somaiah N, Lazar AJ. Targeted therapies for sarcomas: new roles for the pathologist. Histopathology 2013; 64:119-33. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Al-Zaid
- Department of Pathology; King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Neeta Somaiah
- Sarcoma Research Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
- Departments of Sarcoma Medical Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Sarcoma Research Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
- Departments of Pathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
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136
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Abstract
The study of sarcoma pathology is a rapidly evolving field. The continued refinement of classic diagnostic techniques in conjunction with the molecular diagnostics has resulted in an abundance of data regarding this diverse and rare group of tumors. We anticipate that cutting edge technology including next generation sequencing will continue to further our understanding of saromagenesis and enable more precise classification and diagnosis of sarcomas in the future.
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137
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Ehnman M, Östman A. Therapeutic targeting of platelet-derived growth factor receptors in solid tumors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 23:211-26. [PMID: 24206431 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.847086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic aberrations that are associated with platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) activity are frequently found in glioblastomas (10 - 15%), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (≤ 100%) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (5%). Sequencing studies have also identified mutations at lower frequency in common cancer types. Preclinical evidence further suggests tumor stimulatory roles of PDGFRs expressed by tumor stroma cells and indicates a deleterious effect of stromal PDGFRs on intratumoral drug uptake. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the present understanding of PDGF signaling in solid tumors based on experimental studies and clinical findings. It also provides a discussion of selected ongoing efforts to develop novel cancer therapies involving PDGFR inhibition with tyrosine kinase inhibitors or PDGFR-targeting monoclonal antibodies. EXPERT OPINION An increased molecular understanding of response and resistance mechanisms will be essential for therapeutic advances in PDGFR-directed cancer therapy. Further developments rely on clinical studies where systematic analyses of target status in malignant cells and in cells of the tumor stroma are included. Studies with combination therapies will be facilitated by selective PDGFR inhibitors with reduced side effects. Finally, development of improved companion diagnostics is of critical importance for patient selection and monitoring of therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ehnman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology , SE-17177 Stockholm , Sweden
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138
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Nord KH, Macchia G, Tayebwa J, Nilsson J, Vult von Steyern F, Brosjö O, Mandahl N, Mertens F. Integrative genome and transcriptome analyses reveal two distinct types of ring chromosome in soft tissue sarcomas. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:878-88. [PMID: 24070870 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene amplification is a common phenomenon in malignant neoplasms of all types. One mechanism behind increased gene copy number is the formation of ring chromosomes. Such structures are mitotically unstable and during tumor progression they accumulate material from many different parts of the genome. Hence, their content varies considerably between and within tumors. Partly due to this extensive variation, the genetic content of many ring-containing tumors remains poorly characterized. Ring chromosomes are particularly prevalent in specific subtypes of sarcoma. Here, we have combined fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), global genomic copy number and gene expression data on ring-containing soft tissue sarcomas and show that they harbor two fundamentally different types of ring chromosome: MDM2-positive and MDM2-negative rings. While the former are often found in an otherwise normal chromosome complement, the latter seem to arise in the context of general chromosomal instability. In line with this, sarcomas with MDM2-negative rings commonly show complete loss of either CDKN2A or RB1 -both known to be important for genome integrity. Sarcomas with MDM2-positive rings instead show co-amplification of a variety of potential driver oncogenes. More than 100 different genes were found to be involved, many of which are known to induce cell growth, promote proliferation or inhibit apoptosis. Several of the amplified and overexpressed genes constitute potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin H Nord
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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139
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Heldin CH, Lennartsson J. Structural and functional properties of platelet-derived growth factor and stem cell factor receptors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a009100. [PMID: 23906712 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The receptors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and stem cell factor (SCF) are members of the type III class of PTK receptors, which are characterized by five Ig-like domains extracellularly and a split kinase domain intracellularly. The receptors are activated by ligand-induced dimerization, leading to autophosphorylation on specific tyrosine residues. Thereby the kinase activities of the receptors are activated and docking sites for downstream SH2 domain signal transduction molecules are created; activation of these pathways promotes cell growth, survival, and migration. These receptors mediate important signals during the embryonal development, and control tissue homeostasis in the adult. Their overactivity is seen in malignancies and other diseases involving excessive cell proliferation, such as atherosclerosis and fibrotic diseases. In cancer, mutations of PDGF and SCF receptors-including gene fusions, point mutations, and amplifications-drive subpopulations of certain malignancies, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, hypereosinophilic syndrome, glioblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia, mastocytosis, and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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140
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Balachandran VP, Dematteo RP. Targeted therapy for cancer: the gastrointestinal stromal tumor model. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2013; 22:805-21. [PMID: 24012400 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are unique tumors, arising largely due to oncogenic mutations in KIT or PDGFRA tyrosine kinases. Although surgery remains the most effective treatment, the remarkable clinical success achieved with kinase inhibition has made GIST one of the most successful examples of targeted therapy for the treatment of cancer. The insight gained from this approach has allowed a deeper understanding of the molecular biology driving kinase dependent cancers, and the adaptations to kinase inhibition, linking genotype to phenotype. Mutation tailored kinase inhibition with second generation TKI's, and combination immunotherapy to harness the effects of TKIs remain exciting areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod P Balachandran
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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141
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Bernard J, Poulalhon N, Argenziano G, Debarbieux S, Dalle S, Thomas L. Dermoscopy of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a study of 15 cases. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169:85-90. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Bernard
- Department of Dermatology; Lyon 1 University; Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud; 69495 Pierre Bénite CEDEX France
| | - N. Poulalhon
- Department of Dermatology; Lyon 1 University; Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud; 69495 Pierre Bénite CEDEX France
| | - G. Argenziano
- Dermatology Unit; 1st Medical Department; Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova; 42100 Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - S. Debarbieux
- Department of Dermatology; Lyon 1 University; Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud; 69495 Pierre Bénite CEDEX France
| | - S. Dalle
- Department of Dermatology; Lyon 1 University; Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud; 69495 Pierre Bénite CEDEX France
| | - L. Thomas
- Department of Dermatology; Lyon 1 University; Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud; 69495 Pierre Bénite CEDEX France
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142
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Multifarious functions of PDGFs and PDGFRs in tumor growth and metastasis. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:460-73. [PMID: 23773831 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors (PDGFRs) are frequently expressed in various tumors and their expression levels correlate with tumor growth, invasiveness, drug resistance, and poor clinical outcomes. Emerging experimental evidence demonstrates that PDGFs exhibit multiple functions in modulation of tumor growth, metastasis, and the tumor microenvironment by targeting malignant cells, vascular cells, and stromal cells. Understanding PDGF-PDGFR-mediated molecular signaling may provide new mechanistic rationales for optimizing current cancer therapies and the development of future novel therapeutic modalities.
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143
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Regional DNA methylation differences between humans and chimpanzees are associated with genetic changes, transcriptional divergence and disease genes. J Hum Genet 2013; 58:446-54. [PMID: 23739127 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2013.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in gene expression have been proposed to have an important role in the evolutionary changes in phenotypes. Interspecific changes in gene expression can result not only from genetic changes in regulatory regions but also from epigenetic changes in such regions. Here we report the identification of genomic regions showing differences in DNA methylation between humans and chimpanzees (termed S-DMRs for species-specific differentially methylated regions) on chromosomes 21 and 22. These regional methylation differences are frequently associated with genes, including those relevant to a disease, such as Alzheimer's disease, diabetes mellitus or cancer. Methylation differences are often correlated with changes in promoter activity or alternative splicing. Comparative studies including other great ape species provide evidence for the contribution of genetic changes to some of these S-DMRs. Genetic changes responsible for the S-DMRs include gain or loss of CTCF-binding site and changes in CpG density in microsatellite repeats. Our results suggest that DNA methylation changes, often caused by small sequence changes, contribute to transcriptional and phenotypic diversification in hominid evolution.
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144
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Ohishi J, Aoki M, Nabeshima K, Suzumiya J, Takeuchi T, Ogose A, Hakozaki M, Yamashita Y, Iwasaki H. Imatinib mesylate inhibits cell growth of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in vitro and in vivo through suppression of PDGFR-β. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:224. [PMID: 23642185 PMCID: PMC3654969 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are highly aggressive and associated with poor prognosis. Basic research to develop new treatment regimens is critically needed. METHODS The effects of imatinib mesylate on MPNSTs were examined in six human MPNST cell lines and in a xenograft mouse model. RESULTS The results showed expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β and suppression of its phosphorylation by imatinib mesylate in all six cell lines. Imatinib mesylate effectively suppressed MPNST cell growth in vitro at concentrations similar to those used clinically (1.46 - 4.6 μM) in three of six cell lines. Knockdown of PDGFR-β by transfection with a specific siRNA also caused significant reduction in cell proliferation in the sensitive cell lines, but not in the resistant cell lines. Furthermore, imatinib mesylate also significantly suppressed colony formation within soft agar and tumor growth in xenograft models using two of the three sensitive MPNST cell lines. There was excellent agreement between in vitro and in vivo sensitivity to imatinib mesylate, suggesting possible selection of imatinib-sensitive tumors by in vitro analysis. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that imatinib mesylate may be useful in the treatment of MPNST patients and in vitro studies may help select cells that are sensitive to imatinib mesylate in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ohishi
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
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145
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Kamar FG, Kairouz VF, Sabri AN. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) successfully treated with sorafenib: case report. Clin Sarcoma Res 2013; 3:5. [PMID: 23557478 PMCID: PMC3637545 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-3-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DFSP is a locally invasive, slow-growing tumor of the subcutaneous tissue that rarely metastasizes but recurs frequently after surgical excision. We report herein a case of highly recurrent, locally invasive DFSP that failed both postoperative radiation therapy and complete trial of Imatinib, but was successfully treated with Sorafenib, which showed unprecedented response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois G Kamar
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Clemenceau Medical Center, City Center Building, Suite 3 A, Avenue Nouvelle, P,O, Box 1076, Beirut, Jounieh, Lebanon.
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146
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Llombart B, Serra-Guillén C, Monteagudo C, López Guerrero JA, Sanmartín O. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a comprehensive review and update on diagnosis and management. Semin Diagn Pathol 2013; 30:13-28. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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147
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148
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Liu KW, Hu B, Cheng SY. Platelet-derived growth factor signaling in human malignancies. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 30:581-4. [PMID: 21880178 PMCID: PMC3525704 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.011.10300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors were identified and purified decades ago. PDGFs are important during normal development and in human cancers. In particular, autocrine PDGF signaling has been implicated in various types of malignancies such as gliomas and leukemia. In contrast, paracrine signaling was found in cancers that originate from epithelial cells, where it may be involved in stromal cell recruitment, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This editorial briefly discusses autocrine and paracrine PDGF signaling and their roles in human cancers, and introduces a series of review articles in this issue that address the possible roles of PDGFs in various processes involved in different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Wei Liu
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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149
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Serra-Guillén C, Llombart B, Sanmartín O. Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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150
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Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012; 103:762-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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