101
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Luche H, Nageswara Rao T, Kumar S, Tasdogan A, Beckel F, Blum C, Martins VC, Rodewald HR, Fehling HJ. In vivo fate mapping identifies pre-TCRα expression as an intra- and extrathymic, but not prethymic, marker of T lymphopoiesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:699-714. [PMID: 23509324 PMCID: PMC3620354 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel pre-TCRα (pTα) reporter mouse reveals that expression of pTα is confined to the T lineage and does not occur on prethymic progenitors. Expression of the pre–T cell receptor α (pTα) gene has been exploited in previous studies as a molecular marker to identify tiny cell populations in bone marrow (BM) and blood that were suggested to contain physiologically relevant thymus settling progenitors (TSPs). But to what extent these cells genuinely contribute to thymopoiesis has remained obscure. We have generated a novel pTαiCre knockin mouse line and performed lineage-tracing experiments to precisely quantitate the contribution of pTα-expressing progenitors to distinct differentiation pathways and to the genealogy of mature hematopoietic cells under physiological in vivo conditions. Using these mice in combination with fluorescent reporter strains, we observe highly consistent labeling patterns that identify pTα expression as a faithful molecular marker of T lineage commitment. Specifically, the fate of pTα-expressing progenitors was found to include all αβ and most γδ T cells but, in contrast to previous assumptions, to exclude B, NK, and thymic dendritic cells. Although we could detect small numbers of T cell progenitors with a history of pTα expression in BM and blood, our data clearly exclude these populations as physiologically important precursors of thymopoiesis and indicate that they instead belong to a pathway of T cell maturation previously defined as extrathymic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Luche
- Institute of Immunology, University Clinics Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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102
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Mills KHG, Dungan LS, Jones SA, Harris J. The role of inflammasome-derived IL-1 in driving IL-17 responses. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 93:489-97. [PMID: 23271701 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1012543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRs are members of the PRR family that sense microbial pathogens and mediate host innate immune responses to infection. Certain NLRs can assemble into a multiprotein complex called the inflammasome, which activates casapse-1 required for the cleavage of immature forms of IL-1β and IL-18 into active, mature cytokines. The inflammasome is activated by conserved, exogenous molecules from microbes and nonmicrobial molecules, such as asbestos, alum, or silica, as well as by endogenous danger signals, such as ATP, amyloid-β, and sodium urate crystals. Activation of the inflammasome is a critical event triggering IL-1-driven inflammation and is central to the pathology of autoinflammatory diseases, such as gout and MWS. Recent studies have also shown IL-1 or IL-18, in synergy with IL-23, can promote IL-17-prduction from Th17 cells and γδ T cells, and this process can be regulated by autophagy. IL-1-driven IL-17 production plays a critical role in host protective immunity to infection with fungi, bacteria, and certain viruses. However, Th17 cells and IL-17-seceting γδ T cells, activated by inflammasome-derived IL-1 or IL-18, have major pathogenic roles in many autoimmune diseases. Consequently, inflammasomes are now major drug targets for many autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, as well as autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingston H G Mills
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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103
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Neutralization of the IL-17 axis diminishes neutrophil invasion and protects from ischemic stroke. Blood 2012; 120:3793-802. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-02-412726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The devastating effect of ischemic stroke is attenuated in mice lacking conventional and unconventional T cells, suggesting that inflammation enhances tissue damage in cerebral ischemia. We explored the functional role of αβ and γδ T cells in a murine model of stroke and distinguished 2 different T cell–dependent proinflammatory pathways in ischemia-reperfusion injury. IFN-γ produced by CD4+ T cells induced TNF-α production in macrophages, whereas IL-17A secreted by γδ T cells led to neutrophil recruitment. The synergistic effect of TNF-α and IL-17A on astrocytes resulted in enhanced secretion of CXCL-1, a neutrophil chemoattractant. Application of an IL-17A–blocking antibody within 3 hours after stroke induction decreased infarct size and improved neurologic outcome in the murine model. In autoptic brain tissue of patients who had a stroke, we detected IL-17A–positive lymphocytes, suggesting that this aspect of the inflammatory cascade is also relevant in the human brain. We propose that selective targeting of IL-17A signaling might provide a new therapeutic option for the treatment of stroke.
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104
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Pang DJ, Neves JF, Sumaria N, Pennington DJ. Understanding the complexity of γδ T-cell subsets in mouse and human. Immunology 2012; 136:283-90. [PMID: 22385416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are increasingly recognized as having important functional roles in a range of disease scenarios such as infection, allergy, autoimmunity and cancer. With this has come realization that γδ cells are not a homogeneous population of cells with a single physiological role. Instead, ever increasing complexity in both phenotype and function is being ascribed to γδ cell subsets from various tissues and locations, and in both mouse and human. Here, we review this complexity by describing how diverse γδ cell subsets are generated in the murine thymus, and how these events relate to subsequent γδ subset function in the periphery. We then review the two major γδ cell populations in human, highlighting the several similarities of Vδ1(+) cells to certain murine γδ subsets, and describing the remarkable functional plasticity of human Vδ2(+) cells. A better understanding of this spectrum of γδ cell phenotypes should facilitate more targeted approaches to utilise their tremendous functional potential in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick J Pang
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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105
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Abstract
Murine γδ T cells develop as the first T-cell lineage within the fetal thymus and disproportionately localize in mucosal tissues such as lung, skin, uterus, and intestine of adult mice. These unique developmental features and distribution patterns of γδ T cells enable rapid functioning against various insults from pathogens. γδ T cells are also able to respond to local inflammation and consequently regulate the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and development of tumors in mice and humans. Hence, it is clinically important to understand the mechanisms that regulate γδ T cell functions. Recent evidence has shown that generations of effector γδ T cell subsets producing IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 are programmed in the murine thymus before their migration to peripheral tissues. This review outlines our current understanding of the development and function of γδ T cells as they influence both innate and acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Shibata
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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106
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Turner JE, Krebs C, Tittel AP, Paust HJ, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Bennstein SB, Steinmetz OM, Prinz I, Magnus T, Korn T, Stahl RAK, Kurts C, Panzer U. IL-17A production by renal γδ T cells promotes kidney injury in crescentic GN. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:1486-95. [PMID: 22797181 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Th17 immune response appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of human and experimental crescentic GN, but the cell types that produce IL-17A in the kidney, the mechanisms involved in its induction, and the IL-17A-mediated effector functions that promote renal tissue injury are incompletely understood. Here, using a murine model of crescentic GN, we found that CD4(+) T cells, γδ T cells, and a population of CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-)γδT cell receptor(-)NK1.1(-) T cells all produce IL-17A in the kidney. A time course analysis identified γδ T cells as a major source of IL-17A in the early phase of disease, before the first CD4(+) Th17 cells arrived. The production of IL-17A by renal γδ T cells depended on IL-23p19 signaling and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-γt but not on IL-1β or IL-6. In addition, depletion of dendritic cells, which produce IL-23 in the kidney, reduced IL-17A production by renal γδ T cells. Furthermore, the lack of IL-17A production in γδ T cells, as well as the absence of all γδ T cells, reduced neutrophil recruitment into the kidney and ameliorated renal injury. Taken together, these data suggest that γδ T cells produce IL-17A in the kidney, induced by IL-23, promoting neutrophil recruitment, and contributing to the immunopathogenesis of crescentic GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Eric Turner
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, III Medizinische Klinik, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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107
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Haas JD, Ravens S, Düber S, Sandrock I, Oberdörfer L, Kashani E, Chennupati V, Föhse L, Naumann R, Weiss S, Krueger A, Förster R, Prinz I. Development of interleukin-17-producing γδ T cells is restricted to a functional embryonic wave. Immunity 2012; 37:48-59. [PMID: 22770884 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are an important innate source of interleukin-17 (IL-17). In contrast to T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation, which occurs in the periphery, IL-17-producing γδ T cells (γδT17 cells) are probably committed during thymic development. To study when γδT17 cells arise during ontogeny, we used TcrdH2BeGFP reporter mice to monitor T cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement and IL-17 production in the embryonic thymus. We observed that several populations such as innate lymphoid cells and early T cell precursors were able to produce IL-17 prior to (and thus independent of) TCR recombination. γδT17 cells were absent after transplantation of IL-17-sufficient bone marrow into mice lacking both Il17a and Il17f. Also, γδT17 cells were not generated after genetic restoration of defective Rag1 function in adult mice. Together, these data suggested that these cells developed exclusively before birth and subsequently persisted in adult mice as self-renewing, long-lived cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Chimerism
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Immunity, Innate
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/deficiency
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR6/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymocytes/cytology
- Thymocytes/immunology
- Thymocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/embryology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan D Haas
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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108
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Dynamic migration of γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes requires occludin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7097-102. [PMID: 22511722 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112519109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are located beneath or between adjacent intestinal epithelial cells and are thought to contribute to homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Using in vivo microscopy to image jejunal mucosa of GFP γδ T-cell transgenic mice, we discovered that γδ IELs migrate actively within the intraepithelial compartment and into the lamina propria. As a result, each γδ IEL contacts multiple epithelial cells. Occludin is concentrated at sites of γδ IEL/epithelial interaction, where it forms a ring surrounding the γδ IEL. In vitro analyses showed that occludin is expressed by epithelial and γδ T cells and that occludin derived from both cell types contributes to these rings and to γδ IEL migration within epithelial monolayers. In vivo TNF administration, which results in epithelial occludin endocytosis, reduces γδ IEL migration. Further in vivo analyses demonstrated that occludin KO γδ T cells are defective in both initial accumulation and migration within the intraepithelial compartment. These data challenge the paradigm that γδ IELs are stationary in the intestinal epithelium and demonstrate that γδ IELs migrate dynamically to make extensive contacts with epithelial cells. The identification of occludin as an essential factor in γδ IEL migration provides insight into the molecular regulation of γδ IEL/epithelial interactions.
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109
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Korn T, Petermann F. Development and function of interleukin 17-producing γδ T cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1247:34-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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110
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Pereira P, Boucontet L, Cumano A. Temporal Predisposition to αβ and γδ T Cell Fates in the Thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1600-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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111
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Bossen C, Mansson R, Murre C. Chromatin topology and the regulation of antigen receptor assembly. Annu Rev Immunol 2012; 30:337-56. [PMID: 22224771 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During an organism's ontogeny and in the adult, each B and T lymphocyte generates a unique antigen receptor, thereby creating the organism's ability to respond to a vast number of different antigens. The antigen receptor loci are organized into distinct regions that contain multiple variable (V), diversity (D), and/or joining (J) and constant (C) coding elements that are scattered across large genomic regions. In this review, we discuss the epigenetic modifications that take place in the different antigen receptor loci, the chromatin structure adopted by the antigen receptor loci to allow recombination of elements separated by large genomic distances, and the relationship between epigenetics and chromatin structure and how they relate to the generation of antigen receptor diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bossen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0377, USA
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112
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T cell receptor signalling in γδ cell development: strength isn't everything. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:567-73. [PMID: 22056207 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
γδ cells have been conserved across ∼450 million years of evolution, from which they share the distinction, alongside αβ T cells and B cells, of forming antigen receptors by somatic gene recombination. However, much about these cells remains unclear. Indeed, although γδ cells display 'innate-like' characteristics exemplified by rapid tissue-localised responses to stress-associated stimuli, their huge capacity for T cell receptor (TCR)γδ diversity also suggests 'adaptive-like' potential. Clarity requires a better understanding of TCRγδ itself, not only through identification of TCR ligands, but also by correlating thymic TCRγδ signalling with commitment to γδ effector fates. Here, we propose that thymic TCRγδ-ligand engagement versus ligand-independent signalling differentially imprints innate-like versus adaptive-like characteristics on developing γδ cells, which fundamentally dictate their peripheral effector properties.
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113
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Brady BL, Bassing CH. Differential regulation of proximal and distal Vbeta segments upstream of a functional VDJbeta1 rearrangement upon beta-selection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3277-85. [PMID: 21844384 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Developmental stage-specific regulation of transcriptional accessibility helps control V(D)J recombination. Vβ segments on unrearranged TCRβ alleles are accessible in CD4(-)/CD8(-) (double-negative [DN]) thymocytes, when they recombine, and inaccessible in CD4(+)/CD8(+) (double-positive [DP]) thymocytes, when they do not rearrange. Downregulation of Vβ accessibility on unrearranged alleles is linked with Lat-dependent β-selection signals that inhibit Vβ rearrangement, stimulate Ccnd3-driven proliferation, and promote DN-to-DP differentiation. Transcription and recombination of Vβs on VDJβ-rearranged alleles in DN cells has not been studied; Vβs upstream of functional VDJβ rearrangements have been found to remain accessible, yet not recombine, in DP cells. To elucidate contributions of β-selection signals in regulating Vβ transcription and recombination on VDJβ-rearranged alleles, we analyzed wild-type, Ccnd3(-/-), and Lat(-/-) mice containing a preassembled functional Vβ1DJCβ1 (Vβ1(NT)) gene. Vβ10 segments located just upstream of this VDJCβ1 gene were the predominant germline Vβs that rearranged in Vβ1(NT/NT) and Vβ1(NT/NT)Ccnd3(-/-) thymocytes, whereas Vβ4 and Vβ16 segments located further upstream rearranged at similar levels as Vβ10 in Vβ1(NT/NT)Lat(-/-) DN cells. We previously showed that Vβ4 and Vβ16, but not Vβ10, are transcribed on Vβ1(NT) alleles in DP thymocytes; we now demonstrate that Vβ4, Vβ16, and Vβ10 are transcribed at similar levels in Vβ1(NT/NT)Lat(-/-) DN cells. These observations indicate that suppression of Vβ rearrangements is not dependent on Ccnd3-driven proliferation, and DN residence can influence the repertoire of Vβs that recombine on alleles containing an assembled VDJCβ1 gene. Our findings also reveal that β-selection can differentially silence rearrangement of germline Vβ segments located proximal and distal to functional VDJβ genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna L Brady
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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114
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Dungan LS, Mills KHG. Caspase-1-processed IL-1 family cytokines play a vital role in driving innate IL-17. Cytokine 2011; 56:126-32. [PMID: 21824786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-1 cyokine family plays a vital role in inflammatory responses during infection and in autoimmune diseases. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18 are members of the IL-1 family that require cleavage by caspase-1 in the inflammasome to generate the mature active cytokines. Cells of the innate immune system, including γδ T cells and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells respond rapidly to invading pathogens by producing inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ and IL-17. IL-1β or IL-18 in combination with IL-23 can induce IL-17 production by γδ T cells without T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. IL-1β and IL-23 can also synergize to induce IL-17 production by iNKT cells. Furthermore, CD4+ αβ effector memory T cells secrete IL-17 in response to IL-23 in combination with either IL-1β or IL-18, in the absence of any TCR stimulation. The early IL-17 produced by innate cells induces recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection, stimulates local epithelial cells to secrete anti-microbial proteins, such as lipocalins and calgranulins, induces production of structural proteins important in tight junction stability, and promotes production of matrix metalloproteinases. Caspase-1 processed IL-1 family cytokines therefore play a vital role in the innate immune response and induction of IL-17 from innate immune cells which functions to fight infections and promote autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara S Dungan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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115
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Prinz I. Dynamics of the interaction of γδ T cells with their neighbors in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2391-8. [PMID: 21584813 PMCID: PMC11114905 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a diverse component of the immune system in humans and mice with presumably important but still largely unknown functions. Understanding the dynamic interaction of γδ T cells with their neighbors should help to understand their physiological role. This review addresses recent advances and strategies to visualize the dynamic interactions of γδ T cells with their neighbors in vivo. Current knowledge regarding the dynamic contacts of tissue resident γδ T cells and epithelial cells, but also of the communication between circulating γδ T cells and DCs, monocytes and FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells is revisited with emphasis on the role of γδ T cell motility.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany, Prinz.
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116
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Stadanlick JE, Zhang Z, Lee SY, Hemann M, Biery M, Carleton MO, Zambetti GP, Anderson SJ, Oravecz T, Wiest DL. Developmental arrest of T cells in Rpl22-deficient mice is dependent upon multiple p53 effectors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:664-75. [PMID: 21690328 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
αβ and γδ lineage T cells are thought to arise from a common CD4(-)CD8(-) progenitor in the thymus. However, the molecular pathways controlling fate selection and maturation of these two lineages remain poorly understood. We demonstrated recently that a ubiquitously expressed ribosomal protein, Rpl22, is selectively required for the development of αβ lineage T cells. Germline ablation of Rpl22 impairs development of αβ lineage, but not γδ lineage, T cells through activation of a p53-dependent checkpoint. In this study, we investigate the downstream effectors used by p53 to impair T cell development. We found that many p53 targets were induced in Rpl22(-/-) thymocytes, including miR-34a, PUMA, p21(waf), Bax, and Noxa. Notably, the proapoptotic factor Bim, while not a direct p53 target, was also strongly induced in Rpl22(-/-) T cells. Gain-of-function analysis indicated that overexpression of miR-34a caused a developmental arrest reminiscent of that induced by p53 in Rpl22-deficient T cells; however, only a few p53 targets alleviated developmental arrest when individually ablated by gene targeting or knockdown. Co-elimination of PUMA and Bim resulted in a nearly complete restoration of development of Rpl22(-/-) thymocytes, indicating that p53-mediated arrest is enforced principally through effects on cell survival. Surprisingly, co-elimination of the primary p53 regulators of cell cycle arrest (p21(waf)) and apoptosis (PUMA) actually abrogated the partial rescue caused by loss of PUMA alone, suggesting that the G1 checkpoint protein p21(waf) facilitates thymocyte development in some contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Stadanlick
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Blood Cell Development and Cancer Keystone, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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117
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Witherden DA, Havran WL. Molecular aspects of epithelial γδ T cell regulation. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:265-71. [PMID: 21481636 PMCID: PMC3109268 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells lie at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, sharing features with both arms of the immune system. The vast majority of γδ T cells reside in epithelial layers of tissues such as skin, gut, lung, tongue and reproductive tract where they provide a first line of defense against environmental attack. The existence of epithelium-resident γδ T cells has been known for over 20 years but our understanding of the molecular events regulating development and function of these cells is incomplete. We review recent advances in the field, with particular emphasis on the γδ T cell population resident in mouse epidermis. These studies have enhanced our knowledge and understanding of the life cycle of this enigmatic population of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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118
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Haas JD, Nistala K, Petermann F, Saran N, Chennupati V, Schmitz S, Korn T, Wedderburn LR, Förster R, Krueger A, Prinz I. Expression of miRNAs miR-133b and miR-206 in the Il17a/f locus is co-regulated with IL-17 production in αβ and γδ T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20171. [PMID: 21637854 PMCID: PMC3102691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of T helper 17 cells (Th17) is a multistep process that involves the cytokines IL-6, TGF-β, and IL-23 as well as IL-1β, IL-21, and TNF-α. Thereby, robust induction of the capacity to produce IL-17 involves epigenetic modifications of the syntenic Il17a/f locus. Using inbred mouse strains, we identified co-regulation of gene transcription at the Il17a/f locus with the nearby microRNAs miR-133b and miR-206 that are clustered approximately 45 kb upstream of Il17a/f. Expression of these microRNAs was specific for Th17 as compared to other CD4+ T cell subsets and this was equally valid for in vitro polarized and ex vivo derived cells. From all factors analyzed, IL-23 was the most important cytokine for the in vitro induction of miR-133b and miR-206 in naive CD4+ T cells of wild type mice. However, analysis of IL-23R deficient mice revealed that IL-23R signaling was not essential for the induction of miR-133b and miR-206. Importantly, we found a similar co-regulation in CCR6+ and other γδ T cell subsets that are predisposed to production of IL-17. Taken together, we discovered a novel feature of T cell differentiation towards an IL-17-producing phenotype that is shared between αβ and γδ T cells. Notably, the specific co-regulation of miR-133b and miR-206 with the Il17a/f locus also extended to human Th17 cells. This qualifies expression of miR-133b and miR-206 in T cells as novel biomarkers for Th17-type immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan D. Haas
- Institute for Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kiran Nistala
- Rheumatology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Petermann
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Namita Saran
- Institute for Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Schmitz
- Institute for Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Korn
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucy R. Wedderburn
- Rheumatology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute for Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute for Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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119
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Abstract
The role of the zinc finger transcription factor ThPOK (T-helper-inducing POZ-Kruppel-like factor) in promoting commitment of αβ T cells to the CD4 lineage is now well established. New results indicate that ThPOK is also important for the development and/or acquisition of effector functions by other T cell subsets, including several not marked by CD4 expression, i.e. double-negative invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, γδ cells, and even memory CD8(+) T cells. There is compelling evidence that ThPOK expression in most or all of these cases is dependent on T-cell receptor signaling and that differences in relative TCR signal strength/length may induce different levels of ThPOK expression. The developmental consequences of ThPOK expression vary according to cell type, which may partly reflect differences in ThPOK levels and/or in transcriptional networks between cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar J Kappes
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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120
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Busche A, Schmitz S, Fleige H, Robbins SH, Walzer T, Stewart CA, Förster R, Messerle M, Prinz I. Genetic labeling reveals altered turnover and stability of innate lymphocytes in latent mouse cytomegalovirus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2918-25. [PMID: 21270406 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mouse CMV (MCMV) infection rapidly induces the proliferation of NK cells, which correlates with immunological protection. Whether NK cells primed during acute response against MCMV are maintained for the long term is not known. In this study, we used TcrdH2BeGFP mice in which maturing NK cells are genetically labeled with a pulse of very stable histone-2B-eGFP. In this system, we found that the reporter protein was diluted out upon NK cell division during acute MCMV infection. At the same time, mature NK cells in uninfected mice showed only very limited turnover in vivo. Three months after primary infection when MCMV latency was established, the majority of peripheral NK cells still displayed a higher record of proliferation than NK cells in mock-infected controls. This observation included both Ly49H(+) and Ly49H(-) NK cells. Conversely, naive NK cells did not show more proliferation after transfer into latently MCMV-infected mice than that after transfer into mock-infected control mice. This indicated that the observed alterations of the NK cell compartment in MCMV latency were "legacy" (i.e., resulting from prior events during the initial immune response). Together, these results suggest that antiviral immune responses induce sustained alterations of innate lymphocyte populations that extend far beyond the first days of acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Busche
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Virology, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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121
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Malinarich FH, Grabski E, Worbs T, Chennupati V, Haas JD, Schmitz S, Candia E, Quera R, Malissen B, Förster R, Hermoso M, Prinz I. Constant TCR triggering suggests that the TCR expressed on intestinal intraepithelial γδ T cells is functional in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:3378-88. [PMID: 21108461 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes carrying the γδ TCR (γδ iIEL) are involved in the maintenance of epithelial integrity. γδ iIEL have an activated phenotype, characterized by CD69 expression and increased cell size compared with systemic T lymphocytes. As an additional activation marker, the majority of γδ iIEL express the CD8αα homodimer. However, our knowledge about cognate ligands for most γδ TCR remains fragmentary and recent advances show that γδ T cells including iIEL may be directly activated by cytokines or through NK-receptors, TLR and other pattern recognition receptors. We therefore asked whether the TCR of γδ iIEL was functional beyond its role during thymic selection. Using TcrdH2BeGFP (Tcrd, T-cell receptor δ locus; H2B, histone 2B) reporter mice to identify γδ T cells, we measured their intracellular free calcium concentration in response to TCR-crosslinking. In contrast to systemic γδ T cells, CD8αα(+) γδ iIEL showed high basal calcium levels and were refractory to TCR-dependent calcium-flux induction; however, they readily produced CC chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4) and IFN-γ upon TCR triggering in vitro. Notably, in vivo blocking of the γδ TCR with specific mAb led to a decrease of basal calcium levels in CD8αα(+) γδ iIEL. This suggests that the γδ TCR of CD8αα(+) γδ iIEL is constantly being triggered and therefore functional in vivo.
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122
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Abstract
T lymphocytes bearing γ- and δ-chain T-cell receptor heterodimers are named γδ T cells. Interestingly, γδ and αβ T cells share the same progenitors, and they undergo a fate decision in the thymus. Functional differentiation of γδ T cells occurs both inside and outside the thymus. Antigen recognition of γδ T-cell receptors is very unique, and the responses frequently exhibit innate characteristics. Nevertheless, peripheral γδ T cells exert a number of effector and regulatory functions. γδ T cells rapidly produce cytokines like interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17 and promote inflammation, partly due to the inherent epigenetic and transcriptional programs, which facilitates a quick and extensive response. Moreover, γδ T cells lyse target cells directly, and this is necessary for pathogen or tumor clearance. γδ T cells can even serve as regulatory cells, and may contribute to immune suppression. Orchestration of γδ T-cell and other immune cell interactions may be critical for host defense and immune regulation. Recently, γδ T cells have been used for immunotherapy for infectious diseases and malignancy. In this review, we summarize the abstracts presented at the recent γδ T cell Conference held from 19 to 21 May 2010, in Kiel, Germany (please see the website for details: http://www.gammadelta-conference.uni-kiel.de/index.html).
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123
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Chennupati V, Worbs T, Liu X, Malinarich FH, Schmitz S, Haas JD, Malissen B, Förster R, Prinz I. Intra- and Intercompartmental Movement of γδ T Cells: Intestinal Intraepithelial and Peripheral γδ T Cells Represent Exclusive Nonoverlapping Populations with Distinct Migration Characteristics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5160-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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124
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Abstract
The thymus produces several types of functionally distinct T cell subsets. However, at a more fundamental level only two genetically distinct T cell lineages exist: the γδ and αß T cell lineages. Precisely how these two T cell lineages are generated from common thymocyte progenitor cells remains to be fully elucidated and is under intense investigation. Here, we highlight recent findings that have helped to provide important clues to the mechanisms that underpin the generation of γδ T cells in the mouse thymus.
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125
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Lee SY, Stadanlick J, Kappes DJ, Wiest DL. Towards a molecular understanding of the differential signals regulating alphabeta/gammadelta T lineage choice. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:237-46. [PMID: 20471282 PMCID: PMC2906684 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
While insights into the molecular processes that specify adoption of the alphabeta and gammadelta fates are beginning to emerge, the basis for control of specification remains highly controversial. This review highlights the current models attempting to explain T lineage commitment. Recent observations support the hypothesis that the T cell receptor (TCR) provides instructive cues through differences in TCR signaling intensity and/or longevity. Accordingly, we review evidence addressing the importance of differences in signal strength/longevity, how signals differing in intensity/longevity may be generated, and finally how such signals modulate the activity of downstream effectors to promote the opposing developmental fates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Lineage
- Humans
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yun Lee
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Blood Cell Development and Cancer Keystone, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Jason Stadanlick
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Blood Cell Development and Cancer Keystone, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Dietmar J. Kappes
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Blood Cell Development and Cancer Keystone, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - David L. Wiest
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Blood Cell Development and Cancer Keystone, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
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126
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Kreslavsky T, von Boehmer H. gammadeltaTCR ligands and lineage commitment. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:214-21. [PMID: 20447836 PMCID: PMC2912151 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two major T lymphocyte lineages--alphabeta and gammadelta T cells--develop in the thymus from common precursors. Differentiation of both lineages requires signals coming from TCRs. Development of alphabeta T cells is driven at early stages by signaling from the pre-TCR, most likely in a ligand-independent fashion, and later--by signals delivered by alphabetaTCRs binding to their ligands--classical or non-classical MHC molecules. gammadelta lineage cells likewise require TCR signaling for their differentiation. Recent work from several groups suggests that TCR signaling not only ensures the developmental progression towards alphabeta and gammadelta lineages but that signal strength instructs lineage fate: weaker TCR signal results in alphabeta and stronger--in gammadelta lineage commitment. However, as most gammadeltaTCRs remain orphan receptors, it is still debated whether strong signals from gammadeltaTCRs in development are generated in a ligand-dependent manner (as in the case of alphabetaTCRs), ligand-independent manner (as for pre-TCR) or both. Here we summarize evidence supporting a possible role for ligands in gammadelta T cell lineage commitment and the generation of gammadelta sublineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Kreslavsky
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Smith 736, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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127
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Hayes SM, Laird RM, Love PE. Beyond alphabeta/gammadelta lineage commitment: TCR signal strength regulates gammadelta T cell maturation and effector fate. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:247-51. [PMID: 20452783 PMCID: PMC3129014 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the gammadelta T cell receptor (TCR) is required not only for alphabeta/gammadelta lineage commitment but also to activate and elicit effector functions in mature gammadelta T cells. Notably, at both of these stages, the signal delivered by the gammadeltaTCR is more robust than the one delivered by either the preTCR or the alphabetaTCR. Recent studies now provide evidence that signaling by the gammadeltaTCR is also required at other stages during gammadelta T cell development. Remarkably, the strength of the gammadeltaTCR signal also plays a role at these other stages, as evidenced by the findings that genetic manipulation of gammadeltaTCR signal strength affects gammadelta T cell maturation and effector fate. In this review, we discuss how a strong TCR signal is a recurring theme in gammadelta T cell development and activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Hayes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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128
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gammadelta and alphabeta T cell lineage choice: resolution by a stronger sense of being. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:228-36. [PMID: 20466561 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A common bipotent thymocyte precursor gives rise to both lineages of T cells, alphabeta and gammadelta. However, the cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence alphabeta- versus gammadelta-lineage bifurcation remain controversial. gammadelta T cells play a unique and vital role in host defense, from maintaining integrity at epithelial and mucosal barriers to their newly defined role as an important innate source of interleukin-17. Although a T cell receptor (TCR)-independent fate choice may take place, emerging data supports a model in which the differential signaling capacity of alphabeta and gammadeltaTCRs play an instructional role in specifying lineage fate, with strength of signal measured by the amount of ERK/MAPK pathway activation. Here we discuss how the interplay between intrinsic TCR signals and cell extrinsic signals provided by Notch and TCR ligands help to assign and support a final lineage fate decision.
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129
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Meyer C, Zeng X, Chien YH. Ligand recognition during thymic development and gammadelta T cell function specification. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:207-13. [PMID: 20430644 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells develop in the thymus before entering the periphery. Recent work suggests that thymic development does little to constrain gammadelta T cell antigen specificities, but instead determines their effector fate. When triggered through the T cell receptor, ligand-naïve gammadelta T cells produce IL-17, ligand-experienced cells make IFN-gamma and those that are strongly self-reactive make IL-4. Importantly, gammadelta T cells are able to make cytokines immediately upon TCR engagement. These characteristics allow gammadelta T cells to initiate an acute inflammatory response to pathogens and to host antigens revealed by injury. These advances warrant a fresh look at how gammadelta T cells may function in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Meyer
- Program in Immunology, Beckman Building, 279 Campus Drive B253, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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130
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Kreslavsky T, Gleimer M, von Boehmer H. Alphabeta versus gammadelta lineage choice at the first TCR-controlled checkpoint. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:185-92. [PMID: 20074925 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alphabeta and gammadelta T cells develop in the thymus from a common precursor. Although lineages initially were defined by the type of TCR they express, it soon became clear that the TCR type per se does not play a deterministic role in the lineage decision, since in various transgenic and knockout models, as well as in a small fraction of cells in wt mice, the TCRgammadelta can drive the differentiation of alphabeta lineage cells and the TCRalphabeta can drive differentiation of gammadelta lineage cells. Thus until recently it was unclear what determines lineage choice and at which stage the two lineages diverge. Recent observations suggest that TCR signal strength determines lineage fate and that lineage choice is made at or shortly after the first TCR-controlled checkpoint. While it is clear that the decision between alphabeta and gammadelta lineages is made at the first TCR-controlled checkpoint and the alphabeta sublineages split off later, it is less clear whether gammadelta sublineages divert already at the first TCR-controlled checkpoint or later. Recent experiments support the former view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Kreslavsky
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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131
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Haas JD, González FHM, Schmitz S, Chennupati V, Föhse L, Kremmer E, Förster R, Prinz I. CCR6 and NK1.1 distinguish between IL-17A and IFN-gamma-producing gammadelta effector T cells. Eur J Immunol 2010; 39:3488-97. [PMID: 19830744 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gammadelta T cells are a potent source of innate IL-17A and IFN-gamma, and they acquire the capacity to produce these cytokines within the thymus. However, the precise stages and required signals that guide this differentiation are unclear. Here we show that the CD24(low) CD44(high) effector gammadelta T cells of the adult thymus are segregated into two lineages by the mutually exclusive expression of CCR6 and NK1.1. Only CCR6+ gammadelta T cells produced IL-17A, while NK1.1+ gammadelta T cells were efficient producers of IFN-gamma but not of IL-17A. Their effector phenotype correlated with loss of CCR9 expression, particularly among the NK1.1+ gammadelta T cells. Accordingly, both gammadelta T-cell subsets were rare in gut-associated lymphoid tissues, but abundant in peripheral lymphoid tissues. There, they provided IL-17A and IFN-gamma in response to TCR-specific and TCR-independent stimuli. IL-12 and IL-18 induced IFN-gamma and IL-23 induced IL-17A production by NK1.1+ or CCR6+ gammadelta T cells, respectively. Importantly, we show that CCR6+ gammadelta T cells are more responsive to TCR stimulation than their NK1.1+ counterparts. In conclusion, our findings support the hypothesis that CCR6+ IL-17A-producing gammadelta T cells derive from less TCR-dependent selection events than IFN-gamma-producing NK1.1+ gammadelta T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan D Haas
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Immunology, Hannover, Germany
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132
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Abstract
The investigation of gammadelta T cells has identified a rapid lymphoid stress-surveillance response to microbial and nonmicrobial tissue perturbation. In addition to providing local protection, this response provides an immediate source of cytokines, chemokines, and other functions that can substantially affect downstream, adaptive immunity. Recent studies have identified striking mechanisms by which gammadelta cells meet the requirements of stress surveillance. For example, high response frequencies can reflect a unique nature of antigen engagement by the T cell receptor (TCR), developmental focusing of the repertoire by selection events, or the use of nonclonotypic receptors to initiate responses. Likewise, rapid functional deployment can be facilitated by the preprogramming of gammadelta cells during development. Additionally, gammadelta cells can directly influence adaptive immunity by functioning as antigen-presenting cells. With lymphoid stress surveillance likely to underpin numerous aspects of inflammation, tumor immunology, infectious disease, and autoimmunity, this perspective considers its properties and its emerging potential for clinical manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Hayday
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK.
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133
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Miazek A, Macha K, Łaszkiewicz A, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B, Kisielow P. Peripheral Thy1+ lymphocytes rearranging TCR-gammadelta genes in LAT-deficient mice. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2596-605. [PMID: 19701892 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is an adaptor molecule indispensable for development of alphabeta and gammadelta T lymphocytes. Surprisingly, using a new model of LAT-deficient mice we found that despite arrested thymic development, a discrete population of cells with active Lat promoter, expressing Thy1 molecules, accumulated in peripheral lymphoid organs of homozygous (Lat(Inv/Inv)) mutant mice. By measuring frequencies of TCR gene rearrangements in conjunction with a panel of cell surface Ag, we dissected two subsets of these Thy1(+) cells. Thy1(dull) cells expressed markers of NK lymphocytes and contained low frequency of TCR-gamma gene rearrangements without detectable TCR-delta rearrangements. Thy1(high) cells resembled immature CD44(+)CD25(+) thymocytes and contained high frequency of non-productive TCR-gamma and TCR-delta rearrangements, indicating that cells displaying molecular signatures of commitment toward gammadelta T-cell lineage can develop and populate lymphoid tissues of LAT-deficient mice. Phenotypically similar Thy1(high) cells were also found in lymph nodes of lymphocyte-deficient (Rag2(-/-)) mice but not in T lymphocyte proficient, heterozygous Lat(+/Inv) mice suggesting that Thy1(high) cells of LAT-deficient mice identified in this study accumulate in peripheral lymphoid organs as a result of congenital lymphopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Miazek
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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134
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TCR-inducible PLZF transcription factor required for innate phenotype of a subset of gammadelta T cells with restricted TCR diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:12453-8. [PMID: 19617548 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903895106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Some gammadelta and alphabeta T lymphocytes exhibit an "innate" phenotype associated with rapid cytokine responses. The PLZF transcription factor is essential for the innate phenotype of NKT cells. This report shows that PLZF is likewise responsible for the innate, NKT-like phenotype of Vgamma1+Vdelta6.3/Vdelta6.4+ cells. TCR cross-linking induced PLZF expression in all polyclonal immature gammadelta thymocytes, suggesting that agonist selection might be required for PLZF induction. Transgenic expression of Vgamma1Vdelta6.4 TCR was sufficient to support the development of large numbers of PLZF+ T cells, further supporting the importance of the TCR for PLZF induction. Interestingly, expression of this TCR transgene led to the development of spontaneous dermatitis.
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135
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del Blanco B, Roberts JL, Zamarreño N, Balmelle-Devaux N, Hernández-Munain C. Flexible Stereospecific Interactions and Composition within Nucleoprotein Complexes Assembled on the TCRα Gene Enhancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1871-83. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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136
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Shen S, Zhu M, Lau J, Chuck M, Zhang W. The essential role of LAT in thymocyte development during transition from the double-positive to single-positive stage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5596-604. [PMID: 19380807 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is an adaptor protein that couples TCR engagement to downstream signaling cascades. LAT is important in early thymocyte development as LAT-deficient mice have a complete block at the double-negative (DN) 3 stage. To study the role of LAT beyond the DN3 stage, we generated mice in which the lat gene could be deleted by the Cre recombinase. Analysis of these mice showed that deletion of LAT after the DN3 stage allowed thymocytes to develop past the DN3 to DN4 checkpoint and to generate double-positive thymocytes. However, LAT-deficient DP thymocytes were severely defective in responding to stimulation via the TCR and failed to differentiate into single-positive thymocytes efficiently. Consequently, few LAT-deficient mature T cells could be found in the periphery. These T cells had undergone extensive homeostatic proliferation and expressed low levels of the TCR on their surface. Collectively, our data indicate that in addition to its role in pre-TCR signaling, LAT also plays an essential role in thymocyte development during transition from the double-positive to single-positive stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudan Shen
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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137
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Enhanced development of CD4+ gammadelta T cells in the absence of Itk results in elevated IgE production. Blood 2009; 114:564-71. [PMID: 19443662 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-12-196345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tec kinase Itk is critical for the development of alphabeta T cells as well as differentiation of CD4(+) T cells into Th2 cells. Itk null mice have defects in the production of Th2 cytokines; however, they paradoxically have significant elevations in serum IgE. Here we show that Itk null mice have increased numbers of gammadelta T cells in the thymus and spleen. This includes elevated numbers of CD4(+) gammadelta T cell, the majority of which carry the Vgamma1.1 and Vdelta6.2/3 gammadelta T-cell receptor with a distinct phenotype. The development of these CD4(+) gammadelta T cells is T cell intrinsic, independent of either major histocompatibility complex class I or class II, and is favored during development in the absence of Itk. Itk null CD4(+) gammadelta T cells secrete significant amounts of Th2 cytokines and can induce the secretion of IgE by wild-type B cells. Our data indicate that Itk plays important role in regulating gammadelta T-cell development and function. In addition, our data indicate that the elevated IgE observed in Itk-deficient mice is due in part to the enhanced development of CD4(+) gammadelta T cells in the absence of Itk.
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138
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Jensen KDC, Chien YH. Thymic maturation determines gammadelta T cell function, but not their antigen specificities. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:140-5. [PMID: 19321327 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells contribute uniquely to host immune defense, but how they do so remains unclear. Recent work suggests that thymic selection does little to constrain gammadelta T cell antigen specificities, but instead determines their effector fate. When triggered through the T cell receptor, ligand-experienced cells make IFNgamma, whereas ligand-naïve gammadelta T cells produce IL-17, a major initiator of inflammation. These advances warrant a fresh look at how gammadelta T cells may function in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk D C Jensen
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Beckman B255, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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139
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Koenecke C, Chennupati V, Schmitz S, Malissen B, Förster R, Prinz I. In vivo application of mAb directed against the γδ TCR does not deplete but generates “invisible” γδ T cells. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:372-9. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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140
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Taghon T, Rothenberg EV. Molecular mechanisms that control mouse and human TCR-alphabeta and TCR-gammadelta T cell development. Semin Immunopathol 2008; 30:383-98. [PMID: 18925397 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-008-0134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Following specification of hematopoietic precursor cells into the T cell lineage, several developmental options remain available to the immature thymocytes. The paradigm is that the outcome of the T cell receptor rearrangements and the corresponding T cell receptor signaling events will be predominant to determine the first of these choices: the alphabeta versus gammadelta T cell pathways. Here, we review the thymus-derived environmental signals, the transcriptional mediators, and other molecular mechanisms that are also involved in this decision in both the mouse and human. We discuss the differences in cellular events between the alphabeta and gammadelta developmental pathways and try to correlate these with a corresponding complexity of the molecular mechanisms that support them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Taghon
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 4 Blok A, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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141
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Kisielow J, Kopf M, Karjalainen K. SCART scavenger receptors identify a novel subset of adult gammadelta T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1710-6. [PMID: 18641307 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although there has been great progress in the characterization of alphabeta T cell differentiation, selection, and function, gammadelta T cells have remained poorly understood. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of gammadelta T cell-specific surface markers other than the TCR chains themselves. In this study we describe two novel surface receptors, SCART1 and SCART2. SCARTs are related to CD5, CD6, and CD163 scavenger receptors but, unlike them, are found primarily on developing and mature gammadelta T cells. Characterization of SCART2 positive immature and peripheral gammadelta T cells suggests that they undergo lineage specification in the thymus and belong to a new IL-17-producing subset with distinct homing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kisielow
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Integrative Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich-Schlieren, Switzerland.
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142
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Jensen KDC, Su X, Shin S, Li L, Youssef S, Yamasaki S, Steinman L, Saito T, Locksley RM, Davis MM, Baumgarth N, Chien YH. Thymic selection determines gammadelta T cell effector fate: antigen-naive cells make interleukin-17 and antigen-experienced cells make interferon gamma. Immunity 2008; 29:90-100. [PMID: 18585064 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells uniquely contribute to host immune defense, but how this is accomplished remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex class I T10 and T22-specific gammadelta T cells in mice and found that encountering antigen in the thymus was neither required nor inhibitory for their development. But when triggered through the T cell receptor, ligand-naive lymphoid-gammadelta T cells produced IL-17, whereas ligand-experienced cells made IFN-gamma. Immediately after immunization, a large fraction of IL-17(+) gammadelta T cells were found in the draining lymph nodes days before the appearance of antigen-specific IL-17(+) *beta T cells. Thus, thymic selection determines the effector fate of gammadelta T cells rather than constrains their antigen specificities. The swift IL-17 response mounted by antigen-naive gammadelta T cells suggests a critical role for these cells at the onset of an acute inflammatory response to novel antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk D C Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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143
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144
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Cheroutre H, Lambolez F. The thymus chapter in the life of gut-specific intra epithelial lymphocytes. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:185-91. [PMID: 18456487 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) represent multi-lineage T cell populations. In addition to a major gammadeltaTCR(+) T cell subset, many IEL express alphabetaTCRs and they can be separated into alphabeta sublineages. Some TCRalphabeta(+)IEL have characteristics in common with conventional TCRalphabeta(+)T cells whereas others share an unconventional phenotype with their TCRgammadelta(+) counterparts. Because the latter are enriched for autoreactive TCRs and can be generated in the absence of a thymus, it has long been postulated that some IEL subsets develop locally in the intestine. Several new data however, indicate that under physiological conditions, IEL require a thymic education that directs lineage commitment and functional differentiation. This review will discuss the contributions of the thymus in shaping the various intestinal IEL sublineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Cheroutre
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9240 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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145
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Kreslavsky T, Garbe AI, Krueger A, von Boehmer H. T cell receptor-instructed alphabeta versus gammadelta lineage commitment revealed by single-cell analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:1173-86. [PMID: 18443226 PMCID: PMC2373848 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20072425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
alphabeta and gammadelta T cell lineages develop in the thymus from a common precursor. It is unclear at which stage of development commitment to these lineages takes place and in which way T cell receptor signaling contributes to the process. Recently, it was demonstrated that strong TCR signals favor gammadelta lineage development, whereas weaker TCR signals promote alphabeta lineage fate. Two models have been proposed to explain these results. The first model suggests that commitment occurs after TCR expression and TCR signaling directly instructs lymphocytes to adopt one or the other lineage fate. The second model suggests that commitment occurs before TCR expression and that TCR signaling merely confirms the lineage choice. By tracing the fate of single T cell precursors, this study shows that there is no commitment to either the alphabeta or gammadelta lineage before TCR expression and that modulation of TCR signaling in progeny of a single TCR-expressing cell changes lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Kreslavsky
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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146
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Ferrero I, Grosjean F, Fiorini E, MacDonald HR. A critical lineage-nonspecific role for pTalpha in mediating allelic and isotypic exclusion in TCRbeta-transgenic mice. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:3220-8. [PMID: 17918204 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that early expression of TCRbeta transgenes in the thymus leads to efficient inhibition of both endogenous TCRbeta and TCRgamma rearrangement (also known as allelic and "isotypic" exclusion, respectively) the role of pTalpha in these processes remains controversial. Here, we have systematically re-evaluated this issue using three independent strains of TCRbeta-transgenic mice that differ widely in transgene expression levels, and a sensitive intracellular staining assay that detects endogenous TCRVbeta expression in individual immature thymocytes. In the absence of pTalpha, both allelic and isotypic exclusion were reversed in all three TCRbeta-transgenic strains, clearly demonstrating a general requirement for pre-TCR signaling in the inhibition of endogenous TCRbeta and TCRgamma rearrangement. Both allelic and isotypic exclusion were pTalpha dose dependent when transgenic TCRbeta levels were subphysiological. Moreover, pTalpha-dependent allelic and isotypic exclusion occurred in both alphabeta and gammadelta T cell lineages, indicating that pre-TCR signaling can potentially be functional in gammadelta precursors. Finally, levels of endogenous RAG1 and RAG2 were not down-regulated in TCRbeta-transgenic immature thymocytes undergoing allelic or isotypic exclusion. Collectively, our data reveal a critical but lineage-nonspecific role for pTalpha in mediating both allelic and isotypic exclusion in TCRbeta-transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ferrero
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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147
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Kawazu M, Yamamoto G, Yoshimi M, Yamamoto K, Asai T, Ichikawa M, Seo S, Nakagawa M, Chiba S, Kurokawa M, Ogawa S. Expression profiling of immature thymocytes revealed a novel homeobox gene that regulates double-negative thymocyte development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5335-45. [PMID: 17911620 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.8.5335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intrathymic development of CD4/CD8 double-negative (DN) thymocytes can be tracked by well-defined chronological subsets of thymocytes, and is an ideal target of gene expression profiling analysis to clarify the genetic basis of mature T cell production, by which differentiation of immature thymocytes is investigated in terms of gene expression profiles. In this study, we show that development of murine DN thymocytes is predominantly regulated by largely repressive rather than inductive activities of transcriptions, where lineage-promiscuous gene expression in immature thymocytes is down-regulated during their differentiation. Functional mapping of genes showing common temporal expression profiles implicates previously uncharacterized gene regulations that may be relevant to early thymocytes development. A small minority of genes is transiently expressed in the CD44(low)CD25(+) subset of DN thymocytes, from which we identified a novel homeobox gene, Duxl, whose expression is up-regulated by Runx1. Duxl promotes the transition from CD44(high)CD25(+) to CD44(low)CD25(+) in DN thymocytes, while constitutive expression of Duxl inhibits expression of TCR beta-chains and leads to impaired beta selection and greatly reduced production of CD4/CD8 double-positive thymocytes, indicating its critical roles in DN thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Kawazu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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148
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Abstract
Like all hematopoietic cells, T lymphocytes are derived from bone-marrow-resident stem cells. However, whereas most blood lineages are generated within the marrow, the majority of T cell development occurs in a specialized organ, the thymus. This distinction underscores the unique capacity of the thymic microenvironment to support T lineage restriction and differentiation. Although the identity of many of the contributing thymus-derived signals is well established and rooted in highly conserved pathways involving Notch, morphogenetic, and protein tyrosine kinase signals, the manner in which the ensuing cascades are integrated to orchestrate the underlying processes of T cell development remains under investigation. This review focuses on the current definition of the early stages of T cell lymphopoiesis, with an emphasis on the nature of thymus-derived signals delivered to T cell progenitors that support the commitment and differentiation of T cells toward the alphabeta and gammadelta T cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ciofani
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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149
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Zeng L, Dalheimer SL, Yankee TM. Gads-/- mice reveal functionally distinct subsets of TCRbeta+ CD4-CD8- double-negative thymocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:1013-21. [PMID: 17617593 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCRbeta expression in CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative (DN) thymocytes induces signaling pathways that promote survival and proliferation, as well as differentiation into CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive thymocytes. The signaling pathways that regulate survival, proliferation, and differentiation remain unclear. We used Gads-deficient mice to investigate the signaling pathways that regulate these cell fates. During this investigation, we focused on TCRbeta(+) DN thymocytes and found that there are at least three functionally distinct subsets of TCRbeta(+) DN thymocytes: TCRbeta(+) DN3E, TCRbeta(+) DN3L, and TCRbeta(+) DN4. Survival and proliferation of TCRbeta(+) DN3E were independent of Gads, but survival and proliferation of TCRbeta(+) DN3L cells were Gads dependent. Likewise, expression of Bcl-2 in TCRbeta(+) DN3E cells was Gads independent, but Gads was necessary for Bcl-2 expression in TCRbeta(+) DN3L cells. Bcl-2 expression was not dependent on Gads in TCRbeta(+) DN4 cells, but proliferation of TCRbeta(+) DN4 cells was Gads dependent. Gads was not required for the differentiation of DN thymocytes into DP thymocytes. In fact, Gads(-/-) DN3E cells differentiated into DP thymocytes more readily than wild-type cells. We conclude that signaling pathways required to initiate TCRbeta-induced survival and proliferation are distinct from the pathways that maintain survival and proliferation. Furthermore, signaling pathways that promote survival and proliferation may slow differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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150
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Stewart CA, Walzer T, Robbins SH, Malissen B, Vivier E, Prinz I. Germ-line and rearranged Tcrd transcription distinguish bona fide NK cells and NK-like gammadelta T cells. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1442-52. [PMID: 17492716 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
NK cells and gammadelta T cells are distinct subsets of lymphocytes that contextually share multiple phenotypic and functional characteristics. However, the acquisition and the extent of these similarities remain poorly understood. Here, using T cell receptor delta locus-histone 2B-enhanced GFP (Tcrd-H2BEGFP) reporter mice, we show that germ-line transcription of Tcrd occurs in all maturing NK cells. We also describe a population of mouse NK-like cells that are indistinguishable from "bona fide" NK cells using standard protocols. Requirements for V(D)J recombination and a functional thymus, along with very low-level expression of surface TCRgammadelta but high intracellular CD3, define these cells as gammadelta T cells. "NK-like gammadelta T cells" are CD127+, have a memory-activated phenotype, express multiple NK cell receptors and readily produce interferon-gamma in response to IL-12/IL-18 stimulation. The close phenotypic resemblance between NK cells and NK-like gammadelta T cells is a source of experimental ambiguity in studies bridging NK and T cell biology, such as those on thymic NK cell development. Instead, it ascribes chronic TCRgammadelta engagement as a means of acquiring NK-like function.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Histones/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Integrin alpha2/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit/analysis
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Stewart
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, and Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, France.
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