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Other Negative-Strand RNA Viruses. MOLECULAR VIROLOGY OF HUMAN PATHOGENIC VIRUSES 2017. [PMCID: PMC7150163 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800838-6.00016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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102
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Pramanik A, Jones S, Gao Y, Sweet C, Begum S, Shukla MK, Buchanan JP, Moser RD, Ray PC. A bio-conjugated chitosan wrapped CNT based 3D nanoporous architecture for separation and inactivation of Rotavirus and Shigella waterborne pathogens. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:9522-9531. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02815f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The multifunctional bio-conjugated 3D architecture reported here represents huge advances in the fields of environmental remediation and sustainable remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Jackson State University
- Jackson
- USA
| | - Stacy Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Jackson State University
- Jackson
- USA
| | - Ye Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Jackson State University
- Jackson
- USA
| | - Carrie Sweet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Jackson State University
- Jackson
- USA
| | - Salma Begum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Jackson State University
- Jackson
- USA
| | - Manoj K. Shukla
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center
- Vicksburg
- USA
| | | | - Robert D. Moser
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center
- Vicksburg
- USA
| | - Paresh Chandra Ray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Jackson State University
- Jackson
- USA
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103
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Olaya Galán NN, Ulloa Rubiano JC, Velez Reyes FA, Fernandez Duarte KP, Salas Cárdenas SP, Gutierrez Fernandez MF. In vitro antiviral activity of Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium adolescentis against rotavirus infection monitored by NSP4 protein production. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1041-51. [PMID: 26801008 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to determine the antiviral activity of four probiotic metabolites (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacetrium species) against rotavirus in vitro infection monitored by the NSP4 protein production and Ca(2+) release. METHODS AND RESULTS The antiviral effect of the metabolites was performed due a comparison between a blocking model and an intracelullar model on MA104 cells, with the response of NSP4 production and Ca(2+) liberation measured by flow cytometry. Significant results were obtained with the metabolites of Lactobacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis in the reduction of the protein production (P = 0·04 and P = 0·014) and Ca(2+) liberation (P = 0·094 and P = 0·020) in the intracellular model, which suggests a successful antiviral activity against RV infection. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that probiotic metabolites were able to interfere with the final amount of intracellular NSP4 protein and a successful Ca(2+) regulation, which suggests a new approach to the mechanism exerted by probiotics against the rotavirus infection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A novel anti-rotaviral effect exerted by probiotic metabolites monitored by the NSP4 protein during the RV in vitro infection and the effect on the Ca(2+) release is reported; suggesting a reduction on the impact of the infection by decreasing the damage of the cells preventing the electrolyte loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Olaya Galán
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J C Ulloa Rubiano
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - F A Velez Reyes
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - K P Fernandez Duarte
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - S P Salas Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M F Gutierrez Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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104
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Roingeard P, Melo RCN. Lipid droplet hijacking by intracellular pathogens. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27794207 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets were long considered to be simple storage structures, but they have recently been shown to be dynamic organelles involved in diverse biological processes, including emerging roles in innate immunity. Various intracellular pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, specifically target host lipid droplets during their life cycle. Viruses such as hepatitis C, dengue, and rotaviruses use lipid droplets as platforms for assembly. Bacteria, such as mycobacteria and Chlamydia, and parasites, such as trypanosomes, use host lipid droplets for nutritional purposes. The possible use of lipid droplets by intracellular pathogens, as part of an anti-immunity strategy, is an intriguing question meriting further investigation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U966 and IBiSA Electron Microscopy Facility, François Rabelais University and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora-UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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105
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Abstract
Segmented RNA viruses are widespread in nature and include important human, animal and plant pathogens, such as influenza viruses and rotaviruses. Although the origin of RNA virus genome segmentation remains elusive, a major consequence of this genome structure is the capacity for reassortment to occur during co-infection, whereby segments are exchanged among different viral strains. Therefore, reassortment can create viral progeny that contain genes that are derived from more than one parent, potentially conferring important fitness advantages or disadvantages to the progeny virus. However, for segmented RNA viruses that package their multiple genome segments into a single virion particle, reassortment also requires genetic compatibility between parental strains, which occurs in the form of conserved packaging signals, and the maintenance of RNA and protein interactions. In this Review, we discuss recent studies that examined the mechanisms and outcomes of reassortment for three well-studied viral families - Cystoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Reoviridae - and discuss how these findings provide new perspectives on the replication and evolution of segmented RNA viruses.
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106
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Guerrero CA, Guerrero RA, Silva E, Acosta O, Barreto E. Experimental Adaptation of Rotaviruses to Tumor Cell Lines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147666. [PMID: 26828934 PMCID: PMC4734670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of viruses show a naturally extended tropism for tumor cells whereas other viruses have been genetically modified or adapted to infect tumor cells. Oncolytic viruses have become a promising tool for treating some cancers by inducing cell lysis or immune response to tumor cells. In the present work, rotavirus strains TRF-41 (G5) (porcine), RRV (G3) (simian), UK (G6-P5) (bovine), Ym (G11-P9) (porcine), ECwt (murine), Wa (G1-P8), Wi61 (G9) and M69 (G8) (human), and five wild-type human rotavirus isolates were passaged multiple times in different human tumor cell lines and then combined in five different ways before additional multiple passages in tumor cell lines. Cell death caused by the tumor cell-adapted isolates was characterized using Hoechst, propidium iodide, 7-AAD, Annexin V, TUNEL, and anti-poly-(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) and -phospho-histone H2A.X antibodies. Multiple passages of the combined rotaviruses in tumor cell lines led to a successful infection of these cells, suggesting a gain-of-function by the acquisition of greater infectious capacity as compared with that of the parental rotaviruses. The electropherotype profiles suggest that unique tumor cell-adapted isolates were derived from reassortment of parental rotaviruses. Infection produced by such rotavirus isolates induced chromatin modifications compatible with apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Guerrero
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, D.C., Colombia
| | - Rafael A. Guerrero
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, D.C., Colombia
| | - Elver Silva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, D.C., Colombia
| | - Orlando Acosta
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, D.C., Colombia
| | - Emiliano Barreto
- Institute of Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, D.C., Colombia
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107
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Kandasamy S, Vlasova AN, Fischer D, Kumar A, Chattha KS, Rauf A, Shao L, Langel SN, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Differential Effects of Escherichia coli Nissle and Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strain GG on Human Rotavirus Binding, Infection, and B Cell Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1780-9. [PMID: 26800875 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in modulating host-pathogen interactions, but little is known about the impact of commonly used probiotics on human RV (HRV) infection. In this study, we compared the immunomodulatory effects of Gram-positive (Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG [LGG]) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli Nissle [EcN]) probiotic bacteria on virulent human rotavirus (VirHRV) infection and immunity using neonatal gnotobiotic piglets. Gnotobiotic piglets were colonized with EcN, LGG, or EcN+LGG or uncolonized and challenged with VirHRV. Mean peak virus shedding titers and mean cumulative fecal scores were significantly lower in EcN-colonized compared with LGG-colonized or uncolonized piglets. Reduced viral shedding titers were correlated with significantly reduced small intestinal HRV IgA Ab responses in EcN-colonized compared with uncolonized piglets post-VirHRV challenge. However the total IgA levels post-VirHRV challenge in the intestine and pre-VirHRV challenge in serum were significantly higher in EcN-colonized than in LGG-colonized piglets. In vitro treatment of mononuclear cells with these probiotics demonstrated that EcN, but not LGG, induced IL-6, IL-10, and IgA, with the latter partially dependent on IL-10. However, addition of exogenous recombinant porcine IL-10 + IL-6 to mononuclear cells cocultured with LGG significantly enhanced IgA responses. The greater effectiveness of EcN in moderating HRV infection may also be explained by the binding of EcN but not LGG to Wa HRV particles or HRV 2/4/6 virus-like particles but not 2/6 virus-like particles. Results suggest that EcN and LGG differentially modulate RV infection and B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - David Fischer
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Anand Kumar
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Kuldeep S Chattha
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Abdul Rauf
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Lulu Shao
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
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108
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Eren E, Zamuda K, Patton JT. Modeling of the rotavirus group C capsid predicts a surface topology distinct from other rotavirus species. Virology 2016; 487:150-62. [PMID: 26524514 PMCID: PMC4679652 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus C (RVC) causes sporadic gastroenteritis in adults and is an established enteric pathogen of swine. Because RVC strains grow poorly in cell culture, which hinders generation of virion-derived RVC triple-layered-particle (TLP) structures, we used the known Rotavirus A (RVA) capsid structure to model the human RVC (Bristol) capsid. Comparative analysis of RVA and RVC capsid proteins showed major differences at the VP7 layer, an important target region for vaccine development due to its antigenic properties. Our model predicted the presence of a surface extended loop in RVC, which could form a major antigenic site on the capsid. We analyzed variations in the glycosylation patterns among RV capsids and identified group specific conserved sites. In addition, our results showed a smaller RVC VP4 foot, which protrudes toward the intermediate VP6 layer, in comparison to that of RVA. Finally, our results showed major structural differences at the VP8* glycan recognition sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Eren
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Kimberly Zamuda
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John T Patton
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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109
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Fajardo T, Sung PY, Roy P. Disruption of Specific RNA-RNA Interactions in a Double-Stranded RNA Virus Inhibits Genome Packaging and Virus Infectivity. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005321. [PMID: 26646790 PMCID: PMC4672896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes hemorrhagic disease in economically important livestock. The BTV genome is organized into ten discrete double-stranded RNA molecules (S1-S10) which have been suggested to follow a sequential packaging pathway from smallest to largest segment during virus capsid assembly. To substantiate and extend these studies, we have investigated the RNA sorting and packaging mechanisms with a new experimental approach using inhibitory oligonucleotides. Putative packaging signals present in the 3’untranslated regions of BTV segments were targeted by a number of nuclease resistant oligoribonucleotides (ORNs) and their effects on virus replication in cell culture were assessed. ORNs complementary to the 3’ UTR of BTV RNAs significantly inhibited virus replication without affecting protein synthesis. Same ORNs were found to inhibit complex formation when added to a novel RNA-RNA interaction assay which measured the formation of supramolecular complexes between and among different RNA segments. ORNs targeting the 3’UTR of BTV segment 10, the smallest RNA segment, were shown to be the most potent and deletions or substitution mutations of the targeted sequences diminished the RNA complexes and abolished the recovery of viable viruses using reverse genetics. Cell-free capsid assembly/RNA packaging assay also confirmed that the inhibitory ORNs could interfere with RNA packaging and further substitution mutations within the putative RNA packaging sequence have identified the recognition sequence concerned. Exchange of 3’UTR between segments have further demonstrated that RNA recognition was segment specific, most likely acting as part of the secondary structure of the entire genomic segment. Our data confirm that genome packaging in this segmented dsRNA virus occurs via the formation of supramolecular complexes formed by the interaction of specific sequences located in the 3’ UTRs. Additionally, the inhibition of packaging in-trans with inhibitory ORNs suggests this that interaction is a bona fide target for the design of compounds with antiviral activity. Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an economically important pathogen of ruminants that belongs to a group of viruses whose genome consists of multiple segments of double-stranded RNA. In order for the virus to synthesize viable and infectious progeny, a precise set of the 10 newly replicated BTV segments must be selected for packaging into each new virus particle. How the virus is able to select its own genomic strands from the vast array of cellular RNAs is not clearly understood. One possibility is that that BTV segments harbours an interaction signal that allows them to be sorted and packaged as a set. Correct identification of these signals has basic and applied implications for a possible target of antiviral therapeutics through inhibition of genome sorting and packaging process. Here we showed that a series of short oligonucleotides (ORNs) complementary to multiple sites on the BTV RNA prevented the growth of viable virus in infected cells. ORNs positive for inhibition in virus growth also prevented the genomic RNA to be packaged in an in vitro packaging assay. Moreover, when these same targeted sequences were deleted or mutated in viral genome, viable virus recovery was abolished. Exchanging the terminal sequences between segments failed to recover virus confirming that such changes are deleterious to virus viability. These studies have identified specific regions and sequences key to genome packaging in dsRNA viruses and viability. The specific genome packaging sequences targeted by inhibitory activities of ORNs are bona fide drug target which, as a mechanism common amongst all serotypes, may represent an Achilles’ heel for the development of virus therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Fajardo
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Po-Yu Sung
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Polly Roy
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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110
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Abstract
Rotaviruses (RV) are ubiquitous, highly infectious, segmented double-stranded RNA genome viruses of importance in public health because of the severe acute gastroenteritis they cause in young children and many animal species. They are very well adapted to their host, with symptomatic and asymptomatic reinfections being virtually universal during the first 3 years of life. Antibodies are the major arm of the immune system responsible for protecting infants from RV reinfection. The relationship between the virus and the B cells (Bc) that produce these antibodies is complex and incompletely understood: most blood-circulating Bc that express RV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) on their surface (RV-Ig) are naive Bc and recognize the intermediate capsid viral protein VP6 with low affinity. When compared to non-antigen-specific Bc, RV-Bc are enriched in CD27+ memory Bc (mBc) that express IgM. The Ig genes used by naive RV-Bc are different than those expressed by RV-mBc, suggesting that the latter do not primarily develop from the former. Although RV predominantly infects mature villus enterocytes, an acute systemic viremia also occurs and RV-Bc can be thought of as belonging to either the intestinal or systemic immune compartments. Serotype-specific or heterotypic RV antibodies appear to mediate protection by multiple mechanisms, including intracellular and extracellular homotypic and heterotypic neutralization. Passive administration of RV-Ig can be used either prophylactically or therapeutically. A better understanding of the Bc response generated against RV will improve our capacity to identify improved correlates of protection for RV vaccines.
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111
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Borodavka A, Ault J, Stockley PG, Tuma R. Evidence that avian reovirus σNS is an RNA chaperone: implications for genome segment assortment. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:7044-57. [PMID: 26109354 PMCID: PMC4538827 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reoviruses are important human, animal and plant pathogens having 10-12 segments of double-stranded genomic RNA. The mechanisms controlling the assortment and packaging of genomic segments in these viruses, remain poorly understood. RNA-protein and RNA-RNA interactions between viral genomic segment precursors have been implicated in the process. While non-structural viral RNA-binding proteins, such as avian reovirus σNS, are essential for virus replication, the mechanism by which they assist packaging is unclear. Here we demonstrate that σNS assembles into stable elongated hexamers in vitro, which bind single-stranded nucleic acids with high affinity, but little sequence specificity. Using ensemble and single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, we show that σNS also binds to a partially double-stranded RNA, resulting in gradual helix unwinding. The hexamer can bind multiple RNA molecules and exhibits strand-annealing activity, thus mediating conversion of metastable, intramolecular stem-loops into more stable heteroduplexes. We demonstrate that the ARV σNS acts as an RNA chaperone facilitating specific RNA-RNA interactions between genomic precursors during segment assortment and packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Borodavka
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James Ault
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Peter G Stockley
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Roman Tuma
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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112
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Rahimi A, Varano AC, Demmert AC, Melanson LA, McDonald SM, Kelly DF. A Non-Symmetric Reconstruction Technique for Transcriptionally-Active Viral Assemblies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 27819069 PMCID: PMC5094455 DOI: 10.13188/2474-1914.1000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which RNA viruses coordinate their transcriptional activities are not fully understood. For rotavirus, an important pediatric gastroenteric pathogen, transcription occurs within a double-layered particle that encloses the viral genome. To date, there remains very little structural information available for actively-transcribing rotavirus double-layered particles, which could provide new insights for antiviral development. To improve our vision of these viral assemblies, we developed a new combinatorial strategy that utilizes currently available high-resolution image processing tools. First, we employed a 3D classification routine that allowed us to sort transcriptionally-active rotavirus assemblies on the basis of their internal density. Next, we implemented an additional 3D refinement procedure using the most active class of DLPs. For comparison, the refined structures were computed in parallel by (1) enforcing icosahedral symmetry, and by (2) using no symmetry operators. Comparing the resulting structures, we were able to visualize the continuum that exists between viral capsid proteins and the viral RNA for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Rahimi
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | | | - Andrew C Demmert
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | | | - Sarah M McDonald
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Deborah F Kelly
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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113
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Functional insights from molecular modeling, docking, and dynamics study of a cypoviral RNA dependent RNA polymerase. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 61:160-74. [PMID: 26264734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antheraea mylitta cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (AmCPV) contains 11 double stranded RNA genome segments and infects tasar silkworm A. mylitta. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is reported as a key enzyme responsible for propagation of the virus in the host cell but its structure function relationship still remains elusive. Here a computational approach has been taken to compare sequence and secondary structure of AmCPV RdRp with other viral RdRps to identify consensus motifs. Then a reliable pairwise sequence alignment of AmCPV RdRp with its closest sequence structure homologue λ3 RdRp is done to predict three dimensional structure of AmCPV RdRp. After comparing with other structurally known viral RdRps, important sequence and/or structural features involved in substrate entry or binding, polymerase reaction and the product release events have been identified. A conserved RNA pentanucleotide (5'-AGAGC-3') at the 3'-end of virus genome is predicted as cis-acting signal for RNA synthesis and its docking and simulation study along with the model of AmCPV RdRp has allowed to predict mode of template binding by the viral polymerase. It is found that template RNA enters into the catalytic center through nine sequence-independent and two sequence-dependent interactions with the specific amino acid residues. However, number of sequence dependent interactions remains almost same during 10 nano-second simulation time while total number of interactions decreases. Further, docking of N(7)-methyl-GpppG (mRNA cap) on the model as well as prediction of RNA secondary structure has shown the template entry process in the active site. These findings have led to postulate the mechanism of RNA-dependent RNA polymerization process by AmCPV RdRp. To our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate structure function relationship of a cypoviral RdRp.
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114
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Abstract
Blood group antigens represent polymorphic traits inherited among individuals and populations. At present, there are 34 recognized human blood groups and hundreds of individual blood group antigens and alleles. Differences in blood group antigen expression can increase or decrease host susceptibility to many infections. Blood groups can play a direct role in infection by serving as receptors and/or coreceptors for microorganisms, parasites, and viruses. In addition, many blood group antigens facilitate intracellular uptake, signal transduction, or adhesion through the organization of membrane microdomains. Several blood groups can modify the innate immune response to infection. Several distinct phenotypes associated with increased host resistance to malaria are overrepresented in populations living in areas where malaria is endemic, as a result of evolutionary pressures. Microorganisms can also stimulate antibodies against blood group antigens, including ABO, T, and Kell. Finally, there is a symbiotic relationship between blood group expression and maturation of the gastrointestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cooling
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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115
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Bucardo F, Nordgren J. Impact of vaccination on the molecular epidemiology and evolution of group A rotaviruses in Latin America and factors affecting vaccine efficacy. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:106-13. [PMID: 26079278 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite high rotavirus (RV) vaccine coverage (∼83%) and good effectiveness (∼77%) against RV-diarrhea hospitalization, RV is still contributing to the burden of diarrhea that persists in hospital settings in several Latin American countries, where RV vaccination is being implemented. Due to the extensive genomic and antigenic diversity, among co-circulating human RV, a major concern has been that the introduction of RV vaccination could exert selection pressure leading to higher prevalence of strains not included in the vaccines and/or emergence of new strains, thus, reducing the efficacy of vaccination. Here we review the molecular epidemiology of RV in Latin America and explore issues of RV evolution and selection in light of vaccination. We further explore etiologies behind the large burden of diarrhea remaining after vaccination in some countries and discuss plausible reasons for vaccine failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of León, Nicaragua (UNAN-León), Nicaragua.
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Linköping, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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116
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Yakshe KA, Franklin ZD, Ball JM. Rotaviruses: Extraction and Isolation of RNA, Reassortant Strains, and NSP4 Protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 37:15C.6.1-44. [PMID: 26344218 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc15c06s37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) contains 11 double-stranded RNA segments that encode for twelve structural and nonstructural proteins. The separation and isolation of viral RNA is a necessary precursor for many experimental techniques and can be useful for rapid RV RNA typing and sequencing of different rotavirus strains. The segmented genome enables RV to recombine easily. These recombinant viruses are essential for many purposes, including generation of potential vaccine strains. Rotavirus gene 10 expresses the viral enterotoxin, NSP4, which has been the focus of several studies due to the influence of NSP4 on rotavirus replication, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. This unit will describe the isolation and separation of viral RNAs, the production characterization of recombinant RV in culture, and the expression and isolation of NSP4 in mammalian and insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystle A Yakshe
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Zachary D Franklin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Judith M Ball
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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117
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Xue M, Yu L, Che Y, Lin H, Zeng Y, Fang M, Li T, Ge S, Xia N. Characterization and protective efficacy in an animal model of a novel truncated rotavirus VP8 subunit parenteral vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2015; 33:2606-13. [PMID: 25882173 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cell-attachment protein VP8* of rotavirus is a potential candidate parenteral vaccine. However, the yield of full-length VP8 protein (VP8*, residues 1-231) expressed in Escherichia coli was low, and a truncated VP8 protein (ΔVP8*, residues 65-231) cannot elicit efficient protective immunity in a mouse model. In this study, tow novel truncated VP8 proteins, VP8-1 (residues 26-231) and VP8-2 (residues 51-231), were expressed in E. coli and evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy, compared with VP8* and ΔVP8*. As well as ΔVP8*, the protein VP8-1 and VP8-2 were successfully expressed in high yield and purified in homogeneous dimeric forms, while the protein VP8* was expressed with lower yield and prone to aggregation and degradation in solution. Although the immunogenicity of the protein VP8*, VP8-1, VP8-2 and ΔVP8* was comparable, immunization of VP8* and VP8-1 elicited significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers than that of VP8-2 and ΔVP8* in mice. Furthermore, when assessed using a mouse maternal antibody model, the efficacy of VP8-1 to protect against rotavirus-induced diarrhea in pups was comparable to that of VP8*, both were dramatically higher than that of VP8-2 and ΔVP8*. Taken together, the novel truncated protein VP8-1, with increased yield, improved homogeneity and high protective efficacy, is a viable candidate for further development of a parenterally administrated prophylactic vaccine against rotavirus infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Diarrhea/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Female
- Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Rotavirus/immunology
- Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoge Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Linqi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yaojian Che
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Haijun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yuanjun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Mujin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Tingdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
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118
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Zeller M, Heylen E, Damanka S, Pietsch C, Donato C, Tamura T, Kulkarni R, Arora R, Cunliffe N, Maunula L, Potgieter C, Tamim S, Coster SD, Zhirakovskaya E, Bdour S, O'Shea H, Kirkwood CD, Seheri M, Nyaga MM, Mphahlele J, Chitambar SD, Dagan R, Armah G, Tikunova N, Van Ranst M, Matthijnssens J. Emerging OP354-Like P[8] Rotaviruses Have Rapidly Dispersed from Asia to Other Continents. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:2060-71. [PMID: 25858434 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of human group A rotaviruses possess the P[8] VP4 genotype. Recently, a genetically distinct subtype of the P[8] genotype, also known as OP354-like P[8] or lineage P[8]-4, emerged in several countries. However, it is unclear for how long the OP354-like P[8] gene has been circulating in humans and how it has spread. In a global collaborative effort 98 (near-)complete OP354-like P[8] VP4 sequences were obtained and used for phylogeographic analysis to determine the viral migration patterns. During the sampling period, 1988-2012, we found that South and East Asia acted as a source from which strains with the OP354-like P[8] gene were seeded to Africa, Europe, and North America. The time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of all OP354-like P[8] genes was estimated at 1987. However, most OP354-like P[8] strains were found in three main clusters with TMRCAs estimated between 1996 and 2001. The VP7 gene segment of OP354-like P[8] strains showed evidence of frequent reassortment, even in localized epidemics, suggesting that OP354-like P[8] genes behave in a similar manner on the evolutionary level as other P[8] subtypes. The results of this study suggest that OP354-like P[8] strains have been able to disperse globally in a relatively short time period. This, in combination with a relatively large genetic distance to other P[8] subtypes, might result in a lower vaccine effectiveness, underscoring the need for a continued surveillance of OP354-like P[8] strains, especially in countries where rotavirus vaccination programs are in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Zeller
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Heylen
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan Damanka
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Celeste Donato
- Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tsutomu Tamura
- Department of Virology, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ruta Kulkarni
- Enteric Viruses Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ritu Arora
- Enteric Viruses Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nigel Cunliffe
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Leena Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christiaan Potgieter
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, Lyttelton, Centurion, South Africa
| | - Sana Tamim
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sarah De Coster
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Zhirakovskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Salwa Bdour
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Helen O'Shea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Carl D Kirkwood
- Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mapaseka Seheri
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin Monene Nyaga
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey Mphahlele
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Shobha D Chitambar
- Enteric Viruses Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ron Dagan
- Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - George Armah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Nina Tikunova
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
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119
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Eusebio-Cope A, Suzuki N. Mycoreovirus genome rearrangements associated with RNA silencing deficiency. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:3802-13. [PMID: 25800742 PMCID: PMC4402544 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoreovirus 1 (MyRV1) has 11 double-stranded RNA genome segments (S1 to S11) and confers hypovirulence to the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. MyRV1 genome rearrangements are frequently generated by a multifunctional protein, p29, encoded by a positive-strand RNA virus, Cryphonectria hypovirus 1. One of its functional roles is RNA silencing suppression. Here, we explored a possible link between MyRV1 genome rearrangements and the host RNA silencing pathway using wild-type (WT) and mutant strains of both MyRV1 and the host fungus. Host strains included deletion mutants of RNA silencing components such as dicer-like (dcl) and argonaute-like (agl) genes, while virus strains included an S4 internal deletion mutant MyRV1/S4ss. Consequently, intragenic rearrangements with nearly complete duplication of the three largest segments, i.e. S1, S2 and S3, were observed even more frequently in the RNA silencing-deficient strains Δdcl2 and Δagl2 infected with MyRV1/S4ss, but not with any other viral/host strain combinations. An interesting difference was noted between genome rearrangement events in the two host strains, i.e. generation of the rearrangement required prolonged culture for Δagl2 in comparison with Δdcl2. These results suggest a role for RNA silencing that suppresses genome rearrangements of a dsRNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Eusebio-Cope
- Agrivirology Laboratory, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Agrivirology Laboratory, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
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120
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Morelli M, Ogden KM, Patton JT. Silencing the alarms: Innate immune antagonism by rotavirus NSP1 and VP3. Virology 2015; 479-480:75-84. [PMID: 25724417 PMCID: PMC4940189 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response involves a broad array of pathogen sensors that stimulate the production of interferons (IFNs) to induce an antiviral state. Rotavirus, a significant cause of childhood gastroenteritis and a member of the Reoviridae family of segmented, double-stranded RNA viruses, encodes at least two direct antagonists of host innate immunity: NSP1 and VP3. NSP1, a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase, mediates the degradation of cellular factors involved in both IFN induction and downstream signaling. VP3, the viral capping enzyme, utilizes a 2H-phosphodiesterase domain to prevent activation of the cellular oligoadenylate synthase (OAS)/RNase L pathway. Computational, molecular, and biochemical studies have provided key insights into the structural and mechanistic basis of innate immune antagonism by NSP1 and VP3 of group A rotaviruses (RVA). Future studies with non-RVA isolates will be essential to understand how other rotavirus species evade host innate immune responses. Rotavirus NSP1 and VP3 directly antagonize host innate immune pathways. NSP1, a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase, mediates turnover of multiple immune factors. VP3, the viral capping enzyme, has phosphodiesterase activity to block OAS/RNase L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Morelli
- Rotavirus Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristen M Ogden
- Rotavirus Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John T Patton
- Rotavirus Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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121
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eIF4E as a control target for viruses. Viruses 2015; 7:739-50. [PMID: 25690796 PMCID: PMC4353914 DOI: 10.3390/v7020739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Translation is a complex process involving diverse cellular proteins, including the translation initiation factor eIF4E, which has been shown to be a protein that is a point for translational regulation. Viruses require components from the host cell to complete their replication cycles. Various studies show how eIF4E and its regulatory cellular proteins are manipulated during viral infections. Interestingly, viral action mechanisms in eIF4E are diverse and have an impact not only on viral protein synthesis, but also on other aspects that are important for the replication cycle, such as the proliferation of infected cells and stimulation of viral reactivation. This review shows how some viruses use eIF4E and its regulatory proteins for their own benefit in order to spread themselves.
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122
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Boudreaux CE, Kelly DF, McDonald SM. Electron microscopic analysis of rotavirus assembly-replication intermediates. Virology 2015; 477:32-41. [PMID: 25635339 PMCID: PMC4359669 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) replicate their segmented, double-stranded RNA genomes in tandem with early virion assembly. In this study, we sought to gain insight into the ultrastructure of RV assembly-replication intermediates (RIs) using transmission electron microscopy (EM). Specifically, we examined a replicase-competent, subcellular fraction that contains all known RV RIs. Three never-before-seen complexes were visualized in this fraction. Using in vitro reconstitution, we showed that ~15-nm doughnut-shaped proteins in strings were nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2) bound to viral RNA transcripts. Moreover, using immunoaffinity-capture EM, we revealed that ~20-nm pebble-shaped complexes contain the viral RNA polymerase (VP1) and RNA capping enzyme (VP3). Finally, using a gel purification method, we demonstrated that ~30–70-nm electron-dense, particle-shaped complexes represent replicase-competent core RIs, containing VP1, VP3, and NSP2 as well as capsid proteins VP2 and VP6. The results of this study raise new questions about the interactions among viral proteins and RNA during the concerted assembly-replicase process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal E Boudreaux
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Deborah F Kelly
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Sarah M McDonald
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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123
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Virus genomes and virus-host interactions in aquaculture animals. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:156-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4802-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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124
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Jere KC, O'Neill HG, Potgieter AC, van Dijk AA. Chimaeric virus-like particles derived from consensus genome sequences of human rotavirus strains co-circulating in Africa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105167. [PMID: 25268783 PMCID: PMC4181975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus virus-like particles (RV-VLPs) are potential alternative non-live vaccine candidates due to their high immunogenicity. They mimic the natural conformation of native viral proteins but cannot replicate because they do not contain genomic material which makes them safe. To date, most RV-VLPs have been derived from cell culture adapted strains or common G1 and G3 rotaviruses that have been circulating in communities for some time. In this study, chimaeric RV-VLPs were generated from the consensus sequences of African rotaviruses (G2, G8, G9 or G12 strains associated with either P[4], P[6] or P[8] genotypes) characterised directly from human stool samples without prior adaptation of the wild type strains to cell culture. Codon-optimised sequences for insect cell expression of genome segments 2 (VP2), 4 (VP4), 6 (VP6) and 9 (VP7) were cloned into a modified pFASTBAC vector, which allowed simultaneous expression of up to four genes using the Bac-to-Bac Baculovirus Expression System (BEVS; Invitrogen). Several combinations of the genome segments originating from different field strains were cloned to produce double-layered RV-VLPs (dRV-VLP; VP2/6), triple-layered RV-VLPs (tRV-VLP; VP2/6/7 or VP2/6/7/4) and chimaeric tRV-VLPs. The RV-VLPs were produced by infecting Spodoptera frugiperda 9 and Trichoplusia ni cells with recombinant baculoviruses using multi-cistronic, dual co-infection and stepwise-infection expression strategies. The size and morphology of the RV-VLPs, as determined by transmission electron microscopy, revealed successful production of RV-VLPs. The novel approach of producing tRV-VLPs, by using the consensus insect cell codon-optimised nucleotide sequence derived from dsRNA extracted directly from clinical specimens, should speed-up vaccine research and development by by-passing the need to adapt rotaviruses to cell culture. Other problems associated with cell culture adaptation, such as possible changes in epitopes, can also be circumvented. Thus, it is now possible to generate tRV-VLPs for evaluation as non-live vaccine candidates for any human or animal field rotavirus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuzwayo C. Jere
- Biochemistry, Centre of Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hester G. O'Neill
- Biochemistry, Centre of Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - A. Christiaan Potgieter
- Biochemistry, Centre of Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Deltamune (Pty.) Ltd., Lyttelton, Centurion, South Africa
| | - Alberdina A. van Dijk
- Biochemistry, Centre of Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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125
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Desselberger U. Rotaviruses. Virus Res 2014; 190:75-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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126
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Replication and packaging of the rotavirus genome occur in cytoplasmic compartments called viroplasms, which form during virus infection. These processes are orchestrated by yet-to-be-understood complex networks of interactions involving nonstructural proteins (NSPs) 2, 5, and 6 and structural proteins (VPs) 1, 2, 3, and 6. The multifunctional enzyme NSP2, an octamer with RNA binding activity, is critical for viroplasm formation with its binding partner, NSP5, and for genome replication/packaging through its interactions with replicating RNA, the viral polymerase VP1, and the inner core protein VP2. Using isothermal calorimetry, biolayer interferometry, and peptide array screening, we examined the interactions between NSP2, VP1, VP2, NSP5, and NSP6. These studies provide the first evidence that NSP2 can directly bind to VP1, VP2, and NSP6, in addition to the previously known binding to NSP5. The interacting sites identified from reciprocal peptide arrays were found to be in close proximity to the RNA template entry and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) exit tunnels of VP1 and near the catalytic cleft and RNA-binding grooves of NSP2; these sites are consistent with the proposed role of NSP2 in facilitating dsRNA synthesis by VP1. Peptide screening of VP2 identified NSP2-binding sites in the regions close to the intersubunit junctions, suggesting that NSP2 binding could be a regulatory mechanism for preventing the premature self-assembly of VP2. The binding sites on NSP2 for NSP6 were found to overlap that of VP1, and the NSP5-binding sites overlap those of VP2 and VP1, suggesting that interaction of these proteins with NSP2 is likely spatially and/or temporally regulated. IMPORTANCE Replication and packaging of the rotavirus genome occur in cytoplasmic compartments called viroplasms that form during virus infection and are orchestrated by complex networks of interactions involving nonstructural proteins (NSPs) and structural proteins (VPs). A multifunctional RNA-binding NSP2 octamer with nucleotidyl phosphatase activity is central to viroplasm formation and RNA replication. Here we provide the first evidence that NSP2 can directly bind to VP1, VP2, and NSP6, in addition to the previously known binding to NSP5. The interacting sites identified from peptide arrays are consistent with the proposed role of NSP2 in facilitating dsRNA synthesis by VP1 and also point to NSP2's possible role in preventing the premature self-assembly of VP2 cores. Our findings lead us to propose that the NSP2 octamer with multiple enzymatic activities is a principal regulator of viroplasm formation, recruitment of viral proteins into the viroplasms, and possibly genome replication.
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127
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Jheng JR, Ho JY, Horng JT. ER stress, autophagy, and RNA viruses. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:388. [PMID: 25140166 PMCID: PMC4122171 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a general term for representing the pathway by which various stimuli affect ER functions. ER stress induces the evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways, called the unfolded protein response (UPR), which compromises the stimulus and then determines whether the cell survives or dies. In recent years, ongoing research has suggested that these pathways may be linked to the autophagic response, which plays a key role in the cell's response to various stressors. Autophagy performs a self-digestion function, and its activation protects cells against certain pathogens. However, the link between the UPR and autophagy may be more complicated. These two systems may act dependently, or the induction of one system may interfere with the other. Experimental studies have found that different viruses modulate these mechanisms to allow them to escape the host immune response or, worse, to exploit the host's defense to their advantage; thus, this topic is a critical area in antiviral research. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about how RNA viruses, including influenza virus, poliovirus, coxsackievirus, enterovirus 71, Japanese encephalitis virus, hepatitis C virus, and dengue virus, regulate these processes. We also discuss recent discoveries and how these will produce novel strategies for antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Jheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Kweishan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Yuan Ho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Kweishan, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Tong Horng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Kweishan, Taiwan ; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University Kweishan, Taiwan ; Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Kweishan, Taiwan
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128
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te Velthuis AJW. Common and unique features of viral RNA-dependent polymerases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4403-20. [PMID: 25080879 PMCID: PMC4207942 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotes and bacteria can be infected with a wide variety of RNA viruses. On average, these pathogens share little sequence similarity and use different replication and transcription strategies. Nevertheless, the members of nearly all RNA virus families depend on the activity of a virally encoded RNA-dependent polymerase for the condensation of nucleotide triphosphates. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the viral RNA-dependent polymerase structure and the biochemistry and biophysics that is involved in replicating and transcribing the genetic material of RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aartjan J W te Velthuis
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands,
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129
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Steyer A, Sagadin M, Kolenc M, Poljšak-Prijatelj M. Molecular characterization of rotavirus strains from pre- and post-vaccination periods in a country with low vaccination coverage: the case of Slovenia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:413-25. [PMID: 24999235 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus vaccination started in Slovenia in 2007 on a voluntarily basis. The vaccination rate is relatively low (up to 27%) and no increasing trend is observed. We present rotavirus genotype distribution among children hospitalized for rotavirus gastroenteritis in Slovenia. Eight consecutive rotavirus seasons were followed, from 2005/06 to 2012/13, and 113 strains of the most common rotavirus genotypes were randomly selected for molecular characterization of rotavirus VP7 and VP4 (VP8(∗)) genome segments. During the vaccine introduction period, from 2007 to 2013, rotavirus genotype prevalences changed, with G1P[8] decreasing from 74.1% to 8.7% between 2007/08 and 2010/11 seasons, replaced by G4P[8] and G2P[4], with up to 52.0% prevalence. Comparable analysis of VP7 and VP8(∗) genome fragments within G1P[8] genotype lineages revealed considerable differences for rotavirus strains circulating before and during the vaccination period. The G1P[8] rotavirus strains from the pre-vaccination period clustered in a phylogenetic tree within Rotarix®-like VP7 and VP8(∗) lineages. However, since 2007, the majority of G1P[8] strains have shifted to distant genetic lineages with lower nucleotide (88.1-94.0% for VP7 and 86.6-91.1% for VP8(∗)) and amino acid (93.8-95.2% for VP7 and 85.3-94.6% for VP8(∗)) identities to the vaccine Rotarix® strain. This change also resulted in a different deduced amino acid profile at the major VP7 and VP8(∗) antigenic epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Steyer
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Martin Sagadin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marko Kolenc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mateja Poljšak-Prijatelj
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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130
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Absence of genetic differences among G10P[11] rotaviruses associated with asymptomatic and symptomatic neonatal infections in Vellore, India. J Virol 2014; 88:9060-71. [PMID: 24899175 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01417-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rotaviruses (RVs) are leading causes of severe diarrhea and vomiting in infants and young children. RVs with G10P[11] genotype specificity have been associated with symptomatic and asymptomatic neonatal infections in Vellore, India. To identify possible viral genetic determinants responsible for differences in symptomology, the genome sequences of G10P[11] RVs in stool samples of 19 neonates with symptomatic infections and 20 neonates with asymptomatic infections were determined by Sanger and next-generation sequencing. The data showed that all 39 viruses had identical genotype constellations (G10-P[11]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A1-N1-T1-E2-H3), the same as those of the previously characterized symptomatic N155 Vellore isolate. The data also showed that the RNA and deduced protein sequences of all the Vellore G10P[11] viruses were nearly identical; no nucleotide or amino acid differences were found that correlated with symptomatic versus asymptomatic infection. Next-generation sequencing data revealed that some stool samples, both from neonates with symptomatic infections and from neonates with asymptomatic infections, also contained one or more positive-strand RNA viruses (Aichi virus, astrovirus, or salivirus/klassevirus) suspected of being potential causes of pediatric gastroenteritis. However, none of the positive-strand RNA viruses could be causally associated with the development of symptoms. These results indicate that the diversity of clinical symptoms in Vellore neonates does not result from genetic differences among G10P[11] RVs; instead, other undefined factors appear to influence whether neonates develop gastrointestinal disease symptoms. IMPORTANCE Rotavirus (RV) strains have been identified that preferentially replicate in neonates, in some cases, without causing gastrointestinal disease. Surveillance studies have established that G10P[11] RVs are a major cause of neonatal infection in Vellore, India, with half of infected neonates exhibiting symptoms. We used Sanger and next-generation sequencing technologies to contrast G10P[11] RVs recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. Remarkably, the data showed that the RNA genomes of the viruses were virtually indistinguishable and lacked any differences that could explain the diversity of clinical outcomes among infected Vellore neonates. The sequencing results also indicated that some symptomatic and some asymptomatic Vellore neonates were infected with other enteric viruses (Aichi virus, astrovirus, salvirus/klassevirus); however, none could be correlated with the presence of symptoms in neonates. Together, our findings suggest that other poorly defined factors, not connected to the genetic makeup of the Vellore G10P[11] viruses, influence whether neonates develop gastrointestinal disease symptoms.
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131
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Teimoori A, Soleimanjahi H, Makvandi M. Characterization and Transferring of Human Rotavirus Double-Layered Particles in MA104 Cells. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e10375. [PMID: 25371799 PMCID: PMC4217670 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.10375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus (RV) is a major cause of gastroenteritis in infants and children and is one of the most severe public health problems. Rotaviruses outer layer contains two proteins including VP4 and VP7. These proteins are necessary for host-cell binding and penetration. TLP (triple layer virus particle) of RV is a complete infectious virion that binds to the target cells and internalized at the cytoplasm. The DLP (double layer virus particle) is a non-infectious particle that is formed through exclusion of the outer layer proteins including VP4 and VP7. These DLPs are the transcriptionally active forms of rotavirus. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to transfer DLP of RV into cytoplasm of MA104 cells by Lipofectamine and to analyze their replication. MATERIALS AND METHODS Initially, rotavirus was purified by CsCl discontinuous gradient and DLP was separated from TLP based on density differences. For confirmation, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the proteins were conducted Then the purified DLP of RV was transferred into MA104 cells using Lipofectamine. RESULTS We attempt to avoid the attachment and entry of the rotavirus by using Lipofectamine to mediate the delivery of viral particles directly into the cytoplasm. DLP was endocytosed into the cytoplasm following treatment by Lipofectamine and then replicated in cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS Therefore the non-infectious DLPs were became infectious if introduced into the cytoplasm of permissive and cancerous cells, without passing attachment and entry process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hoorieh Soleimanjahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Hoorieh Soleimanjahi, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-2182883561, E-mail:
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Department of Virology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
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132
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Jain S, Vashistt J, Changotra H. Rotaviruses: is their surveillance needed? Vaccine 2014; 32:3367-78. [PMID: 24793942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses, a major cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide accounts for around 0.5 million deaths annually. Owing to their segmented genome and frequently evolving capability, these display a wide variation in their genotypes. In addition to commonly circulating genotypes (G1, G2, G3, G4, G9, P[4] and P[8]), a number of infrequent genotypes are being continuously reported to infect humans. These viral strains exhibit variation from one geographical setting to another in their distribution. Though the introduction of vaccines (RotaTeq and Rotarix) proved to be very effective in declining rotavirus associated morbidity and mortality, the number of infections remained same. Unusual genotypes significantly contribute to the rotavirus associated diarrhoeal burden, may reduce the efficacy of the vaccines in use and hence vaccinated individuals may not be benefited. Vaccine introduction may bring about a notable impact on the distribution and prevalence of these viruses due to selection pressure. Moreover, there is a sudden emergence of G2 and G3 in Brazil and United States, respectively, during the years 2006-2008 post-vaccination introduction; G9 and G12 became predominant during the years 1986 through 1998 before the vaccine introduction and now are commonly prevalent strains; and disparity in the predominance of strains after introduction of vaccines and their natural fluctuations poses a vital question on the impact of vaccines on rotavirus strain circulation. This interplay between vaccines and rotavirus strains is yet to be explored, but it certainly enforces the need to continuously monitor these changes in strains prevalence in a particular region. Furthermore, these fluctuations should be considered while administration or development of a vaccine, if rotavirus associated mortality is ever to be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Jain
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 1732 34, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendraa Vashistt
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 1732 34, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Harish Changotra
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 1732 34, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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133
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Abstract
Viruses are important pathogens of the nervous system. Here we describe the basic properties of viruses and the principles of virus classification, evolution, structure, and replication, with a focus on neurotropic viruses that are important neuropathogens of humans. These properties then provide the background for introductions to pathogenesis of viral diseases of the nervous system, host immune responses to virus infection, and the diagnosis and treatment of virus infections of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Pellett
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Subhash Mitra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Thomas C Holland
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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134
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Erratum: Structural insights into the coupling of virion assembly and rotavirus replication. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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135
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Sun Z, Yang D, Xie L, Sun L, Zhang S, Zhu Q, Li J, Wang X, Chen J. Rice black-streaked dwarf virus P10 induces membranous structures at the ER and elicits the unfolded protein response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virology 2013; 447:131-9. [PMID: 24210107 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticular (ER) membrane modifications play an important role in viral RNA replication and virion assembly but little is known about the involvement of ER-membrane remodeling in the infection cycle of fijiviruses in plant cells. The subcellular localization of Rice black-streaked dwarf virus outer capsid P10 was therefore examined using live-cell imaging. P10 fused to eGFP formed vesicular structures associated with ER membranes in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells and in rice protoplasts. Subcellular fractionation experiments confirmed that P10 is an integral membrane protein. Three predicted transmembrane domains and two less-well-defined domains were each able to target eGFP to the ER. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with LatB, indicated that the maintenance of P10-induced membrane structures required the intact actin cytoskeleton. P10 induced the expression of ER stress marker genes, including ER stress-related chaperones and transcription factor, indicating that RBSDV P10 triggers ER stress and the unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Provincial key laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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136
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Desselberger U, Richards J, Tchertanov L, Lepault J, Lever A, Burrone O, Cohen J. Further characterisation of rotavirus cores: Ss(+)RNAs can be packaged in vitro but packaging lacks sequence specificity. Virus Res 2013; 178:252-63. [PMID: 24091366 PMCID: PMC3854842 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) cores were released from double-layered particles (DLPs) by high concentrations of CaCl2, purified and 'opened' by treatment with EDTA or EGTA. Under appropriate in vitro conditions DLPs have been shown to have transcriptase and 'open cores' replicase activity. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that transcriptase activity and infectivity of native cores can be restored by transcapsidation with VP6, VP7 and VP4. The missing link for particle reconstitution in vitro has been the manipulation of 'open cores' to become functionally active cores again. The experiments described here were undertaken with the aim of exploring packaging of RV RNAs into opened cores in vitro. Rotavirus cores were opened by approximately 200μM EGTA, leading to the release of genomic dsRNA. Conversely, RV cores were found to be stable in the presence of minimum concentrations of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), spermidine(3+) and cobalthexamine(3+) of between 40 and 300 μM. Aggregates of purified cores were resolved in the presence of 0.3mM deoxycholate (minimum concentration). Core shells opened with EGTA were reconstituted by the addition of di- or trivalent cations within 2 min of the opening procedure. Addition of purified, baculovirus recombinant-expressed VP6 to native and reconstituted cores led to the formation of DLPs or DLP-like particles, which upon transfection into MA104 cells were infectious. The rescued infectivity likely originated in part from unopened and in part from reconstituted cores. Radiolabelled RV (+) ssRNAs could be packaged into reconstituted cores and DLPs, as indicated by resistance to RNase I digestion. The packaging reaction was, however, not RV RNA sequence-specific, since unrelated ssRNAs, such as those transcribed from HIV-2 cDNAs, were also packaged. The kinetics of packaging of homologous and heterologous RNAs were similar, as evidenced by competitive packaging assays. None of the packaged in vitro engineered RNA segments has so far been rescued into infectious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Desselberger
- Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, UMR 2472 du CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cédex, France; Molecular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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137
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La Frazia S, Ciucci A, Arnoldi F, Coira M, Gianferretti P, Angelini M, Belardo G, Burrone OR, Rossignol JF, Santoro MG. Thiazolides, a new class of antiviral agents effective against rotavirus infection, target viral morphogenesis, inhibiting viroplasm formation. J Virol 2013; 87:11096-106. [PMID: 23926336 PMCID: PMC3807293 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01213-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses, nonenveloped viruses presenting a distinctive triple-layered particle architecture enclosing a segmented double-stranded RNA genome, exhibit a unique morphogenetic pathway requiring the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies called viroplasms in a process involving the nonstructural viral proteins NSP5 and NSP2. In these structures the concerted packaging and replication of the 11 positive-polarity single-stranded RNAs take place to generate the viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomic segments. Rotavirus infection is a leading cause of gastroenteritis-associated severe morbidity and mortality in young children, but no effective antiviral therapy exists. Herein we investigate the antirotaviral activity of the thiazolide anti-infective nitazoxanide and reveal a novel mechanism by which thiazolides act against rotaviruses. Nitazoxanide and its active circulating metabolite, tizoxanide, inhibit simian A/SA11-G3P[2] and human Wa-G1P[8] rotavirus replication in different types of cells with 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) ranging from 0.3 to 2 μg/ml and 50% cytotoxic concentrations (CC50s) higher than 50 μg/ml. Thiazolides do not affect virus infectivity, binding, or entry into target cells and do not cause a general inhibition of viral protein expression, whereas they reduce the size and alter the architecture of viroplasms, decreasing rotavirus dsRNA formation. As revealed by protein/protein interaction analysis, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, and viroplasm-like structure formation analysis, thiazolides act by hindering the interaction between the nonstructural proteins NSP5 and NSP2. Altogether the results indicate that thiazolides inhibit rotavirus replication by interfering with viral morphogenesis and may represent a novel class of antiviral drugs effective against rotavirus gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone La Frazia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Arnoldi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Coira
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mara Angelini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Belardo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Oscar R. Burrone
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
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138
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Arnold MM. Sequestration strikes again: rotavirus-induced accumulation of cellular transcripts in the nucleus inhibits host protein translation. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of: Rubio RM, Mora SI, Romero P, Arias CF, López S. Rotavirus prevents the expression of host responses by blocking the nucleocytoplasmic transport of polyadenylated mRNAs. J. Virol. 87(11), 6336–6345 (2013). Rotaviruses are a leading cause of pediatric diarrhea worldwide and are estimated to be responsible for approximately 450,000 deaths each year. Although the incidence of severe diarrhea induced by rotavirus has fallen sharply in developed countries due to the introduction of vaccines, it remains a leading cause of diarrhea leading to death in low-income countries. A key feature of rotavirus replication is the robust production of viral proteins and simultaneous inhibition of host protein synthesis in infected cells. Studies have shown an accumulation of cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding protein (PABPC) in the nucleus of rotavirus-infected cells, but the consequences of this were unknown. Here, Rubio and colleagues show that the nuclear accumulation of PABPC inhibits the export of polyadenylated host mRNAs to the cytoplasm, thereby preventing their translation. The viral nonstructural protein NSP3 is responsible for the observed increase of PABPC and poly(A)-containing mRNAs in the nucleus of infected cells. If introduced directly into the cytoplasm of infected cells, polyadenylated mRNAs are efficiently translated, suggesting there is not a preferential translation of viral mRNAs over cellular mRNAs once they are in the cytoplasm. The results presented demonstrate that the prevention of polyadenylated mRNA export from the nucleus of infected cells is an important strategy to inhibit host translation, and probably works in concert with other viral strategies to prevent the translation of host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Arnold
- Center for Molecular & Tumor Virology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, PO Box 33932, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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139
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Homologous 2',5'-phosphodiesterases from disparate RNA viruses antagonize antiviral innate immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:13114-9. [PMID: 23878220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1306917110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and productive virus infection often requires viral countermeasures that block innate immunity. The IFN-inducible 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetases (OASs) and ribonuclease (RNase) L are components of a potent host antiviral pathway. We previously showed that murine coronavirus (MHV) accessory protein ns2, a 2H phosphoesterase superfamily member, is a phosphodiesterase (PDE) that cleaves 2-5A, thereby preventing activation of RNase L. The PDE activity of ns2 is required for MHV replication in macrophages and for hepatitis. Here, we show that group A rotavirus (RVA), an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide, encodes a similar PDE. The RVA PDE forms the carboxy-terminal domain of the minor core protein VP3 (VP3-CTD) and shares sequence and predicted structural homology with ns2, including two catalytic HxT/S motifs. Bacterially expressed VP3-CTD exhibited 2',5'-PDE activity, which cleaved 2-5A in vitro. In addition, VP3-CTD expressed transiently in mammalian cells depleted 2-5A levels induced by OAS activation with poly(rI):poly(rC), preventing RNase L activation. In the context of recombinant chimeric MHV expressing inactive ns2, VP3-CTD restored the ability of the virus to replicate efficiently in macrophages or in the livers of infected mice, whereas mutant viruses expressing inactive VP3-CTD (H718A or H798R) were attenuated. In addition, chimeric viruses expressing either active ns2 or VP3-CTD, but not nonfunctional equivalents, were able to protect ribosomal RNA from RNase L-mediated degradation. Thus, VP3-CTD is a 2',5'-PDE able to functionally substitute for ns2 in MHV infection. Remarkably, therefore, two disparate RNA viruses encode proteins with homologous 2',5'-PDEs that antagonize activation of innate immunity.
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140
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Rotavirus mRNAS are released by transcript-specific channels in the double-layered viral capsid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12042-7. [PMID: 23818620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220345110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the single most common cause of fatal and severe childhood diarrheal illness worldwide (>125 million cases annually). Rotavirus shares structural and functional features with many viruses, such as the presence of segmented double-stranded RNA genomes selectively and tightly packed with a conserved number of transcription complexes in icosahedral capsids. Nascent transcripts exit the capsid through 12 channels, but it is unknown whether these channels specialize in specific transcripts or simply act as general exit conduits; a detailed description of this process is needed for understanding viral replication and genomic organization. To this end, we developed a single molecule assay for capturing and identifying transcripts extruded from transcriptionally active viral particles. Our findings support a model in which each channel specializes in extruding transcripts of a specific segment that in turn is linked to a single transcription complex. Our approach can be extended to study other viruses and transcription systems.
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141
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Ke F, He LB, Zhang QY. Nonstructural protein NS80 is crucial in recruiting viral components to form aquareoviral factories. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63737. [PMID: 23671697 PMCID: PMC3646018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Replication and assembly of vertebrate reoviruses occur in specific intracellular compartments known as viral factories. Recently, NS88 and NS80, the nonstructural proteins from aquareoviruses, have been proposed to share common traits with µNS from orthoreoviruses, which are involved in the formation of viral factories. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, the NS80 characteristics and its interactions with other viral components were investigated. We observed that the NS80 structure ensured its self-aggregation and selective recruitment of viral proteins to viral factories like structures (VFLS). The minimum amino acids (aa) of NS80 required for VFLS formation included 193 aa at the C-terminal. However, this truncated protein only contained one aa coil and located in the nucleus. Its N-terminal residual regions, aa 1–55 and aa 55–85, were required for recruiting viral nonstructural protein NS38 and structural protein VP3, respectively. A conserved N-terminal region of NS38, which was responsible for the interaction with NS80, was also identified. Moreover, the minimal region of C-terminal residues, aa 506–742 (Δ505), required for NS80 self-aggregation in the cytoplasm, and aa 550–742 (Δ549), which are sufficient for recruiting viral structure proteins VP1, VP2, and VP4 were also identified. Conclusions/Significance The present study shows detailed interactions between NS80 and NS38 or other viral proteins. Sequence and structure characteristics of NS80 ensures its self-aggregation to form VFLS (either in the cytoplasm or nucleus) and recruitment of viral structural or nonstructural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Bo He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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142
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Abstract
Capsid proteins are obligatory components of infectious virions. Their primary structural function is to protect viral genomes during entry and exit from host cells. Evidence suggests that these proteins can also modulate the activity and specificity of viral replication complexes. More recently, it has become apparent that they play critical roles at the virus–host interface. Here, we discuss how capsid proteins of RNA viruses interact with key host cell proteins and pathways to modulate cell physiology in order to benefit virus replication. Capsid–host cell interactions may also have implications for viral disease. Understanding how capsids regulate virus–host interactions may lead to the development of novel antiviral therapies based on targeting the activities of cellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Willows
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, 5–14 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Shangmei Hou
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, 5–14 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Tom C Hobman
- Department of Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, 5–14 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Canada
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143
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Generation of genetically stable recombinant rotaviruses containing novel genome rearrangements and heterologous sequences by reverse genetics. J Virol 2013; 87:6211-20. [PMID: 23536662 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00413-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The rotavirus (RV) genome consists of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Typically, each segment contains 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) that flank an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a single protein. RV variants with segments of atypical size owing to sequence rearrangements have been described. In many cases, the rearrangement originates from a partial head-to-tail sequence duplication that initiates after the stop codon of the ORF, leaving the protein product of the segment unaffected. To probe the limits of the RV genome to accommodate additional genetic sequence, we used reverse genetics to insert duplications (analogous to synthetic rearrangements) and heterologous sequences into the 3' UTR of the segment encoding NSP2 (gene 8). The approach allowed the recovery of recombinant RVs that contained sequence duplications (up to 200 bp) and heterologous sequences, including those for FLAG, the hepatitis C virus E2 epitope, and the internal ribosome entry site of cricket paralysis virus. The recombinant RVs grew to high titer (>10(7) PFU/ml) and remained genetically stable during serial passage. Despite their longer 3' UTRs, rearranged RNAs of recombinant RVs expressed wild-type levels of protein in vivo. Competitive growth experiments indicated that, unlike RV segments with naturally occurring sequence duplications, genetically engineered segments were less efficiently packaged into progeny viruses. Thus, features of naturally occurring rearranged segments, other than their increased length, contribute to their enhanced packaging phenotype. Our results define strategies for developing recombinant RVs as expression vectors, potentially leading to next-generation RV vaccines that induce protection against other infectious agents.
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Molecular Surveillance of Viral Processes Using Silicon Nitride Membranes. MICROMACHINES 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/mi4010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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145
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Bahar MW, Sarin LP, Graham SC, Pang J, Bamford DH, Stuart DI, Grimes JM. Structure of a VP1-VP3 complex suggests how birnaviruses package the VP1 polymerase. J Virol 2013; 87:3229-36. [PMID: 23283942 PMCID: PMC3592137 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02939-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), a member of the family Birnaviridae, infects young salmon, with a severe impact on the commercial sea farming industry. Of the five mature proteins encoded by the IPNV genome, the multifunctional VP3 has an essential role in morphogenesis; interacting with the capsid protein VP2, the viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase VP1. Here we investigate one of these VP3 functions and present the crystal structure of the C-terminal 12 residues of VP3 bound to the VP1 polymerase. This interaction, visualized for the first time, reveals the precise molecular determinants used by VP3 to bind the polymerase. Competition binding studies confirm that this region of VP3 is necessary and sufficient for VP1 binding, while biochemical experiments show that VP3 attachment has no effect on polymerase activity. These results indicate how VP3 recruits the polymerase into birnavirus capsids during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad W. Bahar
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L. Peter Sarin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephen C. Graham
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jances Pang
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis H. Bamford
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David I. Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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Kindler E, Trojnar E, Heckel G, Otto PH, Johne R. Analysis of rotavirus species diversity and evolution including the newly determined full-length genome sequences of rotavirus F and G. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 14:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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147
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Trask SD, Wetzel JD, Dermody TS, Patton JT. Mutations in the rotavirus spike protein VP4 reduce trypsin sensitivity but not viral spread. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1296-1300. [PMID: 23426355 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.050674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious entry of the nonenveloped rotavirus virion requires proteolysis of the spike protein VP4 to mediate conformational changes associated with membrane penetration. We sequenced and characterized an isolate that was cultured in the absence of trypsin and found that it is more resistant to proteolysis than WT virus. A substitution mutation abrogates one of the defined trypsin-cleavage sites, suggesting that blocking proteolysis at this site reduces the overall kinetics of proteolysis. Kinetic analysis of the membrane penetration-associated conformational change indicated that the 'fold-back' of the mutant spike protein is slower than that of WT. Despite these apparent biochemical defects, the mutant virus replicates in an identical manner to the WT virus. These findings enhance an understanding of VP4 functions and establish new strategies to interrogate rotavirus cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane D Trask
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8026, USA
| | - J Denise Wetzel
- Department of Pediatrics and the Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2581, USA
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology and the Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2581, USA
| | - John T Patton
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8026, USA
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Abstract
Viral particles consist essentially of a proteinaceous capsid protecting a genome and involved also in many functions during the virus life cycle. In simple viruses, the capsid consists of a number of copies of the same, or a few different proteins organized into a symmetric oligomer. Structurally complex viruses present a larger variety of components in their capsids than simple viruses. They may contain accessory proteins with specific architectural or functional roles; or incorporate non-proteic elements such as lipids. They present a range of geometrical variability, from slight deviations from the icosahedral symmetry to complete asymmetry or even pleomorphism. Putting together the many different elements in the virion requires an extra effort to achieve correct assembly, and thus complex viruses require sophisticated mechanisms to regulate morphogenesis. This chapter provides a general view of the structure and assembly of complex viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio G. Mateu
- "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC_UAM), And Dept. of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049 Madrid Spain
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Arnold MM, Sen A, Greenberg HB, Patton JT. The battle between rotavirus and its host for control of the interferon signaling pathway. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003064. [PMID: 23359266 PMCID: PMC3554623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral pathogens must overcome innate antiviral responses to replicate successfully in the host organism. Some of the mechanisms viruses use to interfere with antiviral responses in the infected cell include preventing detection of viral components, perturbing the function of transcription factors that initiate antiviral responses, and inhibiting downstream signal transduction. RNA viruses with small genomes and limited coding space often express multifunctional proteins that modulate several aspects of the normal host response to infection. One such virus, rotavirus, is an important pediatric pathogen that causes severe gastroenteritis, leading to ∼450,000 deaths globally each year. In this review, we discuss the nature of the innate antiviral responses triggered by rotavirus infection and the viral mechanisms for inhibiting these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Arnold
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adrish Sen
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Harry B. Greenberg
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - John T. Patton
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Castón JR, Luque D, Gómez-Blanco J, Ghabrial SA. Chrysovirus structure: repeated helical core as evidence of gene duplication. Adv Virus Res 2013; 86:87-108. [PMID: 23498904 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394315-6.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chrysoviruses are double-stranded RNA viruses with a multipartite genome. Structure of two fungal chrysoviruses, Penicillium chrysogenum virus and Cryphonectria nitschkei chrysovirus 1, has been determined by three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy analysis and in hydrodynamic studies. The capsids of both viruses are based on a T=1 lattice containing 60 subunits, remain structurally undisturbed throughout the viral cycle, and participate in genome metabolism. The capsid protein is formed by a repeated α-helical core, indicative of gene duplication. Whereas the chrysovirus capsid protein has two motifs with the same fold, most dsRNA virus capsid subunits consist of dimers of a single protein with similar folds. The arrangement of the chrysovirus α-helical core is conserved in the totivirus L-A capsid protein, suggesting a shared basic fold. The encapsidated genome is organized in concentric shells; whereas inner dsRNA shells are diffuse, the outermost layer is organized into a dodecahedral cage beneath the protein capsid. This genome ordering could constitute a framework for dsRNA transcription in the capsid interior and/or have a structural role for capsid stability.
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