101
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Poetsch AR, Boulton SJ, Luscombe NM. Genomic landscape of oxidative DNA damage and repair reveals regioselective protection from mutagenesis. Genome Biol 2018; 19:215. [PMID: 30526646 PMCID: PMC6284305 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA is subject to constant chemical modification and damage, which eventually results in variable mutation rates throughout the genome. Although detailed molecular mechanisms of DNA damage and repair are well understood, damage impact and execution of repair across a genome remain poorly defined. RESULTS To bridge the gap between our understanding of DNA repair and mutation distributions, we developed a novel method, AP-seq, capable of mapping apurinic sites and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine bases at approximately 250-bp resolution on a genome-wide scale. We directly demonstrate that the accumulation rate of apurinic sites varies widely across the genome, with hot spots acquiring many times more damage than cold spots. Unlike single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in cancers, damage burden correlates with marks for open chromatin notably H3K9ac and H3K4me2. Apurinic sites and oxidative damage are also highly enriched in transposable elements and other repetitive sequences. In contrast, we observe a reduction at chromatin loop anchors with increased damage load towards inactive compartments. Less damage is found at promoters, exons, and termination sites, but not introns, in a seemingly transcription-independent but GC content-dependent manner. Leveraging cancer genomic data, we also find locally reduced SNV rates in promoters, coding sequence, and other functional elements. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that oxidative DNA damage accumulation and repair differ strongly across the genome, but culminate in a previously unappreciated mechanism that safeguards the regulatory and coding regions of genes from mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Poetsch
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Simon J Boulton
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicholas M Luscombe
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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102
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Nadai M, Doria F, Scalabrin M, Pirota V, Grande V, Bergamaschi G, Amendola V, Winnerdy FR, Phan AT, Richter SN, Freccero M. A Catalytic and Selective Scissoring Molecular Tool for Quadruplex Nucleic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14528-14532. [PMID: 30351011 PMCID: PMC6242190 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A copper complex embedded in the structure of a water-soluble naphthalene diimide has been designed to bind and cleave G-quadruplex DNA. We describe the properties of this ligand, including its catalytic activity in the generation of ROS. FRET melting, CD, NMR, gel sequencing, and mass spectrometry experiments highlight a unique and unexpected selectivity in cleaving G-quadruplex sequences. This selectivity relies both on the binding affinity and structural features of the targeted G-quadruplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Nadai
- Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Padua , via Gabelli 63 , 35121 Padua , Italy
| | - Filippo Doria
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pavia , V. le Taramelli 10 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Matteo Scalabrin
- Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Padua , via Gabelli 63 , 35121 Padua , Italy
| | - Valentina Pirota
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pavia , V. le Taramelli 10 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Grande
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pavia , V. le Taramelli 10 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Greta Bergamaschi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pavia , V. le Taramelli 10 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Valeria Amendola
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pavia , V. le Taramelli 10 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Fernaldo Richtia Winnerdy
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Anh Tuân Phan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Sara N Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Padua , via Gabelli 63 , 35121 Padua , Italy
| | - Mauro Freccero
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pavia , V. le Taramelli 10 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
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103
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Kahl VFS, da Silva FR, Alves JDS, da Silva GF, Picinini J, Dhillon VS, Fenech M, de Souza MR, Dias JF, de Souza CT, Salvador M, Branco CDS, Thiesen FV, Simon D, da Silva J. Role of PON1, SOD2, OGG1, XRCC1, and XRCC4 polymorphisms on modulation of DNA damage in workers occupationally exposed to pesticides. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 159:164-171. [PMID: 29747151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco farming has been proving to induce poor health outcomes in agricultural workers, genomic instability being the triggering one. This study evaluated influence of PON1 (paraoxonase 1), SOD2 (superoxide dismutase), OGG1 (8-oxoguanine glycosylase), XRCC1 (X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1), and XRCC4 (X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4) genes polymorphisms on DNA damage in 121 subjects occupationally exposed to pesticides mixtures and nicotine at tobacco fields and 121 non-exposed individuals. Inorganic elements (Cl, P, S and Zn) and cotinine levels were found increased in farmers, confirming exposure. Results show higher frequencies of buccal micronucleus (MN), nuclear buds (NBUD), binucleated cells (BN) and damage index (comet assay), reduced telomere length (TL), and increased parameters of oxidative stress in farmers compared to non-exposed individuals. PON1 Gln/Gln genotype was associated with increased MN frequency. SOD2 Val/Val showed association with increased frequency of MN and NBUD and decreased antioxidant activity. The XRCC1 Arg/Arg showed protective effect for MN, BN and TL, which was also positively influenced by OGG1 -/Cys. MN was decreased in XRCC4 -/Ile farmers. These genotypes also showed a risk for antioxidant activity. Our study proposes that PON1 and SOD2 variants play a role in xenobiotic-metabolizing system in farmers, while base excision repair (BER) pathway could be the repair mechanism involved in genomic instability suffered by tobacco farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian F Silva Kahl
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Post-Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health (PPGBioSaúde), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Jodel da Silva Alves
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Post-Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health (PPGBioSaúde), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabrieli Flesch da Silva
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Post-Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health (PPGBioSaúde), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Picinini
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Post-Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health (PPGBioSaúde), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Varinderpal Singh Dhillon
- Health and Biosecurity Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- Health and Biosecurity Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Melissa Rosa de Souza
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Post-Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health (PPGBioSaúde), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Johnny F Dias
- Ion Implantation Laboratory, Physics Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Claudia Telles de Souza
- Ion Implantation Laboratory, Physics Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mirian Salvador
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Valadão Thiesen
- Toxicology Institute, Catholic Pontifice University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Simon
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Post-Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health (PPGBioSaúde), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Post-Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health (PPGBioSaúde), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
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104
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Martínez‐Fernández L, Banyasz A, Markovitsi D, Improta R. Topology Controls the Electronic Absorption and Delocalization of Electron Holes in Guanine Quadruplexes. Chemistry 2018; 24:15185-15189. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akos Banyasz
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | | | - Roberto Improta
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
- Istituto di Biostrutture e BioimmaginiCNR Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Napoli Italy
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105
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Rachakonda S, Kong H, Srinivas N, Garcia-Casado Z, Requena C, Fallah M, Heidenreich B, Planelles D, Traves V, Schadendorf D, Nagore E, Kumar R. Telomere length, telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutations, and melanoma risk. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2018; 57:564-572. [PMID: 30203894 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere repeats at chromosomal ends, critical for genomic integrity, undergo age-dependent attrition and telomere length has been associated with different disorders including cancers. In this study, based on 1469 patients and 1158 healthy controls, we show a statistically significant (P = 6 × 10-10 ) association between increased telomere length and melanoma risk. Mendelian randomization, using 5 telomere length-associated polymorphisms, ruled out confounding factors or reverse causality and showed association between increased telomere length and melanoma risk with odds ratio of 2.66 (95% confidence interval: 2.07-3.25). Age-dependent telomere attrition was faster in melanoma cases than controls (P = .01). The carriers of a highly penetrant germline -57A>C TERT promoter mutation, in a previously reported melanoma family, had longer telomeres than the noncarriers. The mutation causes increased TERT and telomerase levels through creation of a binding motif for E-twenty six (ETS) transcription factors and the carriers develop melanoma with an early age of onset and rapid progression to metastasis. In analogy, we hypothesize that increased telomere length in melanoma patients reflects stochastic increased telomerase levels due to common genetic variation. Paradoxically, we observed shorter telomeres (P = 1 × 10-5 ) in primary tumors from unrelated melanoma patients with (121) than without (170) somatic TERT promoter mutations that similar to the germline mutation, also create binding motifs for ETS transcription factors. However, the age-dependent telomere attrition was faster in tumors with the TERT promoter mutations than in those without such mutations. Besides a robust association between increased telomere length and risk, our data show a perturbed telomere homeostasis in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haiying Kong
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nalini Srinivas
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zaida Garcia-Casado
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mahdi Fallah
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Heidenreich
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Victor Traves
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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106
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Rachakonda S, Srinivas N, Mahmoudpour SH, Garcia-Casado Z, Requena C, Traves V, Soriano V, Cardelli M, Pjanova D, Molven A, Gruis N, Nagore E, Kumar R. Telomere length and survival in primary cutaneous melanoma patients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10947. [PMID: 30026606 PMCID: PMC6053393 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere repeats at chromosomal ends, critical to genomic integrity, undergo age-dependent attrition. Telomere length, a polygenic trait, has been associated with risk of several disorders including cancers. In contrast to association of long telomeres with increased risk of several cancers, including melanoma, emerging reports suggest that short telomeres predict poor survival in patients with different cancers. In this study based on 1019 stage I and II cutaneous melanoma patients, we show an association between the patients with short telomeres and poor melanoma-specific survival (HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.33-3.16) compared to patients with long telomeres. Due to inverse correlation between age and telomere length (r -0.19, P < 0.0001), we stratified the patients into quantiles based on age at diagnosis and also carried out age-matched analysis. The effect of short telomeres on survival was determined by using multivariate Cox regression that included composite genetic risk score computed from genotyping of the patients for telomere-length associated polymorphisms. The effect of decreased telomere length on poor melanoma-specific survival was particularly strong in patients within the age quantile below 30 years (HR 3.82, 95% CI 1.10-13.30) and between 30-40 years (HR 2.69, 95% CI 1.03-7.03). Our study shows that in contrast to increased melanoma risk associated with increased telomere length, decreased telomere length predicts poor survival in melanoma subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nalini Srinivas
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Seyed Hamidreza Mahmoudpour
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zaida Garcia-Casado
- Labortory of Molecular Biology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor Traves
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Virtudes Soriano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maurizio Cardelli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Italian National Research Center on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Dace Pjanova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anders Molven
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gade Laboratory of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nelleke Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Consortium for Translational Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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107
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Kresovich JK, Joyce BT, Gao T, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Achenbach CJ, Murphy RL, Just AC, Shen J, Yang H, Vokonas P, Schwartz J, Baccarelli AA, Hou L. Promoter methylation of PGC1A and PGC1B predicts cancer incidence in a veteran cohort. Epigenomics 2018; 10:733-743. [PMID: 29888964 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Previous studies suggest telomere shortening represses PGC1A and PGC1B expression leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Methylation of CpG sites within these genes may interact with these factors to affect cancer risk. MATERIALS & METHODS Among 385 men, we identified 84 incidents of cancers (predominantly prostate and nonmelanoma skin). We examined associations between leukocyte DNA methylation of 41 CpGs from PGC1A and PGC1B with telomere length, mitochondrial 8-OHdG lesions, mitochondrial abundance and cancer incidence. RESULTS Methylation of five and eight CpG sites were significantly associated with telomere length and mitochondrial abundance at p < 0.05. Two CpG sites were independently associated with cancer risk: cg27514608 (PGC1A, TSS1500; HR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.19-2.03, FDR = 0.02), and cg15219393 (PGC1B, first exon/5'UTR; HR: 3.71, 95% CI: 1.82-7.58, FDR < 0.01). Associations with cg15219393 were observed primarily among men with shorter leukocyte telomeres. CONCLUSION PGC1A and PGC1B methylation may serve as early biomarkers of cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K Kresovich
- Center for Population Epigenetics, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center & Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brian T Joyce
- Center for Population Epigenetics, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center & Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tao Gao
- Center for Population Epigenetics, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center & Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yinan Zheng
- Center for Population Epigenetics, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center & Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Center for Population Epigenetics, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center & Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christopher J Achenbach
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Center for Global Health, Institute for Public Health & Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Robert L Murphy
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Center for Global Health, Institute for Public Health & Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jincheng Shen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Hushan Yang
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Pantel Vokonas
- VA Normative Aging Study, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System & the Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Departments of Epidemiology & Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Center for Population Epigenetics, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center & Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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108
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Ahmed W, Lingner J. PRDX1 and MTH1 cooperate to prevent ROS-mediated inhibition of telomerase. Genes Dev 2018; 32:658-669. [PMID: 29773556 PMCID: PMC6004070 DOI: 10.1101/gad.313460.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Ahmed et al. demonstrate that oxidative damage of telomeres inhibits telomerase activity at chromosome ends in cancer cells. Deletion of two antioxidant enzymes—PRDX1 and MTH1, needed for protecting telomeres from oxidative damage—results in loss of telomeric DNA in an oxygen concentration-dependent manner due to inhibition of telomerase, thus providing new insights into the role of antioxidant systems that are required to protect telomeres from oxidation. Telomerase counteracts telomere shortening and cellular senescence in germ, stem, and cancer cells by adding repetitive DNA sequences to the ends of chromosomes. Telomeres are susceptible to damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the consequences of oxidation of telomeres on telomere length and the mechanisms that protect from ROS-mediated telomere damage are not well understood. In particular, 8-oxoguanine nucleotides at 3′ ends of telomeric substrates inhibit telomerase in vitro, whereas, at internal positions, they suppress G-quadruplex formation and were therefore proposed to promote telomerase activity. Here, we disrupt the peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine triphosphatase (MTH1) genes in cancer cells and demonstrate that PRDX1 and MTH1 cooperate to prevent accumulation of oxidized guanine in the genome. Concomitant disruption of PRDX1 and MTH1 leads to ROS concentration-dependent continuous shortening of telomeres, which is due to efficient inhibition of telomere extension by telomerase. Our results identify antioxidant systems that are required to protect telomeres from oxidation and are necessary to allow telomere maintenance by telomerase conferring immortality to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wareed Ahmed
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Lingner
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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109
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Takahashi S, Kim KT, Podbevšek P, Plavec J, Kim BH, Sugimoto N. Recovery of the Formation and Function of Oxidized G-Quadruplexes by a Pyrene-Modified Guanine Tract. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5774-5783. [PMID: 29608858 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation is one of the frequent causes of DNA damage, especially to guanine bases. Guanine bases in the G-quadruplex (G4) are sensitive to damage by oxidation, resulting in transformation to 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG). Because the formation of G4 represses the expression of some cancer-related genes, the presence of 8-oxoG in a G4 sequence might affect G4 formation and induce cancer progression. Thus, oxidized-G4 formation must be controlled using a chemical approach. In the present study, we investigated the effect of introduction of 8-oxoG into a G4 sequence on the formation and function of the G4 structure. The 8-oxoG-containing G4 derived from the promoter region of the human vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) gene differed topologically from unoxidized G4. The oxidized VEGF G4 did not act as a replication block and was not stabilized by the G4-binding protein nucleolin. To recover G4 function, we developed an oligonucleotide consisting of a pyrene-modified guanine tract that replaces the oxidized guanine tract and forms stable intermolecular G4s with the other intact guanine tracts. When this oligonucleotide was used, the oxidized G4 stalled replication and was stabilized by nucleolin as with the unmodified G4. This strategy generally enables recovery of the function of any oxidized G4s and therefore has potential for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ki Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Podbevšek
- Slovenian NMR Center , National Institute of Chemistry , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Center , National Institute of Chemistry , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Byeang Hyean Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
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110
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Aix E, Gallinat A, Flores I. Telomeres and telomerase in heart regeneration. Differentiation 2018; 100:26-30. [PMID: 29453108 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although recent advances have overturned the old view of the human heart as an inert postmitotic organ, it is clear that the adult heart´s capacity to regenerate after an ischemic episode is very limited. Unlike humans, zebrafish and other lower vertebrates vigorously regenerate damaged myocardium after cardiac injury. Understanding how the zebrafish is able to conserve life-long cardiac regeneration capacity while mammals lose it soon after birth is crucial for the development of new treatments for myocardial infarction. Mammals and lower vertebrates differ markedly in their rates of cardiomyocyte proliferation and levels of telomerase activity. Here, we review recent discoveries identifying lack of telomerase activity and concomitant telomere dysfunction as natural barriers to cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Aix
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid E-28029, Spain
| | - Alex Gallinat
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid E-28029, Spain
| | - Ignacio Flores
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid E-28029, Spain.
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111
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Maestroni L, Géli V, Coulon S. STEEx, a boundary between the world of quiescence and the vegetative cycle. Curr Genet 2018; 64:901-905. [PMID: 29392410 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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112
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Impact of oxidative stress on telomere biology. Differentiation 2018; 99:21-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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113
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Lee HT, Bose A, Lee CY, Opresko PL, Myong S. Molecular mechanisms by which oxidative DNA damage promotes telomerase activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:11752-11765. [PMID: 28981887 PMCID: PMC5714237 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are highly susceptible to oxidative DNA damage, which if left unrepaired can lead to dysregulation of telomere length homeostasis. Here we employed single molecule FRET, single molecule pull-down and biochemical analysis to investigate how the most common oxidative DNA lesions, 8-oxoguanine (8oxoG) and thymine glycol (Tg), regulate the structural properties of telomeric DNA and telomerase extension activity. In contrast to 8oxoG which disrupts the telomeric DNA structure, Tg exhibits substantially reduced perturbation of G-quadruplex folding. As a result, 8oxoG induces high accessibility, whereas Tg retains limited accessibility, of telomeric G-quadruplex DNA to complementary single stranded DNA and to telomere binding protein POT1. Surprisingly, the Tg lesion stimulates telomerase loading and activity to a similar degree as an 8oxoG lesion. We demonstrate that this unexpected stimulation arises from Tg-induced conformational alterations and dynamics in telomeric DNA. Despite impacting structure by different mechanisms, both 8oxoG and Tg enhance telomerase binding and extension activity to the same degree, potentially contributing to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Lee
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Arindam Bose
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Chun-Ying Lee
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Patricia L Opresko
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sua Myong
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Physics Frontier Center (Center for Physics of Living Cells), University of Illinois, 1110 W. Green St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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114
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γPNA FRET Pair Miniprobes for Quantitative Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization to Telomeric DNA in Cells and Tissue. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122117. [PMID: 29207465 PMCID: PMC5895088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurement of telomere length by fluorescent in situ hybridization is widely used for biomedical and epidemiological research, but there has been relatively little development of the technology in the 20 years since it was first reported. This report describes the use of dual gammaPNA (γPNA) probes that hybridize at alternating sites along a telomere and give rise to Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) signals. Bright staining of telomeres is observed in nuclei, chromosome spreads and tissue samples. The use of FRET detection also allows for elimination of wash steps, normally required to remove unhybridized probes that would contribute to background signals. We found that these wash steps can diminish the signal intensity through the removal of bound, as well as unbound probes, so eliminating these steps not only accelerates the process but also enhances the quality of staining. Thus, γPNA FRET pairs allow for brighter and faster staining of telomeres in a wide range of research and clinical formats.
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115
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Maestroni L, Audry J, Matmati S, Arcangioli B, Géli V, Coulon S. Eroded telomeres are rearranged in quiescent fission yeast cells through duplications of subtelomeric sequences. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1684. [PMID: 29167439 PMCID: PMC5700057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the mechanisms of telomere maintenance has been investigated in dividing cells, little is known about the stability of telomeres in quiescent cells and how dysfunctional telomeres are processed in non-proliferating cells. Here we examine the stability of telomeres in quiescent cells using fission yeast. While wild type telomeres are stable in quiescence, we observe that eroded telomeres were highly rearranged during quiescence in telomerase minus cells. These rearrangements depend on homologous recombination (HR) and correspond to duplications of subtelomeric regions. HR is initiated at newly identified subtelomeric homologous repeated sequences (HRS). We further show that TERRA (Telomeric Repeat-containing RNA) is increased in post-mitotic cells with short telomeres and correlates with telomere rearrangements. Finally, we demonstrate that rearranged telomeres prevent cells to exit properly from quiescence. Taken together, we describe in fission yeast a mode of telomere repair mechanism specific to post-mitotic cells that is likely promoted by transcription. How both telomere stability is regulated and dysfunctional telomeres processed in quiescent cells is poorly understood. Here, the authors provide evidence that eroded telomeres in quiescent fission yeast are rearranged by homologous recombination through duplications of subtelomeric sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Maestroni
- Marseille Cancer Research Center (CRCM), CNRS, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Equipe labélisée Ligue contre le cancer, 13273, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Audry
- Marseille Cancer Research Center (CRCM), CNRS, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Equipe labélisée Ligue contre le cancer, 13273, Marseille, France
| | - Samah Matmati
- Marseille Cancer Research Center (CRCM), CNRS, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Equipe labélisée Ligue contre le cancer, 13273, Marseille, France
| | - Benoit Arcangioli
- Dynamics of the Genome, UMR 3225 Genomes & Genetics; Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Géli
- Marseille Cancer Research Center (CRCM), CNRS, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Equipe labélisée Ligue contre le cancer, 13273, Marseille, France.
| | - Stéphane Coulon
- Marseille Cancer Research Center (CRCM), CNRS, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Equipe labélisée Ligue contre le cancer, 13273, Marseille, France.
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116
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Whitaker AM, Smith MR, Schaich MA, Freudenthal BD. Capturing a mammalian DNA polymerase extending from an oxidized nucleotide. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:6934-6944. [PMID: 28449123 PMCID: PMC5499815 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidized nucleotide, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2΄-deoxyguanosine (8-oxoG), is one of the most abundant DNA lesions. 8-oxoG plays a major role in tumorigenesis and human disease. Biological consequences of 8-oxoG are mediated in part by its insertion into the genome, making it essential to understand how DNA polymerases handle 8-oxoG. Insertion of 8-oxoG is mutagenic when opposite adenine but not when opposite cytosine. However, either result leads to DNA damage at the primer terminus (3΄-end) during the succeeding insertion event. Extension from DNA damage at primer termini remains poorly understood. Using kinetics and time-lapse crystallography, we evaluated how a model DNA polymerase, human polymerase β, accommodates 8-oxoG at the primer terminus opposite cytosine and adenine. Notably, extension from the mutagenic base pair is favored over the non-mutagenic base pair. When 8-oxoG is at the primer terminus opposite cytosine, DNA centric changes lead to a clash between O8 of 8-oxoG and the phosphate backbone. Changes in the extension reaction resulting from the altered active site provide evidence for a stabilizing interaction between Arg254 and Asp256 that serves an important role during DNA synthesis reactions. These results provide novel insights into the impact of damage at the primer terminus on genomic stability and DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Whitaker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Mallory R Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Matthew A Schaich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Bret D Freudenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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117
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The origin of oxidized guanine resolves the puzzle of oxidation-induced telomere-length alterations. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 23:1070-1071. [PMID: 27922610 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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118
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Sagi J. In What Ways Do Synthetic Nucleotides and Natural Base Lesions Alter the Structural Stability of G-Quadruplex Nucleic Acids? J Nucleic Acids 2017; 2017:1641845. [PMID: 29181193 PMCID: PMC5664352 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1641845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic analogs of natural nucleotides have long been utilized for structural studies of canonical and noncanonical nucleic acids, including the extensively investigated polymorphic G-quadruplexes (GQs). Dependence on the sequence and nucleotide modifications of the folding landscape of GQs has been reviewed by several recent studies. Here, an overview is compiled on the thermodynamic stability of the modified GQ folds and on how the stereochemical preferences of more than 70 synthetic and natural derivatives of nucleotides substituting for natural ones determine the stability as well as the conformation. Groups of nucleotide analogs only stabilize or only destabilize the GQ, while the majority of analogs alter the GQ stability in both ways. This depends on the preferred syn or anti N-glycosidic linkage of the modified building blocks, the position of substitution, and the folding architecture of the native GQ. Natural base lesions and epigenetic modifications of GQs explored so far also stabilize or destabilize the GQ assemblies. Learning the effect of synthetic nucleotide analogs on the stability of GQs can assist in engineering a required stable GQ topology, and exploring the in vitro action of the single and clustered natural base damage on GQ architectures may provide indications for the cellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Sagi
- Rimstone Laboratory, RLI, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
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119
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Ibáñez-Cabellos JS, Pérez-Machado G, Seco-Cervera M, Berenguer-Pascual E, García-Giménez JL, Pallardó FV. Acute telomerase components depletion triggers oxidative stress as an early event previous to telomeric shortening. Redox Biol 2017; 14:398-408. [PMID: 29055871 PMCID: PMC5650655 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function of dyskerin (DKC1), NOP10 and TIN2 are responsible for different inheritance patterns of Dyskeratosis congenita (DC; ORPHA1775). They are key components of telomerase (DKC1 and NOP10) and shelterin (TIN2), and play an important role in telomere homeostasis. They participate in several fundamental cellular processes by contributing to Dyskeratosis congenita through mechanisms that are not fully understood. Presence of oxidative stress was postulated to result from telomerase ablation. However, the resulting disturbed redox status can promote telomere attrition by generating a vicious circle, which promotes cellular senescence. This fact prompted us to study if acute loss of DKC1, NOP10 and TINF2 can promote redox disequilibrium as an early event when telomere shortening has not yet taken place. We generated siRNA-mediated (DKC1, NOP10 and TINF2) cell lines by RNA interference, which was confirmed by mRNA and protein expression analyses. No telomere shortening occurred in any silenced cell line. Depletion of H/ACA ribonucleoproteins DKC1 and NOP10 diminished telomerase activity via TERC down-regulation, and produced alterations in pseudouridylation and ribosomal biogenesis. An increase in the GSSG/GSH ratio, carbonylated proteins and oxidized peroxiredoxin-6 was observed, in addition to MnSOD and TRX1 overexpression in the siRNA DC cells. Likewise, high PARylation levels and high PARP1 protein expression were detected. In contrast, the silenced TINF2 cells did not alter any evaluated oxidative stress marker. Altogether these findings lead us to conclude that loss of DKC1 and NOP10 functions induces oxidative stress in a telomere shortening independent manner. Transient silencing of DKC1 and NOP10 genes produce oxidative stress. Cells depleted of DKC1 and NOP10 are susceptible to DNA damage. Acute DKC1 and NOP10 depletion disrupts RNA maturation. Oxidative stress is an early event previous to telomere shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Santiago Ibáñez-Cabellos
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Giselle Pérez-Machado
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Marta Seco-Cervera
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ester Berenguer-Pascual
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.
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120
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Marcon F, Siniscalchi E, Andreoli C, Allione A, Fiorito G, Medda E, Guarrera S, Matullo G, Crebelli R. Telomerase activity, telomere length and hTERT DNA methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from monozygotic twins with discordant smoking habits. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:551-559. [PMID: 28843010 DOI: 10.1002/em.22127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased telomerase expression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of lung cancer and, since the primary cause of lung cancer is smoking, an association between telomerase reactivation and tobacco smoke has been proposed. In this work an investigation has been performed to assess the relationship between tobacco smoke exposure and telomerase activity (TA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy smokers. The methylation status of the catalytic subunit of telomerase hTERT was concurrently investigated to assess the possible association between epigenetic modifications of hTERT and TA. Besides, the association between smoke and telomere length (TL) has been evaluated. Healthy monozygotic twins with discordant smoking habits were selected as study population to minimize inter-individual differences because of demographic characteristics and genetic heterogeneity. Statistically significant higher values of TA and TL were observed in smokers compared to nonsmoker co-twins. The multivariate analysis of data showed, besides smoking habits (P = 0.02), an influence of gender (P = 0.006) and BMI (P = 0.001) on TA and a borderline effect of gender (P = 0.05) on TL. DNA methylation analysis, focused on 100 CpG sites mapping in hTERT, highlighted nine CpG sites differentially methylated in smokers. When co-twins were contrasted, selecting as variables the intra-twin difference in TA and hTERT DNA methylation, a statistically significant inverse correlation (P = 0.003) was observed between TA and DNA methylation at the cg05521538 site. In conclusion, these results indicate an association of tobacco smoke with TA and TL and suggest a possible association between smoke-induced epigenetic effects and TA in healthy smokers. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:551-559, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marcon
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Ester Siniscalchi
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Cristina Andreoli
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Alessandra Allione
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM, FKA HuGeF), Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino and Dept. Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 19, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fiorito
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM, FKA HuGeF), Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino and Dept. Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 19, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Emanuela Medda
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Simonetta Guarrera
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM, FKA HuGeF), Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino and Dept. Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 19, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM, FKA HuGeF), Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino and Dept. Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 19, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Riccardo Crebelli
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
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121
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Third EU-US workshop on “Nucleotide excision repair and crosslink repair—From molecules to mankind”, Smolenice Castle, Slovak Republic, May 7th–11th 2017. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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122
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Gao Y, Zhu L, Guo J, Yuan T, Wang L, Li H, Chen L. Farnesyl phenolic enantiomers as natural MTH1 inhibitors from Ganoderma sinense. Oncotarget 2017; 8:95865-95879. [PMID: 29221173 PMCID: PMC5707067 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are more addictive to MTH1 than normal cells because of their dysfunctional redox regulations. MTH1 plays an important role to maintain tumor cell survival, while it is not indispensable for the growth of normal cells. Farnesyl phenols having a coumaroyl substitution are rather uncommon in nature. Eight farnesyl phenolic compounds with such substituent moiety (1-8), including six new ones, ganosinensols E-J (1-6) were isolated from the 95% EtOH extract of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma sinense. Four pairs of enantiomers 1/2, 3/4, 5/6 and 7/8 were resolved by HPLC using a Daicel Chiralpak IE column. Their structures were elucidated from extensive spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature data. The absolute configurations of C-1' in 1-6 were assigned by ECD spectra. These compounds were predicted to have high binding affinity to MTH1 through virtual ligand screening. The enzyme inhibition experiments and cell-based assays confirmed their inhibitory effects on MTH1. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown experiments and the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) confirmed that the farnesyl phenolic enantiomers specifically bound with MTH1 in intact cells. Meanwhile, the low cytotoxicity of 1-8 on normal human cells further verified their good selectivity and specificity to MTH1. These active structures are expected to be potential anti-cancer lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihan Zhu
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqing Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
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123
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Markkanen E. Not breathing is not an option: How to deal with oxidative DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 59:82-105. [PMID: 28963982 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage constitutes a major threat to genetic integrity, and has thus been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration. 7,8-dihydro-8oxo-deoxyGuanine (8-oxo-G) is one of the best characterised oxidative DNA lesions, and it can give rise to point mutations due to its miscoding potential that instructs most DNA polymerases (Pols) to preferentially insert Adenine (A) opposite 8-oxo-G instead of the correct Cytosine (C). If uncorrected, A:8-oxo-G mispairs can give rise to C:G→A:T transversion mutations. Cells have evolved a variety of pathways to mitigate the mutational potential of 8-oxo-G that include i) mechanisms to avoid incorporation of oxidized nucleotides into DNA through nucleotide pool sanitisation enzymes (by MTH1, MTH2, MTH3 and NUDT5), ii) base excision repair (BER) of 8-oxo-G in DNA (involving MUTYH, OGG1, Pol λ, and other components of the BER machinery), and iii) faithful bypass of 8-oxo-G lesions during replication (using a switch between replicative Pols and Pol λ). In the following, the fate of 8-oxo-G in mammalian cells is reviewed in detail. The differential origins of 8-oxo-G in DNA and its consequences for genetic stability will be covered. This will be followed by a thorough discussion of the different mechanisms in place to cope with 8-oxo-G with an emphasis on Pol λ-mediated correct bypass of 8-oxo-G during MUTYH-initiated BER as well as replication across 8-oxo-G. Furthermore, the multitude of mechanisms in place to regulate key proteins involved in 8-oxo-G repair will be reviewed. Novel functions of 8-oxo-G as an epigenetic-like regulator and insights into the repair of 8-oxo-G within the cellular context will be touched upon. Finally, a discussion will outline the relevance of 8-oxo-G and the proteins involved in dealing with 8-oxo-G to human diseases with a special emphasis on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enni Markkanen
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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124
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Wu WJ, Yang W, Tsai MD. How DNA polymerases catalyse replication and repair with contrasting fidelity. Nat Rev Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-017-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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125
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Banyasz A, Martínez-Fernández L, Balty C, Perron M, Douki T, Improta R, Markovitsi D. Absorption of Low-Energy UV Radiation by Human Telomere G-Quadruplexes Generates Long-Lived Guanine Radical Cations. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10561-10568. [PMID: 28737902 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres, which are involved in cell division, carcinogenesis, and aging and constitute important therapeutic targets, are prone to oxidative damage. This propensity has been correlated with the presence of guanine-rich sequences, capable of forming four-stranded DNA structures (G-quadruplexes). Here, we present the first study on oxidative damage of human telomere G-quadruplexes without mediation of external molecules. Our investigation has been performed for G-quadruplexes formed by folding of GGG(TTAGGG)3 single strands in buffered solutions containing Na+ cations (TEL21/Na+). Associating nanosecond time-resolved spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations (TD-DFT), it focuses on the primary species, ejected electrons and guanine radicals, generated upon absorption of UV radiation directly by TEL21/Na+. We show that, at 266 nm, corresponding to an energy significantly lower than the guanine ionization potential, the one-photon ionization quantum yield is 4.5 × 10-3. This value is comparable to that of cyclobutane thymine dimers (the major UV-induced lesions) in genomic DNA; the quantum yield of these dimers in TEL21/Na+ is found to be (1.1 ± 0.1) × 10-3. The fate of guanine radicals, generated in equivalent concentration with that of ejected electrons, is followed over 5 orders of magnitude of time. Such a quantitative approach reveals that an important part of radical cation population survives up to a few milliseconds, whereas radical cations produced by chemical oxidants in various DNA systems are known to deprotonate, at most, within a few microseconds. Under the same experimental conditions, neither one-photon ionization nor long-lived radical cations are detected for the telomere repeat TTAGGG in single-stranded configuration, showing that secondary structure plays a key role in these processes. Finally, two types of deprotonated radicals are identified: on the one hand, (G-H2)• radicals, stable at early times, and on the other hand, (G-H1)• radicals, appearing within a few milliseconds and decaying with a time constant of ∼50 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Banyasz
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lara Martínez-Fernández
- Istituto Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Clémence Balty
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marion Perron
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thierry Douki
- CEA, INAC-SyMMES Laboratoire des Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Roberto Improta
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Istituto Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Dimitra Markovitsi
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Dimauro I, Sgura A, Pittaluga M, Magi F, Fantini C, Mancinelli R, Sgadari A, Fulle S, Caporossi D. Regular exercise participation improves genomic stability in diabetic patients: an exploratory study to analyse telomere length and DNA damage. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28646223 PMCID: PMC5482873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04448-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has been demonstrated to be effective in the prevention and treatment of different chronic conditions, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). In particular, several studies highlighted how the beneficial effects of physical activity may be related to the stability of the DNA molecule, such as longer telomeric ends. Here we analyze the effect of exercise training on telomere length, spontaneous and H2O2-induced DNA damage, as well as the apoptosis level in leukocytes from untrained or trained T2D patients vs. age-matched control subjects (CS) (57–66 years). Moreover, expression analysis of selected genes belonging to DNA repair systems, cell cycle control, antioxidant and defence systems was performed. Subjects that participated in a regular exercise program showed a longer telomere sequence than untrained counterparts. Moreover, ex vivo treatment of leukocytes with H2O2 highlighted that: (1) oxidative DNA damage induced similar telomere attrition in all groups; (2) in T2D subjects, physical activity seemed to prevent a significant increase of genomic oxidative DNA damage induced by chronic exposure to pro-oxidant stimulus, and (3) decreased the sensitivity of leukocytes to apoptosis. Finally, the gene expression analysis in T2D subjects suggested an adaptive response to prolonged exercise training that improved the response of specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dimauro
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Monica Pittaluga
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Fantini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Mancinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Interuniversity Institute of Miology (IIM), University "G d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Sgadari
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology and Physiatry, University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Fulle
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Interuniversity Institute of Miology (IIM), University "G d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniela Caporossi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.
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Samaranayake GJ, Huynh M, Rai P. MTH1 as a Chemotherapeutic Target: The Elephant in the Room. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9050047. [PMID: 28481306 PMCID: PMC5447957 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9050047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many tumors sustain elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which drive oncogenic signaling. However, ROS can also trigger anti-tumor responses, such as cell death or senescence, through induction of oxidative stress and concomitant DNA damage. To circumvent the adverse consequences of elevated ROS levels, many tumors develop adaptive responses, such as enhanced redox-protective or oxidatively-generated damage repair pathways. Targeting these enhanced oxidative stress-protective mechanisms is likely to be both therapeutically effective and highly specific to cancer, as normal cells are less reliant on such mechanisms. In this review, we discuss one such stress-protective protein human MutT Homolog1 (MTH1), an enzyme that eliminates 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine triphosphate (8-oxodGTP) through its pyrophosphatase activity, and is found to be elevated in many cancers. Our studies, and subsequently those of others, identified MTH1 inhibition as an effective tumor-suppressive strategy. However, recent studies with the first wave of MTH1 inhibitors have produced conflicting results regarding their cytotoxicity in cancer cells and have led to questions regarding the validity of MTH1 as a chemotherapeutic target. To address the proverbial "elephant in the room" as to whether MTH1 is a bona fide chemotherapeutic target, we provide an overview of MTH1 function in the context of tumor biology, summarize the current literature on MTH1 inhibitors, and discuss the molecular contexts likely required for its efficacy as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindi J Samaranayake
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Mai Huynh
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Priyamvada Rai
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Abstract
Telomeres are specialized chromatin structures that protect chromosome ends from dangerous processing events. In most tissues, telomeres shorten with each round of cell division, placing a finite limit on cell growth. In rapidly dividing cells, including the majority of human cancers, cells bypass this growth limit through telomerase-catalyzed maintenance of telomere length. The dynamic properties of telomeres and telomerase render them difficult to study using ensemble biochemical and structural techniques. This review describes single-molecule approaches to studying how individual components of telomeres and telomerase contribute to function. Single-molecule methods provide a window into the complex nature of telomeres and telomerase by permitting researchers to directly visualize and manipulate the individual protein, DNA, and RNA molecules required for telomere function. The work reviewed in this article highlights how single-molecule techniques have been utilized to investigate the function of telomeres and telomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Parks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064; .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303
| | - Michael D Stone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064; .,Center for Molecular Biology of RNA, Santa Cruz, California 95064
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