101
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Liu G, Chen T, Zhang X, Ma X, Shi H. Small molecule inhibitors targeting the cancers. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e181. [PMID: 36254250 PMCID: PMC9560750 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with traditional therapies, targeted therapy has merits in selectivity, efficacy, and tolerability. Small molecule inhibitors are one of the primary targeted therapies for cancer. Due to their advantages in a wide range of targets, convenient medication, and the ability to penetrate into the central nervous system, many efforts have been devoted to developing more small molecule inhibitors. To date, 88 small molecule inhibitors have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat cancers. Despite remarkable progress, small molecule inhibitors in cancer treatment still face many obstacles, such as low response rate, short duration of response, toxicity, biomarkers, and resistance. To better promote the development of small molecule inhibitors targeting cancers, we comprehensively reviewed small molecule inhibitors involved in all the approved agents and pivotal drug candidates in clinical trials arranged by the signaling pathways and the classification of small molecule inhibitors. We discussed lessons learned from the development of these agents, the proper strategies to overcome resistance arising from different mechanisms, and combination therapies concerned with small molecule inhibitors. Through our review, we hoped to provide insights and perspectives for the research and development of small molecule inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui‐Hong Liu
- Department of BiotherapyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyCancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of BiotherapyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyCancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xue‐Lei Ma
- Department of BiotherapyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyCancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hua‐Shan Shi
- Department of BiotherapyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyCancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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102
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Patient Selection Approaches in FGFR Inhibitor Trials-Many Paths to the Same End? Cells 2022; 11:cells11193180. [PMID: 36231142 PMCID: PMC9563413 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling have been investigated in various human cancer diseases. Recently, the first compounds received FDA approval in biomarker-selected patient populations. Different approaches and technologies have been applied in clinical trials, ranging from protein (immunohistochemistry) to mRNA expression (e.g., RNA in situ hybridization) and to detection of various DNA alterations (e.g., copy number variations, mutations, gene fusions). We review, here, the advantages and limitations of the different technologies and discuss the importance of tissue and disease context in identifying the best predictive biomarker for FGFR targeting therapies.
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103
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A Gold Nanoparticle Bioconjugate Delivery System for Active Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194558. [PMID: 36230480 PMCID: PMC9559518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also called tumor-initiating cells, are a subpopulation of cancer cells believed to be the leading cause of cancer initiation, growth, metastasis, and recurrence. Presently there are no effective treatments targeted at eliminating CSCs. Hence, an urgent need to develop measures to target CSCs to eliminate potential recurrence and metastasis associated with CSCs. Cancer stem cells have inherent and unique features that differ from other cancer cells, which they leverage to resist conventional therapies. Targeting such features with photodynamic therapy (PDT) could be a promising treatment for drug-resistant cancer stem cells. Photodynamic therapy is a light-mediated non-invasive treatment modality. However, PDT alone is unable to eliminate cancer stem cells effectively, hence the need for a targeted approach. Gold nanoparticle bioconjugates with PDT could be a potential approach for targeted photodynamic therapy of cancer and CSCs. This approach has the potential for enhanced drug delivery, selective and specific attachment to target tumor cells/CSCs, as well as the ability to efficiently generate ROS. This review examines the impact of a smart gold nanoparticle bioconjugate coupled with a photosensitizer (PS) in promoting targeted PDT of cancer and CSC.
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104
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Zanoni M, Pegoraro A, Adinolfi E, De Marchi E. Emerging roles of purinergic signaling in anti-cancer therapy resistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1006384. [PMID: 36200041 PMCID: PMC9527280 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1006384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease with a rapid growing incidence and often characterized by a poor prognosis. Although impressive advances have been made in cancer treatments, resistance to therapy remains a critical obstacle for the improvement of patients outcome. Current treatment approaches as chemo-, radio-, and immuno-therapy deeply affect the tumor microenvironment (TME), inducing an extensive selective pressure on cancer cells through the activation of the immune system, the induction of cell death and the release of inflammatory and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS), including nucleosides (adenosine) and nucleotides (ATP and ADP). To survive in this hostile environment, resistant cells engage a variety of mitigation pathways related to metabolism, DNA repair, stemness, inflammation and resistance to apoptosis. In this context, purinergic signaling exerts a pivotal role being involved in mitochondrial function, stemness, inflammation and cancer development. The activity of ATP and adenosine released in the TME depend upon the repertoire of purinergic P2 and adenosine receptors engaged, as well as, by the expression of ectonucleotidases (CD39 and CD73) on tumor, immune and stromal cells. Besides its well established role in the pathogenesis of several tumors and in host–tumor interaction, purinergic signaling has been recently shown to be profoundly involved in the development of therapy resistance. In this review we summarize the current advances on the role of purinergic signaling in response and resistance to anti-cancer therapies, also describing the translational applications of combining conventional anticancer interventions with therapies targeting purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Zanoni
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
- *Correspondence: Michele Zanoni,
| | - Anna Pegoraro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena De Marchi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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105
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Cui Y, Wang X, Zhang L, Liu W, Ning J, Gu R, Cui Y, Cai L, Xing Y. A novel epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related gene signature of predictive value for the survival outcomes in lung adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:974614. [PMID: 36185284 PMCID: PMC9521574 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.974614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a remarkably heterogeneous and aggressive disease with dismal prognosis of patients. The identification of promising prognostic biomarkers might enable effective diagnosis and treatment of LUAD. Aberrant activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is required for LUAD initiation, progression and metastasis. With the purpose of identifying a robust EMT-related gene signature (E-signature) to monitor the survival outcomes of LUAD patients. In The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis and cox regression analysis were conducted to acquire prognostic and EMT-related genes. A 4 EMT-related and prognostic gene signature, comprising dickkopf-like protein 1 (DKK1), lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), matrix Gla protein (MGP) and slit guidance ligand 3 (SLIT3), was identified. By the usage of datum derived from TCGA database and Western blotting analysis, compared with adjacent tissue samples, DKK1 and LOXL2 protein expression in LUAD tissue samples were significantly higher, whereas the trend of MGP and SLIT3 expression were opposite. Concurrent with upregulation of epithelial markers and downregulation of mesenchymal markers, knockdown of DKK1 and LOXL2 impeded the migration and invasion of LUAD cells. Simultaneously, MGP and SLIT3 silencing promoted metastasis and induce EMT of LUAD cells. In the TCGA-LUAD set, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that our risk model based on the identified E-signature was superior to those reported in literatures. Additionally, the E-signature carried robust prognostic significance. The validity of prediction in the E-signature was validated by the three independent datasets obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The probabilistic nomogram including the E-signature, pathological T stage and N stage was constructed and the nomogram demonstrated satisfactory discrimination and calibration. In LUAD patients, the E-signature risk score was associated with T stage, N stage, M stage and TNM stage. GSEA (gene set enrichment analysis) analysis indicated that the E-signature might be linked to the pathways including GLYCOLYSIS, MYC TARGETS, DNA REPAIR and so on. In conclusion, our study explored an innovative EMT based prognostic signature that might serve as a potential target for personalized and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Cui
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Wang
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jinfeng Ning
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Ruixue Gu
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yaowen Cui
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Li Cai
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Xing, ; Li Cai,
| | - Ying Xing
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Xing, ; Li Cai,
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106
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Heudobler D, Ghibelli L, Reichle A. Editorial: Anakoinosis for promoting tumor tissue editing: Novel therapeutic opportunities for establishing clinically relevant tumor control by targeting tumor plasticity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1005381. [PMID: 36176412 PMCID: PMC9513606 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1005381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Heudobler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lina Ghibelli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Albrecht Reichle
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Albrecht Reichle,
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107
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Mitochondrial Protein Cox7b Is a Metabolic Sensor Driving Brain-Specific Metastasis of Human Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184371. [PMID: 36139533 PMCID: PMC9497206 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Distant metastases are detrimental for cancer patients, but the increasingly early detection of tumors offers a chance for metastasis prevention. Importantly, cancers do not metastasize randomly: depending on the type of cancer, metastatic progenitor cells have a predilection for well-defined organs. This has been theorized by Stephen Paget, who proposed the “seed-and-soil hypothesis”, according to which metastatic colonization occurs only when the needs of a given metastatic progenitor cell (the seed) match with the resources provided by a given organ (the soil). Here, we propose to explore the seed-and-soil hypothesis in the context of cancer metabolism, thus hypothesizing that metastatic progenitor cells must be capable of detecting the availability of metabolic resources in order to home in a secondary organ. If true, it would imply the existence of metabolic sensors. Using human triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and two independent brain-seeking variants as models, we report that cyclooxygenase 7b (Cox7b), a structural component of Complex IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, belongs to a probably larger family of proteins responsible for breast cancer brain tropism in mice. For metastasis prevention therapy, this proof-of-principle study opens a quest for the identification of therapeutically targetable metabolic sensors that drive cancer organotropism.
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108
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Xu J, Yang R, Li J, Wang L, Cohen M, Simeone DM, Costa M, Wu XR. DNMT3A/ miR-129-2-5p/Rac1 Is an Effector Pathway for SNHG1 to Drive Stem-Cell-like and Invasive Behaviors of Advanced Bladder Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4159. [PMID: 36077697 PMCID: PMC9454896 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem-cell-like behavior of cancer cells plays a central role in tumor heterogeneity and invasion and correlates closely with drug resistance and unfavorable clinical outcomes. However, the molecular underpinnings of cancer cell stemness remain incompletely defined. Here, we show that SNHG1, a long non-coding RNA that is over-expressed in ~95% of human muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBCs), induces stem-cell-like sphere formation and the invasion of cultured bladder cancer cells by upregulating Rho GTPase, Rac1. We further show that SNHG1 binds to DNA methylation transferase 3A protein (DNMT3A), and tethers DNMT3A to the promoter of miR-129-2, thus hyper-methylating and repressing miR-129-2-5p transcription. The reduced binding of miR-129-2 to the 3'-UTR of Rac1 mRNA leads to the stabilization of Rac1 mRNA and increased levels of Rac1 protein, which then stimulates MIBC cell sphere formation and invasion. Analysis of the Human Protein Atlas shows that a high expression of Rac1 is strongly associated with poor survival in patients with MIBC. Our data strongly suggest that the SNHG1/DNMT3A/miR-129-2-5p/Rac1 effector pathway drives stem-cell-like and invasive behaviors in MIBC, a deadly form of bladder cancer. Targeting this pathway, alone or in combination with platinum-based therapy, may reduce chemoresistance and improve longer-term outcomes in MIBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiheng Xu
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jingxia Li
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lidong Wang
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mitchell Cohen
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Diane M. Simeone
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Max Costa
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY 10010, USA
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109
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Jinesh GG, Brohl AS. Classical epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and alternative cell death process-driven blebbishield metastatic-witch (BMW) pathways to cancer metastasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:296. [PMID: 35999218 PMCID: PMC9399134 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a pivotal event that accelerates the prognosis of cancer patients towards mortality. Therapies that aim to induce cell death in metastatic cells require a more detailed understanding of the metastasis for better mitigation. Towards this goal, we discuss the details of two distinct but overlapping pathways of metastasis: a classical reversible epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (hybrid-EMT)-driven transport pathway and an alternative cell death process-driven blebbishield metastatic-witch (BMW) transport pathway involving reversible cell death process. The knowledge about the EMT and BMW pathways is important for the therapy of metastatic cancers as these pathways confer drug resistance coupled to immune evasion/suppression. We initially discuss the EMT pathway and compare it with the BMW pathway in the contexts of coordinated oncogenic, metabolic, immunologic, and cell biological events that drive metastasis. In particular, we discuss how the cell death environment involving apoptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and NETosis in BMW or EMT pathways recruits immune cells, fuses with it, migrates, permeabilizes vasculature, and settles at distant sites to establish metastasis. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic targets that are common to both EMT and BMW pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goodwin G Jinesh
- Department of Molecular Oncology, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, 33612, FL, USA. .,Sarcoma Department, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, 33612, FL, USA.
| | - Andrew S Brohl
- Department of Molecular Oncology, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, 33612, FL, USA. .,Sarcoma Department, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, 33612, FL, USA.
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110
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Nittayaboon K, Leetanaporn K, Sangkhathat S, Roytrakul S, Navakanitworakul R. Cytotoxic effect of metformin on butyrate-resistant PMF-K014 colorectal cancer spheroid cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113214. [PMID: 35676792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are used in cancer research because they mimic physiological responses in vivo compared with two-dimensional (2D) culture systems. Recently, cross-resistance of butyrate-resistant (BR) cells and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells have been reported; however, effective treatments for BR cells have not been identified. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of metformin (MET), an anti-diabetic drug, on BR CRC cells in a 3D spheroid culture model. The results demonstrate that MET decreases spheroid size, migration, and spheroid viability, while it increases spheroid death. The molecular mechanism revealed that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Akt serine/threonine kinase 1(Akt) were significantly upregulated, whereas the acetyl-CoA-carboxylase (ACC) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were downregulated, which led to caspase activation and apoptosis. Our findings show the potential cytotoxicity of MET on CRC-BR cells. The combination of MET and conventional chemotherapeutic drugs should be addressed in further studies to reduce the side effects of standard chemotherapy for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesara Nittayaboon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
| | - Kittinun Leetanaporn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
| | - Surasak Sangkhathat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
| | - Sittirak Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Raphatphorn Navakanitworakul
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
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111
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Xu Q, Gao X, Wen M, Liu Y, Li Y, Wei C, Wu X, Zou Y, Li J, Li X, Liu YN, Chen W. Biocomputation with MnTiO 3 Piezoelectric Enzymes for Programed Catalysis of Tumor Death. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:28199-28210. [PMID: 35653596 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic nanomedicine, especially artificial enzymes, exhibit obvious merits over traditional nanomedicine. However, the lack of controllability over an enzymatic process seriously challenges the therapeutic performance. Herein, we present a concept of using piezoelectric enzymes in combination with biocomputation ability. As a paradigm, MnTiO3 nanodisks were prepared with multiple enzyme-mimicking activity, including glutathione oxidase, peroxidase, and catalase. Different from the conventional artificial enzymes, the enzymatic activity of MnTiO3 nanodisks was activated by ultrasound and switched by a tumor microenvironment, which allows precise control over enzymatic catalysis in tumors. By virtue of the multiple artificial enzyme activity of MnTiO3 nanodisks, a biocomputing platform was constructed based on a Boolean logic-based algorithm. With ultrasound and tumor microenvironment as input signals, cytotoxicity was output via logic-based biocomputation for programed tumor killing. The concept of piezoelectric enzymes together with a biocomputation strategy provides an intelligent and effective approach for catalytic tumor eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Mei Wen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Yihong Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Chuanwan Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xianbo Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Yuyan Zou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Xilong Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - You-Nian Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Wansong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
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112
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Baumann Z, Auf der Maur P, Bentires‐Alj M. Feed-forward loops between metastatic cancer cells and their microenvironment-the stage of escalation. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14283. [PMID: 35506376 PMCID: PMC9174884 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women, and metastases in distant organs are the leading cause of the cancer-related deaths. While survival of early-stage breast cancer patients has increased dramatically, the 5-year survival rate of metastatic patients has barely improved in the last 20 years. Metastases can arise up to decades after primary tumor resection, hinting at microenvironmental factors influencing the sudden outgrowth of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). This review summarizes how the environment of the most common metastatic sites (lung, liver, bone, brain) is influenced by the primary tumor and by the varying dormancy of DTCs, with a special focus on how established metastases persist and grow in distant organs due to feed-forward loops (FFLs). We discuss in detail the importance of FFL of cancer cells with their microenvironment including the secretome, interaction with specialized tissue-specific cells, nutrients/metabolites, and that novel therapies should target not only the cancer cells but also the tumor microenvironment, which are thick as thieves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Baumann
- Tumor Heterogeneity Metastasis and ResistanceDepartment of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital BaselUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Priska Auf der Maur
- Tumor Heterogeneity Metastasis and ResistanceDepartment of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital BaselUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Mohamed Bentires‐Alj
- Tumor Heterogeneity Metastasis and ResistanceDepartment of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital BaselUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
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113
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Huang X, Zhang G, Liang T. Subtyping for pancreatic cancer precision therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:482-494. [PMID: 35400559 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cases of pancreatic cancer and associated deaths are increasing consistently and have become a global health concern. Prevalent intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer has been revealed as an important cause of its poor prognosis. However, few precision management strategies have been formulated to treat this complex disease. There is growing evidence supporting the significance of subtyping pancreatic tumors on the basis of their molecular characteristics for improving the accuracy of clinical decision-making on treatment. Here, we summarize the current approaches to classification of pancreatic cancer, and highlight the feasibility and potential defects of their application in precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Gang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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114
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Nakayama J, Matsunaga H, Arikawa K, Yoda T, Hosokawa M, Takeyama H, Yamamoto Y, Semba K. Identification of two cancer stem cell-like populations in triple-negative breast cancer xenografts. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049538. [PMID: 35611554 PMCID: PMC9235877 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression analysis at the single-cell level by next-generation sequencing has revealed the existence of clonal dissemination and microheterogeneity in cancer metastasis. The current spatial analysis technologies can elucidate the heterogeneity of cell-cell interactions in situ. To reveal the regional and expressional heterogeneity in primary tumors and metastases, we performed transcriptomic analysis of microtissues dissected from a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line MDA-MB-231 xenograft model with our automated tissue microdissection punching technology. This multiple-microtissue transcriptome analysis revealed three cancer cell-type clusters in the primary tumor and axillary lymph node metastasis, two of which were cancer stem cell (CSC)-like clusters (CD44/MYC-high, HMGA1-high). Reanalysis of public single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets confirmed that the two CSC-like populations existed in TNBC xenograft models and in TNBC patients. The diversity of these multiple CSC-like populations could cause differential anticancer drug resistance, increasing the difficulty of curing this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakayama
- Laboratory of Integrative Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Computational Bio-Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroko Matsunaga
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Koji Arikawa
- Computational Bio-Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masahito Hosokawa
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Computational Bio-Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Computational Bio-Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Integrative Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kentaro Semba
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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115
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Hu X, Zhang J, Bu J, Yang K, Xu S, Pan M, Xiang D, Chen W. MiR-4733-5p promotes gallbladder carcinoma progression via directly targeting kruppel like factor 7. Bioengineered 2022; 13:10691-10706. [PMID: 35443866 PMCID: PMC9161844 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2065951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is highly aggressive with poor prognosis. Accumulating reports show that miRNAs play critical roles in tumor progression. Previous studies have identified several miRNAs that promoted or inhibited GBC cell proliferation and/or metastasis. Here, we used the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset to identify dysregulated miRNAs in GBC, followed by validating the upregulation of the miR-4733-5p and downregulation of kruppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) in GBC biopsies by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), in situ hybridization (ISH) staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays. GBC cell proliferation and invasion capacities mediated by miR-4733-5p were evaluated by a series of function assays in vitro, including CCK-8, colony formation assay, wound healing assay and transwell assay. Xenograft tumor model found that miR-4733-5p promoted GBC tumor growth in vivo. This study clarified that miR-4733-5p was upregulated in GBC and promoted GBC cell proliferation via directly binding to 3' untranslated region (UTR) of KLF, which was downregulated and prohibited the proliferation and migration of GBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Hu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Junzhe Zhang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Junfeng Bu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Kaini Yang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Sunwang Xu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Mengqiao Pan
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai 200120, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
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116
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Rodriguez SMB, Staicu GA, Sevastre AS, Baloi C, Ciubotaru V, Dricu A, Tataranu LG. Glioblastoma Stem Cells-Useful Tools in the Battle against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094602. [PMID: 35562993 PMCID: PMC9100635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) are cells with a self-renewal ability and capacity to initiate tumors upon serial transplantation that have been linked to tumor cell heterogeneity. Most standard treatments fail to completely eradicate GSCs, causing the recurrence of the disease. GSCs could represent one reason for the low efficacy of cancer therapy and for the short relapse time. Nonetheless, experimental data suggest that the presence of therapy-resistant GSCs could explain tumor recurrence. Therefore, to effectively target GSCs, a comprehensive understanding of their biology and the survival and developing mechanisms during treatment is mandatory. This review provides an overview of the molecular features, microenvironment, detection, and targeting strategies of GSCs, an essential information required for an efficient therapy. Despite the outstanding results in oncology, researchers are still developing novel strategies, of which one could be targeting the GSCs present in the hypoxic regions and invasive edge of the glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mara Baez Rodriguez
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.B.R.); (V.C.); (L.G.T.)
| | - Georgiana-Adeline Staicu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (G.-A.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Ani-Simona Sevastre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Carina Baloi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (G.-A.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Vasile Ciubotaru
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.B.R.); (V.C.); (L.G.T.)
| | - Anica Dricu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (G.-A.S.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ligia Gabriela Tataranu
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.B.R.); (V.C.); (L.G.T.)
- Department 6—Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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Sarnella A, Ferrara Y, Auletta L, Albanese S, Cerchia L, Alterio V, De Simone G, Supuran CT, Zannetti A. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrases IX/XII by SLC-0111 boosts cisplatin effects in hampering head and neck squamous carcinoma cell growth and invasion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:122. [PMID: 35365193 PMCID: PMC8976345 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to the onset of many aspects of the cancer biology associated to the resistance to conventional therapies. Hypoxia is a common characteristic and negative prognostic factor in the head and neck squamous carcinomas (HNSCC) and is correlated with aggressive and invasive phenotype as well as with failure to chemo- and radio-therapies. The carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes IX and XII (CA IX/XII), regulators of extra and intracellular pH, are overexpressed in TME and are involved in adaptative changes occurring in cancer cells to survive at low O2. In this study, we aim to investigate in HNSCC cells and murine models the possibility to target CA IX/XII by the specific inhibitor SLC-0111 to potentiate the effects of cisplatin in hampering cell growth, migration and invasion. Furthermore, we analyzed the signal pathways cooperating in acquisition of a more aggressive phenotype including stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and apoptotic markers. Methods The effects of cisplatin, CA IX/XII specific inhibitor SLC-0111, and the combinatorial treatment were tested on proliferation, migration, invasion of HNSCC cells grown in 2D and 3D models. Main signal pathways and the expression of stemness, mesenchymal and apoptotic markers were analyzed by western blotting. Molecular imaging using NIR-Annexin V and NIR-Prosense was performed in HNSCC xenografts to detect tumor growth and metastatic spread. Results HNSCC cells grown in 2D and 3D models under hypoxic conditions showed increased levels of CA IX/XII and greater resistance to cisplatin than cells grown under normoxic conditions. The addition of CA IX/XII inhibitor SLC-0111 to cisplatin sensitized HNSCC cells to the chemotherapeutic agent and caused a reduction of proliferation, migration and invasiveness. Furthermore, the combination therapy hampered activation of STAT3, AKT, ERK, and EMT program, whereas it induced apoptosis. In HNSCC xenografts the treatment with cisplatin plus SLC-0111 caused an inhibition of tumor growth and an induction of apoptosis as well as a reduction of metastatic spread at a higher extent than single agents. Conclusion Our results highlight the ability of SLC-0111 to sensitize HNSCC to cisplatin by hindering hypoxia-induced signaling network that are shared among mechanisms involved in therapy resistance and metastasis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02345-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Sarnella
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging-CNR, Via T. De Amicis, 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Ylenia Ferrara
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging-CNR, Via T. De Amicis, 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Auletta
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging-CNR, Via T. De Amicis, 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Sandra Albanese
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging-CNR, Via T. De Amicis, 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Cerchia
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore", CNR, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Alterio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging-CNR, Via T. De Amicis, 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Simone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging-CNR, Via T. De Amicis, 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonella Zannetti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging-CNR, Via T. De Amicis, 95, 80145, Naples, Italy.
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118
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Seely KD, Morgan AD, Hagenstein LD, Florey GM, Small JM. Bacterial Involvement in Progression and Metastasis of Colorectal Neoplasia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1019. [PMID: 35205767 PMCID: PMC8870662 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While the gut microbiome is composed of numerous bacteria, specific bacteria within the gut may play a significant role in carcinogenesis, progression, and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Certain microbial species are known to be associated with specific cancers; however, the interrelationship between bacteria and metastasis is still enigmatic. Mounting evidence suggests that bacteria participate in cancer organotropism during solid tumor metastasis. A critical review of the literature was conducted to better characterize what is known about bacteria populating a distant site and whether a tumor depends upon the same microenvironment during or after metastasis. The processes of carcinogenesis, tumor growth and metastatic spread in the setting of bacterial infection were examined in detail. The literature was scrutinized to discover the role of the lymphatic and venous systems in tumor metastasis and how microbes affect these processes. Some bacteria have a potent ability to enhance epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a critical step in the metastatic cascade. Bacteria also can modify the microenvironment and the local immune profile at a metastatic site. Early targeted antibiotic therapy should be further investigated as a measure to prevent metastatic spread in the setting of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Seely
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA; (A.D.M.); (L.D.H.)
| | - Amanda D. Morgan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA; (A.D.M.); (L.D.H.)
| | - Lauren D. Hagenstein
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA; (A.D.M.); (L.D.H.)
| | - Garrett M. Florey
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO 80134, USA;
| | - James M. Small
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO 80134, USA;
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