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Suomela S, Elomaa O, Skoog T, Ala-aho R, Jeskanen L, Pärssinen J, Latonen L, Grénman R, Kere J, Kähäri VM, Saarialho-Kere U. CCHCR1 is up-regulated in skin cancer and associated with EGFR expression. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6030. [PMID: 19551138 PMCID: PMC2696036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite chronic inflammation, psoriatic lesions hardly ever progress to skin cancer. Aberrant function of the CCHCR1 gene (Coiled-Coil α-Helical Rod protein 1, HCR) within the PSORS1 locus may contribute to the onset of psoriasis. As CCHCR1 is expressed in certain cancers and regulates keratinocyte (KC) proliferation in a transgenic mouse model, we studied its relation to proliferation in cutaneous squamous cell cancer (SCC) cell lines by expression arrays and quantitative RT-PCR and in skin tumors by immunohistochemistry. CCHCR1 protein was detected in the pushing border of SCC and lining basal cell carcinoma islands. Different from psoriasis, Ki67 had a similar expression pattern as CCHCR1. The most intense CCHCR1 staining occurred in areas positive for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Expression of CCHCR1 mRNA was upregulated 30–80% in SCC lines when compared to normal KCs and correlated positively with Ki67 expression. The most aggressive and invasive tumor cell lines (RT3, FaDu) expressed CCHCR1 mRNA less than non-tumorigenic HaCaT cells. Moreover, the tumor promoters okadaic acid and menadione downregulated CCHCR1 mRNA. We conclude that both in psoriasis and the early stages of KC transformation, CCHCR1 may function as a negative regulator of proliferation, but beyond a certain point in oncogenesis cannot control this phenomenon any longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Suomela
- Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Elomaa
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Skoog
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at Novum, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Departments of Clinical Science and Education and Section of Dermatology, Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Söder Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Risto Ala-aho
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Leila Jeskanen
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenita Pärssinen
- Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Latonen
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reidar Grénman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at Novum, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ulpu Saarialho-Kere
- Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Departments of Clinical Science and Education and Section of Dermatology, Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Söder Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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102
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Schindler EM, Hindes A, Gribben EL, Burns CJ, Yin Y, Lin MH, Owen RJ, Longmore GD, Kissling GE, Arthur JSC, Efimova T. p38delta Mitogen-activated protein kinase is essential for skin tumor development in mice. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4648-55. [PMID: 19458068 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activating Ras mutations occur in a large portion of human tumors. Yet, the signaling pathways involved in Ras-induced tumor formation remain incompletely understood. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways are among the best studied Ras effector pathways. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase isoforms are important regulators of key biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, inflammation, senescence, and tumorigenesis. However, the specific in vivo contribution of individual p38 isoforms to skin tumor development has not been elucidated. Recent studies have shown that p38delta, a p38 family member, functions as an important regulator of epidermal keratinocyte differentiation and survival. In the present study, we have assessed the effect of p38delta deficiency on skin tumor development in vivo by subjecting p38delta knockout mice to a two-stage 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate chemical skin carcinogenesis protocol. We report that mice lacking p38delta gene exhibited a marked resistance to development of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced skin papillomas, with increased latency and greatly reduced incidence, multiplicity, and size of tumors compared with wild-type mice. Our data suggest that the underlying mechanism for reduced susceptibility to skin carcinogenesis in p38delta-null mice involves a defect in proliferative response associated with aberrant signaling through the two major transformation-promoting pathways: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-activator protein 1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. These findings strongly suggest an in vivo role for p38delta in promoting cell proliferation and tumor development in epidermis and may have therapeutic implication for skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Schindler
- Division of Dermatology and Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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103
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Kitatani K, Sheldon K, Anelli V, Jenkins RW, Sun Y, Grabowski GA, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. Acid beta-glucosidase 1 counteracts p38delta-dependent induction of interleukin-6: possible role for ceramide as an anti-inflammatory lipid. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:12979-88. [PMID: 19279008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809500200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by the phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) induces ceramide formation through the salvage pathway involving, in part, acid beta-glucosidase 1 (GBA1), which cleaves glucosylceramide to ceramide. Here, we examine the role of the GBA1-ceramide pathway, in regulating a pro-inflammatory pathway initiated by PKC and leading to activation of p38 and induction of interleukin 6 (IL-6). Inhibition of ceramide formation by fumonisin B1 or down-regulation of PKCdelta potentiated PMA-induced activation of p38 in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Similarly, knockdown of GBA1 by small interfering RNAs or pharmacological inhibition of GBA1 promoted further activation of p38 after PMA treatment, implicating the GBA1-ceramide pathway in the termination of p38 activation. Knockdown of GBA1 also evoked the hyperproduction of IL-6 in response to 4beta phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. On the other hand, increasing cellular ceramide with cell-permeable ceramide treatment resulted in attenuation of the IL-6 response. Importantly, silencing the delta isoform of the p38 family significantly attenuated the hyperproduction of IL-6. Reciprocally, p38delta overexpression induced IL-6 biosynthesis. Thus, the GBA1-ceramide pathway is suggested to play an important role in terminating p38delta activation responsible for IL-6 biosynthesis. Furthermore, the p38delta isoform was identified as a novel and predominant target of ceramide signaling as well as a regulator of IL-6 biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Kitatani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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104
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Estrada Y, Dong J, Ossowski L. Positive crosstalk between ERK and p38 in melanoma stimulates migration and in vivo proliferation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 22:66-76. [PMID: 18983537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most therapy-resistant cancers. Activating mutations in BRAF and NRAS are the source of extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway activation. We show that melanoma cell lines, originating in different metastatic sites, with BRAF or NRAS mutations, in addition to active mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)-ERK, also have highly activated stress activated protein kinase (SAPK)-p38. This is in direct contrast to carcinoma cells in which the activity of the two kinases appears to be mutually exclusive; high level of p38 activity inhibits, through a negative feedback, ERK activity and prevents tumorigenesis. Melanomas are insensitive to ERK inhibition by p38 and utilize p38-signaling pathway for migration and growth in vivo. We found a positive functional loop linking the high ERK activity to surface expression of alphaVbeta3-integrin. This integrin, by interacting with vitronectin, induces p38 activity and increases IL-8 production, enhancing cell migration. Because the negative loop from p38 to ERK is lost, the two kinases can remain simultaneously activated. Inhibition of ERK and p38 activities is more effective in blocking in vivo growth than inhibition of each kinase individually. Future therapies might have to consider targeting of both pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeriel Estrada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York, NY, USA
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105
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Multiple effects of acetaminophen and p38 inhibitors: towards pathway toxicology. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1276-82. [PMID: 18282474 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The majority of drug-related toxicities are idiosyncratic, with little pathophysiological insight and mechanistic understanding. Pathway toxicology is an emerging field of toxicology in the post-genomic era that studies the molecular interactions between toxicants and biological pathways as a way to bridge this knowledge gap. Using two case studies--acetaminophen and p38 MAPK inhibitors--this review illustrates how a pathway-based perspective has advanced our understanding of compound and target-based toxicities. The advancement of pathway toxicology will be dependent on integrated applications of techniques from basic sciences and a fundamental understanding of the interdependence of multiple biological pathways in living organisms.
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106
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Kivisaari AK, Kallajoki M, Mirtti T, McGrath JA, Bauer JW, Weber F, Königová R, Sawamura D, Sato-Matsumura KC, Shimizu H, Csikós M, Sinemus K, Beckert W, Kähäri VM. Transformation-specific matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-7 and MMP-13 are expressed by tumour cells in epidermolysis bullosa-associated squamous cell carcinomas. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158:778-85. [PMID: 18284387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) have an increased risk of developing rapidly progressive and metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). It is unclear why these SCC behave more aggressively than sporadic SCC. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a family of endopeptidases that contribute to growth, invasion and metastasis of SCC. The role of MMP in RDEB-associated SCC is not known. OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of MMP-7, MMP-13 and MMP-9 in RDEB-associated SCC in comparison with sporadic SCC and Bowen's disease. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis of 25 RDEB-associated SCC, 61 sporadic SCC and 28 sporadic lesions of Bowen's disease was carried out using monoclonal antibodies for MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-13 and E-cadherin and syndecan-1. RESULTS MMP-7 was detected in all RDEB-associated SCC, in tumour cells within the invasive edge, where E-cadherin and syndecan-1 were markedly diminished or absent. MMP-7 expression was also observed in 98% of sporadic SCC and in 68% of Bowen's diseases. MMP-7 staining was significantly stronger in RDEB-associated SCC than in sporadic SCC, and was most abundant in poorly differentiated tumours. MMP-13 was detected in tumour cells in 96% of RDEB-associated SCC and in all sporadic cutaneous SCC. MMP-9 was detected in the inflammatory cells in all SCC examined. CONCLUSIONS These results identify MMP-7 and MMP-13 as tumour cell-specific markers for SCC progression and as potential therapeutic targets in RDEB-associated SCC. The pattern of immunolabelling suggests that MMP-7 may shed E-cadherin and syndecan-1 from the SCC cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Kivisaari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
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107
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Junttila MR, Li S, Westermarck J. Phosphatase‐mediated crosstalk between MAPK signaling pathways in the regulation of cell survival. FASEB J 2007; 22:954-65. [PMID: 18039929 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7859rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Junttila
- Turku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Song‐Ping Li
- Institute of BiomedicineDepartment of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Helsinki, and National Public Health Institute (KTL)BiomedicumHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
- Institute of Medical TechnologyUniversity of Tampere and University Hospital of TampereTampereFinland
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108
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Leivonen SK, Kähäri VM. Transforming growth factor-β signaling in cancer invasion and metastasis. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2119-24. [PMID: 17849476 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family members are polypeptides with dual tumor suppressive and oncogenic effects. They signal through serine/threonine kinase receptor complexes, which phosphorylate cytoplasmic mediators, the Smads. Upon phosphorylation, Smads translocate to the nucleus and associate with transcriptional coactivators or corepressors, and regulate the transcriptional activation of various TGF-beta responsive genes. In addition, TGF-beta activates cellular mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, which crosstalk with Smad signaling and regulate growth, survival and motility of cells. During tumorigenesis, malignantly transformed cells often lose the response to the tumor suppressive effects of TGF-beta, which, in turn, starts to act as an autocrine tumor promoting factor by enhancing cancer invasion and metastasis. In this review, we summarize current view on the role of TGF-beta signaling in tumorigenesis, with emphasis on cancer invasion and metastasis. On the basis of these recent observations, we discuss new therapeutic strategies targeting TGF-beta signaling at distinct levels as a basis for inhibiting tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis.
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