101
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Atkins CM, Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Is temperature an important variable in recovery after mild traumatic brain injury? F1000Res 2017; 6:2031. [PMID: 29188026 PMCID: PMC5698917 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12025.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
With nearly 42 million mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) occurring worldwide every year, understanding the factors that may adversely influence recovery after mTBI is important for developing guidelines in mTBI management. Extensive clinical evidence exists documenting the detrimental effects of elevated temperature levels on recovery after moderate to severe TBI. However, whether elevated temperature alters recovery after mTBI or concussion is an active area of investigation. Individuals engaged in exercise and competitive sports regularly experience body and brain temperature increases to hyperthermic levels and these temperature increases are prolonged in hot and humid ambient environments. Thus, there is a strong potential for hyperthermia to alter recovery after mTBI in a subset of individuals at risk for mTBI. Preclinical mTBI studies have found that elevating brain temperature to 39°C before mTBI significantly increases neuronal death within the cortex and hippocampus and also worsens cognitive deficits. This review summarizes the pathology and behavioral problems of mTBI that are exacerbated by hyperthermia and discusses whether hyperthermia is a variable that should be considered after concussion and mTBI. Finally, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for hyperthermia-induced altered responses to mTBI and potential gender considerations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleen M Atkins
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Lois Pope LIFE Center, 1095 NW 14th Terrace (R-48), Miami, FL, 33136-1060, USA
| | - Helen M Bramlett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Lois Pope LIFE Center, 1095 NW 14th Terrace (R-48), Miami, FL, 33136-1060, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Lois Pope LIFE Center, 1095 NW 14th Terrace (R-48), Miami, FL, 33136-1060, USA
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102
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Hicks SD, Johnson J, Carney MC, Bramley H, Olympia RP, Loeffert AC, Thomas NJ. Overlapping MicroRNA Expression in Saliva and Cerebrospinal Fluid Accurately Identifies Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 35:64-72. [PMID: 28762893 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the accuracy and physiological relevance of circulating microRNA (miRNA) as a biomarker of pediatric concussion, we compared changes in salivary miRNA and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) miRNA concentrations after childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI). A case-cohort design was used to compare longitudinal miRNA concentrations in CSF of seven children with severe TBI against three controls without TBI. The miRNAs "altered" in CSF were interrogated in saliva of 60 children with mild TBI and compared with 18 age- and sex-matched controls. The miRNAs with parallel changes (Wilcoxon rank sum test) in CSF and saliva were interrogated for predictive accuracy of TBI status using a multivariate regression technique. Spearman rank correlation identified relationships between miRNAs of interest and clinical features. Functional analysis with DIANA mirPath identified related mRNA pathways. There were 214 miRNAs detected in CSF, and 135 (63%) were also present in saliva. Six miRNAs had parallel changes in both CSF and saliva (miR-182-5p, miR-221-3p, mir-26b-5p, miR-320c, miR-29c-3p, miR-30e-5p). These miRNAs demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.852 for identifying mild TBI status. Three of the miRNAs exhibited longitudinal trends in CSF and/or saliva after TBI, and all three targeted mRNAs related to neuronal development. Concentrations of miR-320c were directly correlated with child and parent reports of attention difficulty. Salivary miRNA represents an easily measured, physiologically relevant, and accurate potential biomarker for TBI. Further studies assessing the influence of orthopedic injury and exercise on peripheral miRNA patterns are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Hicks
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeremiah Johnson
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Molly C Carney
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Harry Bramley
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert P Olympia
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Emergency Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea C Loeffert
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Neal J Thomas
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
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103
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Wright KR, Mitchell B, Santanam N. Redox regulation of microRNAs in endometriosis-associated pain. Redox Biol 2017; 12:956-966. [PMID: 28499250 PMCID: PMC5429229 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic, painful condition with unknown etiology. A differential expression of microRNAs in the endometriotic tissues from women with endometriosis with pain compared to those without suggested a plausible role for miRNA or epigenetic mechanisms in the etiology of endometriotic pain. The peritoneal milieu is involved in maintenance of endometriotic lesion and nociception. We recently showed the mechanistic role for oxidized-lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) present in peritoneal fluid (PF) in endometriosis and pain. We explored the possibility of ox-LDLs modulating the expression of miRNAs in a manner similar to PF from women with endometriosis. Expression levels of miRNAs and their predicted nociceptive and inflammatory targets were determined in PF and ox-LDL treated human endometrial cell-lines. Samples from IRB-approved and consented patients with and without endometriosis or pain were used. These were compared to endometrial cell-lines treated with various forms of oxidized-lipoproteins. RNA (including miRNAs) were isolated from treated endometrial cells and expression levels were determined using commercial miRNome arrays. Cell lysates were used in immunoblotting for inflammatory proteins using a protein array. Twenty miRNAs including isoforms of miR-29, miR-181 and let-7 were mutually differentially expressed in cells treated with PF from endometriosis patients with pain and those treated with ox-LDL components. The ox-LDLs and endo-PF treatment also produced significant overexpression of microRNA predicted target genes nerve growth factor, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E synthase and overexpression of their downstream protein targets Mip1α and MCP1. This study showed similarities between miRNA regulation in PF from endometriotic women and ox-LDLs present in abundance in the PF of these women. Key miRNAs responsible for targeting nociceptive and inflammatory molecules were downregulated in the presence of ox-LDLs and endo-PF, thus playing a role in the etiology of endometriotic pain. These redox-sensitive miRNAs can be of potential use as targets in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristeena Ray Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Brenda Mitchell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Nalini Santanam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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104
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Di Pietro V, Ragusa M, Davies D, Su Z, Hazeldine J, Lazzarino G, Hill LJ, Crombie N, Foster M, Purrello M, Logan A, Belli A. MicroRNAs as Novel Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Mild and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:1948-1956. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Pietro
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Center, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Ragusa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - David Davies
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Center, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zhangjie Su
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Center, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Hazeldine
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Center, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lisa J. Hill
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Center, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Crombie
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Center, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- West Midlands Air Ambulance Trust, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Foster
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Center for Defense Medicine, Institute of Research and Development, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Purrello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Center, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Belli
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Center, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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105
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Kumar D, Manek R, Raghavan V, Wang KK. Protein Characterization of Extracellular Microvesicles/Exosomes Released from Cytotoxin-Challenged Rat Cerebrocortical Mixed Culture and Mouse N2a Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2112-2124. [PMID: 28283886 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A number of neuronal and glial proteins were previously found to be released in free-standing soluble form from cultured brain cells into cell-conditioned media. Here, we sought to examine if similar proteins are also contained in neural and astroglial cell-released extracellular microvesicles/exosomes (MV/E). In this study, MV/E were isolated from cell-conditioned media from control and cytotoxin-challenged rat cerebrocortical mixed culture (CTX) and mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells. Cytotoxin challenges included pro-necrosis calcium ionophore A23187, pro-apoptosis staurosporine (STS), and excitotoxin N-methyl-D-aspartate. Based on established nanoparticle characterization method (dynamic light scattering, NanoTracker, and transmission electron microscopy), we confirmed that these released vesicles are in fact characteristic representation of MV/E by morphology (lipid bilayered vesicles) and by particle size (132-142 nm for CTX and 49-77 nm for N2a cells). We indeed identified neural cell body protein UCH-L1, axonal injury marker αII-spectrin and its breakdown products (SBDPs), astroglial markers GFAP and its breakdown products (GFAP-BDP), dendritic protein BIII-tubulin, synaptic protein synaptophysin, and exosome marker Alix in microvesicles from CTX and/or N2a cells. Furthermore, SBDPs, GFAP-BDP, UCH-L1, and synaptophysin are especially dominant in MV/E isolated from cytotoxin-treated CTX cells. Similarly, SBDPs, βIII-tubulin, and UCH-L1 are more prominently observed in cytotoxin-challenged N2a cells. Lastly, when isolated MV/E from A23187- or STS-challenged N2a cells were introduced to healthy N2a culture, they are capable of evoking cytotoxicity in the latter. Taken together, our study identified that microvesicles/exosomes isolated form healthy and injured brain cells contain certain neural and astroglial proteins, as well as possibly other cytotoxic factors that are capable of propagating cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhwani Kumar
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,The Departments of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Rachna Manek
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. .,The Departments of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. .,The Departments Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Vijaya Raghavan
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,The Departments of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,Schizophrenia Research Foundation, R/7A, North Main Road, Anna Nagar West Extension, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600101, India
| | - Kevin K Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. .,The Departments of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. .,The Departments Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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106
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Martinez B, Peplow PV. MicroRNAs as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1749-1761. [PMID: 29239310 PMCID: PMC5745818 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.219025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by primary damage to the brain from the external mechanical force and by subsequent secondary injury due to various molecular and pathophysiological responses that eventually lead to neuronal cell death. Secondary brain injury events may occur minutes, hours, or even days after the trauma, and provide valuable therapeutic targets to prevent further neuronal degeneration. At the present time, there is no effective treatment for TBI due, in part, to the widespread impact of numerous complex secondary biochemical and pathophysiological events occurring at different time points following the initial injury. MicroRNAs control a range of physiological and pathological functions such as development, differentiation, apoptosis and metabolism, and may serve as potential targets for progress assessment and intervention against TBI to mitigate secondary damage to the brain. This has implications regarding improving the diagnostic accuracy of brain impairment and long-term outcomes as well as potential novel treatments. Recent human studies have identified specific microRNAs in serum/plasma (miR-425-p, -21, -93, -191 and -499) and cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) (miR-328, -362-3p, -451, -486a) as possible indicators of the diagnosis, severity, and prognosis of TBI. Experimental animal studies have examined specific microRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for moderate and mild TBI (e.g., miR-21, miR-23b). MicroRNA profiling was altered by voluntary exercise. Differences in basal microRNA expression in the brain of adult and aged animals and alterations in response to TBI (e.g., miR-21) have also been reported. Further large-scale studies with TBI patients are needed to provide more information on the changes in microRNA profiles in different age groups (children, adults, and elderly).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Martinez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Philip V Peplow
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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