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Strohmeier GA, Pichler H, May O, Gruber-Khadjawi M. Application of Designed Enzymes in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4141-64. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100386u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot A. Strohmeier
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver May
- DSM—Innovative Synthesis BV, Geleen, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
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102
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Leisch H, Morley K, Lau PCK. Baeyer−Villiger Monooxygenases: More Than Just Green Chemistry. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4165-222. [DOI: 10.1021/cr1003437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Leisch
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Krista Morley
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Peter C. K. Lau
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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103
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Moore KW, Pechen A, Feng XJ, Dominy J, Beltrani VJ, Rabitz H. Why is chemical synthesis and property optimization easier than expected? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:10048-70. [PMID: 21483988 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20353c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Identifying optimal conditions for chemical and material synthesis as well as optimizing the properties of the products is often much easier than simple reasoning would predict. The potential search space is infinite in principle and enormous in practice, yet optimal molecules, materials, and synthesis conditions for many objectives can often be found by performing a reasonable number of distinct experiments. Considering the goal of chemical synthesis or property identification as optimal control problems provides insight into this good fortune. Both of these goals may be described by a fitness function J that depends on a suitable set of variables (e.g., reactant concentrations, components of a material, processing conditions, etc.). The relationship between J and the variables specifies the fitness landscape for the target objective. Upon making simple physical assumptions, this work demonstrates that the fitness landscape for chemical optimization contains no local sub-optimal maxima that may hinder attainment of the absolute best value of J. This feature provides a basis to explain the many reported efficient optimizations of synthesis conditions and molecular or material properties. We refer to this development as OptiChem theory. The predicted characteristics of chemical fitness landscapes are assessed through a broad examination of the recent literature, which shows ample evidence of trap-free landscapes for many objectives. The fundamental and practical implications of OptiChem theory for chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine W Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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104
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de Gonzalo G, Mihovilovic MD, Fraaije MW. Recent developments in the application of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases as biocatalysts. Chembiochem 2011; 11:2208-31. [PMID: 20936617 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) represent a specific class of monooxygenases that are capable of catalyzing a variety of oxidation reactions, including Baeyer-Villiger oxidations. The recently elucidated BVMO crystal structures have provided a more detailed insight into the complex mechanism of these flavin-containing enzymes. Biocatalytic studies on a number of newly discovered BVMOs have shown that they are very potent oxidative biocatalysts. In addition to catalyzing the regio- and enantioselective Baeyer-Villiger oxidations of a wide range of carbonylic compounds, epoxidations, and enantioselective sulfoxidations have also been shown to be part of their catalytic repertoire. This review provides an overview on the recent developments in BVMO-mediated biocatalytic processes, identification of the catalytic role of these enzymes in metabolic routes and prodrug activation, as well as the efforts in developing effective biocatalytic methodologies to apply BVMOs for the synthesis of high added value compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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105
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Moore KW, Pechen A, Feng XJ, Dominy J, Beltrani V, Rabitz H. Universal characteristics of chemical synthesis and property optimization. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00425a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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106
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Jäckel C, Hilvert D. Biocatalysts by evolution. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 21:753-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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107
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Bommarius AS, Blum JK, Abrahamson MJ. Status of protein engineering for biocatalysts: how to design an industrially useful biocatalyst. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 15:194-200. [PMID: 21115265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of both experimental and computational protein engineering tools have enabled a number of further successes in the development of biocatalysts ready for large-scale applications. Key tools are first, the targeting of libraries, leading to far smaller but more useful libraries than in the past, second, the combination of structural, mechanistic, and sequence-based knowledge often based on prior successful cases, and third, the advent of structurally based algorithms allowing the design of novel functions. Based on these tools, a number of improved biocatalysts for pharmaceutical applications have been presented, such as an (R)-transaminase for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) of sitagliptin (Januvia®) and ketoreductases, glucose dehydrogenases, and haloalkane dehalogenases for the API synthesis toward atorvastatin (Lipitor®) and montelukast (Singulair®).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA.
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108
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Opperman DJ, Reetz MT. Towards Practical Baeyer-Villiger-Monooxygenases: Design of Cyclohexanone Monooxygenase Mutants with Enhanced Oxidative Stability. Chembiochem 2010; 11:2589-96. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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109
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Reetz MT. Gerichtete Evolution stereoselektiver Enzyme: Eine ergiebige Katalysator‐Quelle für asymmetrische Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred T. Reetz
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Deutschland), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2985 http://www.mpi‐muelheim.mpg.de/mpikofo_home.html
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110
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Reetz MT. Laboratory Evolution of Stereoselective Enzymes: A Prolific Source of Catalysts for Asymmetric Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:138-74. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred T. Reetz
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany), Fax: (+49) 208‐306‐2985 http://www.mpi‐muelheim.mpg.de/mpikofo_home.html
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111
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Induced allostery in the directed evolution of an enantioselective Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:2775-80. [PMID: 20133612 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911656107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of allosteric effects, known to be caused by an effector docking to an enzyme at a site distal from the binding pocket, has been studied recently by applying directed evolution. Here, we utilize laboratory evolution in a different way, namely to induce allostery by introducing appropriate distal mutations that cause domain movements with concomitant reshaping of the binding pocket in the absence of an effector. To test this concept, the thermostable Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase, phenylacetone monooxygenase (PAMO), was chosen as the enzyme to be employed in asymmetric Baeyer-Villiger reactions of substrates that are not accepted by the wild type. By using the known X-ray structure of PAMO, a decision was made regarding an appropriate site at which saturation mutagenesis is most likely to generate mutants capable of inducing allostery without any effector compound being present. After screening only 400 transformants, a double mutant was discovered that catalyzes the asymmetric oxidative kinetic resolution of a set of structurally different 2-substituted cyclohexanone derivatives as well as the desymmetrization of three different 4-substituted cyclohexanones, all with high enantioselectivity. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and covariance maps unveiled the origin of increased substrate scope as being due to allostery. Large domain movements occur that expose and reshape the binding pocket. This type of focused library production, aimed at inducing significant allosteric effects, is a viable alternative to traditional approaches to "designed" directed evolution that address the binding site directly.
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112
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Lau PCK, Leisch H, Yachnin BJ, Mirza IA, Berghuis AM, Iwaki H, Hasegawa Y. Sustained Development in Baeyer-Villiger Biooxidation Technology. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2010-1043.ch024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. K. Lau
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology and ORDIST, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Hannes Leisch
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology and ORDIST, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Brahm J. Yachnin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology and ORDIST, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - I. Ahmad Mirza
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology and ORDIST, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Albert M. Berghuis
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology and ORDIST, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwaki
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology and ORDIST, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yoshie Hasegawa
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology and ORDIST, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
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113
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Reetz MT, Wu S. Laboratory Evolution of Robust and Enantioselective Baeyer−Villiger Monooxygenases for Asymmetric Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:15424-32. [PMID: 19807086 DOI: 10.1021/ja906212k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred T. Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sheng Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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114
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Reetz MT, Bocola M, Wang LW, Sanchis J, Cronin A, Arand M, Zou J, Archelas A, Bottalla AL, Naworyta A, Mowbray SL. Directed evolution of an enantioselective epoxide hydrolase: uncovering the source of enantioselectivity at each evolutionary stage. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7334-43. [PMID: 19469578 DOI: 10.1021/ja809673d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Directed evolution of enzymes as enantioselective catalysts in organic chemistry is an alternative to traditional asymmetric catalysis using chiral transition-metal complexes or organocatalysts, the different approaches often being complementary. Moreover, directed evolution studies allow us to learn more about how enzymes perform mechanistically. The present study concerns a previously evolved highly enantioselective mutant of the epoxide hydrolase from Aspergillus niger in the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of racemic glycidyl phenyl ether. Kinetic data, molecular dynamics calculations, molecular modeling, inhibition experiments, and X-ray structural work for the wild-type (WT) enzyme and the best mutant reveal the basis of the large increase in enantioselectivity (E = 4.6 versus E = 115). The overall structures of the WT and the mutant are essentially identical, but dramatic differences are observed in the active site as revealed by the X-ray structures. All of the experimental and computational results support a model in which productive positioning of the preferred (S)-glycidyl phenyl ether, but not the (R)-enantiomer, forms the basis of enhanced enantioselectivity. Predictions regarding substrate scope and enantioselectivity of the best mutant are shown to be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred T Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mulheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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115
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116
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Rodríguez C, Gonzalo GD, Torres Pazmiño DE, Fraaije MW, Gotor V. Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemic α-alkyl benzyl ketones: enzymatic synthesis of α-alkyl benzylketones and α-alkyl benzylesters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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117
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118
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Reetz MT, Kahakeaw D, Sanchis J. Shedding light on the efficacy of laboratory evolution based on iterative saturation mutagenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 5:115-22. [DOI: 10.1039/b814862g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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