101
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Wollina U, Pabst F, Krönert C, Schorcht J, Haroske G, Klemm E, Kittner T. High-risk basal cell carcinoma: an update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.10.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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102
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Manetti F, Taddei M, Petricci E. Structure–Activity Relationships and Mechanism of Action of Small Molecule Smoothened Modulators Discovered by High-Throughput Screening and Rational Design. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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103
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Hamada S, Masamune A, Shimosegawa T. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting tumor-stromal interactions in pancreatic cancer. Front Physiol 2013; 4:331. [PMID: 24273517 PMCID: PMC3822297 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy-resistance and postoperative recurrence are causes of the poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Conventional therapies have a limited impact on the control of pancreatic cancer, resulting in the rapid re-growth of the tumor. The indispensable role of tumor-stromal interaction, which acts as a defender of cancer cells and enhances malignant potential, is being uncovered now. For example, specific signaling pathways for desmoplasia induction have been identified, such as sonic hedgehog (Shh) or connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), whose inhibition causes desmoplasia depletion and therapeutic advantages at least in in vivo mouse models of pancreatic cancer. Revolutions in drug delivery methods have led to the establishment of novel chemotherapeutic regimens, with better patient survival. Furthermore, mechanisms of immunosuppression in the pancreatic cancer-bearing host were clarified by the identification of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which also promote disease progression. Strategies to target these components of the tumor stroma revealed certain anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the possibility of stroma-targeting therapy. Suppression of the stromal cell function increases the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to therapeutic intervention. Further study will clarify the complex nature of the tumor microenvironment, the targeting of which has the potential to improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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104
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A gene signature based method for identifying subtypes and subtype-specific drivers in cancer with an application to medulloblastoma. BMC Bioinformatics 2013; 14 Suppl 18:S1. [PMID: 24564171 PMCID: PMC3820164 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-14-s18-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subtypes are widely found in cancer. They are characterized with different behaviors in clinical and molecular profiles, such as survival rates, gene signature and copy number aberrations (CNAs). While cancer is generally believed to have been caused by genetic aberrations, the number of such events is tremendous in the cancer tissue and only a small subset of them may be tumorigenic. On the other hand, gene expression signature of a subtype represents residuals of the subtype-specific cancer mechanisms. Using high-throughput data to link these factors to define subtype boundaries and identify subtype-specific drivers, is a promising yet largely unexplored topic. RESULTS We report a systematic method to automate the identification of cancer subtypes and candidate drivers. Specifically, we propose an iterative algorithm that alternates between gene expression clustering and gene signature selection. We applied the method to datasets of the pediatric cerebellar tumor medulloblastoma (MB). The subtyping algorithm consistently converges on multiple datasets of medulloblastoma, and the converged signatures and copy number landscapes are also found to be highly reproducible across the datasets. Based on the identified subtypes, we developed a PCA-based approach for subtype-specific identification of cancer drivers. The top-ranked driver candidates are found to be enriched with known pathways in certain subtypes of MB. This might reveal new understandings for these subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that subtype-signature defines the subtype boundaries, characterizes the subtype-specific processes and can be used to prioritize signature-related drivers.
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105
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Narayan R, Bauer JO, Strohmann C, Antonchick AP, Waldmann H. Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Tropanes Reveals Novel Inhibitors of Hedgehog Signaling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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106
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Narayan R, Bauer JO, Strohmann C, Antonchick AP, Waldmann H. Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of functionalized tropanes reveals novel inhibitors of hedgehog signaling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12892-6. [PMID: 24151037 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dipolar cycloaddition: A highly efficient copper(I)-catalyzed enantioselective [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of 1,3-fused cyclic azomethine ylides and nitroalkenes has been developed. This method provides access to functionalized tropane scaffolds with several quaternary and tertiary stereocenters in a single step under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh Narayan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund (Germany)
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107
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Takayama H, Jia ZJ, Kremer L, Bauer JO, Strohmann C, Ziegler S, Antonchick AP, Waldmann H. Discovery of inhibitors of the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways through the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of an iridoid-inspired compound collection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12404-8. [PMID: 24115579 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cousins you can count on: An iridoid-inspired compound collection was synthesized efficiently by the resolution of cyclic enones in an asymmetric cycloaddition with azomethine ylides. The collection contained novel potent inhibitors of the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takayama
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund (Germany)
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108
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Takayama H, Jia ZJ, Kremer L, Bauer JO, Strohmann C, Ziegler S, Antonchick AP, Waldmann H. Discovery of Inhibitors of the Wnt and Hedgehog Signaling Pathways through the Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of an Iridoid-Inspired Compound Collection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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109
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Targeted therapy for orbital and periocular basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 29:87-92. [PMID: 23446297 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0b013e3182831bf3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the literature on targeted therapy for orbital and periocular basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and provide examples of patients recently treated with such therapy. METHODS The authors reviewed the literature on clinical results of targeted therapy and the molecular basis for targeted therapy in orbital and periocular BCC and cutaneous SCC. The authors also present representative cases from their practice. RESULTS Mutation in the patched 1 gene (PTCH1) has been implicated in BCC, and overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been shown in SCC. Vismodegib, an inhibitor of smoothened, which is activated upon binding of hedgehog to Ptc, has been shown to significantly decrease BCC tumor size or even produce complete resolution, especially in cases of basal cell nevus syndrome. Similarly, EGFR inhibitors have been shown to significantly decrease SCC tumor size in cases of locally advanced and metastatic disease. The authors describe successful outcomes after vismodegib treatment in a patient with basal cell nevus syndrome with numerous bulky lesions of the eyelid and periocular region and erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor) treatment in a patient with SCC who was deemed not to be a good surgical candidate because of advanced SCC of the orbit with metastasis to the regional lymph nodes, advanced age, and multiple medical comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS Targeted therapy using hedgehog pathway and EGFR inhibitors shows significant promise in treatment of orbital and periocular BCC and cutaneous SCC, respectively. Such targeted therapy may be appropriate for patients who are not good candidates for surgery.
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110
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Merchant JL, Saqui-Salces M. Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling in the gastrointestinal tract: targeting the cancer microenvironment. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 40:12-21. [PMID: 24007940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes emerging information regarding the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway during neoplastic transformation in the gastrointestinal tract. Although there is a role for the well-established canonical pathway in which Hedgehog ligands interact with their receptor Patched, there is sufficient evidence that downstream components of the Hh pathway, e.g., Gli1, are hijacked by non-Hh signaling pathways to promote the conversion of the epithelium to dysplasia and carcinoma. We review the canonical pathway and involvement of primary cilia, and then focus on current evidence for Hh signaling in luminal bowel cancers as well as accessory organs, i.e., liver, pancreas and biliary ducts. We conclude that targeting the Hh pathway with small molecules, nutriceuticals and other mechanisms will likely require a combination of inhibitors that target Gli transcription factors in addition to canonical modulators such as Smoothened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita L Merchant
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, United States.
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111
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Transplantation of MSCs transfected with SHH gene ameliorates cardiac dysfunction after chronic myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:4997-9. [PMID: 23915524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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112
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Hirata-Tominaga K, Nakamura T, Okumura N, Kawasaki S, Kay EP, Barrandon Y, Koizumi N, Kinoshita S. Corneal Endothelial Cell Fate Is Maintained by LGR5 Through the Regulation of Hedgehog and Wnt Pathway. Stem Cells 2013; 31:1396-407. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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113
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Gonnissen A, Isebaert S, Haustermans K. Hedgehog signaling in prostate cancer and its therapeutic implication. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13979-4007. [PMID: 23880852 PMCID: PMC3742228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is implicated in the development and progression of several tumor types, including prostate cancer, which is still the most common non-skin malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men in industrialized countries worldwide. Several studies have indicated that the Hh pathway plays a crucial role in the development as well as in the progression of this disease to more aggressive and even therapy-resistant disease states. Moreover, preclinical data have shown that inhibition of Hh signaling has the potential to reduce prostate cancer invasiveness and metastatic potential. Clinical trials investigating the benefit of Hh inhibitors in patients with prostate cancer have recently been initiated. However, acquired drug resistance has already been observed in other tumor types after long-term Hh inhibition. Therefore, combining Hh inhibitors with ionizing radiation, chemotherapy or other molecular targeted agents could represent an alternative therapeutic strategy. In this review, we will highlight the role of Hh signaling in the development and progression of prostate cancer and summarize the different therapeutic applications of Hedgehog inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Gonnissen
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, & Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin malignancy worldwide. Ultraviolet light exposure is the best known exogenous factor in BCC development. This is also the target for primary prevention. Advanced BCC include locally advanced tumors and metastatic tumors. Prognosis is worse compared to stage I and II BCCs. Mohs or micrographically controlled surgery is the gold standard of treatment. In patients with tumors that cannot be completely removed radiotherapy was the only alternative in the past. More recently new drugs for targeted therapy of signaling pathways like sonic hedgehog or epidermal growth factor receptor became available. More small molecules are under investigation. Since the complete response rates are limited, future research has to evaluate their combination with surgery.
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115
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Sun K, Deng HJ, Lei ST, Dong JQ, Li GX. miRNA-338-3p suppresses cell growth of human colorectal carcinoma by targeting smoothened. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:2197-2207. [PMID: 23599646 PMCID: PMC3627884 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i14.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the regulative effect of miRNA-338-3p (miR-338-3p) on cell growth in colorectal carcinoma (CRC).
METHODS: The lentiviral vector pLV-THM-miR-338-3p and pLV-THM-miR-338-3p-inhibitor were constructed. The recombinant viral vector encoding the pre-miR-338-3p or miR-338-3p-inhibitor and the two packaging plasmids psPAX2 and pMD2.G were cotransfected into human embryonic kidney 293T cells to package lentivirus. The supernatant containing the lentivirus particles was harvested to determine the viral titer, and this supernatant was then used to transduce CRC-derived cell line, SW-620. Flow cytometry was utilized for sorting the green fluorescent protein (GFP)+ cells to establish the SW-620 cell line stably expressing pre-miR-338-3p or miR-338-3p-inhibitor. Moreover, the expression of miR-338-3p was determined by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting was used to detect the expression of the smoothened (SMO, the possible target of miR-338-3p) protein in SW-620 cells. Furthermore, the status of CRC cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2 thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay and flow cytometry, respectively.
RESULTS: Restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing demonstrated that the lentiviral vector pLV-THM-miR-338-3p and pLV-THM-miR-338-3p-inhibitor were constructed successfully. GFP was expressed after the SW-620 cells were transduced by the lentivirus. Expression of miR-338-3p in SW-620 cells transduced with the lentivirus pLV-THM-miR-338-3p was significantly increased (relative expression 3.91 ± 0.51 vs 2.36 ± 0.44, P < 0.01). Furthermore, overexpression of miR-338-3p inhibited the expression of SMO protein in SW-620 cells, which showed obviously suppressed proliferation ability [cellular proliferation inhibition rate (CPIR) 61.9% ± 5.2% vs 41.6% ± 4.8%, P < 0.01]. Expression of miR-338-3p in SW-620 cells transduced with the lentivirus pLV-THM-miR-338-3p-inhibitor was significantly decreased (relative expression 0.92 ± 0.29 vs 2.36 ± 0.44, P < 0.01). Moreover, the downregulated expression of miR-338-3p caused upregulated expression of the SMO protein in SW-620 cells, which showed significantly enhanced proliferation ability (CPIR 19.2% ± 3.8% vs 41.6% ± 4.8%, P < 0.01). However, anti-SMO-siRNA largely, but not completely, reversed the effects induced by blockage of miR-338-3p, suggesting that the regulative effect of miR-338-3p on CRC cell growth was indeed mediated by SMO.
CONCLUSION: miR-338-3p could suppress CRC growth by inhibiting SMO protein expression.
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116
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Li H, Lui N, Cheng T, Tseng HHK, Yue D, Giroux-Leprieur E, Do HT, Sheng Q, Jin JQ, Luh TW, Jablons DM, He B. Gli as a novel therapeutic target in malignant pleural mesothelioma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57346. [PMID: 23483902 PMCID: PMC3590216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly aggressive tumor with poor prognosis. Current treatment is rarely curative, thus novel meaningful therapies are urgently needed. Inhibition of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling at the cell membrane level in several cancers has shown anti-cancer activity in recent clinical studies. Evidence of Hh-independent Gli activation suggests Gli as a more potent therapeutic target. The current study is aimed to evaluate the potential of Gli as a therapeutic target to treat MPM. The expression profiles of Gli factors and other Hh signaling components were characterized in 46 MPM patient tissue samples by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Cultured cell lines were employed to investigate the requirement of Gli activation in tumor cell growth by inhibiting Gli through siRNA or a novel small molecule Gli inhibitor (Gli-I). A xenograft model was used to evaluate Gli-I in vivo. In addition, a side by side comparison between Gli and Smoothened (Smo) inhibition was conducted in vitro using siRNA and small molecule inhibitors. Our study reported aberrant Gli1 and Gli2 activation in a large majority of tissues. Inhibition of Gli by siRNAs or Gli-I suppressed cell growth dramatically both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of Gli exhibited better cytotoxicity than that of Smo by siRNA and small molecule inhibitors vismodegib and cyclopamine. Combination of Gli-I and pemetrexed, as well as Gli-I and vismodegib demonstrated synergistic effects in suppression of MPM proliferation in vitro. In summary, Gli activation plays a critical role in MPM. Inhibition of Gli function holds strong potential to become a novel, clinically effective approach to treat MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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117
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Pathways to breast cancer recurrence. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:290568. [PMID: 23533807 PMCID: PMC3603357 DOI: 10.1155/2013/290568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a deadly disease, even with all the recent technological advancements. Early intervention has made an impact, but an overwhelmingly large number of breast cancer patients still live under the fear of “recurrent” disease. Breast cancer recurrence is clinically a huge problem and one that is largely not well understood. Over the years, a number of factors have been studied with an overarching aim of being able to prognose recurrent disease. This paper attempts to provide an overview of our current knowledge of breast cancer recurrence and its associated challenges. Through a survey of the literature on cancer stem cells (CSCs), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), various signaling pathways such as Notch/Wnt/hedgehog, and microRNAs (miRNAs), we also examine the hypotheses that are currently under investigation for the prevention of breast cancer recurrence.
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118
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Lu FL, Yu CC, Chiu HH, Liu HE, Chen SY, Lin S, Goh TY, Hsu HC, Chien CH, Wu HC, Chen MS, Schuyler SC, Hsieh WS, Wu MH, Lu J. Sonic hedgehog antagonists induce cell death in acute myeloid leukemia cells with the presence of lipopolysaccharides, tumor necrosis factor-α, or interferons. Invest New Drugs 2012; 31:823-32. [PMID: 23238608 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the development of drug resistance, the outcome for the majority of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (acute myelogenous leukemia; AML) remains poor. To prevent drug resistance and increase the therapeutic efficacy of treating AML, the development of new combinatory drug therapies is necessary. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in AML biopsies and is essential for the drug resistance of cancer stem cells of AML. AML patients are frequently infected by bacteria and exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS itself, its derivatives, and its downstream effectors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferons (IFNs), have been shown to provoke anti-tumor effects. The application of a Shh inhibitor against AML cells in the presence of LPS/TNF-α/IFNs has not been investigated. We found that the Shh inhibitor cyclopamine in combination with LPS treatment synergistically induced massive cell apoptosis in THP-1 and U937 cells. The cytotoxic effects of this combined drug treatment were confirmed in 5 additional AML cell lines, in primary AML cells, and in an AML mouse model. Replacing cyclopamine with another Shh inhibitor, Sant-1, had the same effect. LPS could be substituted by TNF-α or IFNs to induce AML cell death in combination with cyclopamine. Our results suggest a potential strategy for the development of new therapies employing Shh antagonists in the presence of LPS/TNF-α/IFNs for the treatment of AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Leigh Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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119
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Dockendorff C, Nagiec MM, Weïwer M, Buhrlage S, Ting A, Nag PP, Germain A, Kim HJ, Youngsaye W, Scherer C, Bennion M, Xue L, Stanton BZ, Lewis TA, MacPherson L, Palmer M, Foley MA, Perez JR, Schreiber SL. Macrocyclic Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors: Optimization of Cellular Activity and Mode of Action Studies. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:808-813. [PMID: 23074541 PMCID: PMC3469069 DOI: 10.1021/ml300172p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Macrocyclic Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitors have been
discovered
with improved potency and maximal inhibition relative to the previously
reported macrocycle robotnikinin. Analogues were prepared using a
modular and efficient build-couple-pair (BCP) approach, with a ring-closing
metathesis step to form the macrocyclic ring. Varying the position
of the macrocycle nitrogen and oxygen atoms provided inhibitors with
improved activity in cellular assays; the most potent analogue was 29 (BRD-6851), with an IC50 of 0.4 μM against
C3H10T1/2 cells undergoing Hh-induced activation, as measured by Gli1 transcription and alkaline phosphatase induction. Studies
with Patched knockout (Ptch–/–) cells and competition studies with the Smoothened (Smo) agonists
SAG and purmorphamine demonstrate that in contrast to robotnikinin,
select analogues are Smo antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Dockendorff
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Marek M. Nagiec
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michel Weïwer
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sara Buhrlage
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Amal Ting
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Partha P. Nag
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew Germain
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Willmen Youngsaye
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christina Scherer
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Melissa Bennion
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Linlong Xue
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Benjamin Z. Stanton
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Timothy A. Lewis
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lawrence MacPherson
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michelle Palmer
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael A. Foley
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - José R. Perez
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Cho ES, Lim SS, Hwang JW, Lee JC. Constitutive activation of smoothened leads to impaired developments of postnatal bone in mice. Mol Cells 2012; 34:399-405. [PMID: 22983747 PMCID: PMC3887766 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling regulates patterning, proliferation, and stem cell self-renewal in many organs. Smoothened (Smo) plays a key role in transducing Shh signaling into the nucleus by activating a glioma family of transcription factors; however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the role of sustained Smo activation in postnatal development are still unclear. In this study, we explored the effects of Shh signaling on bone development using a conditional knock-in mouse model that expresses a constitutively activated form of Smo (SmoM2) upon osteocalcin (OCN)-Cre-mediated recombination (SmoM2; OCN-Cre mice). We also evaluated the expression pattern of bone formation-related factors in primary calvarial cultures of mutant and control mice. The SmoM2; OCN-Cre mutant showed growth retardation and reduction of bone mineral density compared to control mice. Constitutively activated SmoM2 also repressed mRNA expression of Runx2, osterix, type I collagen, and osteocalcin. Further, sustained SmoM2 induction suppressed mineralization in calvarial primary osteoblasts cultures, whereas such induction did not affect cell proliferation in the mutant cultures as compared with SmoM2 only control cultures. These results suggest that sustained Smo activation inhibits postnatal development of bone by suppressing gene expression of bone formation regulatory factors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Sic Cho
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences and Brain Korea 21 Program, Chonbuk National University,Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
| | - Shin-Saeng Lim
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences and Brain Korea 21 Program, Chonbuk National University,Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
| | - Jae-Won Hwang
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences and Brain Korea 21 Program, Chonbuk National University,Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
| | - Jeong-Chae Lee
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences and Brain Korea 21 Program, Chonbuk National University,Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
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121
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El-Zaatari M, Daignault S, Tessier A, Kelsey G, Travnikar LA, Cantu EF, Lee J, Plonka CM, Simeone DM, Anderson MA, Merchant JL. Plasma Shh levels reduced in pancreatic cancer patients. Pancreas 2012; 41:1019-28. [PMID: 22513293 PMCID: PMC3404255 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e31824a0eeb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Normally, sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in the pancreas during fetal development and transiently after tissue injury. Although pancreatic cancers express Shh, it is not known if the protein is secreted into the blood and whether its plasma levels change with pancreatic transformation. The goal of this study was to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect human Shh in blood and determine its levels in subjects with and without pancreatic cancer. METHODS A human Shh enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed, and plasma Shh levels were measured in blood samples from healthy subjects and patients with pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. The biological activity of plasma Shh was tested using NIH-3T3 cells. RESULTS The mean levels of Shh in human blood were lower in patients with pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer than in healthy subjects. Hematopoietic cells did not express Shh, suggesting that Shh is secreted into the bloodstream. Plasma fractions enriched with Shh did not induce Gli-1 messenger RNA, suggesting that the protein was not biologically active. CONCLUSIONS Shh is secreted from tissues and organs into the circulation, but its activity is blocked by plasma proteins. Reduced plasma levels were found in pancreatic cancer patients, but alone were not sufficient to predict pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El-Zaatari
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Art Tessier
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Gail Kelsey
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lisa A. Travnikar
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Esperanza F. Cantu
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jamie Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Caitlyn M. Plonka
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Michelle A. Anderson
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Correspondence: Juanita L. Merchant, M.D., Ph.D., 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB, Rm. 2051, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, Phone: (734) 647-2944, Fax: (734) 736-4686,
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122
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Wang J, Mook RA, Lu J, Gooden DM, Ribeiro A, Guo A, Barak LS, Lyerly HK, Chen W. Identification of a novel Smoothened antagonist that potently suppresses Hedgehog signaling. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6751-7. [PMID: 23063522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signaling pathway plays an essential role in embryo development and adult tissue homeostasis, in regulating stem cells and is abnormally activated in many cancers. Given the importance of this signaling pathway, we developed a novel and versatile high-throughput, cell-based screening platform using confocal imaging, based on the role of β-arrestin in Hedgehog signal transduction, that can identify agonists or antagonist of the pathway by a simple change to the screening protocol. Here we report the use of this assay in the antagonist mode to identify novel antagonists of Smoothened, including a compound (A8) with low nanomolar activity against wild-type Smo also capable of binding the Smo point mutant D473H associated with clinical resistance in medulloblastoma. Our data validate this novel screening approach in the further development of A8 and related congeners to treat Hedgehog related diseases, including the treatment of basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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123
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Mozzetti S, Martinelli E, Raspaglio G, Prislei S, De Donato M, Filippetti F, Shahabi S, Scambia G, Ferlini C. Gli family transcription factors are drivers of patupilone resistance in ovarian cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1409-18. [PMID: 22964220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epothilones constitute a novel class of antitubulin agents that are active in patients who relapse after treatment with other chemotherapeutics. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms leading to the onset of epothilone-B (patupilone) resistance in ovarian cancer. Results demonstrated that the Gli family of transcription factors was overexpressed in resistant cells and that treatment with a specific Gli1 inhibitor (GANT58) made cells more susceptible to treatment, partially reversing drug resistance. We also demonstrated that Gli1 knockdown halted growth in resistant cells that were exposed to patupilone, confirming that Gli1 is capable of directly mediating epothilone-B resistance. Another observation from our research was that patupilone-resistant cells produced HGF and acquired characteristics of a mesenchymal phenotype. However, HGF silencing alone was not capable of converting the drug-resistant phenotype to a susceptible one, and in this case we demonstrated that Gli1 overexpression led to an increase in HGF, establishing a functional link between Gli1 and HGF. These results demonstrated that Gli1 played a key role in driving resistance to patupilone, suggesting that the combination of epothilones and Gli1-targeted agents could be exploited to improve outcomes in ovarian cancer patients resistant to standard treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mozzetti
- Laboratory of Antineoplastic Pharmacology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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124
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Discovery of novel hedgehog antagonists from cell-based screening: Isosteric modification of p38 bisamides as potent inhibitors of SMO. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4907-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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125
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Rodriguez-Blanco J, Schilling NS, Tokhunts R, Giambelli C, Long J, Liang Fei D, Singh S, Black KE, Wang Z, Galimberti F, Bejarano PA, Elliot S, Glassberg MK, Nguyen DM, Lockwood WW, Lam WL, Dmitrovsky E, Capobianco AJ, Robbins DJ. The hedgehog processing pathway is required for NSCLC growth and survival. Oncogene 2012; 32:2335-45. [PMID: 22733134 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Considerable interest has been generated from the results of recent clinical trials using smoothened (SMO) antagonists to inhibit the growth of hedgehog (HH) signaling-dependent tumors. This interest is tempered by the discovery of SMO mutations mediating resistance, underscoring the rationale for developing therapeutic strategies that interrupt HH signaling at levels distinct from those inhibiting SMO function. Here, we demonstrate that HH-dependent non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) growth is sensitive to blockade of the HH pathway upstream of SMO, at the level of HH ligand processing. Individually, the use of different lentivirally delivered shRNA constructs targeting two functionally distinct HH-processing proteins, skinny hedgehog (SKN) or dispatched-1 (DISP-1), in NSCLC cell lines produced similar decreases in cell proliferation and increased cell death. Further, providing either an exogenous source of processed HH or a SMO agonist reverses these effects. The attenuation of HH processing, by knocking down either of these gene products, also abrogated tumor growth in mouse xenografts. Finally, we extended these findings to primary clinical specimens, showing that SKN is frequently overexpressed in NSCLC and that higher DISP-1 expression is associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome. Our results show a critical role for HH processing in HH-dependent tumors, identifies two potential druggable targets in the HH pathway, and suggest that similar therapeutic strategies could be explored to treat patients harboring HH ligand-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodriguez-Blanco
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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126
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Wang Y, Li M, Xu X, Song M, Tao H, Bai Y. Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) promotes neural progenitor cell proliferation and sonic hedgehog pathway activation during adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1292-303. [PMID: 22692966 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a lifelong feature of brain plasticity that appears to be critically involved in adult brain function and neurological disease. Recent studies suggest that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which is the main polyphenolic constituent of green tea, may be used for the prevention and treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases. We hypothesized that EGCG promotes adult neurogenesis, which may be beneficial to hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that EGCG treatment significantly increased the number of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled cells in adult hippocampal neural progenitor cell (NPC) cultures and in the dentate gyrus of adult mice. Meanwhile, EGCG markedly improved spatial cognition in mice. These events are associated with the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway. We observed that EGCG triggered a robust upregulation of Shh receptor (Patched) mRNA and protein expression in cultured NPCs as well as an upregulation of the downstream Shh transcriptional target Gli1. These changes were further confirmed in the hippocampus of mice administered EGCG. The blockage of the Shh signal with the pharmacological inhibitor cyclopamine attenuated EGCG-induced hippocampal neurogenesis. CONCLUSION Our results provide strong evidence that EGCG enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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127
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Wang Y, Ding Q, Yen CJ, Xia W, Izzo JG, Lang JY, Li CW, Hsu JL, Miller SA, Wang X, Lee DF, Hsu JM, Huo L, Labaff AM, Liu D, Huang TH, Lai CC, Tsai FJ, Chang WC, Chen CH, Wu TT, Buttar NS, Wang KK, Wu Y, Wang H, Ajani J, Hung MC. The crosstalk of mTOR/S6K1 and Hedgehog pathways. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:374-87. [PMID: 22439934 PMCID: PMC3350095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is the most prevalent esophageal cancer type in the United States. The TNF-α/mTOR pathway is known to mediate the development of EAC. Additionally, aberrant activation of Gli1, downstream effector of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway, has been observed in EAC. In this study, we found that an activated mTOR/S6K1 pathway promotes Gli1 transcriptional activity and oncogenic function through S6K1-mediated Gli1 phosphorylation at Ser84, which releases Gli1 from its endogenous inhibitor, SuFu. Moreover, elimination of S6K1 activation by an mTOR pathway inhibitor enhances the killing effects of the HH pathway inhibitor. Together, our results established a crosstalk between the mTOR/S6K1 and HH pathways, which provides a mechanism for SMO-independent Gli1 activation and also a rationale for combination therapy for EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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128
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Shin YG, Murakami SC, Buonarati MH, Dean B, Hop CECA. Validation and application of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of G-856 (Cur-61414) in human plasma using semi-automated solid phase extraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 887-888:85-92. [PMID: 22317788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of G-856 in human plasma to support clinical development. The method consisted of a solid phase extraction for sample preparation and LC-MS/MS analysis in the positive ion mode using TurboIonSpray for analysis. d₈-G-856 was used as the internal standard. A linear regression (weighted 1/concentration²) was used to fit calibration curves over the concentration range of 5.00-2000 pg/mL for G-856. There were no significant endogenous interference components in the multiple lots of blank human plasma tested. The accuracy (%Acc) at the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 98.2% with a precision (%CV) of 5.38%. For quality control samples at 15.0, 800, and 1600 pg/mL, the inter-day %CV was ≤ 5.03%. Inter-day %Acc ranged from 96.9 to 99.3%. G-856 was stable in human plasma for 184 days at -20 °C and -70 °C storage. G-856 was stable in human plasma at room temperature for up to 16 h and through four freeze/thaw cycles. This validated LC-MS/MS method for determination of G-856 was used to support Phase 1 clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young G Shin
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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129
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Nat R, Salti A, Suciu L, Ström S, Dechant G. Pharmacological modulation of the Hedgehog pathway differentially affects dorsal/ventral patterning in mouse and human embryonic stem cell models of telencephalic development. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:1016-46. [PMID: 22204396 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex set of extrinsic and intrinsic signals acts in specific temporal and spatial orders to enable neural differentiation during development. These processes have been extensively studied in animal models, but human neural development remains much less understood. This lack of detailed information about human early neurogenesis is a hindrance for the differentiation of pluripotent stem cell lines into specific neuronal phenotypes. Therefore, it is important to strengthen the interspecies comparative approaches. We describe a novel model system in which in vitro differentiation of human and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are temporally aligned to each other and compared with mouse telencephalic neurogenesis in vivo. In this comparative model system, we tested the in vitro role of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling for ES cell-derived telencephalic differentiation. In vivo, Hh signaling mediates dorsal/ventral patterning during early stages of telencephalic development. We monitored the effect of pharmacological modulators of the Hh signaling pathway, purmorphamine-an agonist and cyclopamine-an antagonist of the Smoothened receptor (Smo), on the expression of region-specific transcription factors and signaling molecules relevant for telencephalic development in vivo. Purmorphamine strongly upregulated the expression of telencephalic ventral markers Nkx2.1, Nkx6.2, Lhx6, and Lhx8 in mouse and human cells, thus reflecting the in vivo process of the medial ganglionic eminence patterning and specification. Cyclopamine upregulated the expression of telencephalic dorsal markers, but at lower levels in human compared with mouse cells. Modulation of Smo in vitro differentially affected, in mouse and human cells, the expression of molecules of the Hh pathway, especially the Gli1 and Gli3 effectors, Sonic Hh ligand and Ptch receptors. These results provide evidence for the different default differentiation of mouse and human ES cells and prove the utility of the comparative system for optimizing the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Nat
- Institute for Neuroscience, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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130
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Timms BG, Hofkamp LE. Prostate development and growth in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Differentiation 2011; 82:173-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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131
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O'Bryan KW, Ratner D. The role of targeted molecular inhibitors in the management of advanced nonmelanoma skin cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 30:57-61. [PMID: 21540021 DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Surgical treatment remains the standard of care for nonmelanoma skin cancer and is successful for the vast majority of patients with these tumors. The treatment of patients with metastatic or unresectable nonmelanoma skin cancer, however, has until recently been based solely on traditional methods of chemotherapy and radiation. However, these methods have high rates of treatment failure, morbidity, and mortality, and alternative treatment modalities for patients with aggressive or advanced disease are needed. As in other areas of cancer therapeutics, recent research elucidating the molecular basis of cancer development, and the subsequent arrival of targeted molecular inhibitors for cancer therapy, have been met with much excitement. In this review, we seek to illuminate recent developments and future possibilities in the use of targeted molecular inhibitors for treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W O'Bryan
- Columbia University Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatologic Surgery, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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132
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Kim W, Choy W, Dye J, Nagasawa D, Safaee M, Fong B, Yang I. The tumor biology and molecular characteristics of medulloblastoma identifying prognostic factors associated with survival outcomes and prognosis. J Clin Neurosci 2011; 18:886-90. [PMID: 21640908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastomas (MB) are highly aggressive primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) usually located in the posterior fossa. Current treatment for MBs, which includes a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, remain challenging especially in younger patients. However, advances in the understanding of regulatory pathways in cerebellar development have elucidated possible areas of dysfunction involved in tumorigenesis. Multiple studies have demonstrated the importance of the sonic hedgehog, Wnt, and Notch pathways in MB pathogenesis at the molecular level. While staging and prognosis are often based on the Chang classification system, future algorithms will involve identifying molecular markers in order to allow for more specific risk stratifications of various MB subtypes and provide improved correlation with staging and prognosis. Future development of novel therapies that target the heterogeneity of MB and are tailored to the tumor's unique molecular profile may yield improved outcomes for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Gonda 3357, Los Angeles, California 90095-1761, USA
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133
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Peterson R, Turnbull J. Sonic hedgehog is cytoprotective against oxidative challenge in a cellular model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 47:31-41. [PMID: 21979788 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that primary cilia on spinal motor neurons are reduced in G93A SOD1 (mSOD) mice, a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling involves the primary cilium and Shh has been shown to be cytoprotective in models of other neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the Shh signaling pathway may bear further study in ALS. Accordingly, we established that interference with the Shh pathway (with the Shh antagonist cyclopamine or with miRNA 3245p) sensitized HT22 cells, while augmentation of the Shh pathway (with Shh or the Shh agonist purmorphamine) protected cells against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) challenge. We ectopically expressed mSOD, human wild-type SOD1 (wtSOD), or an empty vector in HT22 cells. Compared to empty vector, wtSOD decreased cell death and mSOD increased cell death in response to H₂O₂ challenge. Treatment with cyclopamine or miRNA 3245p sensitized all three transfections to H₂O₂ challenge. Treatment with recombinant human Shh or purmorphamine decreased cell death after H₂O₂ challenge, an effect more pronounced in mSOD cells. Compared with empty vector, overexpression of wtSOD increased Shh and Gli transcript levels and increased activity in a Gli-responsive reporter assay. Overexpression of mSOD did not change Shh transcript levels, but decreased Gli transcript levels, especially Gli3, and reduced activity in a Gli reporter assay. These results suggest that overexpression of mSOD but not wtSOD reduces signaling in the Shh pathway and renders mSOD cells more susceptible to H₂O₂ challenge, and that treatment with Shh or Shh agonists is cytoprotective to mSOD cells. Shh or Shh agonists merit further consideration as potential therapy in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Peterson
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University Medical Centre, Rm 4U7, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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134
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Conference report: trekking through receptor chemistry. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:1247-52. [PMID: 21426016 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The series of Camerino Symposia present the most recent knowledge and discoveries in the growing field of drug-receptor interactions and the design and mechanisms of drug action. Lead discovery, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and polypharmacology were the general subjects covered in this Tripartite European Meeting in Medicinal Chemistry chaired by Mario Giannella (University of Camerino, Italy). Specifically, the meeting focused on the selection criteria and application of computational methods and stem cell technology in/to lead discovery, as well as providing an update on targeting GPCRs. In addition, the importance of polypharmacology in drug discovery for many GPCRs was widely highlighted. Approximately 110 participants in an international audience composed principally of chemists, biochemists and pharmacologists spent the 5 days of the conference in the eye-catching medieval setting of the University of Camerino and enjoyed both the scientific and cultural programs.
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135
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Karpova MB, Barysch MJ, Zipser MC, Schönewolf N, French LE, Dummer R. Changing pathology with changing drugs: skin cancer. Pathobiology 2011; 78:61-75. [PMID: 21677470 DOI: 10.1159/000314576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Today skin cancer is mainly treated by surgical interventions. New findings concerning molecular biology and the signaling pathways in epithelial skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma or melanoma, and mesenchymal skin cancers such as angiosarcoma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) have identified new molecular targets for a systemic or local treatment approach. For DFSP there is an opportunity already today to reduce the intensity of surgical procedures by pretreatment with targeted therapy. This article highlights important aspects in several skin cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Karpova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Switzerland.
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136
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Chan DW, Liu VWS, Leung LY, Yao KM, Chan KKL, Cheung ANY, Ngan HYS. Zic2 synergistically enhances Hedgehog signalling through nuclear retention of Gli1 in cervical cancer cells. J Pathol 2011; 225:525-34. [PMID: 21661123 DOI: 10.1002/path.2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signalling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human cancers. However, the cognate molecular mechanisms contributing to this disregulated pathway are incompletely understood. In this study, we showed that Zic2 was frequently over-expressed and associated with high-grade cervical cancer (p = 0.032), high levels of Gli1 (p < 0.001) and CyclinD1 (p < 0.001) by immunohistochemical and quantitative RT-PCR analyses. Further biochemical studies using luciferase reporter, co-immunoprecipitation, subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that Zic2 can physically interact with Gli1 and retain it in the nucleus, which in turn increases Gli-mediated transcriptional activity. Gain- and loss-of-function analyses of Zic2 showed that Zic2 could increase Hh signalling activity, cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth ability in cervical cancer cells. Conversely, deletion of the zinc finger domain at C-terminus of Zic2 significantly abrogated its interaction with Gli1, the retention of Gli1 in the nucleus, effects on Hh signalling activity and oncogenic properties in cervical cancer cells. Our findings suggest that Zic2 is a positive modulator increasing Gli1 transcriptional and oncogenic activity by retaining Gli1 in the nucleus of cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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137
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Singh S, Wang Z, Liang Fei D, Black KE, Goetz JA, Tokhunts R, Giambelli C, Rodriguez-Blanco J, Long J, Lee E, Briegel KJ, Bejarano PA, Dmitrovsky E, Capobianco AJ, Robbins DJ. Hedgehog-producing cancer cells respond to and require autocrine Hedgehog activity. Cancer Res 2011; 71:4454-63. [PMID: 21565978 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A number of Smoothened (SMO) pathway antagonists are currently undergoing clinical trials as anticancer agents. These drugs are proposed to attenuate tumor growth solely through inhibition of Hedgehog (HH), which is produced in tumor cells but acts on tumor stromal cells. The pivotal argument underlying this model is that the growth-inhibitory properties of SMO antagonists on HH-producing cancer cells are due to their off-target effects. Here, we show that the tumorigenic properties of such lung cancer cells depend on their intrinsic level of HH activity. Notably, reducing HH signaling in these tumor cells decreases HH target gene expression. Taken together, these results question the dogma that autocrine HH signaling plays no role in HH-dependent cancers, and does so without using SMO antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Singh
- Department of Surgery; Sylvester Cancer Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Miller School of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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138
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Oishi N, Wang XW. Novel therapeutic strategies for targeting liver cancer stem cells. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:517-35. [PMID: 21552419 PMCID: PMC3088875 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis was first proposed over 40 years ago. Advances in CSC isolation were first achieved in hematological malignancies, with the first CSC demonstrated in acute myeloid leukemia. However, using similar strategies and technologies, and taking advantage of available surface markers, CSCs have been more recently demonstrated in a growing range of epithelial and other solid organ malignancies, suggesting that the majority of malignancies are dependent on such a compartment. Primary liver cancer consists predominantly of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). It is believed that hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) could be the origin of some HCCs and ICCs. Furthermore, stem cell activators such as Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, Notch and Hedgehog signaling pathways also expedite tumorigenesis, and these pathways could serve as molecular targets to assist in designing cancer prevention strategies. Recent studies indicate that additional factors such as EpCAM, Lin28 or miR-181 may also contribute to HCC progression by targeting HCC CSCs. Various therapeutic drugs that directly modulate CSCs have been examined in vivo and in vitro. However, CSCs clearly have a complex pathogenesis, with a considerable crosstalk and redundancy in signaling pathways, and hence targeting single molecules or pathways may have a limited benefit for treatment. Many of the key signaling molecules are shared by both CSCs and normal stem cells, which add further challenges for designing molecularly targeted strategies specific to CSCs but sparing normal stem cells to avoid side effects. In addition to the direct control of CSCs, many other factors that are needed for the maintenance of CSCs, such as angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, invasion and migration, hypoxia, immune evasion, multiple drug resistance, and radioresistance, should be taken into consideration when designing therapeutic strategies for HCC. Here we provide a brief review of molecular signaling in liver CSCs and present insights into new therapeutic strategies for targeting liver CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Oishi
- Liver Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA
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139
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El-Akabawy G, Medina LM, Jeffries A, Price J, Modo M. Purmorphamine increases DARPP-32 differentiation in human striatal neural stem cells through the Hedgehog pathway. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1873-87. [PMID: 21345011 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is a promising therapeutic approach for Huntington's disease (HD). HD is characterized by a progressive loss of medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum. DARPP-32 (dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa) is expressed in 98% of these MSNs. To establish an effective cell therapy for HD, the differentiation of human NSCs into MSNs is essential. Enhancing differentiation of NSCs is therefore an important aspect to optimize transplant efficacy. A comparison of 5 differentiation protocols indicated that the Hedgehog agonist purmorphamine (1 μM) most significantly increased the neuronal differentiation of a human striatal NSC line (STROC05). This 3-fold increase in neurons was associated with a dramatic reduction in proliferation as well as a decrease in astrocytic differentiation. A synergistic effect between purmorphamine and cell density even further increased neuronal differentiation from 20% to 30% within 7 days. Upon long-term differentiation (21 days), this combined differentiation protocol tripled the number of DARPP-32 cells (7%) and almost doubled the proportion of calbindin cells. However, there was no effect on calretinin cells. Differential expression of positional specification markers (DLX2, MASH1, MEIS2, GSH2, and NKX2.1) further confirmed the striatal identity of these differentiated cells. Purmorphamine resulted in a significant upregulation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway (GLI1 expression). Cyclopamine, an Hh inhibitor, blocked this effect, indicating that purmorphamine specifically acts through this pathway to increase neuronal differentiation. These results demonstrate that small synthetic molecules can play a pivotal role in directing the differentiation of NSCs to optimize their therapeutic potential in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan El-Akabawy
- Department of Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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140
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Dubuc AM, Northcott PA, Kenney AM, Taylor MD. Calculating a cure for cancer: managing medulloblastoma MATH1-ematically. Expert Rev Neurother 2011; 10:1489-92. [PMID: 20925463 DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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141
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Schulte G. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXX. The class Frizzled receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:632-67. [PMID: 21079039 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor class Frizzled, which has recently been categorized as a separate group of G protein-coupled receptors by the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, consists of 10 Frizzleds (FZD(1-10)) and Smoothened (SMO). The FZDs are activated by secreted lipoglycoproteins of the Wingless/Int-1 (WNT) family, whereas SMO is indirectly activated by the Hedgehog (HH) family of proteins acting on the transmembrane protein Patched (PTCH). Recent years have seen major advances in our knowledge about these seven-transmembrane-spanning proteins, including: receptor function, molecular mechanisms of signal transduction, and the receptor's role in embryonic patterning, physiology, cancer, and other diseases. Despite intense efforts, many question marks and challenges remain in mapping receptor-ligand interaction, signaling routes, mechanisms of specificity and how these molecular details underlie disease and also the receptor's important role in physiology. This review therefore focuses on the molecular aspects of WNT/FZD and HH/SMO signaling discussing receptor structure, mechanisms of signal transduction, accessory proteins, receptor dynamics, and the possibility of targeting these signaling pathways pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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142
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Al-Ejeh F, Smart CE, Morrison BJ, Chenevix-Trench G, López JA, Lakhani SR, Brown MP, Khanna KK. Breast cancer stem cells: treatment resistance and therapeutic opportunities. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:650-8. [PMID: 21310941 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical and pathologic heterogeneity of human breast cancer has long been recognized. Now, molecular profiling has enriched our understanding of breast cancer heterogeneity and yielded new prognostic and predictive information. Despite recent therapeutic advances, including the HER2-specific agent, trastuzumab, locoregional and systemic disease recurrence remain an ever-present threat to the health and well being of breast cancer survivors. By definition, disease recurrence originates from residual treatment-resistant cells, which regenerate at least the initial breast cancer phenotype. The discovery of the normal breast stem cell has re-ignited interest in the identity and properties of breast cancer stem-like cells and the relationship of these cells to the repopulating ability of treatment-resistant cells. The cancer stem cell model of breast cancer development contrasts with the clonal evolution model, whereas the mixed model draws on features of both. Although the origin and identity of breast cancer stem-like cells is contentious, treatment-resistant cells survive and propagate only because aberrant and potentially druggable signaling pathways are recruited. As a means to increase the rates of breast cancer cure, several approaches to specific targeting of the treatment-resistant cell population exist and include methods for addressing the problem of radioresistance in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Al-Ejeh
- Signal Transduction Lab, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
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143
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So PL, Tang JY, Epstein EH. Novel investigational drugs for basal cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 19:1099-112. [PMID: 20662553 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.504714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD In the United States, the annual incidence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is close to 1 million. Ultraviolet radiation exposure is the main risk factor; however, the availability of ever more potent sunscreens and education have not prevented the rise in BCC incidence. Therefore, concerted effects to identify novel preventive and therapeutic strategies are necessary. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This article summarizes our current understanding of the etiology and molecular mechanisms of BCC tumorigenesis and discusses the preclinical and clinical studies to identify agents with anti-BCC efficacy. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The discovery that hyperactive Hh pathway signaling causes several cancers, including BCC, has spawned the development of many pharmacologic inhibitors of Hh signaling. Early clinical testing of the most advanced, GDC-0449, demonstrated impressive efficacy in patients with advanced BCC. Other promising anti-BCC chemopreventive strategies include drugs that are already FDA-approved for treating other diseases. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Preclinical and clinical trials with pre-existing FDA-approved drugs suggest novel uses for BCC chemoprevention and treatment. Also, new chemical entities that inhibit the Hh pathway show promise, and in combination with other drugs may provide a nonsurgical cure for this most common cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Lin So
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Cancer Division, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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144
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Martorell-Calatayud A, Sanz-Motilva V, Candelas D, Sanchez-Carpintero I, Delgado Y, Ruiz-Rodríguez R. Carcinoma basocelular metastásico en la axila: reconstrucción mediante un colgajo en isla pectoral lateral. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011; 102:53-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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145
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Abstract
Cytotoxic therapy and surgery have improved outcomes for patients with gynecologic malignancies over the last twenty years, but women's cancers still account for over ten percent of cancer related deaths annually. Insights into the pathogenesis of cancer have led to the development of drugs that target molecular pathways essential to tumor survival including angiogenesis, DNA repair, and apoptosis. This review outlines several of the promising new biologically targeted drugs currently being tested to treat gynecologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Carroll
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Robert L. Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Cancer Biology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
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146
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Martorell-Calatayud A, Sanz-Motilva V, Candelas D, Sanchez-Carpintero I, Delgado Y, Ruiz-Rodríguez R. Metastatic Basal Cell Carcinoma in the Axilla: Reconstruction with a Lateral Pectoral Island Flap. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1578-2190(11)70753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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147
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Renoux B, Legigan T, Bensalma S, Chadéneau C, Muller JM, Papot S. A new cyclopamine glucuronide prodrug with improved kinetics of drug release. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:8459-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06081c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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148
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Basal cell carcinoma: from the molecular understanding of the pathogenesis to targeted therapy of progressive disease. J Skin Cancer 2010; 2011:650258. [PMID: 21253551 PMCID: PMC3021865 DOI: 10.1155/2011/650258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to intensified research over the past decade, the Hedgehog (HH) pathway has been identified as a pivotal defect implicated in roughly 25% of all cancers. As one of the most frequent cancer worldwide, the development of Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) due to activation of the HH pathway has been convincingly demonstrated. Thus the discovery of this central tumor-promoting signalling pathway has not only revolutionized the understanding of BCC carcinogenesis but has also enabled the development of a completely novel therapeutic approach. Targeting just a few of several potential mutations, HH inhibitors such as GDC-0449 achieved already the first promising results in metastatic or locally advanced BCC. This paper summarizes the current understanding of BCC carcinogenesis and describes the current “mechanism-based” therapeutic strategies.
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149
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Johnson RW, Nguyen MP, Padalecki SS, Grubbs BG, Merkel AR, Oyajobi BO, Matrisian LM, Mundy GR, Sterling JA. TGF-beta promotion of Gli2-induced expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein, an important osteolytic factor in bone metastasis, is independent of canonical Hedgehog signaling. Cancer Res 2010; 71:822-31. [PMID: 21189326 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer frequently metastasizes to bone, in which tumor cells receive signals from the bone marrow microenvironment. One relevant factor is TGF-β, which upregulates expression of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling molecule, Gli2, which in turn increases secretion of important osteolytic factors such as parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). PTHrP inhibition can prevent tumor-induced bone destruction, whereas Gli2 overexpression in tumor cells can promote osteolysis. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Hh inhibition in bone metastatic breast cancer would decrease PTHrP expression and therefore osteolytic bone destruction. However, when mice engrafted with human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were treated with the Hh receptor antagonist cyclopamine, we observed no effect on tumor burden or bone destruction. In vitro analyses revealed that osteolytic tumor cells lack expression of the Hh receptor, Smoothened, suggesting an Hh-independent mechanism of Gli2 regulation. Blocking Gli signaling in metastatic breast cancer cells with a Gli2-repressor gene (Gli2-rep) reduced endogenous and TGF-β-stimulated PTHrP mRNA expression, but did not alter tumor cell proliferation. Furthermore, mice inoculated with Gli2-Rep-expressing cells exhibited a decrease in osteolysis, suggesting that Gli2 inhibition may block TGF-β propagation of a vicious osteolytic cycle in this MDA-MB-231 model of bone metastasis. Accordingly, in the absence of TGF-β signaling, Gli2 expression was downregulated in cells, whereas enforced overexpression of Gli2 restored PTHrP activity. Taken together, our findings suggest that Gli2 is required for TGF-β to stimulate PTHrP expression and that blocking Hh-independent Gli2 activity will inhibit tumor-induced bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle W Johnson
- Department of Veterans Affairs: Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (VISN 9), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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150
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Strimpakos AS, Syrigos KN, Saif MW. The molecular targets for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Gut Liver 2010; 4:433-49. [PMID: 21253292 PMCID: PMC3021599 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2010.4.4.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is considered an aggressive malignancy that responds poorly to current treatments and therefore has a dismal survival rate. This disease is usually not diagnosed until a late stage, at which point palliative chemotherapy with the purine analogue gemcitabine and/or a fluoropyrimidine or a platinum agent is the standard approach. There are some new data on the molecular and genetic changes that take place in pancreatic cancer, which may facilitate the accuracy of diagnosis and efficacy of treatments. However, translational efforts in clinical practice have increased clinicians' options with a targeted agent, erlotinib, in combination with the standard gemcitabine chemotherapy. Many other novel drugs currently being tested in the field of pharmaco-oncology target various altered biological pathways and molecules. Nevertheless, the lack of clinically significant improvements in treatments is rendering efforts to develop methods of early diagnosis both more urgent and promising. The aim of this review was to summarize the molecular basis of pancreatic carcinogenesis and the latest developments in diagnosis by molecular means, focusing on the results of clinical research into targeted and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kostas N. Syrigos
- Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Muhammad Wasif Saif
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and Pancreas Center at the New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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