101
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Ho KHL, Hijazi I, Rivier L, Gautier C, Jousselme B, de Miguel G, Romero-Nieto C, Guldi DM, Heinrich B, Donnio B, Campidelli S. Host-Guest Complexation of [60]Fullerenes and Porphyrins Enabled by “Click Chemistry”. Chemistry 2013; 19:11374-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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102
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Ambre RB, Chang GF, Zanwar MR, Yao CF, Diau EWG, Hung CH. New Dual Donor-Acceptor (2D-π-2A) Porphyrin Sensitizers for Stable and Cost-Effective Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:2144-53. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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103
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Hart AS, Chandra BKC, Gobeze HB, Sequeira LR, D'Souza F. Porphyrin-sensitized solar cells: effect of carboxyl anchor group orientation on the cell performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:5314-5323. [PMID: 23647324 DOI: 10.1021/am401201q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the orientation of the porphyrin sensitizer onto the TiO2 surface on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is reported. Free-base and zinc porphyrins bearing a carboxyl anchoring group at the para, meta, or ortho positions of one of the meso-phenyl rings were synthesized for application in Grätzel-type photoelectrochemical cells. The remainder of the meso-phenyl rings was substituted with alkyl chains of different length to visualize any aggregation effects. Absorption and fluorescence studies were performed to characterize and observe spectral coverage of the thirteen newly synthesized porphyrin derivatives. Photoelectrochemical studies were performed after immobilization of porphyrins onto nanocrystalline TiO2 and compared with DSSC constructed using N719 dye as reference. The performance of DSSCs with the porphyrin anchoring at the para or meta position were found to greatly exceed those with the anchoring group in the ortho position. Additionally, cells constructed using zinc porphyrin derivatives outperformed the free-base porphyrin analogs. Better dye regeneration efficiency for the zinc porphyrin derivatives compared to their free-base porphyrin analogs, and for the meta and para derivatives over the ortho derivatives was evaluated from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy studies were performed to probe the kinetics of charge injection and charge recombination with respect to the orientation of porphyrin macrocycle on TiO2 surface. The ortho porphyrin derivative with an almost flat orientation to the TiO2 surface revealed fast charge recombination and suggested occurrence of through-space charge transfer. The overall structure-performance trends observed for the present porphyrin DSSCs have been rationalized based on spectral, electrochemical, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and transient spectroscopy results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Hart
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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104
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Wijesinghe CA, El-Khouly ME, Zandler ME, Fukuzumi S, D'Souza F. A Charge-Stabilizing, Multimodular, Ferrocene-Bis(triphenylamine)-Zinc-porphyrin-Fullerene Polyad. Chemistry 2013; 19:9629-38. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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105
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Guldi DM, Costa RD. Nanocarbon Hybrids: The Paradigm of Nanoscale Self-Ordering/Self-Assembling by Means of Charge Transfer/Doping Interactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:1489-1501. [PMID: 26282304 DOI: 10.1021/jz4001714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The scope of this Perspective is to highlight the potential of nanoscale self-ordering/self-assembling nanocarbons-fullerenes, single-wall carbon nanotubes, and graphene-en route toward novel charge transfer hybrids that unify several functions such as light harvesting, charge separation, and, eventually, catalysis. All of the given examples are fully characterized by a broad range of spectroscopic as well as microscopic techniques and, as such, document the success in tuning the electronic structure of functional nanocarbons by means of charge transfer/doping interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rubén D Costa
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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106
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Hayashi H, Touchy AS, Kinjo Y, Kurotobi K, Toude Y, Ito S, Saarenpää H, Tkachenko NV, Lemmetyinen H, Imahori H. Triarylamine-substituted imidazole- and quinoxaline-fused push-pull porphyrins for dye-sensitized solar cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:508-517. [PMID: 23401121 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have prepared a push-pull porphyrin with an electron-donating triarylamino group at the β,β'-edge through a fused imidazole group and an electron-withdrawing carboxyquinoxalino anchoring group at the opposite β,β'-edge (ZnPQI) and evaluated the effects of the push-pull structure of ZnPQI on optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties. ZnPQI showed red-shifted Soret and Q bands relative to a reference porphyrin with only an electron-withdrawing group (ZnPQ), thus demonstrating the improved light-harvesting property of ZnPQI. The optical HOMO-LUMO gap was consistent with that estimated by DFT calculations. The ZnPQI-sensitized solar cell exhibited a relatively high power conversion efficiency (η) of 6.8 %, which is larger than that of the ZnPQ-sensitized solar cell (η=6.3 %) under optimized conditions. The short-circuit current and fill factor of the ZnPQI-sensitized solar cell are larger than those of the ZnPQ-sensitized solar cell, whereas the open circuit potential of the ZnPQI-sensitized cell is smaller than that of the ZnPQ-sensitized cell, leading to an overall improved cell performance of ZnPQI. Such fundamental information provides a new tool for the rational molecular design of highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells based on push-pull porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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107
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Gu JY, Cui B, Chen T, Yan HJ, Wang D, Wan LJ. In situ scanning tunneling microscopy investigation of subphthalocyanine and subnaphthalocyanine adlayers on a Au(111) electrode. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:264-270. [PMID: 23227883 DOI: 10.1021/la3042742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption behaviors of subphthalocyanine (SubPc) and subnaphthalocyanine (SubNc) on the Au(111) surface were investigated by electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (ECSTM). Two types of ordered adlayer structures of SubPc were observed at 550 mV versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). All of the SubPc molecules take the Cl-down adsorption configuration on Au(111) in both structures. The ordered adlayers exist in the potential range between 350 and 650 mV. The SubNc molecules adsorb on Au(111) in a less-ordered pattern than the SubPc molecules. The present work provides direct evidence for understanding the potential-controlled adsorption behaviors of SubPc and SubNc on the Au(111) surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ying Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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108
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Fullerene/Sulfur-Bridged Annulene Cocrystals: Two-Dimensional Segregated Heterojunctions with Ambipolar Transport Properties and Photoresponsivity. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:558-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ja310098k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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109
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Bergendahl LT, Paterson MJ. Influence of electronic effects on one- and two-photon absorption in porphyrin isomers. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40790j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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110
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Mooi SM, Heyne B. Size does matter: how to control organization of organic dyes in aqueous environment using specific ion effects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:16524-16530. [PMID: 23145855 DOI: 10.1021/la3034885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role played by external factors on the organization of molecules has the potential to contribute greatly to fundamental research and applications in fields as diverse as nanotechnology, medicine, material chemistry, etc. Countless studies involve the organization of small organic molecules in environments rich in ionic species, yet their participation in molecular organization is often overlooked. Herein, we critically assess the organization in aqueous solution of the cationic cyanine dye, thiazole orange, in the presence of different monovalent sodium salts. Our findings clearly indicate that not all ions are identical with regards to the organization of thiazole orange molecules and specific ions effects are at play. The conventional Debye and Hückel model is not sufficient to explain our results, and the participation of ionic species in molecular organization is explained in terms of the recent theory of water matching affinity. Herein, by choosing the right counterion with the appropriate size, we have shown that it is possible to either induce a simple shift in the monomer-dimer equilibrium of thiazole orange or to turn on the formation of larger organized structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Mooi
- Chemistry Department, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, T2N 1N4 AB, Canada
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111
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Hart AS, K C CB, Subbaiyan NK, Karr PA, D'Souza F. Phenothiazine-sensitized organic solar cells: effect of dye anchor group positioning on the cell performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:5813-5820. [PMID: 23043502 DOI: 10.1021/am3014407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Effect of positioning of the cyanoacrylic acid anchoring group on ring periphery of phenothiazine dye on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is reported. Two types of dyes, one having substitution on the C-3 aromatic ring (Type 1) and another through the N-terminal (Type 2), have been synthesized for this purpose. Absorption and fluorescence studies have been performed to visualize the effect of substitution pattern on the spectral coverage and electrochemical studies to monitor the tuning of redox levels. B3LYP/6-31G* studies are performed to visualize the frontier orbital location and their significance in charge injection when surface modified on semiconducting TiO₂. New DSSCs have been built on nanocrystalline TiO₂ according to traditional two-electrode Grätzel solar cell setup with a reference cell based on N719 dye for comparison. The lifetime of the adsorbed phenothiazine dye is found to be quenched significantly upon immobilizing on TiO₂ suggesting charge injection from excited dye to semiconducting TiO₂. The performances of the cells are found to be prominent for solar cells made out of Type 1 dyes compared to Type 2 dyes. This trend has been rationalized on the basis of spectral, electrochemical, computational, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Hart
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA
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112
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Balanay MP, Kim KH, Lee SH, Kim DH. Tuning the photovoltaic parameters of β-substituted porphyrin analogues: An experimental and theoretical approach. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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113
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Abstract
Nature has chosen chlorophylls in plants as antennae to harvest light for the conversion of solar energy in complicated photosynthetic processes. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, scientists utilized artificial chlorophylls - the porphyrins - as efficient centres to harvest light for solar cells sensitized with a porphyrin (PSSC). After the first example appeared in 1993 of a porphyrin of type copper chlorophyll as a photosensitizer for PSSC that achieved a power conversion efficiency of 2.6%, no significant advance of PSSC was reported until 2005; beta-linked zinc porphyrins were then reported to show promising device performances with a benchmark efficiency of 7.1% reported in 2007. Meso-linked zinc porphyrin sensitizers in the first series with a push-pull framework appeared in 2009; the best cell performed comparably to that of a N3-based device, and a benchmark 11% was reported for a porphyrin sensitizer of this type in 2010. With a structural design involving long alkoxyl chains to envelop the porphyrin core to suppress the dye aggregation for a push-pull zinc porphyrin, the PSSC achieved a record 12.3% in 2011 with co-sensitization of an organic dye and a cobalt-based electrolyte. The best PSSC system exhibited a panchromatic feature for light harvesting covering the visible spectral region to 700 nm, giving opportunities to many other porphyrins, such as fused and dimeric porphyrins, with near-infrared absorption spectral features, together with the approach of molecular co-sensitization, to enhance the device performance of PSSC. According to this historical trend for the development of prospective porphyrin sensitizers used in PSSC, we review systematically the progress of porphyrins of varied kinds, and their derivatives, applied in PSSC with a focus on reports during 2007-2012 from the point of view of molecular design correlated with photovoltaic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lin Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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114
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Yamada Y, Tanaka K. Metal-Induced Structural Switching of a Folded Quinone-Sandwiched Porphyrin. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-012-9726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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115
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Katsukis G, Romero-Nieto C, Malig J, Ehli C, Guldi DM. Interfacing nanocarbons with organic and inorganic semiconductors: from nanocrystals/quantum dots to extended tetrathiafulvalenes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:11662-11675. [PMID: 22671292 DOI: 10.1021/la301152s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There is no doubt that the outstanding optical and electronic properties that low-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials exhibit call for their implementation into optoelectronic devices. However, to harvest the enormous potential of these nanocarbons it is essential to probe them in multifunctional electron donor-acceptor systems, placing particular attention on the interactions between electron donors/electron acceptors and nanocarbons. This feature article outlines challenges and recent breakthroughs in the area of interfacing organic and inorganic semiconductors with low-dimensional nanocarbons that range from fullerenes (0D) and carbon nanotubes (1D) to graphene (2D). In the context of organic semiconductors, we focus on aromatic macrocycles and extended tetrathiafulvalenes, and CdTe nanocrystals/quantum dots represent the inorganic semiconductors. Particular emphasis is placed on designing and probing solar energy conversion nanohybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Katsukis
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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116
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Verma S, Ghosh HN. Exciton Energy and Charge Transfer in Porphyrin Aggregate/Semiconductor (TiO2) Composites. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:1877-1884. [PMID: 26292008 DOI: 10.1021/jz300639q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A porphyrin aggregate is reported that exhibits novel exciton state properties for light-harvesting applications. This porphyrin aggregate enables control of energy dissipation of coherent excited states by changing the self-assembly pattern. New exciton spectral features create a new route of energy transfer in this porphyrin aggregate. The kinetic model of exciton state decay is addressed in this Perspective by reporting steady-state and transient emission and absorption studies of porphyrin J- and H-aggregates. The porphyrin J-aggregate emerges with better spectral coverage and exciton dynamics, which are suitable for light-harvesting antenna functions. This motif is explored in a photosensitization study of TiO2 semiconductor materials. The transient absorption studies show that the J-aggregate improves the photoinduced charge separation at the porphyrin/TiO2 interface. The higher charge separation is attributed to exciton-coupled charge-transfer processes in porphyrin J-aggregate/TiO2 hybrid materials. It represents the potential of porphyrin aggregates in biomimetic artificial antenna activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Verma
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Hirendra N Ghosh
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
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117
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Liu Y, Lin H, Li J, Dy JT, Tamaki K, Nakazaki J, Nakayama D, Nishiyama C, Uchida S, Kubo T, Segawa H. Ethynyl-linked push–pull porphyrin hetero-dimers for near-IR dye-sensitized solar cells: photovoltaic performances versus excited-state dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:16703-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43165c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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118
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Lu Z, Zhan C, Yu X, He W, Jia H, Chen L, Tang A, Huang J, Yao J. Large-scale, ultra-dense and vertically standing zinc phthalocyanine π–π stacks as a hole-transporting layer on an ITO electrode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm35342c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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119
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Yaku H, Fujimoto T, Murashima T, Miyoshi D, Sugimoto N. Phthalocyanines: a new class of G-quadruplex-ligands with many potential applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:6203-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31037f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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