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De Palma G, Sallustio F, Curci C, Galleggiante V, Rutigliano M, Serino G, Ditonno P, Battaglia M, Schena FP. The Three-Gene Signature in Urinary Extracellular Vesicles from Patients with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Cancer 2016; 7:1960-1967. [PMID: 27877211 PMCID: PMC5118659 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for more than 2% of neoplasias in humans worldwide. Renal biopsy is the gold standard among the diagnostic procedures, but it is invasive and not suitable for all patients. Therefore, new reliable and non-invasive biomarkers for RCC are required. Secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs), containing RNA molecules that can be transferred between cells, appears to be a common feature of neoplasia. Consistently, cancer-derived EVs are increased in blood and urine. Therefore, urinary samples may be a non-invasive approach for discovering new diagnostic biomarkers. We enrolled 46 patients of whom 33 with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and 22 healthy subjects (HS). Urinary EVs were isolated by differential centrifugation. Microarray analysis led to the identification of RNA molecules that were validated using RT-qPCR. We found that urinary exosomal shuttle RNA (esRNA) pattern was significantly different in ccRCC patients compared to HS and to non-clear cell RCC (non-ccRCC) and we identified three esRNAs involved in the tumor biology that may be potentially suitable as non-invasive gene signature. GSTA1, CEBPA and PCBD1 esRNA levels were decreased in urine of patients compared with HS. This pattern was specific of the ccRCC and one month after partial or radical nephrectomy the esRNA levels increased to reach the normal level. This study suggests, for the first time, the potential use of the RNA content of urinary EVs to provide a non-invasive first step to diagnose the ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe De Palma
- C.A.R.S.O. Consortium, Valenzano, Italy;; Schena Foundation - European Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Fabio Sallustio
- DETO, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Curci
- C.A.R.S.O. Consortium, Valenzano, Italy;; Schena Foundation - European Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vanessa Galleggiante
- DETO, Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Rutigliano
- DETO, Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Serino
- IRCCS "de Bellis", Laboratory of Experimental Immunopathology, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ditonno
- DETO, Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Battaglia
- DETO, Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco P Schena
- C.A.R.S.O. Consortium, Valenzano, Italy;; Schena Foundation - European Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Valenzano, Italy;; DETO, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Italy
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102
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De Palma G, Sallustio F, Schena FP. Clinical Application of Human Urinary Extracellular Vesicles in Kidney and Urologic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071043. [PMID: 27376269 PMCID: PMC4964419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been isolated in different body fluids, including urine. The cargo of urinary EVs is composed of nucleic acids and proteins reflecting the physiological and possibly pathophysiological state of cells lining the nephron and the urinary tract. Urinary EVs have been confirmed to contain low amounts of various types of RNA that play a role in intercellular communication by transferring genetic information. This communication through EV RNAs includes both continuation of normal physiological processes and conditioning in disease mechanisms. Although proteins included in urinary EVs represent only 3% of the whole-urine proteome, urinary EVs can influence cells in the renal epithelia not only by delivering RNA cargo, but also by delivering a wide range of proteins. Since urine is a readily available biofluid, the discovery of EVs has opened a new field of biomarker research. The potential use of urinary EV RNAs and proteins as diagnostic biomarkers for various kidney and urologic diseases is currently being explored. Here, we review recent studies that deal in identifying biomarker candidates for human kidney and urologic diseases using urinary EVs and might help to understand the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe De Palma
- C.A.R.S.O. Consortium, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy.
- Schena Foundation-European Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Valenzano 70010, Italy.
| | - Fabio Sallustio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, DETO, Bari 70124, Italy.
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103
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Comparative Study of Extracellular Vesicles from the Urine of Healthy Individuals and Prostate Cancer Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157566. [PMID: 27305142 PMCID: PMC4909321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that extracellular vesicles may be the key to timely diagnosis and monitoring of genito-urological malignancies. In this study we investigated the composition and content of extracellular vesicles found in the urine of healthy donors and prostate cancer patients. Urine of 14 PCa patients and 20 healthy volunteers was clarified by low-speed centrifugation and total extracellular vesicles fraction was obtain by high-speed centrifugation. The exosome-enriched fraction was obtained by filtration of total extracellular vesicles through a 0.1 μm pore filter. Transmission electron microscopy showed that cell-free urine in both groups contained vesicles from 20 to 230 nm. Immunogold staining after ultrafiltration demonstrated that 95% and 90% of extracellular vesicles in healthy individuals and cancer patients, respectively, were exosomes. Protein, DNA and RNA concentrations as well as size distribution of extracellular vesicles in both fractions were analyzed. Only 75% of the total protein content of extracellular vesicles was associated with exosomes which amounted to 90–95% of all vesicles. Median DNA concentrations in total extracellular vesicles and exosome-enriched fractions were 18 pg/ml and 2.6 pg/ml urine, correspondingly. Urine extracellular vesicles carried a population of RNA molecules 25 nt to 200 nt in concentration of no more than 290 pg/ml of urine. Additionally, concentrations of miR-19b, miR-25, miR-125b, and miR-205 were quantified by qRT-PCR. MiRNAs were shown to be differently distributed between different fractions of extracellular vesicles. Detection of miR-19b versus miR-16 in total vesicles and exosome-enriched fractions achieved 100%/93% and 95%/79% specificity/sensitivity in distinguishing cancer patients from healthy individuals, respectively, demonstrating the diagnostic value of urine extracellular vesicles.
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104
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Fais S, O'Driscoll L, Borras FE, Buzas E, Camussi G, Cappello F, Carvalho J, Cordeiro da Silva A, Del Portillo H, El Andaloussi S, Ficko Trček T, Furlan R, Hendrix A, Gursel I, Kralj-Iglic V, Kaeffer B, Kosanovic M, Lekka ME, Lipps G, Logozzi M, Marcilla A, Sammar M, Llorente A, Nazarenko I, Oliveira C, Pocsfalvi G, Rajendran L, Raposo G, Rohde E, Siljander P, van Niel G, Vasconcelos MH, Yáñez-Mó M, Yliperttula ML, Zarovni N, Zavec AB, Giebel B. Evidence-Based Clinical Use of Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicles in Nanomedicine. ACS NANO 2016; 10:3886-99. [PMID: 26978483 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b08015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that all body fluids assessed contain substantial amounts of vesicles that range in size from 30 to 1000 nm and that are surrounded by phospholipid membranes containing different membrane microdomains such as lipid rafts and caveolae. The most prominent representatives of these so-called extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized exosomes (70-150 nm), which are derivatives of the endosomal system, and microvesicles (100-1000 nm), which are produced by outward budding of the plasma membrane. Nanosized EVs are released by almost all cell types and mediate targeted intercellular communication under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Containing cell-type-specific signatures, EVs have been proposed as biomarkers in a variety of diseases. Furthermore, according to their physical functions, EVs of selected cell types have been used as therapeutic agents in immune therapy, vaccination trials, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery. Undoubtedly, the rapidly emerging field of basic and applied EV research will significantly influence the biomedicinal landscape in the future. In this Perspective, we, a network of European scientists from clinical, academic, and industry settings collaborating through the H2020 European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program European Network on Microvesicles and Exosomes in Health and Disease (ME-HAD), demonstrate the high potential of nanosized EVs for both diagnostic and therapeutic (i.e., theranostic) areas of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fais
- Anti-Tumor Drugs Section, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, National Institute of Health (ISS) , 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Francesc E Borras
- IVECAT-Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), and Nephrology Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Edit Buzas
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University , 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin , 8 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo , and Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Anabela Cordeiro da Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology , Rua Campo Alegre, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hernando Del Portillo
- ICREA at Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic de Universitat de Barcelona , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA at Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP) , 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford , Oxford OX13QX, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja Ficko Trček
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals-Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute , 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital , 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Ihsan Gursel
- Science Faculty, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, THORLAB- Therapeutic Oligonucleotide Research Lab, Bilkent University , 06800 Bilkent, Turkey
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglic
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana , 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Maja Kosanovic
- Department of Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, Univeristy of Belgrade , 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marilena E Lekka
- Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina , 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georg Lipps
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland , Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Anti-Tumor Drugs Section, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, National Institute of Health (ISS) , 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marei Sammar
- Prof. Ephraim Katzir Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College , Karmiel 2161002, Israel
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital , 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Irina Nazarenko
- Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center University of Freiburg , 79106 Freiburg am Breisgau, Germany
| | - Carla Oliveira
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriella Pocsfalvi
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, University of Zurich , 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR144, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d'ULM, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Eva Rohde
- Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU) , 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken GesmbH (SALK), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Guillaume van Niel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR144, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d'ULM, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, 75231 Paris, France
| | - M Helena Vasconcelos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Sta Cristina, IIS-IP, Departamento Biología Molecular/CBM-SO, UAM, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Apolonija Bedina Zavec
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry , 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen , 45147 Essen, Germany
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105
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Junker K, Heinzelmann J, Beckham C, Ochiya T, Jenster G. Extracellular Vesicles and Their Role in Urologic Malignancies. Eur Urol 2016; 70:323-31. [PMID: 26924769 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Research has increased significantly on small vesicles secreted by healthy and diseased cells. Recent discoveries have revealed their functional and biomarker roles in urologic diseases. Whether and how this knowledge of extracellular vesicles (EVs) affects translational research and clinical practices have become pertinent questions. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the currently available literature on the rising field of EVs, focusing on function and pathogenesis in urologic cancers and the usefulness of EVs as biomarkers. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify original articles, review articles, and editorials regarding EVs in different types of urologic tumor diseases. Articles published between 2005 and 2015 were reviewed and selected with the consensus of all authors. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Besides soluble factors, different types of EVs are involved in the complex cross talk between different cell types. EVs regulate normal physiologic processes like spermatogenesis and renal function, as well as disease-specific processes including bladder, kidney, and prostate cancer. The content of EVs is derived from the cytoplasm of the donor cell. The proteins and RNAs within these EVs can be isolated from body fluids (eg, urine and blood) and represent potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. EVs are also candidate therapeutic targets and potentially useful as therapeutic vehicles. CONCLUSIONS The current data suggest that EVs are important regulators of cell-cell communication. The growing knowledge about their roles in urologic malignancies provides the basis for novel therapeutic strategies. In addition, nucleic acid and the protein content of EVs holds promise for the discovery of urine- or serum-based biomarkers for kidney, bladder, and prostate cancer. PATIENT SUMMARY Normal and cancer cells secrete small vesicles that contain proteins and RNAs from the cell of origin. Changes in the diseased cells can be detected by examining the altered content of these vesicles when secreted in body fluids, for example, blood and urine. The recently discovered roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide new options to detect malignancy in the urine and blood. The uptake of EVs may be blocked therapeutically and thereby potentially impede cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Junker
- Clinic of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Joana Heinzelmann
- Clinic of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Carla Beckham
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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106
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Raimondo F, Cerra D, Magni F, Pitto M. Urinary proteomics for the study of genetic kidney diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:309-24. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1136218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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107
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Pocsfalvi G, Stanly C, Fiume I, Vékey K. Chromatography and its hyphenation to mass spectrometry for extracellular vesicle analysis. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1439:26-41. [PMID: 26830636 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies are released by cells, both under physiological and pathological conditions. EVs can participate in a novel type of intercellular communication and deliver cargo of nucleic acids, proteins and lipids near or to distant host cells. EV research is proceeding at a fast pace; now they start to appear as promising therapeutic targets, diagnostic tools and drug delivery systems. Isolation and analysis of EVs are prerequisites for understanding their biological roles and for their clinical exploitation. In this process chromatography and mass spectrometry (MS)-based strategies are rapidly gaining importance; and are reviewed in the present communication. Isolation and purification of EVs is mostly performed by ultracentrifugation at present. Chromatography-based strategies are gaining ground, among which affinity and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) are particularly strong contenders. Their major advantages are the relative simplicity, robustness and throughput. Affinity chromatography has the added advantage of separating EV subtypes based on molecular recognition of EV surface motifs. SEC has the advantage that isolated EVs may retain their biological activity. EVs are typically isolated in small amounts, therefore high sensitivity is required for their analysis. Study of the molecular content of EVs (all compounds beside nucleic acids) is predominantly based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The chromatographic separation is mostly performed by reverse phase, nanoscale, ultra high performance LC technique. The MS analysis relying typically on nano-electrospray ionization MS/MS provides high sensitivity, selectivity and resolution, so that thousand(s) of proteins can be detected/identified/quantified in a EV sample. Beside protein identification, quantitation and characterization of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), like glycosylation and phosphorylation are becoming feasible and increasingly important. Along with conventional LC-MS/MS, other chromatographic approaches hyphenated to MS are gaining importance for EV characterization. Hydrophilic interaction LC is used to characterize PTMs; LC-inductively coupled plasma/MS to identify metal containing molecules; while gas chromatography-MS to analyze some lipids and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Pocsfalvi
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy.
| | - Christopher Stanly
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Fiume
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Károly Vékey
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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108
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Lindoso RS, Sandim V, Collino F, Carvalho AB, Dias J, da Costa MR, Zingali RB, Vieyra A. Proteomics of cell-cell interactions in health and disease. Proteomics 2015; 16:328-44. [PMID: 26552723 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of cell-cell communications are now under intense study by proteomic approaches. Proteomics has unraveled changes in protein profiling as the result of cell interactions mediated by ligand/receptor, hormones, soluble factors, and the content of extracellular vesicles. Besides being a brief overview of the main and profitable methodologies now available (evaluating theory behind the methods, their usefulness, and pitfalls), this review focuses on-from a proteome perspective-some signaling pathways and post-translational modifications (PTMs), which are essential for understanding ischemic lesions and their recovery in two vital organs in mammals, the heart, and the kidney. Knowledge of misdirection of the proteome during tissue recovery, such as represented by the convergence between fibrosis and cancer, emerges as an important tool in prognosis. Proteomics of cell-cell interaction is also especially useful for understanding how stem cells interact in injured tissues, anticipating clues for rational therapeutic interventions. In the effervescent field of induced pluripotency and cell reprogramming, proteomic studies have shown what proteins from specialized cells contribute to the recovery of infarcted tissues. Overall, we conclude that proteomics is at the forefront in helping us to understand the mechanisms that underpin prevalent pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael S Lindoso
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Sandim
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Federica Collino
- Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Translational Center of Regenerative Medicine, University of Turin/Fresenius Medical Care, Turin, Italy
| | - Adriana B Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Dias
- National Institute of Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Milene R da Costa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Russolina B Zingali
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Proteomic Network of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Translational Biomedicine Graduate Program, Grand Rio University, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
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109
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Butz H, Nofech-Mozes R, Ding Q, Khella HWZ, Szabó PM, Jewett M, Finelli A, Lee J, Ordon M, Stewart R, Krylov S, Yousef GM. Exosomal MicroRNAs Are Diagnostic Biomarkers and Can Mediate Cell-Cell Communication in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol Focus 2015; 2:210-218. [PMID: 28723537 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apart from an invasive biopsy, currently no tools are available to confirm the diagnosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC); this resulted in approximately 30% of patients being diagnosed with metastatic disease. OBJECTIVE To determine whether urinary microRNAs (miRNAs) can serve as biomarkers to confirm the diagnosis of ccRCC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Global miRNA expression was assessed in 28 preoperative urine samples from patients with ccRCC and 18 healthy participants. The independent validation set consisted of 81 ccRCC patients, 24 patients with benign lesions, and 33 healthy participants. We extracted both cell-free and exosomal RNA for miRNA expression analysis using miRNA-specific polymerase chain reaction assays. We also investigated exosomal miRNA secretion in cell line models and performed exosome transfer between RCC and endothelial cell types. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Receiver operating characteristic analysis was applied to identify the discrimination power of miRNAs. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Overall, miR-126-3p combined with miR-449a or with miR-34b-5p could significantly distinguish ccRCC patients from healthy participants (miR-126-3p-miR-449a: area under the curve [AUC]: 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7620-0.9151; p<0.001; miR-126-3p-miR-34b-5p: AUC: 0.79; 95% CI, 0.7013-0.8815; p<0.001). The combination of miR-126-3p and miR-34b-5p was also able to distinguish small renal masses (pT1a, ≤4cm) from healthy controls (AUC: 0.79; 95% CI, 0.6848-0.8980; p<0.001). Using miR-126-3p and miR-486-5p in combination, we were able to differentiate between benign lesions and ccRCC (AUC: 0.85; 95% CI, 0.7295-0.9615; p<0.01). The expression of a number of miRNAs returned to a level comparable with health after surgery. Kidney cancer cell lines were found to secrete exosomal miR-126-3p, miR-17-5p, miR-21-3p, and miR-25-3p, and these miRNAs were found to be internalized by other cell types. CONCLUSIONS We identified exosomal miRNAs as potential noninvasive diagnostic urinary biomarkers for ccRCC and provided evidence that miRNAs are secreted by the tumor and can function as a tool for intercellular communication. PATIENT SUMMARY We identified urinary microRNAs that can serve as diagnostic biomarkers for clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriett Butz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roy Nofech-Mozes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heba W Z Khella
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter M Szabó
- Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Jewett
- Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonio Finelli
- Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Lee
- Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Ordon
- Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Stewart
- Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sergey Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George M Yousef
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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110
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Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are emerging as a new type of cancer biomarker. TEX are membrane-bound, virus-size vesicles of endocytic origin present in all body fluids of cancer patients. Based on the expanding albeit incomplete knowledge of their biogenesis, secretion by tumor cells and cancer cell-specific molecular and genetic contents, TEX are viewed as promising, clinically-relevant surrogates of cancer progression and response to therapy. Preliminary proteomic, genetic and functional profiling of tumor cell-derived or cancer plasma-derived exosomes confirms their unique characteristics. Alterations in protein or nucleic acid profiles of exosomes in plasma of cancer patients responding to therapies appear to correlate with clinical endpoints. However, methods for TEX isolation and separation from the bulk of human plasma-derived exosomes are not yet established and their role as biomarkers remains to be confirmed. Further development and validation of TEX as noninvasive, liquid equivalents of tumor biopsies are necessary to move this effort forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L. Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, , Phone: 412-624-0096, FAX: 412-624-0264
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111
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Tompkins AJ, Chatterjee D, Maddox M, Wang J, Arciero E, Camussi G, Quesenberry PJ, Renzulli JF. The emergence of extracellular vesicles in urology: fertility, cancer, biomarkers and targeted pharmacotherapy. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:23815. [PMID: 26134460 PMCID: PMC4488336 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.23815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are small membrane-bound vesicles enriched in a selective repertoire of mRNA, miRNA, proteins and cell surface receptors from parental cells and are actively involved in the transmission of inter and intracellular signals. Cancer cells produce EV that contain cargo including DNA, mRNA, miRNA and proteins that allow EV to create epigenetic changes in target cells both locally and systemically. Cancer-derived EV play critical roles in tumorigenesis, cancer cell migration, metastasis, evasion of host immune defense, chemoresistance, and they promote a premetastatic niche favourable to micrometastatic seeding. Their unique molecular profiles acquired from originator cells and their presence in numerous body fluids, including blood and urine, make them promising candidates as biomarkers for prostate, renal and bladder cancers. EV may ultimately serve as targets for therapy and as platforms for personalized medicine in urology. As urologic malignancy comprises 28% of new solid tumour diagnoses and 15% of cancer-related deaths, EV-related research is rapidly emerging and providing unique insights into disease progression. In this report, we review the current literature on EV in the setting of genitourinary fertility and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Tompkins
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Miriam Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Devasis Chatterjee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA;
| | - Michael Maddox
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Miriam Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Justin Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Emily Arciero
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and School of Biotechnology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Peter J Quesenberry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Joseph F Renzulli
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Miriam Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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112
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Bellingham SA, Guo B, Hill AF. The secret life of extracellular vesicles in metal homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Biol Cell 2015; 107:389-418. [PMID: 26032945 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active metals such as copper, zinc and iron are fundamental for sustaining life in different organisms with the regulation of cellular metal homeostasis tightly controlled through proteins that coordinate metal uptake, efflux and detoxification. Many of the proteins involved in either uptake or efflux of metals are localised and function on the plasma membrane, traffic between intracellular compartments depending upon the cellular metal environment and can undergo recycling via the endosomal pathway. The biogenesis of exosomes also occurs within the endosomal system, with several major neurodegenerative disease proteins shown to be released in association with these vesicles, including the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in Alzheimer's disease and the infectious prion protein involved in Prion diseases. Aβ peptide and the prion protein also bind biologically active metals and are postulated to play important roles in metal homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the role of extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's and Prion diseases and explore their potential contribution to metal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne A Bellingham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Belinda Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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113
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Exosomes in urine biomarker discovery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 845:43-58. [PMID: 25355568 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9523-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanovesicles present in urine the so-called urinary exosomes have been found to be secreted by every epithelial cell type lining the urinary tract system in human. Urinary exosomes are an appealing source for biomarker discovery as they contain molecular constituents of their cell of origin, including proteins and genetic materials, and they can be isolated in a non-invasive manner. Following the discovery of urinary exosomes in 2004, many studies have been performed using urinary exosomes as a starting material to identify biomarkers in various renal, urogenital, and systemic diseases. Here, we describe the discovery of urinary exosomes and address the issues on the collection, isolation, and normalization of urinary exosomes as well as delineate the systems biology approach to biomarker discovery using urinary exosomes.
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114
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Gámez-Valero A, Lozano-Ramos SI, Bancu I, Lauzurica-Valdemoros R, Borràs FE. Urinary extracellular vesicles as source of biomarkers in kidney diseases. Front Immunol 2015; 6:6. [PMID: 25688242 PMCID: PMC4311634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cells physiologically release vesicles as way of intercellular communication. The so-called Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) include exosomes, ectosomes, and apoptotic bodies, which basically differ in their composition and subcellular origin. Specifically, EVs found in urine reflect the state of the urinary system, from podocytes to renal-tubular cells, thus making them an excellent source of samples for the study of kidney physiology and pathology. Several groups have focused on defining biomarkers of kidney-related disorders, from graft rejection to metabolic syndromes. So far, the lack of a standard protocol for EVs isolation precludes the possibility of a proper comparison among the different biomarkers proposed in the literature, stressing the need for validation of these biomarkers not only in larger cohorts of patients but also considering the different methods for EVs isolation. In this review, we aim to gather the current knowledge about EVs-related biomarkers in kidney diseases, with a special emphasis in the methods used to date for EVs enrichment, and discussing the need for more specific protocols of EV isolation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gámez-Valero
- IVECAT-Group, Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP) , Badalona , Spain
| | | | - Ioana Bancu
- Nephrology Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Spain
| | | | - Francesc E Borràs
- IVECAT-Group, Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP) , Badalona , Spain ; Nephrology Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Spain
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115
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Czarnecka AM, Kornakiewicz A, Kukwa W, Szczylik C. Frontiers in clinical and molecular diagnostics and staging of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Future Oncol 2015; 10:1095-111. [PMID: 24941992 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The last few years have brought advances in the understanding of the molecular biology of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Both preclinical research and clinical trials brought together results from the latest advancements in RCC diagnostic and staging. Understanding of the complex molecular alterations involved in the development and progression of RCC enables development of immunohistochemical and genetic diagnostic tools and is also opening the doors for experimental targeted therapies. At the same time, improvements of medical and molecular imaging improves the sensitivity and specificity of metastatic disease diagnosis. Moreover, independent validation of molecular profiles across high-throughput platforms, methods, laboratories and cancer populations has recently been successfully performed in RCC. Generation of informative, clinical diagnostic tools is likely to contribute to development of novel personalized diagnostic and treatment protocols and ensure prolonged survival of RCC patient in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Czarnecka
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
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116
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Kumar A, Baycin-Hizal D, Shiloach J, Bowen MA, Betenbaugh MJ. Coupling enrichment methods with proteomics for understanding and treating disease. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:33-47. [PMID: 25523641 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Owing to recent advances in proteomics analytical methods and bioinformatics capabilities there is a growing trend toward using these capabilities for the development of drugs to treat human disease, including target and drug evaluation, understanding mechanisms of drug action, and biomarker discovery. Currently, the genetic sequences of many major organisms are available, which have helped greatly in characterizing proteomes in model animal systems and humans. Through proteomics, global profiles of different disease states can be characterized (e.g. changes in types and relative levels as well as changes in PTMs such as glycosylation or phosphorylation). Although intracellular proteomics can provide a broad overview of physiology of cells and tissues, it has been difficult to quantify the low abundance proteins which can be important for understanding the diseased states and treatment progression. For this reason, there is increasing interest in coupling comparative proteomics methods with subcellular fractionation and enrichment techniques for membranes, nucleus, phosphoproteome, glycoproteome as well as low abundance serum proteins. In this review, we will provide examples of where the utilization of different proteomics-coupled enrichment techniques has aided target and biomarker discovery, understanding the drug targeting mechanism, and mAb discovery. Taken together, these improvements will help to provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology of various diseases including cancer, autoimmunity, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and neurological conditions, and in the design and development of better medicines for treating these afflictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Biotechnology Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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117
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Pitto M, Corbetta S, Raimondo F. Preparation of urinary exosomes: methodological issues for clinical proteomics. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1243:43-53. [PMID: 25384739 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1872-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Urinary exosomes are small (<100 nm) vesicles secreted into urine from renal epithelial cells. They are coated with lipid bilayer, they contain an array of membrane and cytosolic proteins, and selected RNA species, reflecting the molecular composition of their cell of origin. Thus, urinary exosomes have received considerable attention as potential biomarker source, as their proteomic analysis could lead to the discovery of new non-invasive site-specific biomarkers for renal diseases. Here, we describe a robust method for urinary exosome preparation, additional protocols for their biochemical characterization and for the quantitation of different preparations, to be used for comparative proteomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pitto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy,
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118
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Corbetta S, Raimondo F, Tedeschi S, Syrèn ML, Rebora P, Savoia A, Baldi L, Bettinelli A, Pitto M. Urinary exosomes in the diagnosis of Gitelman and Bartter syndromes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 30:621-30. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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119
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Nawaz M, Camussi G, Valadi H, Nazarenko I, Ekström K, Wang X, Principe S, Shah N, Ashraf NM, Fatima F, Neder L, Kislinger T. The emerging role of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for urogenital cancers. Nat Rev Urol 2014; 11:688-701. [PMID: 25403245 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2014.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge gained from comprehensive profiling projects that aim to define the complex genomic alterations present within cancers will undoubtedly improve our ability to detect and treat those diseases, but the influence of these resources on our understanding of basic cancer biology is still to be demonstrated. Extracellular vesicles have gained considerable attention in past years, both as mediators of intercellular signalling and as potential sources for the discovery of novel cancer biomarkers. In general, research on extracellular vesicles investigates either the basic mechanism of vesicle formation and cargo incorporation, or the isolation of vesicles from available body fluids for biomarker discovery. A deeper understanding of the cargo molecules present in extracellular vesicles obtained from patients with urogenital cancers, through high-throughput proteomics or genomics approaches, will aid in the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and can potentially lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hadi Valadi
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Ekström
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simona Principe
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, 101 College Street, TMDT 9-807, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, 101 College Street, TMDT 9-807, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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120
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Musante L, Tataruch DE, Holthofer H. Use and isolation of urinary exosomes as biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:149. [PMID: 25309511 PMCID: PMC4176463 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes represents a major threat to public health and the number of patients is increasing alarmingly in the global scale. Particularly, the diabetic kidney disease (nephropathy, DN) together with its cardiovascular complications cause immense human suffering, highly increased risk of premature deaths, and lead to huge societal costs. DN is first detected when protein appears in urine (microalbuminuria). As in other persisting proteinuric diseases (like vasculitis) it heralds irreversible damage of kidney functions up to non-functional (end-stage) kidney and ultimately calls for kidney replacement therapy (dialysis or kidney transplantation). While remarkable progress has been made in understanding the genetic and molecular factors associating with chronic kidney diseases, breakthroughs are still missing to provide comprehensive understanding of events and mechanisms associated. Non-invasive diagnostic tools for early diagnostics of kidney damage are badly needed. Exosomes - small vesicular structures present in urine are released by all cell types along kidney structures to present with distinct surface assembly. Furthermore, exosomes carry a load of special proteins and nucleic acids. This "cargo" faithfully reflects the physiological state of their respective cells of origin and appears to serve as a new pathway for downstream signaling to target cells. Accordingly, exosome vesicles are emerging as a valuable source for disease stage-specific information and as fingerprints of disease progression. Unfortunately, technical issues of exosome isolation are challenging and, thus, their full potential remains untapped. Here, we review the molecular basis of exosome secretion as well as their use to reveal events along the nephron. In addition to novel molecular information, the new methods provide the needed accurate, personalized, non-invasive, and inexpensive future diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Musante
- Centre for BioAnalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dorota Ewa Tataruch
- Centre for BioAnalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Centre for BioAnalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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121
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Wang D, Sun W. Urinary extracellular microvesicles: isolation methods and prospects for urinary proteome. Proteomics 2014; 14:1922-32. [PMID: 24962155 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular microvesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles, which are released from diverse cells. These EVs have also been found in a wide range of body fluids. The cargo of EVs, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, can be stably preserved in EVs. Researchers have found that EVs can mediate intercellular communication by shuttling the cargo components. Therefore, EVs can be used for the identification of disease-specific biomarkers. As one class of EVs, urinary exosomes can reflect the status of the renal system. Moreover, urinary exosome analysis can minimize the interference of high abundant proteins in the whole urine sample. Therefore, urinary exosomes have gained much attention in recent years. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of urinary exosome studies in recent years, including collection, storage, and isolation methods. The normal and disease proteomic analyses of urinary exosomes are also presented. Thus, this review may provide a valuable reference for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
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122
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Pocsfalvi G, Stanly C, Vilasi A, Fiume I, Tatè R, Capasso G. Employing extracellular vesicles for non-invasive renal monitoring: A captivating prospect. World J Clin Urol 2014; 3:66-80. [DOI: 10.5410/wjcu.v3.i2.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are fascinating nano-sized subjects extensively studied over the recent years across several disparate disciplines. EVs are endlessly secreted into the extracellular microenvironment by most cell types under physiological and pathological conditions. EVs encompass a variety of molecular constituents from their cell of origin, such as lipids, cell specific proteins and RNAs, thus constituting an informative resource for studying molecular events at the cellular level. There are three main classes of EVs classified based on their size, content, biogenesis and biological functions: exosomes, shedding microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. Besides cell culture supernatants, biological fluids have also been shown to contain different types of EVs. Amongst the various body fluids, the study of urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) as a source of candidate biomarkers gained much attention, since: (1) urine can be non-invasively collected in large amounts; and (2) the isolated uEVs are stable for a relatively long period of time. Here, we review the important aspects of urinary extracellular vesicles which are fast gaining attention as a promising future tool for the non-invasive monitoring of urinary tract. Recent advancements in the purification and analysis of uEVs and collection of their constituents in rapidly developing public databases, allow their better exploitation in molecular diagnostics. As a result, a growing number of studies have shown that changes in expression profile at the RNA and/or protein levels of uEVs reveal the molecular architectures of underlying key pathophysiological events of different clinically important diseases with kidney involvement.
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123
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van Balkom BWM, van Doorn J, Verhoeven-Duif NM, Verhaar MC. The potential of exosomes in diagnosis and treatment of inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:497-504. [PMID: 24509975 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, in particular exosomes, have gained much attention as potent mediators of intercellular signaling. Exosomes are 50-130 nm intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVB) that are secreted into the extracellular environment upon fusion of MVB with the plasma membrane. Current research on exosomes focuses on their biogenesis, including specific sorting mechanisms, their potential to transfer proteins and RNA from their cells of origin to target cells, specific methods of vesicle isolation, and their possible application as diagnostic and therapeutic devices. Exosomes are vesicles of endocytic origin that contain a portion of the cytoplasm. Their molecular components represent the composition and thereby the physiological state of the cells from which they originate. In this review, we recapitulate the discovery of exosomes and the subsequent expansion of exosome research into a variety of different areas of interest, with a specific focus on how exosomes could prove to be invaluable for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications within the research field of inborn errors of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas W M van Balkom
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
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124
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Raimondo F, Corbetta S, Chinello C, Pitto M, Magni F. The urinary proteome and peptidome of renal cell carcinoma patients: a comparison of different techniques. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 11:503-14. [PMID: 24890767 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.926222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinomas, originating from the renal cortex, account for about 80% of kidney primary malignancies. Small localized tumors rarely produce symptoms and diagnosis is often delayed until the disease is advanced. In contrast to other urological cancers, renal cell carcinomas are associated with a high degree of metastases and a low 5-year survival rate. The identification of diagnostic and prognostic markers, especially in the urine, remains an area of intense investigation. Different proteomic strategies have been applied so far to biomarker discovery in urine at the proteome or the peptidome level. Gel-based and gel-free strategies combined with mass spectrometry are the most-used strategies, have different success rates, and will be depicted here. We also prefigure a scenario in which the limitations of a single approach are overcome by applying new and complementary research strategies, relying on the excellent availability coupled to the intrinsic richness typical of urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Raimondo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
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125
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Mayne J, Starr AE, Ning Z, Chen R, Chiang CK, Figeys D. Fine Tuning of Proteomic Technologies to Improve Biological Findings: Advancements in 2011–2013. Anal Chem 2013; 86:176-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403551f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice Mayne
- Ottawa Institute of
Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology
and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H8M5
| | - Amanda E. Starr
- Ottawa Institute of
Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology
and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H8M5
| | - Zhibin Ning
- Ottawa Institute of
Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology
and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H8M5
| | - Rui Chen
- Ottawa Institute of
Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology
and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H8M5
| | - Cheng-Kang Chiang
- Ottawa Institute of
Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology
and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H8M5
| | - Daniel Figeys
- Ottawa Institute of
Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology
and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H8M5
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126
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Kupcova Skalnikova H. Proteomic techniques for characterisation of mesenchymal stem cell secretome. Biochimie 2013; 95:2196-211. [PMID: 23880644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with a substantial potential in human regenerative medicine due to their ability to migrate to sites of injury, capability to suppress immune response and accessibility in large amount from patient's own bone marrow or fat tissue. It has been increasingly observed that the transplanted MSCs did not necessarily engraft and differentiate at the site of injury but might exert their therapeutic effects through secreted trophic signals. The MSCs secrete a variety of autocrine/paracrine factors, called secretome, that support regenerative processes in the damaged tissue, induce angiogenesis, protect cells from apoptotic cell death and modulate immune system. The cell culture medium conditioned by MSCs or osteogenic, chondrogenic as well as adipogenic precursors derived from MSCs has become a subject of intensive proteomic profiling in the search for and identification of released factors and microvesicles that might be applicable in regenerative medicine. Jointly with the methods for MSC isolation, expansion and differentiation, proteomic analysis of MSC secretome was enabled recently mainly due to the extensive development in protein separation techniques, mass spectrometry, immunological methods and bioinformatics. This review describes proteomic techniques currently applied or prospectively applicable in MSC secretomics, with a particular focus on preparation of the secretome sample, protein/peptide separation, mass spectrometry and protein quantification techniques, analysis of posttranslational modifications, immunological techniques, isolation and characterisation of secreted vesicles and exosomes, analysis of cytokine-encoding mRNAs and bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kupcova Skalnikova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic.
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