101
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Abstract
Minima of the electric field and positions of K+ and Na+ (zero of the x-coordinate is the center of the cavity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Villani
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici
- ICCOM – UOS Pisa
- Area della Ricerca del CNR
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
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102
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Weldon C, Behm-Ansmant I, Hurley LH, Burley GA, Branlant C, Eperon IC, Dominguez C. Identification of G-quadruplexes in long functional RNAs using 7-deazaguanine RNA. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:18-20. [PMID: 27820800 PMCID: PMC5164935 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RNA G-quadruplex (G4) structures are thought to affect biological processes, including translation and pre-mRNA splicing, but it is not possible at present to demonstrate that they form naturally at specific sequences in long functional RNA molecules. We developed a new strategy, footprinting of long 7-deazaguanine-substituted RNAs (FOLDeR), that allows the formation of G4s to be confirmed in long RNAs and under functional conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carika Weldon
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Isabelle Behm-Ansmant
- IMoPA (Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire), UMR 7365 CNRS-UL, Biopôle de l’Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Laurence H. Hurley
- College of Pharmacy and College of Pharmacy and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Glenn A. Burley
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, UK
| | - Christiane Branlant
- IMoPA (Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire), UMR 7365 CNRS-UL, Biopôle de l’Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Ian C. Eperon
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Cyril Dominguez
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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103
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Rouleau S, Jodoin R, Garant JM, Perreault JP. RNA G-Quadruplexes as Key Motifs of the Transcriptome. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 170:1-20. [PMID: 28382477 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
G-Quadruplexes are non-canonical secondary structures that can be adopted under physiological conditions by guanine-rich DNA and RNA molecules. They have been reported to occur, and to perform multiple biological functions, in the genomes and transcriptomes of many species, including humans. This chapter focuses specifically on RNA G-quadruplexes and reviews the most recent discoveries in the field, as well as addresses the upcoming challenges researchers studying these structures face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rouleau
- RNA Group/Groupe ARN, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1E 4K8
| | - Rachel Jodoin
- RNA Group/Groupe ARN, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1E 4K8
| | - Jean-Michel Garant
- RNA Group/Groupe ARN, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1E 4K8
| | - Jean-Pierre Perreault
- RNA Group/Groupe ARN, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1E 4K8.
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104
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Weldon C, Eperon IC, Dominguez C. Do we know whether potential G-quadruplexes actually form in long functional RNA molecules? Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:1761-1768. [PMID: 27913687 PMCID: PMC5135001 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The roles of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) G-quadruplex structures in gene expression and telomere maintenance have been well characterized. Recent results suggest that such structures could also play pivotal roles in ribonucleic acid (RNA) biology, such as splicing or translation regulation. However, it has been difficult to show that RNA G-quadruplexes (G4s) exist in specific long RNA sequences, such as precursor messenger RNA, in a functional or cellular context. Most current methods for identifying G4s involve the use of short, purified RNA sequences in vitro, in the absence of competition with secondary structures or protein binding. Therefore, novel methods need to be developed to allow the characterization of G4s in long functional RNAs and in a cellular context. This need has in part been met by our recent development of a method based on a comparison of RNA and 7-deaza-RNA that provides a test for identifying RNA G4s in such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carika Weldon
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, U.K
| | - Ian C Eperon
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, U.K
| | - Cyril Dominguez
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, U.K
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105
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Computational understanding and experimental characterization of twice-as-smart quadruplex ligands as chemical sensors of bacterial nucleotide second messengers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33888. [PMID: 27667717 PMCID: PMC5036188 DOI: 10.1038/srep33888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A twice-as-smart ligand is a small molecule that experiences a structural switch upon interaction with its target (i.e., smart ligand) that concomitantly triggers its fluorescence (i.e., smart probe). Prototypes of twice-as-smart ligands were recently developed to track and label G-quadruplexes: these higher-order nucleic acid structures originate in the assembly of four guanine(G)-rich DNA or RNA strands, whose stability is imparted by the formation and the self-assembly of G-quartets. The first prototypes of twice-as-smart quadruplex ligands were designed to exploit the self-association of quartets, being themselves synthetic G-quartets. While their quadruplex recognition capability has been thoroughly documented, some doubts remain about the precise photophysical mechanism that underlies their peculiar spectroscopic properties. Here, we uncovered this mechanism via complete theoretical calculations. Collected information was then used to develop a novel application of twice-as-smart ligands, as efficient chemical sensors of bacterial signaling pathways via the fluorescent detection of naturally occurring extracellular quadruplexes formed by cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP).
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106
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Granqvist L, Virta P. Characterization of G-Quadruplex/Hairpin Transitions of RNAs by 19 F NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2016; 22:15360-15372. [PMID: 27603896 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
2'-O-[(4-Trifluoromethyl-triazol-1-yl)methyl] reporter groups have been incorporated into guanosine-rich RNA models (including a known bistable Qd/Hp RNA and two G-rich regions of mRNA of human prion protein, PrP) and applied for the 19 F NMR spectroscopic characterization of plausible G-quadruplex/hairpin (Qd/Hp) transitions in these RNA structures. For the synthesis of the CF3 -labeled RNAs, phosphoramidite building blocks of 2'-O-[(4-CF3 -triazol-1-yl)methyl] nucleosides (cytidine, adenosine, and guanosine) were prepared and used as an integral part of the standard solid-phase RNA synthesis. The obtained 19 F NMR spectra supported the usual characterization data (obtained by UV- and CD-melting profiles and by 1 H NMR spectra of the imino regions) and additionally gave more detailed information on the Qd/Hp transitions. The molar fractions of the secondary structural species (Qd, Hp) upon thermal denaturation and under varying ionic conditions could be determined from the intensities and shifts of the 19 F NMR signals. For a well-behaved Qd/Hp transition, thermodynamic parameters could be extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Granqvist
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland.
| | - Pasi Virta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland.
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107
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Bolduc F, Garant JM, Allard F, Perreault JP. Irregular G-quadruplexes Found in the Untranslated Regions of Human mRNAs Influence Translation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21751-21760. [PMID: 27557661 PMCID: PMC5076843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplex structures are composed of coplanar guanines and are found in both DNA and RNA. They are formed by the stacking of two or more G-quartets that are linked together by three loops. The current belief is that RNA G-quadruplexes include loops of l to 7 nucleotides in length, although recent evidence indicates that the central loop (loop 2) can be longer if loops 1 and 3 are limited to a single nucleotide each. With the objective of broadening the definition of irregular RNA G-quadruplexes, a bioinformatic search was performed to find potential G-quadruplexes located in the untranslated regions of human mRNAs (i.e. in the 5′ and 3′-UTRs) that contain either a long loop 1 or 3 of up to 40 nucleotides in length. RNA molecules including the potential sequences were then synthesized and examined in vitro by in-line probing for the formation of G-quadruplex structures. The sequences that adopted a G-quadruplex structure were cloned into a luciferase dual vector and examined for their ability to modulate translation in cellulo. Some irregular G-quadruplexes were observed to either promote or repress translation regardless of the position or the size of the long loop they possessed. Even if the composition of a RNA G-quadruplex is not quite completely understood, the results presented in this report clearly demonstrate that what defines a RNA G-quadruplex is much broader than what we previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bolduc
- From the RNA Group/Groupe ARN, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Garant
- From the RNA Group/Groupe ARN, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Félix Allard
- From the RNA Group/Groupe ARN, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Perreault
- From the RNA Group/Groupe ARN, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
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108
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Das K, Srivastava M, Raghavan SC. GNG Motifs Can Replace a GGG Stretch during G-Quadruplex Formation in a Context Dependent Manner. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158794. [PMID: 27414642 PMCID: PMC4945072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplexes are one of the most commonly studied non-B DNA structures. Generally, these structures are formed using a minimum of 4, three guanine tracts, with connecting loops ranging from one to seven. Recent studies have reported deviation from this general convention. One such deviation is the involvement of bulges in the guanine tracts. In this study, guanines along with bulges, also referred to as GNG motifs have been extensively studied using recently reported HOX11 breakpoint fragile region I as a model template. By strategic mutagenesis approach we show that the contribution from continuous G-tracts may be dispensible during G-quadruplex formation when such motifs are flanked by GNGs. Importantly, the positioning and number of GNG/GNGNG can also influence the formation of G-quadruplexes. Further, we assessed three genomic regions from HIF1 alpha, VEGF and SHOX gene for G-quadruplex formation using GNG motifs. We show that HIF1 alpha sequence harbouring GNG motifs can fold into intramolecular G-quadruplex. In contrast, GNG motifs in mutant VEGF sequence could not participate in structure formation, suggesting that the usage of GNG is context dependent. Importantly, we show that when two continuous stretches of guanines are flanked by two independent GNG motifs in a naturally occurring sequence (SHOX), it can fold into an intramolecular G-quadruplex. Finally, we show the specific binding of G-quadruplex binding protein, Nucleolin and G-quadruplex antibody, BG4 to SHOX G-quadruplex. Overall, our study provides novel insights into the role of GNG motifs in G-quadruplex structure formation which may have both physiological and pathological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohal Das
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Mrinal Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Sathees C. Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- * E-mail:
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109
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Abstract
RNA with site-specific modification is a useful tool for RNA biology studies. However, generating kilobase (kb) -long RNA with internal modification at a site distant from RNA termini remains challenging. Here we report an enhanced splint ligation technique, proximal disruptor aided ligation (ProDAL), which allows adequate efficiency toward this purpose. The key to our approach is using multiple DNA oligonucleotides, 'proximal disruptors', to target the RNA substrate sequence next to the ligation site. The binding of disruptors helps to free the ligation site from intramolecular RNA basepairing, and consequently promotes more efficient formation of the pre-ligation complex and a higher overall ligation yield. We used naturally occurring 1.0 kb renilla and 1.9 kb firefly luciferase mRNA sequences to test the efficacy of our approach. ProDAL yielded 9-14% efficiency for the ligation between two RNA substrates, both of which were between 414 and 1313 nucleotides (nt) long. ProDAL also allowed similarly high efficiency for generating kb-long RNA with site-specific internal modification by a simple three-part ligation between two long RNA substrates and a modification-carrying RNA oligonucleotide. In comparison, classical splint ligation yielded a significantly lower efficiency of 0-2% in all cases. We expect that ProDAL will benefit studies involving kb-long RNAs, including translation, long non-coding RNAs, RNA splicing and modification, and large ribonucleoprotein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zhovmer
- a Molecular Biology Program , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , USA
| | - Xiaohui Qu
- a Molecular Biology Program , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , USA
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110
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Mendoza O, Bourdoncle A, Boulé JB, Brosh RM, Mergny JL. G-quadruplexes and helicases. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:1989-2006. [PMID: 26883636 PMCID: PMC4797304 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanine-rich DNA strands can fold in vitro into non-canonical DNA structures called G-quadruplexes. These structures may be very stable under physiological conditions. Evidence suggests that G-quadruplex structures may act as ‘knots’ within genomic DNA, and it has been hypothesized that proteins may have evolved to remove these structures. The first indication of how G-quadruplex structures could be unfolded enzymatically came in the late 1990s with reports that some well-known duplex DNA helicases resolved these structures in vitro. Since then, the number of studies reporting G-quadruplex DNA unfolding by helicase enzymes has rapidly increased. The present review aims to present a general overview of the helicase/G-quadruplex field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Mendoza
- University of Bordeaux, ARNA Laboratory F-33000 Bordeaux, France INSERM U1212,CNRS UMR 5320, IECB, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Anne Bourdoncle
- University of Bordeaux, ARNA Laboratory F-33000 Bordeaux, France INSERM U1212,CNRS UMR 5320, IECB, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Boulé
- CNRS UMR 7196, INSERM U1154, MNHN, F-75005 Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Robert M Brosh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- University of Bordeaux, ARNA Laboratory F-33000 Bordeaux, France INSERM U1212,CNRS UMR 5320, IECB, F-33600 Pessac, France
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111
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Endoh T, Rode AB, Takahashi S, Kataoka Y, Kuwahara M, Sugimoto N. Real-Time Monitoring of G-Quadruplex Formation during Transcription. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1984-9. [PMID: 26810457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cotranscriptional folding of an RNA transcript enables formation of metastable RNA structures. Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of RNA G-quadruplex formation have previously been investigated using purified guanine-rich oligonucleotides. Here, we describe a method for analysis of cotranscriptional dynamics of the G-quadruplex formation based on real-time monitoring of the fluorescence of G-quadruplex ligands. For RNA sequences with the potential to form mutually exclusive hairpin or G-quadruplex structures, the efficiency of G-quadruplex formation during transcription depended on position of the hairpin forming sequence. The real-time monitoring enabled evaluation of environmental effects on RNA dynamics, as we demonstrated facilitation of post-transcriptional G-quadruplex formation under molecular crowding conditions. The strategy demonstrated here provides folding insights into the G-quadruplex during transcription that should be involved in gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Endoh
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University , 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ambadas B Rode
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University , 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Takahashi
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University , 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuka Kataoka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University , 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kuwahara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University , 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Naoki Sugimoto
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University , 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University , 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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112
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Bonnat L, Dejeu J, Bonnet H, Génnaro B, Jarjayes O, Thomas F, Lavergne T, Defrancq E. Templated Formation of Discrete RNA and DNA:RNA Hybrid G-Quadruplexes and Their Interactions with Targeting Ligands. Chemistry 2016; 22:3139-47. [PMID: 26808196 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
G-rich RNA and DNA oligonucleotides derived from the human telomeric sequence were assembled onto addressable cyclopeptide platforms through oxime ligations and copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) reactions. The resulting conjugates were able to fold into highly stable RNA and DNA:RNA hybrid G-quadruplex (G4) architectures as demonstrated by UV, circular dichroism (CD), and NMR spectroscopic analysis. Whereas rationally designed parallel RNA and DNA:RNA hybrid G4 topologies could be obtained, we could not force the formation of an antiparallel RNA G4 structure, thus supporting the idea that this topology is strongly disfavored. The binding affinities of four representative G4 ligands toward the discrete RNA and DNA:RNA hybrid G4 topologies were compared to the one obtained with the corresponding DNA G4 structure. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding analysis suggests that the accessibility to G4 recognition elements is different among the three structures and supports the idea that G4 ligands might be shaped to achieve structure selectivity in a biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen Bonnat
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jérôme Dejeu
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Hugues Bonnet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Béatrice Génnaro
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Jarjayes
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabrice Thomas
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Lavergne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France. .,CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Eric Defrancq
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France. .,CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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113
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jinhuan Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xianxiu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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