101
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Chen Y, Wu M, Ren L, Liu J, Whitley PH, Wang L, Huang TJ. High-throughput acoustic separation of platelets from whole blood. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3466-72. [PMID: 27477388 PMCID: PMC5010861 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00682e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Platelets contain growth factors which are important in biomedical and clinical applications. In this work, we present an acoustic separation device for high-throughput, non-invasive platelet isolation. In particular, we separated platelets from whole blood at a 10 mL min(-1) throughput, which is three orders of magnitude greater than that of existing acoustic-based platelet separation techniques. Without sample dilution, we observed more than 80% RBC/WBC removal and platelet recovery. High throughput, high separation efficiency, and biocompatibility make this device useful for many clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Chen
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mengxi Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Liqiang Ren
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jiayang Liu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Pamela H. Whitley
- American Red Cross, Mid-Atlantic Blood Services Region, 400 Gresham Dr., Suite 100, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Ascent Bio-Nano Technologies Inc., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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102
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Murlidhar V, Rivera-Báez L, Nagrath S. Affinity Versus Label-Free Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells: Who Wins? SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4450-63. [PMID: 27436104 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The study of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has been made possible by many technological advances in their isolation. Their isolation has seen many fronts, but each technology brings forth a new set of challenges to overcome. Microfluidics has been a key player in the capture of CTCs and their downstream analysis, with the aim of shedding light into their clinical application in cancer and metastasis. Researchers have taken diverging paths to isolate such cells from blood, ranging from affinity-based isolation targeting surface antigens expressed on CTCs, to label-free isolation taking advantage of the size differences between CTCs and other blood cells. For both major groups, many microfluidic technologies have reported high sensitivity and specificity for capturing CTCs. However, the question remains as to the superiority among these two isolation techniques, specifically to identify different CTC populations. This review highlights the key aspects of affinity and label-free microfluidic CTC technologies, and discusses which of these two would be the highest benefactor for the study of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Murlidhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 3074 H.H. Dow, 2300 Hayward Street Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute (BI), University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Translational Oncology Program (TOP), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lianette Rivera-Báez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 3074 H.H. Dow, 2300 Hayward Street Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute (BI), University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Translational Oncology Program (TOP), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sunitha Nagrath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 3074 H.H. Dow, 2300 Hayward Street Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute (BI), University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Translational Oncology Program (TOP), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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103
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Ignatiadis M, Lee M, Jeffrey SS. Circulating Tumor Cells and Circulating Tumor DNA: Challenges and Opportunities on the Path to Clinical Utility. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 21:4786-800. [PMID: 26527805 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advances have enabled the detection and detailed characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTC) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in blood samples from patients with cancer. Often referred to as a "liquid biopsy," CTCs and ctDNA are expected to provide real-time monitoring of tumor evolution and therapeutic efficacy, with the potential for improved cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we focus on these opportunities as well as the challenges that should be addressed so that these tools may eventually be implemented into routine clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Ignatiadis
- Department of Medical Oncology and Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J. C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark Lee
- Google[x] Life Sciences, Google, Inc, Mountain View, California
| | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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104
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An integrated on-chip platform for negative enrichment of tumour cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1028:153-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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105
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Kim SH, Fujii T. Efficient analysis of a small number of cancer cells at the single-cell level using an electroactive double-well array. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2440-9. [PMID: 27189335 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00241b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the intracellular materials of a small number of cancer cells at the single-cell level is important to improve our understanding of cellular heterogeneity in rare cells. To analyze an extremely small number of cancer cells (less than hundreds of cells), an efficient system is required in order to analyze target cells with minimal sample loss. Here, we present a novel approach utilizing an advanced electroactive double-well array (EdWA) for on-chip analysis of a small number of cancer cells at the single-cell level with minimal loss of target cells. The EdWA consisted of cell-sized trap-wells for deterministic single-cell trapping using dielectrophoresis and high aspect ratio reaction-wells for confining the cell lysates extracted by lysing trapped single cells via electroporation. We demonstrated a highly efficient single-cell arraying (a cell capture efficiency of 96 ± 3%) by trapping diluted human prostate cancer cells (PC3 cells). On-chip single-cell analysis was performed by measuring the intracellular β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity after lysing the trapped single cells inside a tightly enclosed EdWA in the presence of a fluorogenic enzyme substrate. The PC3 cells showed large cell-to-cell variations in β-gal activity although they were cultured under the same conditions in a culture dish. This simple and effective system has great potential for high throughput single-cell analysis of rare cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyeon Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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106
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Karle M, Vashist SK, Zengerle R, von Stetten F. Microfluidic solutions enabling continuous processing and monitoring of biological samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 929:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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107
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Xavier M, Oreffo ROC, Morgan H. Skeletal stem cell isolation: A review on the state-of-the-art microfluidic label-free sorting techniques. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:908-923. [PMID: 27236022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal stem cells (SSC) are a sub-population of bone marrow stromal cells that reside in postnatal bone marrow with osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential. SSCs reside only in the bone marrow and have organisational and regulatory functions in the bone marrow microenvironment and give rise to the haematopoiesis-supportive stroma. Their differentiation capacity is restricted to skeletal lineages and therefore the term SSC should be clearly distinguished from mesenchymal stem cells which are reported to exist in extra-skeletal tissues and, critically, do not contribute to skeletal development. SSCs are responsible for the unique regeneration capacity of bone and offer unlimited potential for application in bone regenerative therapies. A current unmet challenge is the isolation of homogeneous populations of SSCs, in vitro, with homogeneous regeneration and differentiation capacities. Challenges that limit SSC isolation include a) the scarcity of SSCs in bone marrow aspirates, estimated at between 1 in 10-100,000 mononuclear cells; b) the absence of specific markers and thus the phenotypic ambiguity of the SSC and c) the complexity of bone marrow tissue. Microfluidics provides innovative approaches for cell separation based on bio-physical features of single cells. Here we review the physical principles underlying label-free microfluidic sorting techniques and review their capacity for stem cell selection/sorting from complex (heterogeneous) samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Xavier
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.; Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, SO16 6YD Southampton, United Kingdom..
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, SO16 6YD Southampton, United Kingdom..
| | - Hywel Morgan
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom..
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108
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Tada S, Nakanishi A, Eguchi M, Ochi K, Baba M, Tsukamoto A. Enhancement of continuous-flow separation of viable/nonviable yeast cells using a nonuniform alternating current electric field with complex spatial distribution. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:034110. [PMID: 27279934 PMCID: PMC4874929 DOI: 10.1063/1.4950999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The variability in cell response to AC electric fields is selective enough to separate not only the cell types but also the activation states of similar cells. In this work, we use dielectrophoresis (DEP), which exploits the differences in the dielectric properties of cells, to separate nonviable and viable cells. A parallel-plate DEP device consisting of a bottom face with an array of micro-fabricated interdigitated electrodes and a top face with a plane electrode was proposed to facilitate the separation of cells by creating a nonuniform electric field throughout the flow channel. The operation and performance of the device were evaluated using live and dead yeast cells as model biological particles. Further, numerical simulations were conducted for the cell suspensions flowing in a channel with a nonuniform AC electric field, modeled on the basis of the equation of motion of particles, to characterize the separation efficiency by changing the frequency of applied AC voltage. Results demonstrated that dead cells traveling through the channel were focused onto a site around the minimum electric field gradient in the middle of the flow stream, while live cells were trapped on the bottom face. Cells were thus successfully separated under the appropriately tuned frequency of 1 MHz. Predictions showed good agreement with the observation. The proposed DEP device provides a new approach to, for instance, hematological analysis or the separation of different cancer cells for application in circulating tumor cell identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Tada
- Department of Applied Physics, National Defense Academy , Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Arisa Nakanishi
- Department of Applied Physics, National Defense Academy , Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | | | - Kengo Ochi
- Department of Applied Physics, National Defense Academy , Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Megumi Baba
- Department of Applied Physics, National Defense Academy , Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Akira Tsukamoto
- Department of Applied Physics, National Defense Academy , Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
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109
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Abstract
Isolation and analysis of cancer cells from body fluids have significant implications in diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of cancers. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells circulating in the peripheral blood or spreading iatrogenically into blood vessels, which is an early step in the cascade of events leading to cancer metastasis. Therefore, CTCs can be used for diagnosing for therapeutic treatment, prognosing a given anticancer intervention, and estimating the risk of metastatic relapse. However, isolation of CTCs is a significant technological challenge due to their rarity and low recovery rate using traditional purification techniques. Recently microfluidic devices represent a promising platform for isolating cancer cells with high efficiency in processing complex cellular fluids, with simplicity, sensitivity, and throughput. This review summarizes recent methods of CTC isolation and analysis, as well as their applications in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - K Chen
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Z H Fan
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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110
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Tada S. Numerical simulation of dielectrophoretic separation of live/dead cells using a three-dimensional nonuniform AC electric field in micro-fabricated devices. Biorheology 2016; 52:211-24. [PMID: 26406782 DOI: 10.3233/bir-14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of cell separation has many important biological and medical applications. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is one of the most effective and widely used techniques for separating and identifying biological species. OBJECTIVE In the present study, a DEP flow channel, a device that exploits the differences in the dielectric properties of cells in cell separation, was numerically simulated and its cell-separation performance examined. METHODS The samples of cells used in the simulation were modeled as human leukocyte (B cell) live and dead cells. The cell-separation analysis was carried out for a flow channel equipped with a planar electrode on the channel's top face and a pair of interdigitated counter electrodes on the bottom. This yielded a three-dimensional (3D) nonuniform AC electric field in the entire space of the flow channel. RESULTS To investigate the optimal separation conditions for mixtures of live and dead cells, the strength of the applied electric field was varied. With appropriately selected conditions, the device was predicted to be very effective at separating dead cells from live cells. CONCLUSIONS The major advantage of the proposed method is that a large volume of sample can be processed rapidly because of a large spacing of the channel height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Tada
- Department of Applied Physics, National Defense Academy, Kanagawa, Japan
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111
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Park ES, Jin C, Guo Q, Ang RR, Duffy SP, Matthews K, Azad A, Abdi H, Todenhöfer T, Bazov J, Chi KN, Black PC, Ma H. Continuous Flow Deformability-Based Separation of Circulating Tumor Cells Using Microfluidic Ratchets. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1909-19. [PMID: 26917414 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) offer tremendous potential for the detection and characterization of cancer. A key challenge for their isolation and subsequent analysis is the extreme rarity of these cells in circulation. Here, a novel label-free method is described to enrich viable CTCs directly from whole blood based on their distinct deformability relative to hematological cells. This mechanism leverages the deformation of single cells through tapered micrometer scale constrictions using oscillatory flow in order to generate a ratcheting effect that produces distinct flow paths for CTCs, leukocytes, and erythrocytes. A label-free separation of circulating tumor cells from whole blood is demonstrated, where target cells can be separated from background cells based on deformability despite their nearly identical size. In doping experiments, this microfluidic device is able to capture >90% of cancer cells from unprocessed whole blood to achieve 10(4) -fold enrichment of target cells relative to leukocytes. In patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, where CTCs are not significantly larger than leukocytes, CTCs can be captured based on deformability at 25× greater yield than with the conventional CellSearch system. Finally, the CTCs separated using this approach are collected in suspension and are available for downstream molecular characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chao Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Quan Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Richard R Ang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Simon P Duffy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kerryn Matthews
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Arun Azad
- BC Cancer Agency-Vancouver Cancer Centre, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Hamidreza Abdi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Jenny Bazov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Kim N Chi
- BC Cancer Agency-Vancouver Cancer Centre, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Peter C Black
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hongshen Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
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112
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Ferreira MM, Ramani VC, Jeffrey SS. Circulating tumor cell technologies †. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:374-94. [PMID: 26897752 PMCID: PMC5528969 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells, a component of the “liquid biopsy”, hold great potential to transform the current landscape of cancer therapy. A key challenge to unlocking the clinical utility of CTCs lies in the ability to detect and isolate these rare cells using methods amenable to downstream characterization and other applications. In this review, we will provide an overview of current technologies used to detect and capture CTCs with brief insights into the workings of individual technologies. We focus on the strategies employed by different platforms and discuss the advantages of each. As our understanding of CTC biology matures, CTC technologies will need to evolve, and we discuss some of the present challenges facing the field in light of recent data encompassing epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition, tumor‐initiating cells, and CTC clusters. We present a comprehensive overview of CTC detection and capture technologies. We provide a conceptual description of strategies used in different technologies. We highlight the key features of individual technologies. We discuss CTC technology performance in the context of clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghaan M Ferreira
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vishnu C Ramani
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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113
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Bhuvanendran Nair Gourikutty S, Chang CP, Puiu PD. Microfluidic immunomagnetic cell separation from whole blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1011:77-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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114
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjin Hosic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shashi K. Murthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abigail N. Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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115
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Chung AJ, Hur SC. High-Speed Microfluidic Manipulation of Cells. ADVANCED MICRO AND NANOSYSTEMS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527690237.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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116
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Diagnostic technologies for circulating tumour cells and exosomes. Biosci Rep 2015; 36:e00292. [PMID: 26604322 PMCID: PMC4741183 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and exosomes are promising circulating biomarkers. They exist in easily accessible blood and carry large diversity of molecular information. As such, they can be easily and repeatedly obtained for minimally invasive cancer diagnosis and monitoring. Because of their intrinsic differences in counts, size and molecular contents, CTCs and exosomes pose unique sets of technical challenges for clinical translation–CTCs are rare whereas exosomes are small. Novel technologies are underway to overcome these specific challenges to fully harness the clinical potential of these circulating biomarkers. Herein, we will overview the characteristics of CTCs and exosomes as valuable circulating biomarkers and their associated technical challenges for clinical adaptation. Specifically, we will describe emerging technologies that have been developed to address these technical obstacles and the unique clinical opportunities enabled by technological innovations.
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117
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Kim SH, Antfolk M, Kobayashi M, Kaneda S, Laurell T, Fujii T. Highly efficient single cell arraying by integrating acoustophoretic cell pre-concentration and dielectrophoretic cell trapping. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4356-63. [PMID: 26439940 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To array rare cells at the single-cell level, the volumetric throughput may become a bottleneck in the cell trapping and the subsequent single-cell analysis, since the target cells per definition commonly exist in a large sample volume after purification from the original sample. Here, we present a novel approach for high throughput single cell arraying by integrating two original microfluidic devices: an acoustofluidic chip and an electroactive microwell array. The velocity of the cells is geared down in the acoustofluidic chip while maintaining a high volume flow rate at the inlet of the microsystem, and the cells are subsequently trapped one by one into the microwell array using dielectrophoresis. The integrated system exhibited a 10 times improved sample throughput compared to trapping with the electroactive microwell array chip alone, while maintaining a highly efficient cell recovery above 90%. The results indicate that the serial integration of the acoustophoretic pre-concentration with the dielectrophoretic cell trapping drastically improves the performance of the electroactive microwell array for highly efficient single cell analysis. This simple and effective system for high throughput single cell arraying with further possible integration of additional functions, including cell sorting and downstream analysis after cell trapping, has potential for development to a highly integrated and automated platform for single-cell analysis of rare cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyeon Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan. and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | | | - Marina Kobayashi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan. and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Shohei Kaneda
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan. and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Lund University, Sweden. and Dongguk University, South Korea
| | - Teruo Fujii
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan. and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
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118
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Vaidyanathan R, Dey S, Carrascosa LG, Shiddiky MJA, Trau M. Alternating current electrohydrodynamics in microsystems: Pushing biomolecules and cells around on surfaces. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:061501. [PMID: 26674299 PMCID: PMC4676781 DOI: 10.1063/1.4936300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) deals with the fluid motion induced by an electric field. This phenomenon originally developed in physical science, and engineering is currently experiencing a renaissance in microfluidics. Investigations by Taylor on Gilbert's theory proposed in 1600 have evolved to include multiple contributions including the promising effects arising from electric field interactions with cells and particles to influence their behaviour on electrode surfaces. Theoretical modelling of electric fields in microsystems and the ability to determine shear forces have certainly reached an advanced state. The ability to deftly manipulate microscopic fluid flow in bulk fluid and at solid/liquid interfaces has enabled the controlled assembly, coagulation, or removal of microstructures, nanostructures, cells, and molecules on surfaces. Furthermore, the ability of electrohydrodynamics to generate fluid flow using surface shear forces generated within nanometers from the surface and their application in bioassays has led to recent advancements in biomolecule, vesicle and cellular detection across different length scales. With the integration of Alternating Current Electrohydrodynamics (AC-EHD) in cellular and molecular assays proving to be highly fruitful, challenges still remain with respect to understanding the discrepancies between each of the associated ac-induced fluid flow phenomena, extending their utility towards clinical diagnostic development, and utilising them in tandem as a standard tool for disease monitoring. In this regard, this article will review the history of electrohydrodynamics, followed by some of the recent developments in the field including a new dimension of electrohydrodynamics that deals with the utilization of surface shear forces for the manipulation of biological cells or molecules on electrode surfaces. Recent advances and challenges in the use of electrohydrodynamic forces such as dielectrophoresis and ac electrosmosis for the detection of biological analytes are also reviewed. Additionally, the fundamental mechanisms of fluid flow using electrohydrodynamics forces, which are still evolving, are reviewed. Challenges and future directions are discussed from the perspective of both fundamental understanding and potential applications of these nanoscaled shear forces in diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Vaidyanathan
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Shuvashis Dey
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Laura G Carrascosa
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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119
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Agostino FJ, Krylov SN. Advances in steady-state continuous-flow purification by small-scale free-flow electrophoresis. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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120
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Marchalot J, Chateaux JF, Faivre M, Mertani HC, Ferrigno R, Deman AL. Dielectrophoretic capture of low abundance cell population using thick electrodes. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:054104. [PMID: 26392836 PMCID: PMC4560720 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Enrichment of rare cell populations such as Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) is a critical step before performing analysis. This paper presents a polymeric microfluidic device with integrated thick Carbon-PolyDimethylSiloxane composite (C-PDMS) electrodes designed to carry out dielectrophoretic (DEP) trapping of low abundance biological cells. Such conductive composite material presents advantages over metallic structures. Indeed, as it combines properties of both the matrix and doping particles, C-PDMS allows the easy and fast integration of conductive microstructures using a soft-lithography approach while preserving O2 plasma bonding properties of PDMS substrate and avoiding a cumbersome alignment procedure. Here, we first performed numerical simulations to demonstrate the advantage of such thick C-PDMS electrodes over a coplanar electrode configuration. It is well established that dielectrophoretic force ([Formula: see text]) decreases quickly as the distance from the electrode surface increases resulting in coplanar configuration to a low trapping efficiency at high flow rate. Here, we showed quantitatively that by using electrodes as thick as a microchannel height, it is possible to extend the DEP force influence in the whole volume of the channel compared to coplanar electrode configuration and maintaining high trapping efficiency while increasing the throughput. This model was then used to numerically optimize a thick C-PDMS electrode configuration in terms of trapping efficiency. Then, optimized microfluidic configurations were fabricated and tested at various flow rates for the trapping of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. We reached trapping efficiencies of 97% at 20 μl/h and 78.7% at 80 μl/h, for 100 μm thick electrodes. Finally, we applied our device to the separation and localized trapping of CTCs (MDA-MB-231) from a red blood cells sample (concentration ratio of 1:10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Marchalot
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL), CNRS UMR 5270, Université de Lyon 1, Université de Lyon , Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Jean-François Chateaux
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL), CNRS UMR 5270, Université de Lyon 1, Université de Lyon , Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Magalie Faivre
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL), CNRS UMR 5270, Université de Lyon 1, Université de Lyon , Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Hichem C Mertani
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon 1, Université de Lyon , Lyon 69008, France
| | - Rosaria Ferrigno
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL), CNRS UMR 5270, Université de Lyon 1, Université de Lyon , Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Anne-Laure Deman
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL), CNRS UMR 5270, Université de Lyon 1, Université de Lyon , Villeurbanne F-69622, France
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121
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Maremanda NG, Roy K, Kanwar RK, Shyamsundar V, Ramshankar V, Krishnamurthy A, Krishnakumar S, Kanwar JR. Quick chip assay using locked nucleic acid modified epithelial cell adhesion molecule and nucleolin aptamers for the capture of circulating tumor cells. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:054110. [PMID: 26487896 PMCID: PMC4592436 DOI: 10.1063/1.4930983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in disease diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring of the therapeutic efficacy, and clinical decision making is immense and has attracted tremendous focus in the last decade. We designed and fabricated simple, flat channel microfluidic devices polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS based) functionalized with locked nucleic acid (LNA) modified aptamers (targeting epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and nucleolin expression) for quick and efficient capture of CTCs and cancer cells. With optimized flow rates (10 μl/min), it was revealed that the aptamer modified devices offered reusability for up to six times while retaining optimal capture efficiency (>90%) and specificity. High capture sensitivity (92%) and specificity (100%) was observed in whole blood samples spiked with Caco-2 cells (10-100 cells/ml). Analysis of blood samples obtained from 25 head and neck cancer patients on the EpCAM LNA aptamer functionalized chip revealed that an average count of 5 ± 3 CTCs/ml of blood were captured from 22/25 samples (88%). EpCAM intracellular domain (EpICD) immunohistochemistry on 9 oral squamous cell carcinomas showed the EpICD positivity in the tumor cells, confirming the EpCAM expression in CTCs from head and neck cancers. These microfluidic devices also maintained viability for in vitro culture and characterization. Use of LNA modified aptamers provided added benefits in terms of cost effectiveness due to increased reusability and sustainability of the devices. Our results present a robust, quick, and efficient CTC capture platform with the use of simple PDMS based devices that are easy to fabricate at low cost and have an immense potential in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic planning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kislay Roy
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Faculty of Health, Deakin University , Geelong, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Rupinder K Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Faculty of Health, Deakin University , Geelong, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | | | - Vijayalakshmi Ramshankar
- Department of Preventive Oncology, (Research Division) Cancer Institute (WIA) , Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | - Arvind Krishnamurthy
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA) , Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | | | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Faculty of Health, Deakin University , Geelong, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
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122
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Qian W, Zhang Y, Chen W. Capturing Cancer: Emerging Microfluidic Technologies for the Capture and Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:3850-72. [PMID: 25993898 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) escape from primary or metastatic lesions and enter into circulation, carrying significant information of cancer progression and metastasis. Capture of CTCs from the bloodstream and the characterization of these cells hold great significance for the detection, characterization, and monitoring of cancer. Despite the urgent need from clinics, it remains a major challenge to capture and retain these rare cells from human blood with high specificity and yield. Recent exciting advances in micro/nanotechnology, microfluidics, and materials science have enable versatile, robust, and efficient cell isolation and processing through the development of new micro/nanoengineered devices and biomaterials. This review provides a summary of recent progress along this direction, with a focus on emerging methods for CTC capture and processing, and their application in cancer research. Furthermore, classical as well as emerging cellular characterization methods are reviewed to reveal the role of CTCs in cancer progression and metastasis, and hypotheses are proposed in regard to the potential emerging research directions most desired in CTC-related cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
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123
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Morimoto A, Mogami T, Watanabe M, Iijima K, Akiyama Y, Katayama K, Futami T, Yamamoto N, Sawada T, Koizumi F, Koh Y. High-Density Dielectrophoretic Microwell Array for Detection, Capture, and Single-Cell Analysis of Rare Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130418. [PMID: 26107884 PMCID: PMC4480363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a reliable platform and workflow to detect and capture a small number of mutation-bearing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from a blood sample is necessary for the development of noninvasive cancer diagnosis. In this preclinical study, we aimed to develop a capture system for molecular characterization of single CTCs based on high-density dielectrophoretic microwell array technology. Spike-in experiments using lung cancer cell lines were conducted. The microwell array was used to capture spiked cancer cells, and captured single cells were subjected to whole genome amplification followed by sequencing. A high detection rate (70.2%–90.0%) and excellent linear performance (R2 = 0.8189–0.9999) were noted between the observed and expected numbers of tumor cells. The detection rate was markedly higher than that obtained using the CellSearch system in a blinded manner, suggesting the superior sensitivity of our system in detecting EpCAM− tumor cells. Isolation of single captured tumor cells, followed by detection of EGFR mutations, was achieved using Sanger sequencing. Using a microwell array, we established an efficient and convenient platform for the capture and characterization of single CTCs. The results of a proof-of-principle preclinical study indicated that this platform has potential for the molecular characterization of captured CTCs from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Morimoto
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Mogami
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaru Watanabe
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Iijima
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Akiyama
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Katayama
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toru Futami
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yamamoto
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sawada
- Shien-Lab, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Koh
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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124
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Smith JP, Kirby BJ. A transfer function approach for predicting rare cell capture microdevice performance. Biomed Microdevices 2015; 17:9956. [PMID: 25971361 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-015-9956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rare cells have the potential to improve our understanding of biological systems and the treatment of a variety of diseases; each of those applications requires a different balance of throughput, capture efficiency, and sample purity. Those challenges, coupled with the limited availability of patient samples and the costs of repeated design iterations, motivate the need for a robust set of engineering tools to optimize application-specific geometries. Here, we present a transfer function approach for predicting rare cell capture in microfluidic obstacle arrays. Existing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools are limited to simulating a subset of these arrays, owing to computational costs; a transfer function leverages the deterministic nature of cell transport in these arrays, extending limited CFD simulations into larger, more complicated geometries. We show that the transfer function approximation matches a full CFD simulation within 1.34 %, at a 74-fold reduction in computational cost. Taking advantage of these computational savings, we apply the transfer function simulations to simulate reversing array geometries that generate a "notch filter" effect, reducing the collision frequency of cells outside of a specified diameter range. We adapt the transfer function to study the effect of off-design boundary conditions (such as a clogged inlet in a microdevice) on overall performance. Finally, we have validated the transfer function's predictions for lateral displacement within the array using particle tracking and polystyrene beads in a microdevice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Smith
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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125
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Buyong M, Yunas J, Hamzah A, Yeop Majlis B, Larki F, Abd Aziz N. Design, fabrication and characterization of dielectrophoretic microelectrode array for particle capture. MICROELECTRONICS INTERNATIONAL 2015; 32:96-102. [DOI: 10.1108/mi-10-2014-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to design and characterize the dielectrophoretic (DEP) microelectrodes with various array structure arrangements in order to produce optimum non-uniform electric field for particle capture. The DEP-electrodes with 2D electrode structure was fabricated and characterized to see the effect of electrode structure configuration on the capture capability of the cells suspending in the solution.
Design/methodology/approach
– The presented microelectrode array structures are made of planar conductive metal structure having same size and geometry. Dielectrophoretic force (FDEP) generated in the fluidic medium is initially simulated using COMSOL Multi-physics performed on two microelectrodes poles, which is then continued on three-pole microelectrodes. The proposed design is fabricated using standard MEMS fabrication process. Furthermore, the effect of different sinusoidal signals of 5, 10 and 15 volt peak to peak voltage (Vpp) at fixed frequency of 1.5 MHz on capturing efficiency of microelectrodes were also investigated using graphite metalloids particles as the suspended particles in the medium. The graphite particles that are captured at the microelectrode edges are characterized over a given time period.
Findings
– Based on analysis, the capturing efficiency of microelectrodes at the microelectrode edges is increased as voltage input increases, confirming its dependency to the FDEP strength and direction of non-uniform electric field. This dependency to field consequently increases the surface area of the accumulated graphite. It is also showed that the minimum ratio of the surface accumulated area of captured graphite is 1, 2.75 and 9 μm2 for 5, 10 and 15 Vpp, respectively. The simulation result also indicates a significant improvement on the performance of microelectrodes by implementing third pole in the design. The third pole effect the particles in the medium by creating stronger non-uniform electric field as well as more selective force toward the microelectrodes’ edges.
Originality/value
– The microelectrode array arrangement is found as a reliable method to increase the strength and selectivity of non-uniform electric field distribution that affect FDEP. The presented findings are verified through experimental test and simulation results.
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126
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Camarda M, Scalese S, La Magna A. Analysis of the role of the particle-wall interaction on the separation efficiencies of field flow fractionation dielectrophoretic devices. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1396-404. [PMID: 25487144 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we have used both analytical models and finite element simulations to analyze the role of the particle-wall dipole interaction in field-flow fractionation dielectrophoretic (FFF-DEP) devices. We identify the existence of "anomalous" regions where the dielectrophoretic response is altered, independently of the complex dielectric permittivity of the particles and suspending medium. In these regions the interaction between the particle and the conductive (isolating) walls induces cohesive (repulsive) forces, independently of the Clausius-Mossotti term. We quantify the impact of such an effect, which can critically decrease the specificity and sensitivity of both continuous- and batch-mode FFF-DEP. We find a scale invariant relation correlating the particles radius (Rp ) and the electrodes width (Wel ), which permits the design of dielectrophoretic schema capable of avoiding the generation of such regions. Specifically, to avoid the generation of the anomalous DEP regions, Wel should be chosen smaller than ∼5.2 Rp . For this reason, interdigitate schema with electrode widths of 14 μm and gaps of 50 μm could improve the separation efficiency of FFF-DEP devices in the case of rare cells separation in blood samples.
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127
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Shields CW, Reyes CD, López GP. Microfluidic cell sorting: a review of the advances in the separation of cells from debulking to rare cell isolation. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1230-49. [PMID: 25598308 PMCID: PMC4331226 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and high throughput cell sorting is a critical enabling technology in molecular and cellular biology, biotechnology, and medicine. While conventional methods can provide high efficiency sorting in short timescales, advances in microfluidics have enabled the realization of miniaturized devices offering similar capabilities that exploit a variety of physical principles. We classify these technologies as either active or passive. Active systems generally use external fields (e.g., acoustic, electric, magnetic, and optical) to impose forces to displace cells for sorting, whereas passive systems use inertial forces, filters, and adhesion mechanisms to purify cell populations. Cell sorting on microchips provides numerous advantages over conventional methods by reducing the size of necessary equipment, eliminating potentially biohazardous aerosols, and simplifying the complex protocols commonly associated with cell sorting. Additionally, microchip devices are well suited for parallelization, enabling complete lab-on-a-chip devices for cellular isolation, analysis, and experimental processing. In this review, we examine the breadth of microfluidic cell sorting technologies, while focusing on those that offer the greatest potential for translation into clinical and industrial practice and that offer multiple, useful functions. We organize these sorting technologies by the type of cell preparation required (i.e., fluorescent label-based sorting, bead-based sorting, and label-free sorting) as well as by the physical principles underlying each sorting mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wyatt Shields
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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128
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Song H, Rosano JM, Wang Y, Garson CJ, Prabhakarpandian B, Pant K, Klarmann GJ, Perantoni A, Alvarez LM, Lai E. Continuous-flow sorting of stem cells and differentiation products based on dielectrophoresis. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1320-8. [PMID: 25589423 PMCID: PMC8385543 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01253d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a continuous-flow microfluidic device for sorting stem cells and their differentiation progenies. The principle of the device is based on the accumulation of multiple dielectrophoresis (DEP) forces to deflect cells laterally in conjunction with the alternating on/off electric field to manipulate the cell trajectories. The microfluidic device containing a large array of oblique interdigitated electrodes was fabricated using a combination of standard and soft lithography techniques to generate a PDMS-gold electrode construct. Experimental testing with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) and their differentiation progenies (osteoblasts) was carried out at different flow rates, and clear separation of the two populations was achieved. Most of the osteoblasts experiencing stronger DEP forces were deflected laterally and continuously, following zig-zag trajectories, and moved towards the desired collection outlet, whereas most of the hMSCs remained on the original trajectory due to weaker DEP forces. The experimental measurements were characterized and evaluated quantitatively, and consistent performance was demonstrated. Collection efficiency up to 92% and 67% for hMSCs and osteoblasts, respectively, along with purity up to 84% and 87% was obtained. The experimental results established the feasibility of our microfluidic DEP sorting device for continuous, label-free sorting of stem cells and their differentiation progenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Song
- CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA.
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129
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Sajay BNG, Chang CP, Ahmad H, Khuntontong P, Wong CC, Wang Z, Puiu PD, Soo R, Rahman ARA. Microfluidic platform for negative enrichment of circulating tumor cells. Biomed Microdevices 2015; 16:537-48. [PMID: 24668439 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-014-9856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Negative enrichment is the preferred approach for tumor cell isolation as it does not rely on biomarker expression. However, size-based negative enrichment methods suffer from well-known recovery/purity trade-off. Non-size based methods have a number of processing steps that lead to compounded cell loss due to extensive sample processing and handling which result in a low recovery efficiency. We present a method that performs negative enrichment in two steps from 2 ml of whole blood in a total assay processing time of 60 min. This negative enrichment method employs upstream immunomagnetic depletion to deplete CD45-positive WBCs followed by a microfabricated filter membrane to perform chemical-free RBC depletion and target cells isolation. Experiments of spiking two cell lines, MCF-7 and NCI-H1975, in the whole blood show an average of >90 % cell recovery over a range of spiked cell numbers. We also successfully recovered circulating tumor cells from 15 cancer patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvanendran Nair Gourikutty Sajay
- BioElectronics Programme, Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Science Park Road, Singapore, 117528, Singapore
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130
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Nakidde D, Zellner P, Alemi MM, Shake T, Hosseini Y, Riquelme MV, Pruden A, Agah M. Three dimensional passivated-electrode insulator-based dielectrophoresis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:014125. [PMID: 25784964 PMCID: PMC4344466 DOI: 10.1063/1.4913497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a 3D passivated-electrode, insulator-based dielectrophoresis microchip (3D πDEP) is presented. This technology combines the benefits of electrode-based DEP, insulator-based DEP, and three dimensional insulating features with the goal of improving trapping efficiency of biological species at low applied signals and fostering wide frequency range operation of the microfluidic device. The 3D πDEP chips were fabricated by making 3D structures in silicon using reactive ion etching. The reusable electrodes are deposited on second glass substrate and then aligned to the microfluidic channel to capacitively couple the electric signal through a 100 μm glass slide. The 3D insulating structures generate high electric field gradients, which ultimately increases the DEP force. To demonstrate the capabilities of 3D πDEP, Staphylococcus aureus was trapped from water samples under varied electrical environments. Trapping efficiencies of 100% were obtained at flow rates as high as 350 μl/h and 70% at flow rates as high as 750 μl/h. Additionally, for live bacteria samples, 100% trapping was demonstrated over a wide frequency range from 50 to 400 kHz with an amplitude applied signal of 200 Vpp. 20% trapping of bacteria was observed at applied voltages as low as 50 Vpp. We demonstrate selective trapping of live and dead bacteria at frequencies ranging from 30 to 60 kHz at 400 Vpp with over 90% of the live bacteria trapped while most of the dead bacteria escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Nakidde
- VT MEMS - Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060 , USA
| | - Phillip Zellner
- VT MEMS - Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060 , USA
| | | | - Tyler Shake
- VT MEMS - Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060 , USA
| | - Yahya Hosseini
- VT MEMS - Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060 , USA
| | - Maria V Riquelme
- Pruden Lab - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Amy Pruden
- Pruden Lab - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS - Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060 , USA
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131
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Patil P, Madhuprasad M, Kumeria T, Losic D, Kurkuri M. Isolation of circulating tumour cells by physical means in a microfluidic device: a review. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16489c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation and enumeration of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) from human blood has a huge significance in diagnosis and prognosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences
- Jain University
- Bangalore-562112
- India
| | | | - Tushar Kumeria
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Dusan Losic
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Mahaveer Kurkuri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences
- Jain University
- Bangalore-562112
- India
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132
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Zhou MD, Hao S, Williams AJ, Harouaka RA, Schrand B, Rawal S, Ao Z, Brennaman R, Gilboa E, Lu B, Wang S, Zhu J, Datar R, Cote R, Tai YC, Zheng SY. Separable bilayer microfiltration device for viable label-free enrichment of circulating tumour cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7392. [PMID: 25487434 PMCID: PMC4260227 DOI: 10.1038/srep07392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in cancer patients could provide important information for therapeutic management. Enrichment of viable CTCs could permit performance of functional analyses on CTCs to broaden understanding of metastatic disease. However, this has not been widely accomplished. Addressing this challenge, we present a separable bilayer (SB) microfilter for viable size-based CTC capture. Unlike other single-layer CTC microfilters, the precise gap between the two layers and the architecture of pore alignment result in drastic reduction in mechanical stress on CTCs, capturing them viably. Using multiple cancer cell lines spiked in healthy donor blood, the SB microfilter demonstrated high capture efficiency (78-83%), high retention of cell viability (71-74%), high tumour cell enrichment against leukocytes (1.7-2 × 10(3)), and widespread ability to establish cultures post-capture (100% of cell lines tested). In a metastatic mouse model, SB microfilters successfully enriched viable mouse CTCs from 0.4-0.6 mL whole mouse blood samples and established in vitro cultures for further genetic and functional analysis. Our preliminary studies reflect the efficacy of the SB microfilter device to efficiently and reliably enrich viable CTCs in animal model studies, constituting an exciting technology for new insights in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Da Zhou
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.
| | - Sijie Hao
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.
| | - Anthony J. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Ramdane A. Harouaka
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.
| | - Brett Schrand
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Siddarth Rawal
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Zheng Ao
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Randall Brennaman
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Eli Gilboa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Bo Lu
- Caltech Micromachining Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MC 136-93, Pasadena, CA 91125, U.S.A.
| | - Shuwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA 99210, U.S.A
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA 99210, U.S.A
| | - Ram Datar
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Richard Cote
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Yu-Chong Tai
- Caltech Micromachining Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MC 136-93, Pasadena, CA 91125, U.S.A.
| | - Si-Yang Zheng
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.
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133
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Simon MG, Li Y, Arulmoli J, McDonnell LP, Akil A, Nourse JL, Lee AP, Flanagan LA. Increasing label-free stem cell sorting capacity to reach transplantation-scale throughput. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:064106. [PMID: 25553183 PMCID: PMC4240779 DOI: 10.1063/1.4902371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has proven an invaluable tool for the enrichment of populations of stem and progenitor cells owing to its ability to sort cells in a label-free manner and its biological safety. However, DEP separation devices have suffered from a low throughput preventing researchers from undertaking studies requiring large numbers of cells, such as needed for cell transplantation. We developed a microfluidic device designed for the enrichment of stem and progenitor cell populations that sorts cells at a rate of 150,000 cells/h, corresponding to an improvement in the throughput achieved with our previous device designs by over an order of magnitude. This advancement, coupled with data showing the DEP-sorted cells retain their enrichment and differentiation capacity when expanded in culture for periods of up to 2 weeks, provides sufficient throughput and cell numbers to enable a wider variety of experiments with enriched stem and progenitor cell populations. Furthermore, the sorting devices presented here provide ease of setup and operation, a simple fabrication process, and a low associated cost to use that makes them more amenable for use in common biological research laboratories. To our knowledge, this work represents the first to enrich stem cells and expand them in culture to generate transplantation-scale numbers of differentiation-competent cells using DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda G Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Neurology and Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California at Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | | | - Lisa P McDonnell
- Department of Neurology and Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California at Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Adnan Akil
- Department of Neurology and Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California at Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Jamison L Nourse
- Department of Neurology and Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California at Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, USA
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134
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Spencer D, Hollis V, Morgan H. Microfluidic impedance cytometry of tumour cells in blood. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:064124. [PMID: 25553198 PMCID: PMC4265026 DOI: 10.1063/1.4904405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The dielectric properties of tumour cells are known to differ from normal blood cells, and this difference can be exploited for label-free separation of cells. Conventional measurement techniques are slow and cannot identify rare circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in a realistic timeframe. We use high throughput single cell microfluidic impedance cytometry to measure the dielectric properties of the MCF7 tumour cell line (representative of CTCs), both as pure populations and mixed with whole blood. The data show that the MCF7 cells have a large membrane capacitance and size, enabling clear discrimination from all other leukocytes. Impedance analysis is used to follow changes in cell viability when cells are kept in suspension, a process which can be understood from modelling time-dependent changes in the dielectric properties (predominantly membrane conductivity) of the cells. Impedance cytometry is used to enumerate low numbers of MCF7 cells spiked into whole blood. Chemical lysis is commonly used to remove the abundant erythrocytes, and it is shown that this process does not alter the MCF7 cell count or change their dielectric properties. Combining impedance cytometry with magnetic bead based antibody enrichment enables MCF7 cells to be detected down to 100 MCF7 cells in 1 ml whole blood, a log 3.5 enrichment and a mean recovery of 92%. Microfluidic impedance cytometry could be easily integrated within complex cell separation systems for identification and enumeration of specific cell types, providing a fast in-line single cell characterisation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spencer
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Hollis
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hywel Morgan
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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135
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Xing X, Poon RY, Wong CS, Yobas L. Label-free enumeration of colorectal cancer cells from lymphocytes performed at a high cell-loading density by using interdigitated ring-array microelectrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:434-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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136
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Zhou J, Giridhar PV, Kasper S, Papautsky I. Modulation of rotation-induced lift force for cell filtration in a low aspect ratio microchannel. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:044112. [PMID: 25379097 PMCID: PMC4189218 DOI: 10.1063/1.4891599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell filtration is a critical step in sample preparation in many bioapplications. Herein, we report on a simple, filter-free, microfluidic platform based on hydrodynamic inertial migration. Our approach builds on the concept of two-stage inertial migration which permits precise prediction of microparticle position within the microchannel. Our design manipulates equilibrium positions of larger microparticles by modulating rotation-induced lift force in a low aspect ratio microchannel. Here, we demonstrate filtration of microparticles with extreme efficiency (>99%). Using multiple prostate cell lines (LNCaP and human prostate epithelial tumor cells), we show filtration from spiked blood, with 3-fold concentration and >83% viability. Results of a proliferation assay show normal cell division and suggest no negative effects on intrinsic properties. Considering the planar low-aspect-ratio structure and predictable focusing, we envision promising applications and easy integration with existing lab-on-a-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- BioMicroSystems Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Premkumar Vummidi Giridhar
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Susan Kasper
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Ian Papautsky
- BioMicroSystems Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
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137
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Huang C, Liu H, Bander NH, Kirby BJ. Enrichment of prostate cancer cells from blood cells with a hybrid dielectrophoresis and immunocapture microfluidic system. Biomed Microdevices 2014; 15:941-8. [PMID: 23807279 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-013-9784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from cancer patient blood is a technical challenge that is often addressed by microfluidic approaches. Two of the most prominent techniques for rare cancer cell separation, immunocapture and dielectrophoresis (DEP), are currently limited by a performance tradeoff between high efficiency and high purity. The development of a platform capable of these two performance criteria can potentially be facilitated by incorporating both DEP and immunocapture. We present a hybrid DEP-immunocapture system to characterize how DEP controls the shear-dependent capture of a prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, and the nonspecific adhesion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Characterization of cell adhesion with and without DEP effects was performed in a Hele-Shaw flow cell that was functionalized with the prostate-specific monoclonal antibody, J591. In this model system designed to make nonspecific PBMC adhesion readily apparent, we demonstrate LNCaP enrichment from PBMCs by precisely tuning the applied AC electric field frequency to enhance immunocapture of LNCaPs and reduce nonspecific adhesion of PBMCs with positive and negative DEP, respectively. Our work shows that DEP and immunocapture techniques can work synergistically to improve cancer cell capture performance, and it informs the design of future hybrid DEP-immunocapture systems with improved CTC capture performance to facilitate research on cancer metastasis and drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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138
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Camarda M, Fisicaro G, Anzalone R, Scalese S, Alberti A, La Via F, La Magna A, Ballo A, Giustolisi G, Minafra L, Cammarata FP, Bravatà V, Forte GI, Russo G, Gilardi MC. Theoretical and experimental study of the role of cell-cell dipole interaction in dielectrophoretic devices: application to polynomial electrodes. Biomed Eng Online 2014; 13:71. [PMID: 24903282 PMCID: PMC4094478 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-13-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to investigate the effect of cell-cell dipole interactions in the equilibrium distributions in dielectrophoretic devices. Methods We used a three dimensional coupled Monte Carlo-Poisson method to theoretically study the final distribution of a system of uncharged polarizable particles suspended in a static liquid medium under the action of an oscillating non-uniform electric field generated by polynomial electrodes. The simulated distributions have been compared with experimental ones observed in the case of MDA-MB-231 cells in the same operating conditions. Results The real and simulated distributions are consistent. In both cases the cells distribution near the electrodes is dominated by cell-cell dipole interactions which generate long chains. Conclusions The agreement between real and simulated cells’ distributions demonstrate the method’s reliability. The distribution are dominated by cell-cell dipole interactions even at low density regimes (105 cell/ml). An improved estimate for the density threshold governing the interaction free regime is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Camarda
- CNR-IMM Sezione di Catania, Z,I, VIII Strada 5, I-95121 Catania, Italy.
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139
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Das D, Biswas K, Das S. A microfluidic device for continuous manipulation of biological cells using dielectrophoresis. Med Eng Phys 2014; 36:726-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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140
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Geislinger TM, Franke T. Hydrodynamic lift of vesicles and red blood cells in flow--from Fåhræus & Lindqvist to microfluidic cell sorting. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 208:161-76. [PMID: 24674656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic lift forces acting on cells and particles in fluid flow receive ongoing attention from medicine, mathematics, physics and engineering. The early findings of Fåhræus & Lindqvist on the viscosity change of blood with the diameter of capillaries motivated extensive studies both experimentally and theoretically to illuminate the underlying physics. We review this historical development that led to the discovery of the inertial and non-inertial lift forces and elucidate the origins of these forces that are still not entirely clear. Exploiting microfluidic techniques induced a tremendous amount of new insights especially into the more complex interactions between the flow field and deformable objects like vesicles or red blood cells. We trace the way from the investigation of single cell dynamics to the recent developments of microfluidic techniques for particle and cell sorting using hydrodynamic forces. Such continuous and label-free on-chip cell sorting devices promise to revolutionize medical analyses for personalized point-of-care diagnosis. We present the state-of-the-art of different hydrodynamic lift-based techniques and discuss their advantages and limitations.
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141
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Gascoyne PRC, Shim S. Isolation of circulating tumor cells by dielectrophoresis. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:545-79. [PMID: 24662940 PMCID: PMC3980488 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an electrokinetic method that allows intrinsic dielectric properties of suspended cells to be exploited for discrimination and separation. It has emerged as a promising method for isolating circulation tumor cells (CTCs) from blood. DEP-isolation of CTCs is independent of cell surface markers. Furthermore, isolated CTCs are viable and can be maintained in culture, suggesting that DEP methods should be more generally applicable than antibody-based approaches. The aim of this article is to review and synthesize for both oncologists and biomedical engineers interested in CTC isolation the pertinent characteristics of DEP and CTCs. The aim is to promote an understanding of the factors involved in realizing DEP-based instruments having both sufficient discrimination and throughput to allow routine analysis of CTCs in clinical practice. The article brings together: (a) the principles of DEP; (b) the biological basis for the dielectric differences between CTCs and blood cells; (c) why such differences are expected to be present for all types of tumors; and (d) instrumentation requirements to process 10 mL blood specimens in less than 1 h to enable routine clinical analysis. The force equilibrium method of dielectrophoretic field-flow fractionation (DEP-FFF) is shown to offer higher discrimination and throughput than earlier DEP trapping methods and to be applicable to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R C Gascoyne
- Department of Imaging Physics Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Unit 951, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Sangjo Shim
- Department of Imaging Physics Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Unit 951, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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142
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Chen Y, Li P, Huang PH, Xie Y, Mai JD, Wang L, Nguyen NT, Huang TJ. Rare cell isolation and analysis in microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:626-45. [PMID: 24406985 PMCID: PMC3991782 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc90136j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rare cells are low-abundance cells in a much larger population of background cells. Conventional benchtop techniques have limited capabilities to isolate and analyze rare cells because of their generally low selectivity and significant sample loss. Recent rapid advances in microfluidics have been providing robust solutions to the challenges in the isolation and analysis of rare cells. In addition to the apparent performance enhancements resulting in higher efficiencies and sensitivity levels, microfluidics provides other advanced features such as simpler handling of small sample volumes and multiplexing capabilities for high-throughput processing. All of these advantages make microfluidics an excellent platform to deal with the transport, isolation, and analysis of rare cells. Various cellular biomarkers, including physical properties, dielectric properties, as well as immunoaffinities, have been explored for isolating rare cells. In this Focus article, we discuss the design considerations of representative microfluidic devices for rare cell isolation and analysis. Examples from recently published works are discussed to highlight the advantages and limitations of the different techniques. Various applications of these techniques are then introduced. Finally, a perspective on the development trends and promising research directions in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Chen
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yuliang Xie
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - John D. Mai
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Ascent Bio-Nano Technologies Inc., State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane 4111, Australia
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Fax: 814-865-9974; Tel: 814-863-4209; Fax: 61-(0)7-3735-8021; Tel: 61-(0)7-3735-3921;
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143
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Jubery TZ, Srivastava SK, Dutta P. Dielectrophoretic separation of bioparticles in microdevices: A review. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:691-713. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Talukder Z. Jubery
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - Soumya K. Srivastava
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; University of Idaho; Moscow ID USA
| | - Prashanta Dutta
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
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144
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Jin C, McFaul SM, Duffy SP, Deng X, Tavassoli P, Black PC, Ma H. Technologies for label-free separation of circulating tumor cells: from historical foundations to recent developments. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:32-44. [PMID: 23963515 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50625h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are malignant cells shed into the bloodstream from a tumor that have the potential to establish metastases in different anatomical sites. The separation and subsequent characterization of these cells is emerging as an important tool for both biomarker discovery and the elucidation of mechanisms of metastasis. Established methods for separating CTCs rely on biochemical markers of epithelial cells that are known to be unreliable because of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which reduces expression for epithelial markers. Emerging label-free separation methods based on the biophysical and biomechanical properties of CTCs have the potential to address this key shortcoming and present greater flexibility in the subsequent characterization of these cells. In this review we first present what is known about the biophysical and biomechanical properties of CTCs from historical studies and recent research. We then review biophysical label-free technologies that have been developed for CTC separation, including techniques based on filtration, hydrodynamic chromatography, and dielectrophoresis. Finally, we evaluate these separation methods and discuss requirements for subsequent characterization of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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145
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Dubose J, Lu X, Patel S, Qian S, Woo Joo S, Xuan X. Microfluidic electrical sorting of particles based on shape in a spiral microchannel. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:014101. [PMID: 24753722 PMCID: PMC3977798 DOI: 10.1063/1.4862355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Shape is an intrinsic marker of cell cycle, an important factor for identifying a bioparticle, and also a useful indicator of cell state for disease diagnostics. Therefore, shape can be a specific marker in label-free particle and cell separation for various chemical and biological applications. We demonstrate in this work a continuous-flow electrical sorting of spherical and peanut-shaped particles of similar volumes in an asymmetric double-spiral microchannel. It exploits curvature-induced dielectrophoresis to focus particles to a tight stream in the first spiral without any sheath flow and subsequently displace them to shape-dependent flow paths in the second spiral without any external force. We also develop a numerical model to simulate and understand this shape-based particle sorting in spiral microchannels. The predicted particle trajectories agree qualitatively with the experimental observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dubose
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, USA
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, USA
| | - Saurin Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, USA
| | - Shizhi Qian
- Institute of Micro/Nanotechnology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA
| | - Sang Woo Joo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan 712-719, South Korea
| | - Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, USA
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146
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Friedlander TW, Premasekharan G, Paris PL. Looking back, to the future of circulating tumor cells. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:271-80. [PMID: 24362084 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Detection and analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients with metastatic malignancies have become active areas of research in recent years. CTC enumeration has already proven useful in establishing prognosis for patients with metastatic breast, colon, and prostate cancer. More recently, studies are going beyond enumeration, exploring the CTCs as a means to better understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis and the value of CTC characterization for prognosis and tailoring of treatment. Analysis of CTC subpopulations, for example, is highlighting the importance of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process which may be crucial for allowing tumors to invade into and grow at sites distant from the original tumor site. Similarly, the detection of CTCs expressing markers of stemness may also have important implications for treatment resistance. Genomic analysis of CTC and CTC subpopulations may allow for selection of novel therapeutic targets to combat treatment resistance. CTCs become a particularly valuable biospecimen resource when tissue biopsies are unavailable or not feasible and liquid biopsies allow for serial monitoring. Lastly, cultures of patient-derived CTCs may allow for an evaluation of therapeutic strategies performed ex vivo and in real time. This review article will focus on these developments, starting with the CTC pathogenesis, going on to discuss the different platforms available for CTC isolation and their use to date in these arenas, then will explore multiple topics including the existing data concerning CTC subpopulations and their clinical relevance, genomic characterization, and lastly, avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence W Friedlander
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States.
| | - Gayatri Premasekharan
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Pamela L Paris
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
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147
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Abstract
The metastatic dissemination and spread of malignant circulating tumor cells (CTCs) accounts for more than 90% of cancer-related deaths. CTCs detach from a primary tumor, travel through the circulatory system, and then invade and proliferate in distant organs. The detection of CTCs from blood has been established for prognostic monitoring and is predictive of patient outcome. Analysis of CTCs could enable the means for early detection and screening in cancer, as well as provide diagnostic access to tumor tissues in a minimally invasive way. The fundamental challenge with analyzing CTCs is the fact that they occur at extremely low concentrations in blood, on the order of one out of a billion cells. Various technologies have been proposed to isolate CTCs for enrichment. Here we focus on antigen-independent approaches that are not limited by specific capture antibodies. Intrinsic physical properties of CTCs, including cell size, deformability, and electrical properties, are reviewed, and technologies developed to exploit them for enrichment from blood are summarized. Physical enrichment technologies are of particular interest as they have the potential to increase yield and enable the analysis of rare CTC phenotypes that may not be otherwise obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramdane A. Harouaka
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, U.S.A
| | - Merisa Nisic
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, U.S.A
| | - Si-Yang Zheng
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, U.S.A
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148
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Abstract
Cellular separations are required in many contexts in biochemical and biomedical applications for the identification, isolation, and analysis of phenotypes or samples of interest. Microfluidics is uniquely suited for handling biological samples, and emerging technologies have become increasingly accessible tools for researchers and clinicians. Here, we review advances in the last few years in techniques for microfluidic cell separation and manipulation. Applications such as high-throughput cell and organism phenotypic screening, purification of heterogeneous stem cell populations, separation of blood components, and isolation of rare cells in patients highlight some of the areas in which these technologies show great potential. Continued advances in separation mechanisms and understanding of cellular systems will yield further improvements in the throughput, resolution, and robustness of techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Jackson
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA
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149
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Pethig R. Dielectrophoresis: an assessment of its potential to aid the research and practice of drug discovery and delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1589-99. [PMID: 24056182 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an electrokinetic technique with proven ability to discriminate and selectively manipulate cells based on their phenotype and physiological state, without the need for biological tags and markers. The DEP response of a cell is predominantly determined by the physico-chemical properties of the plasma membrane, subtle changes of which can be detected from two so-called 'cross-over' frequencies, f(xo1) and f(xo2). Membrane capacitance and structural changes can be monitored by measurement of f(xo1) at sub-megahertz frequencies, and current indications suggest that f(xo2), located above 100 MHz, is sensitive to changes of trans-membrane ion fluxes. DEP lends itself to integration in microfluidic devices and can also operate at the nanoscale to manipulate nanoparticles. Apart from measurements of f(xo1) and f(xo2), other examples where DEP could contribute to drug discovery and delivery include its ability to: enrich stem cells according to their differentiation potential, and to engineer artificial cell structures and nano-structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Pethig
- Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, UK
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150
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Geislinger TM, Franke T. Sorting of circulating tumor cells (MV3-melanoma) and red blood cells using non-inertial lift. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:44120. [PMID: 24404053 PMCID: PMC3765238 DOI: 10.1063/1.4818907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the method of non-inertial lift induced cell sorting (NILICS), a continuous, passive, and label-free cell sorting approach in a simple single layer microfluidic device at low Reynolds number flow conditions. In the experiments, we exploit the non-inertial lift effect to sort circulating MV3-melanoma cells from red blood cell suspensions at different hematocrits as high as 9%. We analyze the separation process and the influence of hematocrit and volume flow rates. We achieve sorting efficiencies for MV3-cells up to EMV3 = 100% at Hct = 9% and demonstrate cell viability by recultivation of the sorted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Geislinger
- EPI, Soft Matter and Biological Physics, University of Augsburg, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Franke
- EPI, Soft Matter and Biological Physics, University of Augsburg, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
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