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DEHGHAN H, OSHAGHI MA, MOSA-KAZEMI SH, ABAI MR, RAFIE F, NATEGHPOUR M, MOHAMMADZADEH H, FARIVAR L, MOHAMMADI BAVANI M. Experimental Study on Plasmodium berghei, Anopheles Stephensi, and BALB/c Mouse System: Implications for Malaria Transmission Blocking Assays. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018; 13:549-559. [PMID: 30697308 PMCID: PMC6348208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium berghei is a rodent malaria parasite and has been very valuable means in the progress of our understanding of the essential molecular and cellular biology of the malaria parasites. Availability of hosts such as mice and vectors such as Anopheles stephensi has made this parasite a suitable system to study the parasite-host and vector-parasite relationships. METHODS This study was performed at Medical Entomology and Parasitology laboratories of the School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran in 2016. The investigation was carried out to describe life cycle and parameters influencing maintenance of the parasite within the mice or the mosquito. RESULTS Results have revealed details and addressed some parameters and points influence maintenance of various life stages of the parasite including merozoites, macrogametocytes, ookinetes, oocysts and sporozoites in the laboratory model P. berghei-A. stephensi-BALB/c mouse. Injection of fresh infected blood results in higher gametocytemia in the animals. The more injected parasites result in earlier and higher parasitemia and exfelagellation centers in the mice blood. However, the highest number of infected mosquitoes and oocysts formation were observed when the parasitemia and exflagellation centers per microscopic field were 9% and 3.6 in the infected mice respectively. The infected mosquitoes should be maintained on 8% (w/v) fructose, 0.05% (w/v) PABA at 20±1 °C and 50%-80% relative humidity. CONCLUSION This study helps to understand the biology of vertebrate-parasite and mosquito-malaria interactions that may aid in the development of a new generation of drug/vaccine and vector-based measures for malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein DEHGHAN
- Dept. of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali OSHAGHI
- Dept. of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan MOSA-KAZEMI
- Dept. of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza ABAI
- Dept. of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh RAFIE
- Dept. of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi NATEGHPOUR
- Dept. of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habib MOHAMMADZADEH
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Leila FARIVAR
- Dept. of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mulood MOHAMMADI BAVANI
- Dept. of Medical Entomology, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Hegde S, Khanipov K, Albayrak L, Golovko G, Pimenova M, Saldaña MA, Rojas MM, Hornett EA, Motl GC, Fredregill CL, Dennett JA, Debboun M, Fofanov Y, Hughes GL. Microbiome Interaction Networks and Community Structure From Laboratory-Reared and Field-Collected Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquito Vectors. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2160. [PMID: 30250462 PMCID: PMC6140713 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial interactions are an underappreciated force in shaping insect microbiome communities. Although pairwise patterns of symbiont interactions have been identified, we have a poor understanding regarding the scale and the nature of co-occurrence and co-exclusion interactions within the microbiome. To characterize these patterns in mosquitoes, we sequenced the bacterial microbiome of Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus caught in the field or reared in the laboratory and used these data to generate interaction networks. For collections, we used traps that attracted host-seeking or ovipositing female mosquitoes to determine how physiological state affects the microbiome under field conditions. Interestingly, we saw few differences in species richness or microbiome community structure in mosquitoes caught in either trap. Co-occurrence and co-exclusion analysis identified 116 pairwise interactions substantially increasing the list of bacterial interactions observed in mosquitoes. Networks generated from the microbiome of Ae. aegypti often included highly interconnected hub bacteria. There were several instances where co-occurring bacteria co-excluded a third taxa, suggesting the existence of tripartite relationships. Several associations were observed in multiple species or in field and laboratory-reared mosquitoes indicating these associations are robust and not influenced by environmental or host factors. To demonstrate that microbial interactions can influence colonization of the host, we administered symbionts to Ae. aegypti larvae that either possessed or lacked their resident microbiota. We found that the presence of resident microbiota can inhibit colonization of particular bacterial taxa. Our results highlight that microbial interactions in mosquitoes are complex and influence microbiome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand Hegde
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Levent Albayrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - George Golovko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Maria Pimenova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Miguel A. Saldaña
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Mark M. Rojas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Emily A. Hornett
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Greg C. Motl
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito & Vector Control Division, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chris L. Fredregill
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito & Vector Control Division, Houston, TX, United States
| | - James A. Dennett
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito & Vector Control Division, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mustapha Debboun
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito & Vector Control Division, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yuriy Fofanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Grant L. Hughes
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Arora AK, Pesko KN, Quintero-Hernández V, Possani LD, Miller TA, Durvasula RV. A paratransgenic strategy to block transmission of Xylella fastidiosa from the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:50. [PMID: 30134885 PMCID: PMC6104007 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arthropod-borne diseases remain a leading cause of human morbidity and mortality and exact an enormous toll on global agriculture. The practice of insecticide-based control is fraught with issues of excessive cost, human and environmental toxicity, unwanted impact on beneficial insects and selection of resistant insects. Efforts to modulate insects to eliminate pathogen transmission have gained some traction and remain future options for disease control. Results Here, we report a paratransgenic strategy that targets transmission of Xylella fastidiosa, a leading bacterial pathogen of agriculture, by the Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter (GWSS), Homalodisca vitripennis. Earlier, we identified Pantoea agglomerans, a bacterial symbiont of the GWSS as the paratransgenic control agent. We genetically engineered P. agglomerans to express two antimicrobial peptides (AMP)-melittin and scorpine-like molecule (SLM). Melittin and SLM were chosen as the effector molecules based on in vitro studies, which showed that both molecules have anti-Xylella activity at concentrations that did not kill P. agglomerans. Using these AMP-expressing strains of P. agglomerans, we demonstrated disruption of pathogen transmission from insects to grape plants below detectable levels. Conclusion This is the first report of halting pathogen transmission from paratransgenically modified insects. It is also the first demonstration of paratransgenic control in an agriculturally important insect vector. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0460-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinder K Arora
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM-87131, USA.,Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY-48153, USA
| | - Kendra N Pesko
- Molecular Biology, Scientific Laboratory Division, New Mexico Dept. of Health, Albuquerque, NM-87102, USA
| | - Verónica Quintero-Hernández
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Av. Universidad, 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.,CONACYT-Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Microbiana, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas-Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, C.P. 72570, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Lourival D Possani
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Av. Universidad, 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Thomas A Miller
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA-92521, USA
| | - Ravi V Durvasula
- Present Address: Department of Medicine, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL-60153, USA.
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Muturi EJ, Lagos-Kutz D, Dunlap C, Ramirez JL, Rooney AP, Hartman GL, Fields CJ, Rendon G, Kim CH. Mosquito microbiota cluster by host sampling location. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:468. [PMID: 30107817 PMCID: PMC6092830 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microbial communities that inhabit the mosquito body play an import role in host biology and may have potential for mosquito control. However, the forces that shape these microbial communities are poorly understood. Methods To gain a better understanding of how host location influences the composition and diversity of mosquito microbiota, we performed a survey of microbial communities in mosquito samples collected from six USA states using HiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Results A total of 284 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 14 phyla were detected in nine mosquito species, with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria accounting for 95% of total sequences. OTU richness varied markedly within and between mosquito species. The microbial composition and diversity was heavily influenced by the site of mosquito collection, suggesting that host location plays an important role in shaping the mosquito microbiota. Conclusions Variation in microbial composition and diversity between mosquitoes from different locations may have important implications on vector competence and transmission dynamics of mosquito-borne pathogens. Future studies should investigate the environmental factors responsible for these variations and the role of key bacteria characterized in this study on mosquito biology and their potential application in symbiotic control of mosquito-borne diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3036-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephantus J Muturi
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
| | - Doris Lagos-Kutz
- National Soybean Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1101 W. Peabody Dr., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Christopher Dunlap
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Jose L Ramirez
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Alejandro P Rooney
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Glen L Hartman
- National Soybean Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1101 W. Peabody Dr., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Christopher J Fields
- High Performance Biological Computing (HPCBio), Roy J Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gloria Rendon
- High Performance Biological Computing (HPCBio), Roy J Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
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Cheng C, Qin J, Wu C, Lei M, Wang Y, Zhang L. Suppressing a plant-parasitic nematode with fungivorous behavior by fungal transformation of a Bt cry gene. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:116. [PMID: 30037328 PMCID: PMC6055344 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pine wilt disease, caused by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (PWN), is an important destructive disease of pine forests worldwide. In addition to behaving as a plant-parasitic nematode that feeds on epithelial cells of pines, this pest relies on fungal associates for completing its life cycle inside pine trees. Manipulating microbial symbionts to block pest transmission has exhibited an exciting prospect in recent years; however, transforming the fungal mutualists to toxin delivery agents for suppressing PWN growth has received little attention. RESULTS In the present study, a nematicidal gene cry5Ba3, originally from a soil Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strain, was codon-preferred as cry5Ba3Φ and integrated into the genome of a fungus eaten by PWN, Botrytis cinerea, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Supplementing wild-type B. cinerea extract with that from the cry5Ba3Φ transformant significantly suppressed PWN growth; moreover, the nematodes lost fitness significantly when feeding on the mycelia of the cry5Ba3Φ transformant. N-terminal deletion of Cry5Ba3Φ protein weakened the nematicidal activity more dramatically than did the C-terminal deletion, indicating that domain I (endotoxin-N) plays a more important role in its nematicidal function than domain III (endotoxin-C), which is similar to certain insecticidal Cry proteins. CONCLUSIONS Transformation of Bt nematicidal cry genes in fungi can alter the fungivorous performance of B. xylophilus and reduce nematode fitness. This finding provides a new prospect of developing strategies for breaking the life cycle of this pest in pines and controlling pine wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihang Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Green Pesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Jialing Qin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Green Pesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Choufei Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Green Pesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Mengying Lei
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangdong, 510520, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Green Pesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Liqin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Green Pesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China.
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Rami A, Raz A, Zakeri S, Dinparast Djadid N. Isolation and identification of Asaia sp. in Anopheles spp. mosquitoes collected from Iranian malaria settings: steps toward applying paratransgenic tools against malaria. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:367. [PMID: 29950179 PMCID: PMC6022440 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the genus Asaia (Rhodospirillales: Acetobacteraceae) has been isolated from different Anopheles species and presented as a promising tool to combat malaria. This bacterium has unique features such as presence in different organs of mosquitoes (midgut, salivary glands and reproductive organs) of female and male mosquitoes and vertical and horizontal transmission. These specifications lead to the possibility of introducing Asaia as a robust candidate for malaria vector control via paratransgenesis technology. Several studies have been performed on the microbiota of Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran and the Middle East to find a suitable candidate for controlling the malaria based on paratransgenesis approaches. The present study is the first report of isolation, biochemical and molecular characterization of the genus Asaia within five different Anopheles species which originated from different zoogeographical zones in the south, east, and north of Iran. METHODS Mosquitoes originated from field-collected and laboratory-reared colonies of five Anopheles spp. Adult mosquitoes were anesthetized; their midguts were isolated by dissection, followed by grinding the midgut contents which were then cultured in enrichment broth media and later in CaCO3 agar plates separately. Morphological, biochemical and physiological characterization were carried out after the appearance of colonies. For molecular confirmation, selected colonies were cultured, their DNAs were extracted and PCR was performed on the 16S ribosomal RNA gene using specific newly designed primers. RESULTS Morphological, biochemical, physiological and molecular results indicated that all isolates are members of the genus Asaia. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to previous opinions, our findings show that Asaia bacteria are present in both insectary-reared colonies and field-collected mosquitoes and can be isolated by simple and specific methods. Furthermore, with respect to the fact that we isolated Asaia within the different Anopheles specimens from distinct climatic and zoogeographical regions, it is promising and may be concluded that species of this genus can tolerate the complicated environmental conditions of the vector-borne diseases endemic regions. Therefore, it can be considered as a promising target in paratransgenesis and vector control programs. However, we suggest that introducing the new technologies such as next generation sequencing and robust in silico approaches may pave the way to find a unique biomarker for rapid and reliable differentiation of the Asaia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Rami
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Raz
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Leonard SP, Perutka J, Powell JE, Geng P, Richhart DD, Byrom M, Kar S, Davies BW, Ellington AD, Moran NA, Barrick JE. Genetic Engineering of Bee Gut Microbiome Bacteria with a Toolkit for Modular Assembly of Broad-Host-Range Plasmids. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1279-1290. [PMID: 29608282 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Engineering the bacteria present in animal microbiomes promises to lead to breakthroughs in medicine and agriculture, but progress is hampered by a dearth of tools for genetically modifying the diverse species that comprise these communities. Here we present a toolkit of genetic parts for the modular construction of broad-host-range plasmids built around the RSF1010 replicon. Golden Gate assembly of parts in this toolkit can be used to rapidly test various antibiotic resistance markers, promoters, fluorescent reporters, and other coding sequences in newly isolated bacteria. We demonstrate the utility of this toolkit in multiple species of Proteobacteria that are native to the gut microbiomes of honey bees ( Apis mellifera) and bumble bees (B ombus sp.). Expressing fluorescent proteins in Snodgrassella alvi, Gilliamella apicola, Bartonella apis, and Serratia strains enables us to visualize how these bacteria colonize the bee gut. We also demonstrate CRISPRi repression in B. apis and use Cas9-facilitated knockout of an S. alvi adhesion gene to show that it is important for colonization of the gut. Beyond characterizing how the gut microbiome influences the health of these prominent pollinators, this bee microbiome toolkit (BTK) will be useful for engineering bacteria found in other natural microbial communities.
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Guégan M, Zouache K, Démichel C, Minard G, Tran Van V, Potier P, Mavingui P, Valiente Moro C. The mosquito holobiont: fresh insight into mosquito-microbiota interactions. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:49. [PMID: 29554951 PMCID: PMC5859429 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The holobiont concept was first developed for coral ecosystems but has been extended to multiple organisms, including plants and other animals. Studies on insect-associated microbial communities have produced strong evidence that symbiotic bacteria play a major role in host biology. However, the understanding of these symbiotic relationships has mainly been limited to phytophagous insects, while the role of host-associated microbiota in haematophagous insect vectors remains largely unexplored. Mosquitoes are a major global public health concern, with a concomitant increase in people at risk of infection. The global emergence and re-emergence of mosquito-borne diseases has led many researchers to study both the mosquito host and its associated microbiota. Although most of these studies have been descriptive, they have led to a broad description of the bacterial communities hosted by mosquito populations. This review describes key advances and progress in the field of the mosquito microbiota research while also encompassing other microbes and the environmental factors driving their composition and diversity. The discussion includes recent findings on the microbiota functional roles and underlines their interactions with the host biology and pathogen transmission. Insight into the ecology of multipartite interactions, we consider that conferring the term holobiont to the mosquito and its microbiota is useful to get a comprehensive understanding of the vector pathosystem functioning so as to be able to develop innovative and efficient novel vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Guégan
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karima Zouache
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Colin Démichel
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guillaume Minard
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Van Tran Van
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Potier
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
- Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
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Waldman AJ, Balskus EP. The Human Microbiota, Infectious Disease, and Global Health: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:14-26. [PMID: 29207239 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in treating infectious diseases worldwide, morbidity and mortality associated with pathogen infection remains extraordinarily high and represents a critical scientific and global health challenge. Current strategies to combat these infectious agents include a combination of vaccines, small molecule drugs, increased hygiene standards, and disease-specific interventions. While these approaches have helped to drastically reduce the incidence and number of deaths associated with infection, continued investment in current strategies and the development of novel therapeutic approaches will be required to address these global health threats. Recently, human- and vector-associated microbiotas, the assemblages of microorganisms living on and within their hosts, have emerged as a potentially important factor mediating both infection risk and disease progression. These complex microbial communities are involved in intricate and dynamic interactions with both pathogens as well as the innate and adaptive immune systems of their hosts. Here, we discuss recent findings that have illuminated the importance of resident microbiotas in infectious disease, emphasizing opportunities for novel therapeutic intervention and future challenges for the field. Our discussion will focus on four major global health threats: tuberculosis, malaria, HIV, and enteric/diarrheal diseases. We hope this Perspective will highlight the many opportunities for chemists and chemical biologists in this field as well as inspire efforts to elucidate the mechanisms underlying established disease correlations, identify novel microbiota-based risk factors, and develop new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J. Waldman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Emily P. Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Muturi EJ, Ramirez JL, Rooney AP, Kim CH. Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiota of Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) Females From Different Parents. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:163-171. [PMID: 29045737 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential for gut microbiota to impede or enhance pathogen transmission is well-documented but the factors that shape this microbiota in mosquito vectors are poorly understood. We characterized and compared the gut microbiota of adult females of Culex restuans (Theobald; Diptera: Culicidae) from different parents. Cx. restuans larvae from nine field-collected egg rafts were reared on a common diet and gut microbiota of newly emerged adult females characterized by MiSeq sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial diversity and evenness in individuals from one egg raft were significantly lower compared to those of three of the other eight egg rafts. The gut microbiota of adult females reared from seven of the nine egg rafts clustered together suggesting that individuals from most egg rafts had similar profiles of gut microbiota. These findings suggest that the microbiota of adult females from the same parents do not differ appreciably from the microbiota of adult females from different parents. However, additional studies using mosquitoes separated by geographic distances greater than those studied here and estimating the genetic distances between populations from different egg rafts are needed to provide further insights into the influence of host genetics on gut microbiota. Also worthwhile are studies evaluating how individuals from different egg rafts and harboring different gut microbiota compare in relation to vector competence for different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephantus J Muturi
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL
| | - Jose L Ramirez
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL
| | - Alejandro P Rooney
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
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Dehghan H, Oshaghi MA, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Yakhchali B, Vatandoost H, Maleki-Ravasan N, Rassi Y, Mohammadzadeh H, Abai MR, Mohtarami F. Dynamics of Transgenic Enterobacter cloacae Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein Defensin (GFP-D) in Anopheles stephensi Under Laboratory Condition. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2017; 11:515-532. [PMID: 29367928 PMCID: PMC5775158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterobacter cloacae bacterium is a known symbiont of the most Anopheles gut microflora and nominated as a good candidate for paratransgenic control of malaria. However, the population dynamics of this bacterium within An. stephensi and its introduction methods to the mosquitoes have not yet been explored. METHODS Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens expressing green fluorescent protein and defensin (GFP-D) was used to study transstadial transmission and the course of time, larval habitat, sugar, and blood meal on dynamics of the bacterium in the mosquito life stages in the laboratory condition. The bacterial quantities were measured by plating samples and counting GFP expressing colonies on the Tet-BHI agar medium. RESULTS The E. cloacae population remained stable in sugar bait at least for eleven days whereas it was lowered in the insectary larval habitat where the bacteria inadequately recycled. The bacterium was weakly transmitted transstadially from larval to adult stage. The bacterial populations increased smoothly and then dramatically in the guts of An. stephensi following sugar and blood meal respectively followed by a gradual reduction over the time. CONCLUSION Enterobacter cloacae was highly stable in sugar bait and increased tremendously in the gut of female adult An. stephensi within 24h post blood meal. Sugar bait stations can be used for introduction of the transgenic bacteria in a paratransgenic approach. It is recommended to evaluate the attraction of sugar bait in combination with attractive kairomones as well as its stability and survival rate in the semi-field or field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Dehghan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Authors: Dr Mohammad Ali Oshaghi, E-mail: , Dr Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi,
| | - Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Authors: Dr Mohammad Ali Oshaghi, E-mail: , Dr Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi,
| | - Bagher Yakhchali
- Department Industrial and of Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naseh Maleki-Ravasan
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yavar Rassi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habib Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abai
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohtarami
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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112
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Arora AK, Douglas AE. Hype or opportunity? Using microbial symbionts in novel strategies for insect pest control. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 103:10-17. [PMID: 28974456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
All insects, including pest species, are colonized by microorganisms, variously located in the gut and within insect tissues. Manipulation of these microbial partners can reduce the pest status of insects, either by modifying insect traits (e.g. altering the host range or tolerance of abiotic conditions, reducing insect competence to vector disease agents) or by reducing fitness. Strategies utilizing heterologous microorganisms (i.e. derived from different insect species) and genetically-modified microbial symbionts are under development, particularly in relation to insect vectors of human disease agents. There is also the potential to target microorganisms absolutely required by the insect, resulting in insect mortality or suppression of insect growth or fecundity. This latter approach is particularly valuable for insect pests that depend on nutrients from symbiotic microorganisms to supplement their nutritionally-inadequate diet, e.g. insects feeding through the life cycle on vertebrate blood (cimicid bugs, anopluran lice, tsetse flies), plant sap (whiteflies, aphids, psyllids, planthoppers, leafhoppers/sharpshooters) and sound wood (various xylophagous beetles and some termites). Further research will facilitate implementation of these novel insect pest control strategies, particularly to ensure specificity of control agents to the pest insect without dissemination of bio-active compounds, novel microorganisms or their genes into the wider environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinder K Arora
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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113
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Abstract
Since the turn of the century, a remarkable expansion has been achieved in the range and effectiveness of products and strategies available to prevent, treat, and control malaria, including advances in diagnostics, drugs, vaccines, and vector control. These advances have once again put malaria elimination on the agenda. However, it is clear that even with the means available today, malaria control and elimination pose a formidable challenge in many settings. Thus, currently available resources must be used more effectively, and new products and approaches likely to achieve these goals must be developed. This paper considers tools (both those available and others that may be required) to achieve and maintain malaria elimination. New diagnostics are needed to direct treatment and detect transmission potential; new drugs and vaccines to overcome existing resistance and protect against clinical and severe disease, as well as block transmission and prevent relapses; and new vector control measures to overcome insecticide resistance and more powerfully interrupt transmission. It is also essential that strategies for combining new and existing approaches are developed for different settings to maximise their longevity and effectiveness in areas with continuing transmission and receptivity. For areas where local elimination has been recently achieved, understanding which measures are needed to maintain elimination is necessary to prevent rebound and the reestablishment of transmission. This becomes increasingly important as more countries move towards elimination.
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114
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Wang S, Dos-Santos ALA, Huang W, Liu KC, Oshaghi MA, Wei G, Agre P, Jacobs-Lorena M. Driving mosquito refractoriness to Plasmodium falciparum with engineered symbiotic bacteria. Science 2017; 357:1399-1402. [PMID: 28963255 PMCID: PMC9793889 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan5478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The huge burden of malaria in developing countries urgently demands the development of novel approaches to fight this deadly disease. Although engineered symbiotic bacteria have been shown to render mosquitoes resistant to the parasite, the challenge remains to effectively introduce such bacteria into mosquito populations. We describe a Serratia bacterium strain (AS1) isolated from Anopheles ovaries that stably colonizes the mosquito midgut, female ovaries, and male accessory glands and spreads rapidly throughout mosquito populations. Serratia AS1 was genetically engineered for secretion of anti-Plasmodium effector proteins, and the recombinant strains inhibit development of Plasmodium falciparum in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China,Corresponding author. (S.W.); (M.J.-L.)
| | - André L. A. Dos-Santos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kun Connie Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ge Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peter Agre
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Corresponding author. (S.W.); (M.J.-L.)
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115
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Abstract
Malaria is caused in humans by five species of single-celled eukaryotic Plasmodium parasites (mainly Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax) that are transmitted by the bite of Anopheles spp. mosquitoes. Malaria remains one of the most serious infectious diseases; it threatens nearly half of the world's population and led to hundreds of thousands of deaths in 2015, predominantly among children in Africa. Malaria is managed through a combination of vector control approaches (such as insecticide spraying and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets) and drugs for both treatment and prevention. The widespread use of artemisinin-based combination therapies has contributed to substantial declines in the number of malaria-related deaths; however, the emergence of drug resistance threatens to reverse this progress. Advances in our understanding of the underlying molecular basis of pathogenesis have fuelled the development of new diagnostics, drugs and insecticides. Several new combination therapies are in clinical development that have efficacy against drug-resistant parasites and the potential to be used in single-dose regimens to improve compliance. This ambitious programme to eliminate malaria also includes new approaches that could yield malaria vaccines or novel vector control strategies. However, despite these achievements, a well-coordinated global effort on multiple fronts is needed if malaria elimination is to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Seattle, Washington, USA
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116
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Ben-Yosef M, Zaada DSY, Dudaniec RY, Pasternak Z, Jurkevitch E, Smith RJ, Causton CE, Lincango MP, Tobe SS, Mitchell JG, Kleindorfer S, Yuval B. Host-specific associations affect the microbiome ofPhilornis downsi, an introduced parasite to the Galápagos Islands. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:4644-4656. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ben-Yosef
- Department of Entomology; Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - Doron S. Y. Zaada
- Department of Entomology; Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - Rachael Y. Dudaniec
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Zohar Pasternak
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology; Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology; Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - Renee J. Smith
- School of Biological Sciences; Flinders University; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Charlotte E. Causton
- Charles Darwin Foundation; Puerto Ayora Santa Cruz Island Galápagos Islands Ecuador
| | - Maria Piedad Lincango
- Charles Darwin Foundation; Puerto Ayora Santa Cruz Island Galápagos Islands Ecuador
- Facultad De Ciencias Agrícolas; Universidad Central Del Ecuador; Quito Pichincha Ecuador
| | - Shanan S. Tobe
- School of Biological Sciences; Flinders University; Adelaide SA Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Physics; Arcadia University; Glenside PA USA
| | - James G. Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences; Flinders University; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Sonia Kleindorfer
- School of Biological Sciences; Flinders University; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Boaz Yuval
- Department of Entomology; Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
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117
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In vivo gene expression profiling of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana elucidates its infection stratagems in Anopheles mosquito. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:839-851. [PMID: 28755300 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of entomopathogenic fungi to control mosquitoes is a promising tool for reducing vector-borne disease transmission. To better understand infection stratagems of insect pathogenic fungi, we analyzed the global gene expression profiling of Beauveria bassiana at 36, 60, 84 and 108 h after topical infection of Anopheles stephensi adult mosquitoes using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). A total of 5,354 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are identified over the course of fungal infection. When the fungus grows on the mosquito cuticle, up-regulated DEGs include adhesion-related genes involved in cuticle attachment, Pth11-like GPCRs hypothesized to be involved in host recognition, and extracellular enzymes involved in the degradation and penetration of the mosquito cuticle. Once in the mosquito hemocoel, the fungus evades mosquito immune system probably through up-regulating expression of β-1,3-glucan degrading enzymes and chitin synthesis enzymes for remodeling of cell walls. Moreover, six previous unknown SSCP (small secreted cysteine-rich proteins) are significantly up-regulated, which may serve as "effectors" to suppress host defense responses. B. bassiana also induces large amounts of antioxidant genes to mitigate host-generated exogenous oxidative stress. At late stage of infection, B. bassiana activates a broad spectrum of genes including nutrient degrading enzymes, some transporters and metabolism pathway components, to exploit mosquito tissues and hemolymph as a nutrient source for hyphal growth. These findings establish an important framework of knowledge for further comprehensive elucidation of fungal pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of Beauveria-mosquito interactions.
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118
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Telschow A, Grziwotz F, Crain P, Miki T, Mains JW, Sugihara G, Dobson SL, Hsieh CH. Infections of Wolbachia may destabilize mosquito population dynamics. J Theor Biol 2017; 428:98-105. [PMID: 28579427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent efforts in controlling mosquito-borne diseases focus on biocontrol strategies that incapacitate pathogens inside mosquitoes by altering the mosquito's microbiome. A case in point is the introduction of Wolbachia into natural mosquito populations in order to eliminate Dengue virus. However, whether this strategy can successfully control vector-borne diseases is debated; particularly, how artificial infection affects population dynamics of hosts remains unclear. Here, we show that natural Wolbachia infections are associated with unstable mosquito population dynamics by contrasting Wolbachia-infected versus uninfected cage populations of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus). By analyzing weekly data of adult mosquito abundances, we found that the variability of the infected populations is significantly higher than that of the uninfected. The elevated population variability is explained by increased instability in dynamics, as quantified by system nonlinearity (i.e., state-dependence). In addition, predictability of infected populations is substantially lower. A mathematical model analysis suggests that Wolbachia may alter mosquito population dynamics by modifying larval competition of hosts. These results encourage examination for effects of artificial Wolbachia establishment on mosquito populations, because an enhancement of population variability with reduced predictability could pose challenges in management. Our findings have implications for application of microbiome alterations in biocontrol programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Telschow
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfalian Wilhelms-University, Münster, 48149, Germany.
| | - Florian Grziwotz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfalian Wilhelms-University, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Philip Crain
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfalian Wilhelms-University, Münster, 48149, Germany; DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131, USA
| | - Takeshi Miki
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - James W Mains
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546, USA; MosquitoMate, Inc., Lexington, 40546, USA
| | - George Sugihara
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Stephen L Dobson
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546, USA; MosquitoMate, Inc., Lexington, 40546, USA.
| | - Chih-Hao Hsieh
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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119
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Insect pathogenic fungus interacts with the gut microbiota to accelerate mosquito mortality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5994-5999. [PMID: 28533370 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703546114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect gut microbiota plays crucial roles in modulating the interactions between the host and intestinal pathogens. Unlike viruses, bacteria, and parasites, which need to be ingested to cause disease, entomopathogenic fungi infect insects through the cuticle and proliferate in the hemolymph. However, interactions between the gut microbiota and entomopathogenic fungi are unknown. Here we show that the pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana interacts with the gut microbiota to accelerate mosquito death. After topical fungal infection, mosquitoes with gut microbiota die significantly faster than mosquitoes without microbiota. Furthermore, fungal infection causes dysbiosis of mosquito gut microbiota with a significant increase in gut bacterial load and a significant decrease in bacterial diversity. In particular, the opportunistic pathogenic bacterium Serratia marcescens overgrows in the midgut and translocates to the hemocoel, which promotes fungal killing of mosquitoes. We further reveal that fungal infection down-regulates antimicrobial peptide and dual oxidase expression in the midgut. Duox down-regulation in the midgut is mediated by secretion of the toxin oosporein from B. bassiana Our findings reveal the important contribution of the gut microbiota in B. bassiana-killing activity, providing new insights into the mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis in insects.
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120
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Rodgers FH, Gendrin M, Wyer CAS, Christophides GK. Microbiota-induced peritrophic matrix regulates midgut homeostasis and prevents systemic infection of malaria vector mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006391. [PMID: 28545061 PMCID: PMC5448818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of the mosquito gut microbiota can lay the foundations for novel methods for disease transmission control. Mosquito blood feeding triggers a significant, transient increase of the gut microbiota, but little is known about the mechanisms by which the mosquito controls this bacterial growth whilst limiting inflammation of the gut epithelium. Here, we investigate the gut epithelial response to the changing microbiota load upon blood feeding in the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. We show that the synthesis and integrity of the peritrophic matrix, which physically separates the gut epithelium from its luminal contents, is microbiota dependent. We reveal that the peritrophic matrix limits the growth and persistence of Enterobacteriaceae within the gut, whilst preventing seeding of a systemic infection. Our results demonstrate that the peritrophic matrix is a key regulator of mosquito gut homeostasis and establish functional analogies between this and the mucus layers of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. When a female mosquito takes a blood meal from a human, the bacteria residing within its gut grow significantly. Following a blood meal, female mosquitoes produce a barrier within their gut, known as the peritrophic matrix, which physically separates the blood meal from the cells of the epithelium. Here, we show that the presence of bacteria in the gut is required for the synthesis of the peritrophic matrix. By experimentally disrupting this barrier, we find that this structure plays a role in limiting the extent to which bacteria of one particular family are able to grow and persist in the mosquito gut. We also find that the peritrophic matrix ensures that bacteria remain within the gut, preventing them from invading the mosquito body cavity. These results will be useful in designing disease control strategies that depend on the ability of bacteria to colonize and persist in relevant tissues in the mosquito host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye H. Rodgers
- Vector Immunogenomics and Infection Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathilde Gendrin
- Vector Immunogenomics and Infection Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia A. S. Wyer
- Vector Immunogenomics and Infection Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - George K. Christophides
- Vector Immunogenomics and Infection Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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121
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Wang N, Stelinski LL, Pelz-Stelinski KS, Graham JH, Zhang Y. Tale of the Huanglongbing Disease Pyramid in the Context of the Citrus Microbiome. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:380-387. [PMID: 28095208 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-16-0426-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Huanglongbing (HLB) disease pyramid is composed of Liberibacters, psyllid vectors, citrus hosts, and the environment. The epidemiological outcomes for Liberibacter-associated plant diseases are collectively determined by the inherent relationships among plant-Liberibacters-psyllids, and how various environmental factors affect plant-Liberibacter-psyllid interactions. Citrus-Liberibacter-psyllid interactions occur in a complex microbiome system. In this review, we focus on the progress in understanding the HLB disease pyramid, and how the microbiome affects the HLB disease pyramid including the interaction between HLB and the citrus microbiome; the interaction between Liberibacters and psyllids; the interaction between Liberibacters and gut microbiota in psyllids; and the effect of HLB on selected above- and belowground citrus pathogens. Their implications for HLB management are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wang
- First and fifth authors: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, second and third authors: Department of Entomology and Nematology, and fourth author: Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL
| | - Lukasz L Stelinski
- First and fifth authors: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, second and third authors: Department of Entomology and Nematology, and fourth author: Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL
| | - Kirsten S Pelz-Stelinski
- First and fifth authors: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, second and third authors: Department of Entomology and Nematology, and fourth author: Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL
| | - James H Graham
- First and fifth authors: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, second and third authors: Department of Entomology and Nematology, and fourth author: Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL
| | - Yunzeng Zhang
- First and fifth authors: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, second and third authors: Department of Entomology and Nematology, and fourth author: Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL
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122
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Muturi EJ, Ramirez JL, Rooney AP, Kim CH. Comparative analysis of gut microbiota of mosquito communities in central Illinois. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005377. [PMID: 28245239 PMCID: PMC5345876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The composition and structure of microbial communities that inhabit the mosquito midguts are poorly understood despite their well-documented potential to impede pathogen transmission. Methodology/Principal findings We used MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the bacterial communities of field-collected populations of 12 mosquito species. After quality filtering and rarefaction, the remaining sequences were assigned to 181 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Approximately 58% of these OTUs occurred in at least two mosquito species but only three OTUs: Gluconobacter (OTU 1), Propionibacterium (OTU 9), and Staphylococcus (OTU 31) occurred in all 12 mosquito species. Individuals of different mosquito species shared similar gut microbiota and it was common for individuals of the same species from the same study site and collection date to harbor different gut microbiota. On average, the microbiota of Aedes albopictus was the least diverse and significantly less even compared to Anopheles crucians, An. quadrimaculatus, Ae. triseriatus, Ae. vexans, Ae. japonicus, Culex restuans, and Culiseta inornata. The microbial community of Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus differed significantly from all other mosquitoes species and was primarily driven by the dominance of Wolbachia. Conclusion and significance These findings expand the range of mosquito species whose gut microbiota has been characterized and sets the foundation for further studies to determine the influence of these microbiota on vector susceptibility to pathogens. The microbial communities that reside in mosquito midguts can impact transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens. We used high throughput next generation sequencing to characterize the midgut microbial communities of 12 mosquito species collected in urban residential areas in Champaign County, Illinois. A total of 181 OTUs from 11 phyla and 66 families were identified. Although several bacterial taxa were shared between two or more mosquito species, there was remarkable individual differences in gut microbiota and it was common for individuals of different mosquito species to harbor similar gut microbiota. The microbiota of Ae. albopictus was the least diverse and significantly less evenly distributed compared to 7 of 11 mosquito species. The microbial community of Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus differed significantly from other mosquito species and was primarily dominated by Wolbachia. These findings improve current knowledge on the composition and structure of mosquito gut microbiota and provide the framework for understanding their contribution to individual variation in vector competence and potential application in disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephantus J. Muturi
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Jose L. Ramirez
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL United States of America
| | - Alejandro P. Rooney
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL United States of America
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign IL. United States of America
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Tikhe CV, Sethi A, Delatte J, Husseneder C. Isolation and assessment of gut bacteria from the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), for paratransgenesis research and application. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:93-102. [PMID: 26477889 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Paratransgenesis targeting the gut protozoa is being developed as an alternative method for the control of the Formosan subterranean termite (FST). This method involves killing the cellulose-digesting gut protozoa using a previously developed antiprotozoal peptide consisting of a target specific ligand coupled to an antimicrobial peptide (Hecate). In the future, we intend to genetically engineer termite gut bacteria as "Trojan Horses" to express and spread ligand-Hecate in the termite colony. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of bacteria strains isolated from the gut of FST as "Trojan Horses." We isolated 135 bacteria from the guts of workers from 3 termite colonies. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene identified 20 species. We tested 5 bacteria species that were previously described as part of the termite gut community for their tolerance against Hecate and ligand-Hecate. Results showed that the minimum concentration required to inhibit bacteria growth was always higher than the concentration required to kill the gut protozoa. Out of the 5 bacteria tested, we engineered Trabulsiella odontotermitis, a termite specific bacterium, to express green fluorescent protein as a proof of concept that the bacteria can be engineered to express foreign proteins. Engineered T. odontotermitis was fed to FST to study if the bacteria are ingested. This feeding experiment confirmed that engineered T. odontotermitis is ingested by termites and can survive in the gut for at least 48 h. Here we report that T. odontotermitis is a suitable delivery and expression system for paratransgenesis in a termite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay V Tikhe
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | - Amit Sethi
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
- DuPont-Pioneer, Johnston, IA, 50131-0552, USA
| | - Jennifer Delatte
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | - Claudia Husseneder
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
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Saldaña MA, Hegde S, Hughes GL. Microbial control of arthropod-borne disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:81-93. [PMID: 28177042 PMCID: PMC5293117 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropods harbor a diverse array of microbes that profoundly influence many aspects of host biology, including vector competence. Additionally, symbionts can be engineered to produce molecules that inhibit pathogens. Due to their intimate association with the host, microbes have developed strategies that facilitate their transmission, either horizontally or vertically, to conspecifics. These attributes make microbes attractive agents for applied strategies to control arthropod-borne disease. Here we discuss the recent advances in microbial control approaches to reduce the burden of pathogens such as Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya viruses, and Trypanosome and Plasmodium parasites. We also highlight where further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Saldaña
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shivanand Hegde
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Grant L Hughes
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Tropical Diseases, Galveston, TX, USA
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125
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Diversity of Cultivable Midgut Microbiota at Different Stages of the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus from Tezpur, India. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167409. [PMID: 27941985 PMCID: PMC5152811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are among the most important vectors of arboviral diseases, worldwide. Recent studies indicate that diverse midgut microbiota of mosquitoes significantly affect development, digestion, metabolism, and immunity of their hosts. Midgut microbiota has also been suggested to modulate the competency of mosquitoes to transmit arboviruses, malaria parasites etc. Interestingly, the midgut microbial flora is dynamic and the diversity changes with the development of vectors, in addition to other factors such as species, sex, life-stage, feeding behavior and geographical origin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the midgut bacterial diversity among larva, adult male, sugar fed female and blood fed female Ae. albopictus collected from Tezpur, Northeastern India. Based on colony morphological characteristics, we selected 113 cultivable bacterial isolates for 16S rRNA gene sequence based molecular identification. Of the 113 isolates, we could identify 35 bacterial species belonging to 18 distinct genera under four major phyla, namely Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes accounted for majority (80%) of the species, while phylum Actinobacteria constituted 17% of the species. Bacteroidetes was the least represented phylum, characterized by a single species- Chryseobacterium rhizoplanae, isolated from blood fed individuals. Dissection of midgut microbiota diversity at different developmental stages of Ae. albopictus will be helpful in better understanding mosquito-borne diseases, and for designing effective strategies to manage mosquito-borne diseases.
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Díaz S, Villavicencio B, Correia N, Costa J, Haag KL. Triatomine bugs, their microbiota and Trypanosoma cruzi: asymmetric responses of bacteria to an infected blood meal. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:636. [PMID: 27938415 PMCID: PMC5148865 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) are vectors of the flagellate Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. The study of triatomine gut microbiota has gained relevance in the last years due to its possible role in vector competence and prospective use in control strategies. The objective of this study is to examine changes in the gut microbiota composition of triatomines in response to a T. cruzi-infected blood meal and identifying key factors determining those changes. Results We sampled colony-reared individuals from six triatomine vectors (Panstrongylus megistus, Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma brasiliensis, T. infestans, T. juazeirensis and T. sherlocki) comparing experimentally T. cruzi strain 0354-challenged and non-challenged insects. The microbiota of gut and gonad tissues was characterized using high throughput sequencing of region V3-V4 of bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The triatomine microbiota had a low intra-individual diversity, and a high inter-individual variation within the same host species. Arsenophonous appeared as the dominant triatomine bacterial symbiont in our study (59% of the total 16S coverage), but there were significant differences in the distribution of bacterial genera among vectors. In Rhodnius prolixus the dominant symbiont was Pectobacterium. Conclusions Trypanosoma cruzi-challenge significantly affects microbiota composition, with challenged vectors harbouring a significantly more diverse bacterial community, both in the gut and the gonads. Our results show that blood-feeding with T. cruzi epimastigotes strongly affects microbiota composition in a species-specific manner. We suggest that triatomine-adapted enterobacteria such as Arsenophonus could be used as stable vectors for genetic transformation of triatomine bugs and control of Chagas disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1926-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Díaz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bianca Villavicencio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Nathália Correia
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karen L Haag
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. .,Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Martina BE, Barzon L, Pijlman GP, de la Fuente J, Rizzoli A, Wammes LJ, Takken W, van Rij RP, Papa A. Human to human transmission of arthropod-borne pathogens. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 22:13-21. [PMID: 27915056 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human-to-human (H2H) transmitted arthropod-borne pathogens are a growing burden worldwide, with malaria and dengue being the most common mosquito-borne H2H transmitted diseases. The ability of vectors to get infected by humans during a blood meal to further propel an epidemic depends on complex interactions between pathogens, vectors and humans, in which human interventions and demographic and environmental conditions play a significant role. Herein, we discuss the distal and proximal drivers affecting H2H vector-borne pathogen transmission and identify knowledge gaps and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron E Martina
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Artemis One Health Research Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gorben P Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (Trento), Italy
| | - Linda J Wammes
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Takken
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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128
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Barik TK, Suzuki Y, Rasgon JL. Factors influencing infection and transmission of Anopheles gambiae densovirus (AgDNV) in mosquitoes. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2691. [PMID: 27867767 PMCID: PMC5111888 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae densovirus (AgDNV) is a potential microbial agent for paratransgenesis and gene transduction in An. gambiae, the major vector of human malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding the interaction between AgDNV and An. gambiae is critical for using AgDNV in a basic and applied manner for Anopheles gene manipulation. Here, we tested the effects of mosquito age, sex, blood feeding status, and potential for horizontal transmission using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter AgDNV system. Neither mosquito age at infection nor feeding regime affected viral titers. Female mosquitoes were more permissive to viral infection than males. Despite low viral titers, infected males were able to venereally transmit virus to females during mating, where the virus was localized with the transferred sperm in the spermathecae. These findings will be useful for designing AgDNV-based strategies to manipulate Anopheles gambiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K Barik
- Applied Entomology Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Berhampur University, Berhampur, Odisha, India.,Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Yasutsugu Suzuki
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Virology, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jason L Rasgon
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Chen S, Zhao J, Joshi D, Xi Z, Norman B, Walker ED. Persistent Infection by Wolbachia wAlbB Has No Effect on Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Adult Female Anopheles stephensi. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1485. [PMID: 27708633 PMCID: PMC5030273 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteria in the midgut of Anopheles stephensi adult females from laboratory colonies were studied by sequencing the V4 region of 16S rRNA genes, with respect to three experimental factors: stable or cured Wolbachia infection; sugar or blood diet; and age. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominated the community [>90% of operational taxonomic units (OTUs)]; most taxa were in the classes Flavobacteriia, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria, and were assigned to Elizabethkingia (46.9%), Asaia (6.4%) and Pseudomonas (6.0%), or unclassified Enterobacteriaceae (37.2%). Bacterial communities were similar between Wolbachia-cured and Wolbachia-infected mosquito lines, indicating that the gut microbiota were not dysregulated in the presence of Wolbachia. The proportion of Enterobacteriaceae was higher in mosquitoes fed a blood meal compared to those provided a sugar meal. Collectively, the bacterial community had a similar structure in older Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes 8 days after the blood meal, as in younger Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes before a blood meal, except that older mosquitoes had a higher proportion of Enterobacteriaceae and lower proportion of Elizabethkingia. Consistent presence of certain predominant bacteria (Elizabethkingia, Asaia, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacteriaceae) suggests they would be useful for paratransgenesis to control malaria infection, particularly when coupled to a Wolbachia-based intervention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, USA
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR, USA
| | - Deepak Joshi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, USA
| | - Zhiyong Xi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, USA
| | - Beth Norman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, USA
| | - Edward D Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA; Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
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Monteiro CC, Villegas LEM, Campolina TB, Pires ACMA, Miranda JC, Pimenta PFP, Secundino NFC. Bacterial diversity of the American sand fly Lutzomyia intermedia using high-throughput metagenomic sequencing. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:480. [PMID: 27581188 PMCID: PMC5007851 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasites of the genus Leishmania cause a broad spectrum of diseases, collectively known as leishmaniasis, in humans worldwide. American cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected disease transmitted by sand fly vectors including Lutzomyia intermedia, a proven vector. The female sand fly can acquire or deliver Leishmania spp. parasites while feeding on a blood meal, which is required for nutrition, egg development and survival. The microbiota composition and abundance varies by food source, life stages and physiological conditions. The sand fly microbiota can affect parasite life-cycle in the vector. METHODS We performed a metagenomic analysis for microbiota composition and abundance in Lu. intermedia, from an endemic area in Brazil. The adult insects were collected using CDC light traps, morphologically identified, carefully sterilized, dissected under a microscope and the females separated into groups according to their physiological condition: (i) absence of blood meal (unfed = UN); (ii) presence of blood meal (blood-fed = BF); and (iii) presence of developed ovaries (gravid = GR). Then, they were processed for metagenomics with Illumina Hiseq Sequencing in order to be sequence analyzed and to obtain the taxonomic profiles of the microbiota. RESULTS Bacterial metagenomic analysis revealed differences in microbiota composition based upon the distinct physiological stages of the adult insect. Sequence identification revealed two phyla (Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria), 11 families and 15 genera; 87 % of the bacteria were Gram-negative, while only one family and two genera were identified as Gram-positive. The genera Ochrobactrum, Bradyrhizobium and Pseudomonas were found across all of the groups. CONCLUSIONS The metagenomic analysis revealed that the microbiota of the Lu. intermedia female sand flies are distinct under specific physiological conditions and consist of 15 bacterial genera. The Ochrobactrum, Bradyrhizobium and Pseudomonas were the common genera. Our results detailing the constituents of Lu. intermedia native microbiota contribute to the knowledge regarding the bacterial community in an important sand fly vector and allow for further studies to better understand how the microbiota interacts with vectors of human parasites and to develop tools for biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cunha Monteiro
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, René Rachou Research Centre (FIOCRUZ-MG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Bonifácio Campolina
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, René Rachou Research Centre (FIOCRUZ-MG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Jose Carlos Miranda
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM)-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Franzini PZN, Ramond JB, Scholtz CH, Sole CL, Ronca S, Cowan DA. The Gut Microbiomes of Two Pachysoma MacLeay Desert Dung Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) Feeding on Different Diets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161118. [PMID: 27532606 PMCID: PMC4988786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-organisms inhabiting animal guts benefit from a protected and nutrient-rich environment while assisting the host with digestion and nutrition. In this study we compare, for the first time, the bacterial and fungal gut communities of two species of the small desert dung beetle genus Pachysoma feeding on different diets: the detritivorous P. endroedyi and the dry-dung-feeding P. striatum. Whole-gut microbial communities from 5 individuals of each species were assessed using 454 pyrosequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS gene regions. The two bacterial communities were significantly different, with only 3.7% of operational taxonomic units shared, and displayed intra-specific variation. The number of bacterial phyla present within the guts of P. endroedyi and P. striatum individuals ranged from 6-11 and 4-7, respectively. Fungal phylotypes could only be detected within the gut of P. striatum. Although the role of host phylogeny in Pachysoma microbiome assembly remains unknown, evidence presented in this study suggests that host diet may be a deterministic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Z. N. Franzini
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Genomic Research Institute, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jean-Baptiste Ramond
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Genomic Research Institute, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Clarke H. Scholtz
- Scarab Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Catherine L. Sole
- Scarab Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sandra Ronca
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Genomic Research Institute, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Don A. Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Genomic Research Institute, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Caljon G, De Muylder G, Durnez L, Jennes W, Vanaerschot M, Dujardin JC. Alice in microbes' land: adaptations and counter-adaptations of vector-borne parasitic protozoa and their hosts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:664-85. [PMID: 27400870 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we aim to provide a general introduction to different facets of the arms race between pathogens and their hosts/environment, emphasizing its evolutionary aspects. We focus on vector-borne parasitic protozoa, which have to adapt to both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Using Leishmania, Trypanosoma and Plasmodium as main models, we review successively (i) the adaptations and counter-adaptations of parasites and their invertebrate host, (ii) the adaptations and counter-adaptations of parasites and their vertebrate host and (iii) the impact of human interventions (chemotherapy, vaccination, vector control and environmental changes) on these adaptations. We conclude by discussing the practical impact this knowledge can have on translational research and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Caljon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Health, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Géraldine De Muylder
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Jennes
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Manu Vanaerschot
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Fidock Lab, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Health, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Flores-Solis D, Toledano Y, Rodríguez-Lima O, Cano-Sánchez P, Ramírez-Cordero BE, Landa A, Rodríguez de la Vega RC, del Rio-Portilla F. Solution structure and antiparasitic activity of scorpine-like peptides fromHoffmannihadrurus gertschi. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2286-96. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Flores-Solis
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas; Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU; Ciudad de México México
| | - Yanis Toledano
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas; Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU; Ciudad de México México
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear; Facultad de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU; Ciudad de México México
| | - Oscar Rodríguez-Lima
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU; Ciudad de México México
| | - Patricia Cano-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas; Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU; Ciudad de México México
| | - Belen Ernestina Ramírez-Cordero
- División de Neurociencias; Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular; Instituto de Fisiología Celular; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU; Ciudad de México México
| | - Abraham Landa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU; Ciudad de México México
| | | | - Federico del Rio-Portilla
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas; Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU; Ciudad de México México
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More than one rabbit out of the hat: Radiation, transgenic and symbiont-based approaches for sustainable management of mosquito and tsetse fly populations. Acta Trop 2016; 157:115-30. [PMID: 26774684 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are bloodsucking vectors of human and animal pathogens. Mosquito-borne diseases (malaria, filariasis, dengue, zika, and chikungunya) cause severe mortality and morbidity annually, and tsetse fly-borne diseases (African trypanosomes causing sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock) cost Sub-Saharan Africa an estimated US$ 4750 million annually. Current reliance on insecticides for vector control is unsustainable: due to increasing insecticide resistance and growing concerns about health and environmental impacts of chemical control there is a growing need for novel, effective and safe biologically-based methods that are more sustainable. The integration of the sterile insect technique has proven successful to manage crop pests and disease vectors, particularly tsetse flies, and is likely to prove effective against mosquito vectors, particularly once sex-separation methods are improved. Transgenic and symbiont-based approaches are in development, and more advanced in (particularly Aedes) mosquitoes than in tsetse flies; however, issues around stability, sustainability and biosecurity have to be addressed, especially when considering population replacement approaches. Regulatory issues and those relating to intellectual property and economic cost of application must also be overcome. Standardised methods to assess insect quality are required to compare and predict efficacy of the different approaches. Different combinations of these three approaches could be integrated to maximise their benefits, and all have the potential to be used in tsetse and mosquito area-wide integrated pest management programmes.
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135
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Evaluating the usefulness of paratransgenesis for malaria control. Math Biosci 2016; 277:117-25. [PMID: 27140529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a serious global health problem which is especially devastating to the developing world. Most malaria control programs use insecticides for controlling mosquito populations. Large scale usage of these insecticides exerts massive selection pressure on mosquitoes resulting in insecticide resistant mosquito breeds. Thus, developing alternative strategies are crucial for sustainable malaria control. Here, we explore the usefulness of an alternative strategy, paratransgenesis: the introduction of genetically engineered plasmodium killing bacteria inside the mosquito gut. The genetically modified bacterial culture is housed in cotton balls dipped in a sugar solution (sugar bait) and they enter a mosquito's midgut when it drinks from a sugar bait. We study scenarios where vectors and hosts mix homogeneously as well as heterogeneously and calculate the amount of baits required to prevent a malaria outbreak. Given the baits are attractive, we show that the basic reproductive number drops rapidly with the increase in bait density. Furthermore, we propose a targeted bait distribution strategy for minimizing the reproductive number for the heterogeneous case. Our results can prove to be useful for designing future experiments and field trials of alternative malaria control mechanisms and they also have implications on the development of malaria control programs.
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136
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Pretzel J, Mohring F, Rahlfs S, Becker K. Antiparasitic peptides. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 135:157-92. [PMID: 23615879 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
: The most important parasitic diseases, malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and schistosomiasis, are a great burden to mankind, threatening the life of millions of people worldwide and mostly affecting the poorest. Because drug resistance is increasing and vaccines are rarely available, novel chemotherapeutic compounds are necessary in order to treat these devastating diseases. Insects serve as vectors of many human parasitic diseases and have been shown to express a huge variety of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Therefore, research activity on insect-derived AMPs has been increasing in the last 40 years. This chapter summarizes the current state of research on the possible role of AMPs as potential chemotherapeutic compounds against human parasitic diseases. As a representative antimicrobial peptide with antiparasitic activity, the structure of insect defensin A is shown [PDB accession code: 1ICA]. The molecule is surrounded by schematic representations of the human pathogenic parasites Plasmodium, Leishmania and Trypanosoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Pretzel
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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137
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Segata N, Baldini F, Pompon J, Garrett WS, Truong DT, Dabiré RK, Diabaté A, Levashina EA, Catteruccia F. The reproductive tracts of two malaria vectors are populated by a core microbiome and by gender- and swarm-enriched microbial biomarkers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24207. [PMID: 27086581 PMCID: PMC4834568 DOI: 10.1038/srep24207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes play key roles in shaping the physiology of insects and can influence behavior, reproduction and susceptibility to pathogens. In Sub-Saharan Africa, two major malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae and An. coluzzii, breed in distinct larval habitats characterized by different microorganisms that might affect their adult physiology and possibly Plasmodium transmission. We analyzed the reproductive microbiomes of male and female An. gambiae and An. coluzzii couples collected from natural mating swarms in Burkina Faso. 16S rRNA sequencing on dissected tissues revealed that the reproductive tracts harbor a complex microbiome characterized by a large core group of bacteria shared by both species and all reproductive tissues. Interestingly, we detected a significant enrichment of several gender-associated microbial biomarkers in specific tissues, and surprisingly, similar classes of bacteria in males captured from one mating swarm, suggesting that these males originated from the same larval breeding site. Finally, we identified several endosymbiotic bacteria, including Spiroplasma, which have the ability to manipulate insect reproductive success. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the reproductive microbiome of important human disease vectors, and identifies a panel of core and endosymbiotic bacteria that can be potentially exploited to interfere with the transmission of malaria parasites by the Anopheles mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Segata
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesco Baldini
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06100 Italy
| | - Julien Pompon
- UPR9022 CNRS, U963 Inserm, Université de Strasbourg, 15 rue R. Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France.,MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et vecteurs: écologie, génétique, évolution et controle), UMR IRD-CNRS-UM1-UM2, 34394 Montpellier, France.,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duy Tin Truong
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Elena A Levashina
- UPR9022 CNRS, U963 Inserm, Université de Strasbourg, 15 rue R. Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France.,Vector Biology Unit, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Flaminia Catteruccia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06100 Italy
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138
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Caragata EP, Dutra HL, Moreira LA. Exploiting Intimate Relationships: Controlling Mosquito-Transmitted Disease with Wolbachia. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:207-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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139
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Wamwiri FN, Changasi RE. Tsetse Flies (Glossina) as Vectors of Human African Trypanosomiasis: A Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6201350. [PMID: 27034944 PMCID: PMC4789378 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6201350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) transmitted by the tsetse fly continues to be a public health issue, despite more than a century of research. There are two types of the disease, the chronic gambiense and the acute rhodesiense-HAT. Fly abundance and distribution have been affected by changes in land-use patterns and climate. However, disease transmission still continues. Here, we review some aspects of HAT ecoepidemiology in the context of altered infestation patterns and maintenance of the transmission cycle as well as emerging options in disease and vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Njeri Wamwiri
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation, Biotechnology Research Institute, P.O. Box 362, Muguga 00902, Kenya
| | - Robert Emojong Changasi
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation, Biotechnology Research Institute, P.O. Box 362, Muguga 00902, Kenya
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140
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Gonçalves D, Hunziker P. Transmission-blocking strategies: the roadmap from laboratory bench to the community. Malar J 2016; 15:95. [PMID: 26888537 PMCID: PMC4758146 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most prevalent tropical and infectious diseases in the world, with an estimated more than 200 million clinical cases every year. In recent years, the mosquito stages of the parasite life cycle have received renewed attention with some progress being made in the development of transmission-blocking strategies. From gametocytes to late ookinetes, some attractive antigenic targets have been found and tested in order to develop a transmission blocking vaccine, and drugs are being currently screened for gametocytocidal activity, and also some new and less conventional approaches are drawing increased attention, such as genetically modified and fungus-infected mosquitoes that become refractory to Plasmodium infection. In this review some of those strategies focusing on the progress made so far will be summarized, but also, the challenges that come from the translation of early promising benchwork resulting in successful applications in the field. To do this, the available literature will be screened and all the pieces of the puzzle must be combined: from molecular biology to epidemiologic and clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gonçalves
- CLINAM Foundation for Nanomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick Hunziker
- CLINAM Foundation for Nanomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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141
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Liu P, Li X, Gu J, Dong Y, Liu Y, Santhosh P, Chen X. Development of non-defective recombinant densovirus vectors for microRNA delivery in the invasive vector mosquito, Aedes albopictus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20979. [PMID: 26879823 PMCID: PMC4754678 DOI: 10.1038/srep20979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that mosquito densoviruses (MDVs) are potential vectors for delivering foreign nucleic acids into mosquito cells. However, considering existing expression strategies, recombinant viruses would inevitably become replication-defective viruses and lose their ability for secondary transmission. The packaging limitations of the virion represent a barrier for the development of MDVs for viral paratransgenesis or as high-efficiency bioinsecticides. Herein, we report the development of a non-defective recombinant Aedes aegypti densovirus (AaeDV) miRNA expression system, mediated by an artificial intron, using an intronic miRNA expression strategy. We demonstrated that this recombinant vector could be used to overexpress endogenous miRNAs or to decrease endogenous miRNAs by generating antisense sponges to explore the biological functions of miRNAs. In addition, the vector could express antisense-miRNAs to induce efficient gene silencing in vivo and in vitro. The recombinant virus effectively self-replicated and retained its secondary transmission ability, similar to the wild-type virus. The recombinant virus was also genetically stable. This study demonstrated the first construction of a non-defective recombinant MDV miRNA expression system, which represents a tool for the functional analysis of mosquito genes and lays the foundation for the application of viral paratransgenesis for dengue virus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Xiaocong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jinbao Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yunqiao Dong
- Reproductive Medical Center of Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Puthiyakunnon Santhosh
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
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142
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Zhao H, Lovett B, Fang W. Genetically Engineering Entomopathogenic Fungi. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 94:137-63. [PMID: 27131325 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi have been developed as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical insecticides in biocontrol programs for agricultural pests and vectors of disease. However, mycoinsecticides currently have a small market share due to low virulence and inconsistencies in their performance. Genetic engineering has made it possible to significantly improve the virulence of fungi and their tolerance to adverse conditions. Virulence enhancement has been achieved by engineering fungi to express insect proteins and insecticidal proteins/peptides from insect predators and other insect pathogens, or by overexpressing the pathogen's own genes. Importantly, protein engineering can be used to mix and match functional domains from diverse genes sourced from entomopathogenic fungi and other organisms, producing insecticidal proteins with novel characteristics. Fungal tolerance to abiotic stresses, especially UV radiation, has been greatly improved by introducing into entomopathogens a photoreactivation system from an archaean and pigment synthesis pathways from nonentomopathogenic fungi. Conversely, gene knockout strategies have produced strains with reduced ecological fitness as recipients for genetic engineering to improve virulence; the resulting strains are hypervirulent, but will not persist in the environment. Coupled with their natural insect specificity, safety concerns can also be mitigated by using safe effector proteins with selection marker genes removed after transformation. With the increasing public concern over the continued use of synthetic chemical insecticides and growing public acceptance of genetically modified organisms, new types of biological insecticides produced by genetic engineering offer a range of environmentally friendly options for cost-effective control of insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhao
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - B Lovett
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - W Fang
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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143
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Muturi EJ, Kim CH, Bara J, Bach EM, Siddappaji MH. Culex pipiens and Culex restuans mosquitoes harbor distinct microbiota dominated by few bacterial taxa. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:18. [PMID: 26762514 PMCID: PMC4712599 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes host diverse microbial communities that influence many aspects of their biology including reproduction, digestion, and ability to transmit pathogens. Unraveling the composition, structure, and function of these microbiota can provide new opportunities for exploiting microbial function for mosquito-borne disease control. METHODS MiSeq® sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons was used to characterize the microbiota of adult females of Culex pipiens L. and Cx. restuans Theobald collected from nine study sites in central Illinois. RESULTS Out of 195 bacterial OTUs that were identified, 86 were shared between the two mosquito species while 16 and 93 OTUs were unique to Cx. pipiens and Cx. restuans, respectively. The composition and structure of microbial communities differed significantly between the two mosquito species with Cx. restuans hosting a more diverse bacterial community compared to Cx. pipiens. Wolbachia (OTU836919) was the dominant bacterial species in Cx. pipiens accounting for 91% of total microbiota while Sphingomonas (OTU817982) was the dominant bacterial species in Cx. restuans accounting for 31% of total microbiota. Only 3 and 6 OTUs occurred in over 60% of individuals in Cx. pipiens and Cx. restuans, respectively. There was little effect of study site on bacterial community structure of either mosquito species. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the two mosquito species support distinct microbial communities that are sparsely distributed between individuals. These findings will allow investigations of the role of identified microbiota on the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in WNV transmission and their potential application in disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephantus J Muturi
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Bara
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Elizabeth M Bach
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
| | - Madhura H Siddappaji
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
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144
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Valzano M, Cecarini V, Cappelli A, Capone A, Bozic J, Cuccioloni M, Epis S, Petrelli D, Angeletti M, Eleuteri AM, Favia G, Ricci I. A yeast strain associated to Anopheles mosquitoes produces a toxin able to kill malaria parasites. Malar J 2016; 15:21. [PMID: 26754943 PMCID: PMC4709964 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-1059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria control strategies are focusing on new approaches, such as the symbiotic control, which consists in the use of microbial symbionts to prevent parasite development in the mosquito gut and to block the transmission of the infection to humans. Several microbes, bacteria and fungi, have been proposed for malaria or other mosquito-borne diseases control strategies. Among these, the yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus has been recently isolated from the gut of Anopheles mosquitoes, where it releases a natural antimicrobial toxin. Interestingly, many environmental strains of W. anomalus exert a wide anti-bacterial/fungal activity and some of these ‘killer’ yeasts are already used in industrial applications as food and feed bio-preservation agents. Since a few studies showed that W. anomalus killer strains have antimicrobial effects also against protozoan parasites, the possible anti-plasmodial activity of the yeast was investigated. Methods A yeast killer toxin (KT), purified through combined chromatographic techniques from a W. anomalus strain isolated from the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi, was tested as an effector molecule to target the sporogonic stages of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei, in vitro. Giemsa staining was used to detect morphological damages in zygotes/ookinetes after treatment with the KT. Furthermore, the possible mechanism of action of the KT was investigated pre-incubating the protein with castanospermine, an inhibitor of β-glucanase activity. Results A strong anti-plasmodial effect was observed when the P. berghei sporogonic stages were treated with KT, obtaining an inhibition percentage up to around 90 %. Microscopy analysis revealed several ookinete alterations at morphological and structural level, suggesting the direct implication of the KT-enzymatic activity. Moreover, evidences of the reduction of KT activity upon treatment with castanospermine propose a β-glucanase-mediated activity. Conclusion The results showed the in vitro killing efficacy of a protein produced by a mosquito strain of W. anomalus against malaria parasites. Further studies are required to test the KT activity against the sporogonic stages in vivo, nevertheless this work opens new perspectives for the possible use of killer strains in innovative strategies to impede the development of the malaria parasite in mosquito vectors by the means of microbial symbionts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-1059-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Valzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Valentina Cecarini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Alessia Cappelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Aida Capone
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Jovana Bozic
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Cuccioloni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Sara Epis
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Dezemona Petrelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Mauro Angeletti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Guido Favia
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Irene Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
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145
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Inhibition of Plasmodium berghei Development in Mosquitoes by Effector Proteins Secreted from Asaia sp. Bacteria Using a Novel Native Secretion Signal. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143541. [PMID: 26636338 PMCID: PMC4670117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel interventions are needed to prevent the transmission of the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. One possible method is to supply mosquitoes with antiplasmodial effector proteins from bacteria by paratransgenesis. Mosquitoes have a diverse complement of midgut microbiota including the Gram-negative bacteria Asaia bogorensis. This study presents the first use of Asaia sp. bacteria for paratransgenesis against P. berghei. We identified putative secreted proteins from A. bogorensis by a genetic screen using alkaline phosphatase gene fusions. Two were secreted efficiently: a siderophore receptor protein and a YVTN beta-propeller repeat protein. The siderophore receptor gene was fused with antiplasmodial effector genes including the scorpine antimicrobial peptide and an anti-Pbs21 scFv-Shiva1 immunotoxin. Asaia SF2.1 secreting these fusion proteins were fed to mosquitoes and challenged with Plasmodium berghei-infected blood. With each of these effector constructs, significant inhibition of parasite development was observed. These results provide a novel and promising intervention against malaria transmission.
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147
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Smith RC, Vega-Rodríguez J, Jacobs-Lorena M. The Plasmodium bottleneck: malaria parasite losses in the mosquito vector. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015. [PMID: 25185005 PMCID: PMC4156458 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly one million people are killed every year by the malaria parasite Plasmodium. Although the disease-causing forms of the parasite exist only in the human blood, mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles are the obligate vector for transmission. Here, we review the parasite life cycle in the vector and highlight the human and mosquito contributions that limit malaria parasite development in the mosquito host. We address parasite killing in its mosquito host and bottlenecks in parasite numbers that might guide intervention strategies to prevent transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel Vega-Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
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148
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Suzuki Y, Barik TK, Johnson RM, Rasgon JL. In vitro and in vivo host range of Anopheles gambiae densovirus (AgDNV). Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26220140 PMCID: PMC4518260 DOI: 10.1038/srep12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AgDNV is a powerful gene transduction tool and potential biological control agent for Anopheles mosquitoes. Using a GFP reporter virus system, we investigated AgDNV host range specificity in four arthropod cell lines (derived from An. gambiae, Aedes albopictus and Drosophila melanogaster) and six mosquito species from 3 genera (An. gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. stephensi, Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegypti and Culex tarsalis). In vitro, efficient viral invasion, replication and GFP expression was only observed in MOS55 An. gambiae cells. In vivo, high levels of GFP were observed in An. gambiae mosquitoes. Intermediate levels of GFP were observed in the closely related species An. arabiensis. Low levels of GFP were observed in An. stephensi, Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegypti and Cx. tarsalis. These results suggest that AgDNV is a specific gene transduction tool for members of the An. gambiae species complex, and could be potentially developed into a biocontrol agent with minimal off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutsugu Suzuki
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States of America
| | - Tapan K Barik
- 1] Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States of America [2] Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Berhampur University, Berhampur, Odisha 760007, India
| | - Rebecca M Johnson
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States of America
| | - Jason L Rasgon
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States of America
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Duguma D, Hall MW, Rugman-Jones P, Stouthamer R, Terenius O, Neufeld JD, Walton WE. Developmental succession of the microbiome of Culex mosquitoes. BMC Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26205080 PMCID: PMC4513620 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The native microflora associated with mosquitoes have important roles in mosquito development and vector competence. Sequencing of bacterial V3 region from 16S rRNA genes across the developmental stages of Culex mosquitoes (early and late larval instars, pupae and adults) was used to test the hypothesis that bacteria found in the larval stage of Culex are transstadially transmitted to the adult stage, and to compare the microbiomes of field-collected versus laboratory-reared mosquitoes. Results Beta diversity analysis revealed that bacterial community structure differed among three life stages (larvae, pupae and adults) of Culex tarsalis. Although only ~2 % of the total number of bacterial OTUs were found in all stages, sequences from these OTUs accounted for nearly 82 % of the total bacterial sequences recovered from all stages. Thorsellia (Gammaproteobacteria) was the most abundant bacterial taxon found across all developmental stages of field-collected Culex mosquitoes, but was rare in mosquitoes from laboratory-reared colonies. The proportion of Thorsellia sequences in the microbiomes of mosquito life stages varied ontogenetically with the greatest proportions recovered from the pupae of C. tarsalis and the lowest from newly emerged adults. The microbiome of field-collected late instar larvae was not influenced significantly by differences in the microbiota of the habitat due to habitat age or biopesticide treatments. The microbiome diversity was the greatest in the early instar larvae and the lowest in laboratory-reared mosquitoes. Conclusions Bacterial communities in early instar C. tarsalis larvae were significantly more diverse when compared to late instar larvae, pupae and newly emerged adults. Some of the bacterial OTUs found in the early instar larvae were also found across developmental stages. Thorsellia dominated the bacterial communities in field-collected immature stages but occurred at much lower relative abundance in adults. Differences in microbiota observed in larval habitats did not influence bacterial community profiles of late instar larvae or adults. However, bacterial communities in laboratory-reared C. tarsalis larvae differed significantly from the field. Determining the role of Thorsellia in mosquitoes and its distribution across different species of mosquitoes warrants further investigation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0475-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagne Duguma
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. .,Present address: Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, 32962, USA.
| | - Michael W Hall
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Paul Rugman-Jones
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Richard Stouthamer
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Olle Terenius
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Josh D Neufeld
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - William E Walton
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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Abstract
Reductive evolution during the adaptation to obligate parasitism and expansions of gene families encoding virulence factors are characteristics evident to greater or lesser degrees in all parasitic protists studied to date. Large evolutionary distances separate many parasitic protists from the yeast and animal models upon which classic views of eukaryotic biochemistry are often based. Thus a combination of evolutionary divergence, niche adaptation and reductive evolution means the biochemistry of parasitic protists is often very different from their hosts and to other eukaryotes generally, making parasites intriguing subjects for those interested in the phenomenon of moonlighting proteins. In common with other organisms, the contribution of protein moonlighting to parasite biology is only just emerging, and it is not without controversy. Here, an overview of recently identified moonlighting proteins in parasitic protists is provided, together with discussion of some of the controversies.
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