101
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Aminated carbon-based “cargo vehicles” for improved delivery of methotrexate to breast cancer cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 75:1376-1388. [PMID: 28415429 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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102
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Amreddy N, Babu A, Muralidharan R, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Polymeric Nanoparticle-Mediated Gene Delivery for Lung Cancer Treatment. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:35. [PMID: 28290155 PMCID: PMC5480422 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have focused on targeted gene therapy for lung cancer, using nanoparticle carriers to overcome the limitations of conventional treatment methods. The main goal of targeted gene therapy is to develop more efficient therapeutic strategies by improving the bioavailability, stability, and target specificity of gene therapeutics and to reduce off-target effects. Polymer-based nanoparticles, an alternative to lipid and inorganic nanoparticles, efficiently carry nucleic acid therapeutics and are stable in vivo. Receptor-targeted delivery is a promising approach that can limit non-specific gene delivery and can be achieved by modifying the polymer nanoparticle surface with specific receptor ligands or antibodies. This review highlights the recent developments in gene delivery using synthetic and natural polymer-based nucleic acid carriers for lung cancer treatment. Various nanoparticle systems based on polymers and polymer combinations are discussed. Further, examples of targeting ligands or moieties used in targeted, polymer-based gene delivery to lung cancer are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narsireddy Amreddy
- Department of Pathology, Stanton L. Young Biomedical Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Suite 1403, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anish Babu
- Department of Pathology, Stanton L. Young Biomedical Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Suite 1403, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ranganayaki Muralidharan
- Department of Pathology, Stanton L. Young Biomedical Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Suite 1403, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, Stanton L. Young Biomedical Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Suite 1403, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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103
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Vats K, Subramanian S, Mathur A, Sarma HD, Banerjee S. Radiosynthesis and evaluation of a 99mTc-folic acid radiotracer prepared using [ 99mTcN(PNP)] 2+ metal fragment. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1329-1332. [PMID: 28174106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Folate receptors (FR) are over-expressed on a wide variety of tumor cells and are a potential molecular target for radiolabeled folates. In this respect, several SPECT and PET based radiofolates have been evaluated in the past albeit with their high renal uptake posing limitation towards their clinical use. To overcome this, a new 99mTc labeled folic acid was synthesized via the use of [99mTcN(PNP)]2+ metal fragment, where the presence of the latter pharmacophore redirects in vivo clearance via the hepatobiliary pathway. In this respect, folic acid was derivatized at the γ-acid group with a cysteine BFCA (bifunctional chelating agent) and subsequently reacted with the preformed [99mTcN]2+ intermediate in presence of PNP2 (bisphosphine) ligand, to yield the final complex. While preliminary, in vivo distribution of the complex exhibited high association of activity with liver and intestines and provided support to the rationality of the present design as clearance of labeled folic acid could be effected via the hepatic route, the in vitro studies of the folic acid-cysteine conjugate carried out in KB-31 cells, did not show much promise with reduction in receptor affinity in comparison with the native folic acid. The route followed herein to prepare a folic-acid based radiotracer constitutes the first report of radiolabeling folic acid using the [99mTcN(PNP)]2+ as a radiosynthon. Modification in the structure of conjugate by linking the BFCA through a long-chain linker can be envisaged to improve the affinity of [99mTcN(PNP)]-folic acid complex towards FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Vats
- Radiopharmaceuticals Chemistry Section, Radiochemistry & Isotope Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Suresh Subramanian
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Anupam Mathur
- Radiopharmaceuticals Program, Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology, Navi Mumbai 400703, India
| | - Haladhar Dev Sarma
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Sharmila Banerjee
- Radiopharmaceuticals Chemistry Section, Radiochemistry & Isotope Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
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104
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Merzel RL, Boutom SM, Chen J, Frey C, Shedden K, Marsh ENG, Banaszak Holl MM. Folate binding protein: therapeutic natural nanotechnology for folic acid, methotrexate, and leucovorin. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:2603-2615. [PMID: 28155935 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09060e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Blood serum proteins play a critical role in the transport, biodistribution, and efficacy of systemically-delivered therapeutics. Here, we have investigated the concentration- and ligand-dependent aggregation of folate binding protein (FBP), focusing in particular on folic acid, an important vitamin and targeting agent; methotrexate, an antifolate drug used to treat cancer and rheumatoid arthritis; and leucovorin which is used to decrease methotrexate toxicity. We employed atomic force microscopy to characterize, on a particle-by-particle basis, the volumes of the FBP nanoparticles that form upon ligand binding. We measured the distribution of FBP nanoparticle volumes as a function of ligand concentration over physiologically- and therapeutically-relevant ranges. At physiologically-relevant concentrations, significant differences in particle volume distributions exist that we hypothesize are consistent with different trafficking mechanisms for folic acid and methotrexate. In addition, we hypothesize leucovorin is trafficked and delivered like folic acid at therapeutically-relevant concentrations. We propose that changes in dosing procedures could improve the delivery and therapeutic index for methotrexate and other folic acid-targeted drug conjugates and imaging agents. Specifically, we suggest pre-binding the drugs to FBP may provide a better formulation for drug delivery of methotrexate for both cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. This would be analogous to pre-binding paclitaxel to albumin, which is already used in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Merzel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Sarah M Boutom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Carolina Frey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Kerby Shedden
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - E Neil G Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mark M Banaszak Holl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. and Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA and Program in Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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105
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Light induced drug release from a folic acid-drug conjugate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:466-469. [PMID: 28040391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A major area of cancer research focuses on improving the specificity of therapeutic agents by engineering drug-delivery vehicles that target overexpressed receptors on tumor cells. One of the most commonly used approaches involves targeting of folate receptors using folic acid conjugated to a drug-containing macromolecular cargo. Once internalized via endocytosis, the drugs must be released from these constructs in order to avoid being trapped in the endosomes. Here, we describe the synthesis of a small-molecule conjugate that couples folic acid to doxorubicin via a photocleavable linker. Using HPLC we show that the doxorubicin can be released with light rapidly and with high efficiency. This approach has advantages over macromolecular systems due to its simplicity and efficiency.
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106
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Feuser PE, Arévalo JMC, Junior EL, Rossi GR, da Silva Trindade E, Rocha MEM, Jacques AV, Ricci-Júnior E, Santos-Silva MC, Sayer C, de Araújo PHH. Increased cellular uptake of lauryl gallate loaded in superparamagnetic poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles due to surface modification with folic acid. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:185. [PMID: 27787810 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lauryl gallate loaded in superparamagnetic poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles surface modified with folic acid were synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization in just one step. In vitro biocompatibility and cytotoxicity assays on L929 (murine fibroblast), human red blood, and HeLa (uterine colon cancer) cells were performed. The effect of folic acid at the nanoparticles surface was evaluated through cellular uptake assays in HeLa cells. Results showed that the presence of folic acid did not affect substantially the polymer particle size (~120 nm), the superparamagnetic behavior, the encapsulation efficiency of lauryl gallate (~87 %), the Zeta potential (~38 mV) of the polymeric nanoparticles or the release profile of lauryl gallate. The release profile of lauryl gallate from superparamagnetic poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles presented an initial burst effect (0-1 h) followed by a slow and sustained release, indicating a biphasic release system. Lauryl gallate loaded in superparamagnetic poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles with folic acid did not present cytotoxicity effects on L929 and human red blood cells. However, free lauryl gallate presented significant cytotoxic effects on L929 and human red blood cells at all tested concentrations. The presence of folic acid increased the cytotoxicity of lauryl gallate loaded in nanoparticles on HeLa cells due to a higher cellular uptake when HeLa cells were incubated at 37 °C. On the other hand, when the nanoparticles were incubated at low temperature (4 °C) cellular uptake was not observed, suggesting that the uptake occurred by folate receptor mediated energy-dependent endocytosis. Based on presented results our work suggests that this carrier system can be an excellent alternative in targeted drug delivery by folate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Emilio Feuser
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Enio Lima Junior
- Laboratório de Resonancias Magnéticas, Centro Atómico Bariloche & CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Amanda Virtuoso Jacques
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Júnior
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Hermes de Araújo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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107
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Abstract
Fertilization is the culminating event of sexual reproduction, which involves the union of the sperm and egg to form a single, genetically distinct organism. Despite the fundamental role of fertilization, the basic mechanisms involved have remained poorly understood. However, these mechanisms must involve an ordered schedule of cellular recognition events between the sperm and egg to ensure successful fusion. In this article, we review recent progress in our molecular understanding of mammalian fertilization, highlighting the areas in which genetic approaches have been particularly informative and focusing especially on the roles of secreted and cell surface proteins, expressed in a sex-specific manner, that mediate sperm-egg interactions. We discuss how the sperm interacts with the female reproductive tract, zona pellucida, and the oolemma. Finally, we review recent progress made in elucidating the mechanisms that reduce polyspermy and ensure that eggs normally fuse with only a single sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bianchi
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; ,
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108
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Abstract
The interaction between egg and sperm is the first necessary step of fertilization in all sexually reproducing organisms. A decade-long search for a protein pair mediating this event in mammals culminated in the identification of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein Juno as the egg plasma membrane receptor of sperm Izumo1 1, 2. The Juno–Izumo1 interaction was shown to be essential for fertilization since mice lacking either gene exhibit sex-specific sterility, making these proteins promising non-hormonal contraceptive targets 1, 3. No structural information is available on how gamete membranes interact at fertilization, and it is unclear how Juno — which was previously named folate receptor (FR) 4, based on sequence similarity considerations — triggers membrane adhesion by binding Izumo1. Here, we report the crystal structure of Juno and find that the overall fold is similar to that of FRα and FRβ but with significant flexibility within the area that corresponds to the rigid ligand-binding site of these bona fide folate receptors. This explains both the inability of Juno to bind vitamin B9/folic acid [1], and why mutations within the flexible region can either abolish or change the species specificity of this interaction. Furthermore, structural similarity between Juno and the cholesterol-binding Niemann-Pick disease type C1 protein (NPC1) suggests how the modified binding surface of Juno may recognize the helical structure of the amino-terminal domain of Izumo1. As Juno appears to be a mammalian innovation, our study indicates that a key evolutionary event in mammalian reproduction originated from the neofunctionalization of the vitamin B9-binding pocket of an ancestral folate receptor molecule.
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109
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Fasolato C, Giantulli S, Silvestri I, Mazzarda F, Toumia Y, Ripanti F, Mura F, Luongo F, Costantini F, Bordi F, Postorino P, Domenici F. Folate-based single cell screening using surface enhanced Raman microimaging. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17304-17313. [PMID: 27714135 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr05057c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in nanotechnology and its application to biomedical settings have generated great advantages in dealing with early cancer diagnosis. The identification of the specific properties of cancer cells, such as the expression of particular plasma membrane molecular receptors, has become crucial in revealing the presence and in assessing the stage of development of the disease. Here we report a single cell screening approach based on Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) microimaging. We fabricated a SERS-labelled nanovector based on the biofunctionalization of gold nanoparticles with folic acid. After treating the cells with the nanovector, we were able to distinguish three different cell populations from different cell lines (cancer HeLa and PC-3, and normal HaCaT lines), suitably chosen for their different expressions of folate binding proteins. The nanovector, indeed, binds much more efficiently on cancer cell lines than on normal ones, resulting in a higher SERS signal measured on cancer cells. These results pave the way for applications in single cell diagnostics and, potentially, in theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fasolato
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy. and Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, V.le Regina Elena 291, Rome, Italy
| | - S Giantulli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - I Silvestri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - F Mazzarda
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy.
| | - Y Toumia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
| | - F Ripanti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy.
| | - F Mura
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - F Luongo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy.
| | - F Costantini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - F Bordi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy. and CNR-ISC UOS Roma, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - P Postorino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy.
| | - F Domenici
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy. and Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
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110
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Golani LK, Wallace-Povirk A, Deis SM, Wong J, Ke J, Gu X, Raghavan S, Wilson MR, Li X, Polin L, de Waal PW, White K, Kushner J, O'Connor C, Hou Z, Xu HE, Melcher K, Dann CE, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. Tumor Targeting with Novel 6-Substituted Pyrrolo [2,3-d] Pyrimidine Antifolates with Heteroatom Bridge Substitutions via Cellular Uptake by Folate Receptor α and the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter and Inhibition of de Novo Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7856-76. [PMID: 27458733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Targeted antifolates with heteroatom replacements of the carbon vicinal to the phenyl ring in 1 by N (4), O (8), or S (9), or with N-substituted formyl (5), acetyl (6), or trifluoroacetyl (7) moieties, were synthesized and tested for selective cellular uptake by folate receptor (FR) α and β or the proton-coupled folate transporter. Results show increased in vitro antiproliferative activity toward engineered Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing FRs by 4-9 over the CH2 analogue 1. Compounds 4-9 inhibited de novo purine biosynthesis and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase). X-ray crystal structures for 4 with FRα and GARFTase showed that the bound conformations of 4 required flexibility for attachment to both FRα and GARFTase. In mice bearing IGROV1 ovarian tumor xenografts, 4 was highly efficacious. Our results establish that heteroatom substitutions in the 3-atom bridge region of 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines related to 1 provide targeted antifolates that warrant further evaluation as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K Golani
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Adrianne Wallace-Povirk
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Siobhan M Deis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jennifer Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jiyuan Ke
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
| | - Xin Gu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
| | - Sudhir Raghavan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Mike R Wilson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Xinxin Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Lisa Polin
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Parker W de Waal
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
| | - Kathryn White
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Juiwanna Kushner
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Carrie O'Connor
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - H Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States.,Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
| | - Charles E Dann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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111
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Structural and functional insights into IZUMO1 recognition by JUNO in mammalian fertilization. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12198. [PMID: 27416963 PMCID: PMC4947182 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm–egg fusion is the critical step in mammalian fertilization, and requires the interaction between IZUMO1 on the sperm surface and JUNO (also known as folate receptor (FR) 4 or IZUMO1R) on the egg surface. Whereas other FRs bind and uptake folates, JUNO binds IZUMO1 and establishes the cell–cell adhesion. However, the mechanism of IZUMO1 recognition by JUNO has remained elusive. Here we report the crystal structure of mouse JUNO, at 2.3 Å resolution. A structural comparison of JUNO with the FRs revealed that JUNO and the FRs have similar overall structures, but JUNO lacks the folate-binding pocket, thereby explaining the inability of JUNO to bind folate. Further complementation of Juno knockout eggs with mutant Juno messenger RNAs revealed that the conserved, surface-exposed tryptophan residue of JUNO is required for sperm binding and fertilization. Our structure-based in vivo functional analyses provide a framework towards a mechanistic understanding of mammalian gamete recognition. Sperm-egg fusion requires the interaction between IZUMO1 on the sperm and JUNO on the egg. Here, the authors report the crystal structure of mouse JUNO, and use it to explain its lack of binding to folate, along with in vivo functional analyses.
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112
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Desai A, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV. The metabolic basis for developmental disorders due to defective folate transport. Biochimie 2016; 126:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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113
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Melcher
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
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114
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Aydin H, Sultana A, Li S, Thavalingam A, Lee JE. Molecular architecture of the human sperm IZUMO1 and egg JUNO fertilization complex. Nature 2016; 534:562-5. [PMID: 27309818 PMCID: PMC5319863 DOI: 10.1038/nature18595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization is an essential biological process in sexual reproduction and comprises a series of molecular interactions between the sperm and egg. The fusion of the haploid spermatozoon and oocyte is the culminating event in mammalian fertilization, enabling the creation of a new, genetically distinct diploid organism. The merger of two gametes is achieved through a two-step mechanism in which the sperm protein IZUMO1 on the equatorial segment of the acrosome-reacted sperm recognizes its receptor, JUNO, on the egg surface. This recognition is followed by the fusion of the two plasma membranes. IZUMO1 and JUNO proteins are indispensable for fertilization, as constitutive knockdown of either protein results in mice that are healthy but infertile. Despite their central importance in reproductive medicine, the molecular architectures of these proteins and the details of their functional roles in fertilization are not known. Here we present the crystal structures of human IZUMO1 and JUNO in unbound and bound conformations. The human IZUMO1 structure exhibits a distinct boomerang shape and provides structural insights into the IZUMO family of proteins. Human IZUMO1 forms a high-affinity complex with JUNO and undergoes a major conformational change within its N-terminal domain upon binding to the egg-surface receptor. Our results provide insights into the molecular basis of sperm-egg recognition, cross-species fertilization, and the barrier to polyspermy, thereby promising benefits for the rational development of non-hormonal contraceptives and fertility treatments for humans and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Aydin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Azmiri Sultana
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Annoj Thavalingam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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115
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Structure of IZUMO1–JUNO reveals sperm–oocyte recognition during mammalian fertilization. Nature 2016; 534:566-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nature18596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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116
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Rizk N, Christoforou N, Lee S. Optimization of anti-cancer drugs and a targeting molecule on multifunctional gold nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:185704. [PMID: 27004512 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/18/185704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common and deadly cancer among women worldwide. Currently, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems are useful for cancer treatment; however, strategic planning is critical in order to enhance the anti-cancer properties and reduce the side effects of cancer therapy. Here, we designed multifunctional gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated with two anti-cancer drugs, TGF-β1 antibody and methotrexate, and a cancer-targeting molecule, folic acid. First, optimum size and shape of AuNPs was selected by the highest uptake of AuNPs by MDA-MB-231, a metastatic human breast cancer cell line. It was 100 nm spherical AuNPs (S-AuNPs) that were used for further studies. A fixed amount (900 μl) of S-AuNP (3.8 × 10(8) particles/ml) was conjugated with folic acid-BSA or methotrexate-BSA. Methotrexate on S-AuNP induced cellular toxicity and the optimum amount of methotrexate-BSA (2.83 mM) was 500 μl. Uptake of S-AuNPs was enhanced by folate conjugation that binds to folate receptors overexpressed by MDA-MB-231 and the optimum uptake was at 500 μl of folic acid-BSA (2.83 mM). TGF-β1 antibody on S-AuNP reduced extracellular TGF-β1 of cancer cells by 30%. Due to their efficacy and tunable properties, we anticipate numerous clinical applications of multifunctional gold nanospheres in treating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Rizk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science, Technology, and Research, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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117
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Chen J, van Dongen MA, Merzel RL, Dougherty CA, Orr BG, Kanduluru AK, Low PS, Marsh ENG, Banaszak Holl MM. Substrate-Triggered Exosite Binding: Synergistic Dendrimer/Folic Acid Action for Achieving Specific, Tight-Binding to Folate Binding Protein. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:922-7. [PMID: 26815158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-ligand conjugates are designed to bind proteins for applications as drugs, imaging agents, and transport scaffolds. In this work, we demonstrate a folic acid (FA)-triggered exosite binding of a generation five poly(amidoamine) (G5 PAMAM) dendrimer scaffold to bovine folate binding protein (bFBP). The protein exosite is a secondary binding site on the protein surface, separate from the FA binding pocket, to which the dendrimer binds. Exosite binding is required to achieve the greatly enhanced binding constants and protein structural change observed in this study. The G5Ac-COG-FA1.0 conjugate bound tightly to bFBP, was not displaced by a 28-fold excess of FA, and quenched roughly 80% of the initial fluorescence. Two-step binding kinetics were measured using the intrinsic fluorescence of the FBP tryptophan residues to give a KD in the low nanomolar range for formation of the initial G5Ac-COG-FA1.0/FBP* complex, and a slow conversion to the tight complex formed between the dendrimer and the FBP exosite. The extent of quenching was sensitive to the choice of FA-dendrimer linker chemistry. Direct amide conjugation of FA to G5-PAMAM resulted in roughly 50% fluorescence quenching of the FBP. The G5Ac-COG-FA, which has a longer linker containing a 1,2,3-triazole ring, exhibited an ∼80% fluorescence quenching. The binding of the G5Ac-COG-FA1.0 conjugate was compared to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugates of FA (PEGn-FA). PEG2k-FA had a binding strength similar to that of FA, whereas other PEG conjugates with higher molecular weight showed weaker binding. However, no PEG conjugates gave an increased degree of total fluorescence quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ananda Kumar Kanduluru
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - E Neil G Marsh
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mark M Banaszak Holl
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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118
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Narasimhan B, Goodman JT, Vela Ramirez JE. Rational Design of Targeted Next-Generation Carriers for Drug and Vaccine Delivery. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2016; 18:25-49. [PMID: 26789697 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082615-030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors on innate immune cells play an important role in guiding how cells interact with the rest of the organism and in determining the direction of the downstream immune response. Recent advances have elucidated the structure and function of these receptors, providing new opportunities for developing targeted drugs and vaccines to treat infections, cancers, and neurological disorders. C-type lectin receptors, Toll-like receptors, and folate receptors have attracted interest for their ability to endocytose their ligands or initiate signaling pathways that influence the immune response. Several novel technologies are being developed to engage these receptors, including recombinant antibodies, adoptive immunotherapy, and chemically modified antigens and drug delivery vehicles. These active targeting technologies will help address current challenges facing drug and vaccine delivery and lead to new tools to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;
| | - Jonathan T Goodman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;
| | - Julia E Vela Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;
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119
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Grayson P. Izumo1 and Juno: the evolutionary origins and coevolution of essential sperm-egg binding partners. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150296. [PMID: 27019721 PMCID: PMC4807442 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive proteins are among the most rapidly evolving classes of proteins. For a subset of these, rapid evolution is driven by positive Darwinian selection despite vital, well-conserved, reproductive functions. Izumo1 is the only essential sperm-egg fusion protein currently known on mammalian sperm, and its egg receptor (Juno; formerly Folr4) was recently discovered. Male knockout mice for Izumo1 and female knockout mice for Juno are both healthy but sterile. Here, both sperm-egg binding proteins are shown to be evolving under positive selection. Within mammals, coevolution of Izumo1 and Juno is also uncovered, suggesting that similar forces have shaped the evolutionary histories of these binding partners within Mammalia. Additionally, genomic analyses reveal an ancient origin for the Izumo gene family, initially reported as conserved exclusively in mammals. Newly identified Izumo1 orthologues could serve reproductive functions in birds, fish and reptiles. Surprisingly, these same analyses support Juno's presence in mammals alone, suggesting a recent mammalian-specific duplication and neofunctionalization of the ancestral folate receptor. Despite the indispensability of their reproductive interaction, and their apparent coevolution within Mammalia, this binding pair arose through strikingly different evolutionary forces.
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120
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Ma H, Liu Y, Shi M, Shao X, Zhong W, Liao W, Xing MMQ. Theranostic, pH-Responsive, Doxorubicin-Loaded Nanoparticles Inducing Active Targeting and Apoptosis for Advanced Gastric Cancer. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:4022-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huanrong Ma
- Department
of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Min Shi
- Department
of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuebing Shao
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department
of Biosystem Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Wangjun Liao
- Department
of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Malcolm M. Q. Xing
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
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Wang L, Wallace A, Raghavan S, Deis SM, Wilson MR, Yang S, Polin L, White K, Kushner J, Orr S, George C, O'Connor C, Hou Z, Mitchell-Ryan S, Dann CE, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. 6-Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine Thienoyl Regioisomers as Targeted Antifolates for Folate Receptor α and the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter in Human Tumors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6938-59. [PMID: 26317331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-4-oxo-6-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolate thiophene regioisomers of AGF94 (4) with a thienoyl side chain and three-carbon bridge lengths [AGF150 (5) and AGF154 (7)] were synthesized as potential antitumor agents. These analogues inhibited proliferation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) sublines expressing folate receptors (FRs) α or β (IC50s < 1 nM) or the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) (IC50 < 7 nM). Compounds 5 and 7 inhibited KB, IGROV1, and SKOV3 human tumor cells at subnanomolar concentrations, reflecting both FRα and PCFT uptake. AGF152 (6) and AGF163 (8), 2,4-diamino-5-substituted-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thiophene regioisomers, also inhibited growth of FR-expressing CHO and KB cells. All four analogues inhibited glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase). Crystal structures of human GARFTase complexed with 5 and 7 were reported. In severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing SKOV3 tumors, 7 was efficacious. The selectivity of these compounds for PCFT and for FRα and β over the ubiquitously expressed reduced folate carrier is a paradigm for selective tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Adrianne Wallace
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Sudhir Raghavan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Siobhan M Deis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Mike R Wilson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Si Yang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Lisa Polin
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Kathryn White
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Juiwanna Kushner
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Steven Orr
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Christina George
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Carrie O'Connor
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Shermaine Mitchell-Ryan
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Charles E Dann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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Leroueil PR, DiMaggio S, Leistra AN, Blanchette CD, Orme C, Sinniah K, Orr BG, Banaszak Holl MM. Characterization of Folic Acid and Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer Interactions with Folate Binding Protein: A Force-Pulling Study. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:11506-12. [PMID: 26256755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy force-pulling experiments have been used to measure the binding forces between folic acid (FA) conjugated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers and folate binding protein (FBP). The generation 5 (G5) PAMAM conjugates contained an average of 2.7, 4.7, and 7.2 FA per dendrimer. The most probable rupture force was measured to be 83, 201, and 189 pN for G5-FA2.7, G5-FA4.7, and G5-FA7.2, respectively. Folic acid blocking experiments for G5-FA7.2 reduced the frequency of successful binding events and increased the magnitude of the average rupture force to 274 pN. The force data are interpreted as arising from a network of van der Waals and electrostatic interactions that form between FBP and G5 PAMAM dendrimer, resulting in a binding strength far greater than that expected for an interaction between FA and FBP alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stassi DiMaggio
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University , New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Abigail N Leistra
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Calvin College , Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546, United States
| | - Craig D Blanchette
- Physical and Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Christine Orme
- Physical and Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Kumar Sinniah
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Calvin College , Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546, United States
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123
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Risch M, Meier DW, Sakem B, Medina Escobar P, Risch C, Nydegger U, Risch L. Vitamin B12 and folate levels in healthy Swiss senior citizens: a prospective study evaluating reference intervals and decision limits. BMC Geriatr 2015; 15:82. [PMID: 26163013 PMCID: PMC4499201 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-015-0060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vitamin B12 and folate status in nonanaemic healthy older persons needs attention the more so as decrease in levels may be anticipated from reduced haematinic provision and/or impaired intestinal uptake. METHODS A total of 1143 subjectively healthy Swiss midlands participants (637 females and 506 males), ≥60 years of age were included in this study. Levels of vitamin B12, holotranscobalamin (holoTC), methylmalonic acid (MMA), homocysteine (Hcy), serum folate, red blood cell (RBC) folate were measured. Further, Fedosov's wellness score was determined. Associations of age, gender, and cystatin C/creatinine-based estimated kidney function, with the investigated parameters were assessed. Reference intervals were calculated. Further, ROC analysis was done to assess accuracy of the individual parameters in recognizing a deficient vitamin B12 status. Finally, decision limits for sensitive, specific and optimal recognition of vitamin B12 status with individual parameters were derived. RESULTS Three age groups: 60-69, 70-79 and ≥ 80 had median B12 (pmol/L) levels of 237, 228 and 231 respectively (p = 0.22), holoTC (pmol/L) of 52, 546 and 52 (p = 0.60) but Hcy (μmol/L) 12, 15 and 16 (p < 0.001), MMA (nmol/L) 207, 221 and 244 (p < 0.001). Hcy and MMA (both p < 0.001), but not holoTC (p = 0.12) and vitamin B12 (p = 0.44) were found to be affected by kidney function. In a linear regression model Fedosov's wellness score was independently associated with kidney function (p < 0.001) but not with age. Total serum folate and red blood cell (RBC) folate drift apart with increasing age: whereas the former decreases (p = 0.01) RBC folate remains in the same bandwidth across all age groups (p = 0.12) A common reference interval combining age and gender strata can be obtained for vitamin B12 and holoTC, whereas a more differentiated approach seems warranted for serum folate and RBC folate. CONCLUSION Whereas the vitamin B12 and holoTC levels remain steady after 60 years of age, we observed a significant increment in MMA levels accompanied by increments in Hcy; this is better explained by age-related reduced kidney function than by vitamin B12 insufficiency. Total serum folate levels but not RBC folate levels decreased with progressing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Risch
- Kantonsspital Graubünden, Zentrallabor, Loësstrasse 170, Chur, 7000, Switzerland.
| | - Dominik W Meier
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, Liebefeld, 3097, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin Sakem
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, Liebefeld, 3097, Switzerland.
| | - Pedro Medina Escobar
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, Liebefeld, 3097, Switzerland.
| | - Corina Risch
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, Liebefeld, 3097, Switzerland.
| | - Urs Nydegger
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, Liebefeld, 3097, Switzerland.
| | - Lorenz Risch
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, Liebefeld, 3097, Switzerland. .,Private University Triesen, Triesen, 9495, Liechtenstein.
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124
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Lu Y, Parker N, Kleindl PJ, Cross VA, Wollak K, Westrick E, Stinnette TW, Gehrke MA, Wang K, Santhapuram HKR, You F, Hahn SJ, Vaughn JF, Klein PJ, Vlahov IR, Low PS, Leamon CP. Antiinflammatory Activity of a Novel Folic Acid Targeted Conjugate of the mTOR Inhibitor Everolimus. Mol Med 2015; 21:584-96. [PMID: 26181632 PMCID: PMC4656201 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Folate receptor (FR)-β has been identified as a promising target for antimacrophage and antiinflammatory therapies. In the present study, we investigated EC0565, a folic acid-derivative of everolimus, as a FR-specific inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Because of its amphiphilic nature, EC0565 was first evaluated for water solubility, critical micelle formation, stability in culture and FR-binding specificity. Using FR-expressing macrophages, the effect of EC0565 on mTOR signaling and cellular proliferation was studied. The pharmacokinetics, metabolism and bioavailability of EC0565 were studied in normal rats. The in vivo activity of EC0565 was assessed in rats with adjuvant arthritis, a "macrophage-rich" model with close resemblance to rheumatoid arthritis. EC0565 forms micellar aggregates in physiological buffers and demonstrates good water solubility as well as strong multivalent FR-binding capacity. EC0565 inhibited mTOR signaling in rat macrophages at nanomolar concentrations and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in serum-starved RAW264.7 cells. Subcutaneously administered EC0565 in rats displayed good bioavailability and a relatively long half-life (~12 h). When given at 250 nmol/kg, EC0565 selectively inhibited proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in thioglycollate-stimulated rat peritoneal cells. With limited dosing regimens, the antiarthritic activity of EC0565 was found superior to that of etanercept, everolimus and a nontargeted everolimus analog. The in vivo activity of EC0565 was also comparable to that of a folate-targeted aminopterin. Folate-targeted mTOR inhibition may be an effective way of suppressing activated macrophages in sites of inflammation, especially in nutrient-deprived conditions, such as in the arthritic joints. Further investigation and improvement upon the physical and biochemical properties of EC0565 are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Lu
- Endocyte, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nikki Parker
- Endocyte, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Paul J Kleindl
- Endocyte, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Vicky A Cross
- Endocyte, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kristin Wollak
- Endocyte, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Elaine Westrick
- Endocyte, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | - Mark A Gehrke
- Endocyte, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kevin Wang
- Endocyte, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | - Fei You
- Endocyte, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Spencer J Hahn
- Endocyte, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jeremy F Vaughn
- Endocyte, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Patrick J Klein
- Endocyte, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Iontcho R Vlahov
- Endocyte, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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Holm J, Bruun SW, Hansen SI. The complex interplay between ligand binding and conformational structure of the folate binding protein (folate receptor): Biological perspectives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1249-59. [PMID: 26116148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review analyzes how interplay between folate binding and changes in folate binding protein (FBP) conformation/self-association affects the biological function of FBP. Concentration-dependent, reversible self-association of hydrophobic apo-FBP at pI=7.4 is associated with decreased affinity for folate, probably due to shielding of binding sites between interacting hydrophobic patches. Titration with folate removes apo-monomers, favoring dissociation of self-associated apo-FBP into apo-monomers. Folate anchors to FBP through a network of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, and the binding induces a conformational change with formation of hydrophilic and stable holo-FBP. Holo-FBP exhibits a ligand-mediated concentration-dependent self-association into multimers of great thermal and chemical stability due to strong intermolecular forces. Both ligand and FBP are thus protected against biological/physicochemical decomposition. In biological fluids with low FBP concentrations, e.g., saliva, semen and plasma, hydrophobic apo-monomers and hydrophilic holo-monomers associate into stable asymmetrical complexes with aberrant binding kinetics unless detergents, e.g., cholesterol or phospholipids are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Holm
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital - Hillerød, University Hospital Copenhagen, Dyrehavevej 29, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark.
| | - Susanne W Bruun
- Faculty of Science, Department of Food Science, Spectroscopy and Chemometrics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Steen I Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital - Hillerød, University Hospital Copenhagen, Dyrehavevej 29, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark.
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126
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Büssow K. Stable mammalian producer cell lines for structural biology. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 32:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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127
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Jansen G, Peters GJ. Novel insights in folate receptors and transporters: implications for disease and treatment of immune diseases and cancer. Pteridines 2015; 26:41-53. [DOI: 10.1515/pterid-2015-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Folate receptors and transporters as well as folate enzymes play an essential role in human disease and form important targets for the treatment of immune diseases and cancer. To discuss new developments in this area, every 2 years a multidisciplinary meeting is held, which aims to be an informal forum for fundamental scientists and clinicians. During this meeting, the regulation of folate transporters and folate enzymes is discussed at the level of expression, transcription, translation, post-translational modification, and splicing and enzyme regulation. Importantly, this knowledge is applied and translated into exciting clinical applications by clinicians with various backgrounds, such as surgeons, nephrologists, rheumatologists and oncologists. Moreover, the meeting provides an excellent forum for a scientific interaction between academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Jansen
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Godefridus J. Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hansen MF, Greibe E, Skovbjerg S, Rohde S, Kristensen ACM, Jensen TR, Stentoft C, Kjær KH, Kronborg CS, Martensen PM. Folic acid mediates activation of the pro-oncogene STAT3 via the Folate Receptor alpha. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1356-68. [PMID: 25841994 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a well-described pro-oncogene found constitutively activated in several cancer types. Folates are B vitamins that, when taken up by cells through the Reduced Folate Carrier (RFC), are essential for normal cell growth and replication. Many cancer cells overexpress a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored Folate Receptor α (FRα). The function of FRα in cancer cells is still poorly described, and it has been suggested that transport of folate is not its primary function in these cells. We show here that folic acid and folinic acid can activate STAT3 through FRα in a Janus Kinase (JAK)-dependent manner, and we demonstrate that gp130 functions as a transducing receptor for this signalling. Moreover, folic acid can promote dose dependent cell proliferation in FRα-positive HeLa cells, but not in FRα-negative HEK293 cells. After folic acid treatment of HeLa cells, up-regulation of the STAT3 responsive genes Cyclin A2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) were verified by qRT-PCR. The identification of this FRα-STAT3 signal transduction pathway activated by folic and folinic acid contributes to the understanding of the involvement of folic acid in preventing neural tube defects as well as in tumour growth. Previously, the role of folates in these diseases has been attributed to their roles as one-carbon unit donors following endocytosis into the cell. Our finding that folic acid can activate STAT3 via FRα adds complexity to the established roles of B9 vitamins in cancer and neural tube defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann F Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Eva Greibe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Signe Skovbjerg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sarah Rohde
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders C M Kristensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Trine R Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Stentoft
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karina H Kjær
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Camilla S Kronborg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Pia M Martensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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129
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Merzel RL, Chen JJ, Marsh ENG, Holl MMB. Folate binding protein—Outlook for drug delivery applications. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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130
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Quici S, Casoni A, Foschi F, Armelao L, Bottaro G, Seraglia R, Bolzati C, Salvarese N, Carpanese D, Rosato A. Folic acid-conjugated europium complexes as luminescent probes for selective targeting of cancer cells. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2003-14. [PMID: 25602505 DOI: 10.1021/jm501945w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of three optical probes (Eu(3+)⊂1, Eu(3+)⊂2, and Eu(3+)⊂3) having a luminescent Eu complex (signaling unit) bonded in different positions to folic acid (FA), the folate receptor (FR) targeting unit. The structures of the two regioisomers Eu(3+)⊂1 and Eu(3+)⊂2 were assigned by mass spectrometric experiments. The optical properties and stability of these probes were assessed in phosphate-buffered saline, cell culture medium, rat serum, and cellular lysate, and results indicated that they are chemically and photophysically stable. Cytotoxicity was studied with ovarian cancer cells having high (SKOV-3), intermediate (OVCAR-3), low (IGROV-1), or null (A2780) expression of FRs. The internalized probe, evaluated in SKOV-3, IGROV-1, and A2780 cells, was in the order Eu(3+)⊂2 > Eu(3+)⊂1 > Eu(3+)⊂3. No internalization was observed for A2780 cells. Such results, together with those obtained in competition experiments of FA versus Eu(3+)⊂2 and FA or Eu(3+)⊂2 versus (3)H-FA, indicate that internalization is receptor-mediated and that Eu(3+)⊂2 shows high selectivity and specificity for FR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Quici
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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131
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Wang Y, Mitchell-Ryan S, Raghavan S, George C, Orr S, Hou Z, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. Novel 5-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as dual inhibitors of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase and as potential antitumor agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1479-93. [PMID: 25602637 DOI: 10.1021/jm501787c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A new series of 5-substituted thiopheneyl pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 6-11 with varying chain lengths (n = 1-6) were designed and synthesized as hybrids of the clinically used anticancer drug pemetrexed (PMX) and our 6-substituted thiopheneyl pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 2c and 2d with folate receptor (FR) α and proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) uptake specificity over the reduced folate carrier (RFC) and inhibition of de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis at glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase). Compounds 6-11 inhibited KB human tumor cells in the order 9 = 10 > 8 > 7 > 6 = 11. Compounds 8-10 were variously transported by FRα, PCFT, and RFC and, unlike PMX, inhibited de novo purine nucleotide rather than thymidylate biosynthesis. The antiproliferative effects of 8 and 9 appeared to be due to their dual inhibitions of both GARFTase and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase. Our studies identify a unique structure-activity relationship for transport and dual target inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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132
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Visentin M, Unal ES, Najmi M, Fiser A, Zhao R, Goldman ID. Identification of Tyr residues that enhance folate substrate binding and constrain oscillation of the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT-SLC46A1). Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 308:C631-41. [PMID: 25608532 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00238.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) mediates intestinal folate absorption and transport of folates across the choroid plexus. This study focuses on the role of Tyr residues in PCFT function. The substituted Cys-accessibility method identified four Tyr residues (Y291, Y362, Y315, and Y414) that are accessible to the extracellular compartment; three of these (Y291, Y362, and Y315) are located within or near the folate binding pocket. When the Tyr residues were replaced with Cys or Ala, these mutants showed similar (up to 6-fold) increases in influx Vmax and Kt/Ki for [(3)H]methotrexate and [(3)H]pemetrexed. When the Tyr residues were replaced with Phe, these changes were moderated or absent. When Y315A PCFT was used as representative of the mutants and [(3)H]pemetrexed as the transport substrate, this substitution did not increase the efflux rate constant. Furthermore, neither influx nor efflux mediated by Y315A PCFT was transstimulated by the presence of substrate in the opposite compartment; however, substantial bidirectional transstimulation of transport was mediated by wild-type PCFT. This resulted in a threefold greater efflux rate constant for cells that express wild-type PCFT than for cells that express Y315 PCFT under exchange conditions. These data suggest that these Tyr residues, possibly through their rigid side chains, secure the carrier in a high-affinity state for its folate substrates. However, this may be achieved at the expense of constraining the carrier's mobility, thereby decreasing the rate at which the protein oscillates between its conformational states. The Vmax generated by these Tyr mutants may be so rapid that further augmentation during transstimulation may not be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Visentin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ersin Selcuk Unal
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Mitra Najmi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Andras Fiser
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Rongbao Zhao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - I David Goldman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York;
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133
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Wong PT, Choi SK. Mechanisms and implications of dual-acting methotrexate in folate-targeted nanotherapeutic delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:1772-90. [PMID: 25590303 PMCID: PMC4307333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16011772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The rational design of a nanoplatform in drug delivery plays a crucial role in determining its targeting specificity and efficacy in vivo. A conventional approach relies on the surface conjugation of a nanometer-sized particle with two functionally distinct types of molecules, one as a targeting ligand, and the other as a therapeutic agent to be delivered to the diseased cell. However, an alternative simplified approach can be used, in which a single type of molecule displaying dual function as both a targeting ligand and therapeutic agent is conjugated to the nanoparticle. In this review, we evaluate the validity of this new strategy by using methotrexate, which displays multifunctional mechanisms of action. Methotrexate binds to the folate receptor, a surface biomarker frequently overexpressed in tumor cells, and also inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for cell survival and division. Thus we describe a series of fifth generation poly(amido amine) dendrimers conjugated with methotrexate, and discuss several lines of evidence supporting the efficacy of this new platform strategy based on surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, enzyme activity assays, and cell-based studies with folate receptor (+) KB cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela T Wong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Seok Ki Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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134
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Della-Longa S, Arcovito A. Intermediate states in the binding process of folic acid to folate receptor α: insights by molecular dynamics and metadynamics. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2014; 29:23-35. [PMID: 25323390 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Folate receptor α (FRα) is a cell surface, glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored protein which has focussed attention as a therapeutic target and as a marker for the diagnosis of cancer. It has a high affinity for the dietary supplemented folic acid (FOL), carrying out endocytic transport across the cell membrane and delivering the folate at the acidic pH of the endosome. Starting from the recently reported X-ray structure at pH 7, 100 ns classical molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out on the FRα-FOL complex; moreover, the ligand dissociation process has been studied by metadynamics, a recently reported method for the analysis of free-energy surfaces (FES), providing clues on the intermediate states and their energy terms. Multiple dissociation runs were considered to enhance the configurational sampling; a final clustering of conformations within the averaged FES provides the representative structures of several intermediate states, within an overall barrier for ligand escape of about 75 kJ/mol. Escaping of FOL to solvent occurs while only minor changes affect the FRα conformation of the binding pocket. During dissociation, the FOL molecule translates and rotates around a turning point located in proximity of the receptor surface. FOL at this transition state assumes an "L" shaped conformation, with the pteridin ring oriented to optimize stacking within W102 and W140 residues, and the negatively charged glutamate tail, outside the receptor, interacting with the positively charged R103 and R106 residues, that contrary to the bound state, are solvent exposed. We show that metadynamics method can provide useful insights at the atomistic level on the effects of point-mutations affecting functionality, thus being a very promising tool for any study related to folate-targeted drug delivery or cancer therapies involving folate uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Della-Longa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Sanità Pubblica, Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università dell'Aquila, Piazzale S. Tommasi 1, 67100, Coppito, AQ, Italy,
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135
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The folate receptor as a rational therapeutic target for personalized cancer treatment. Drug Resist Updat 2014; 17:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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136
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Golani LK, George C, Zhao S, Raghavan S, Orr S, Wallace A, Wilson MR, Hou Z, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. Structure-activity profiles of novel 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thienoyl antifolates with modified amino acids for cellular uptake by folate receptors α and β and the proton-coupled folate transporter. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8152-66. [PMID: 25234128 PMCID: PMC4191586 DOI: 10.1021/jm501113m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships for cellular uptake and inhibition of cell proliferation were studied for 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thienoyl antifolates in which the terminal l-glutamate of the parent structure (7) was replaced by natural or unnatural amino acids. Compounds 7 and 10-13 were selectively inhibitory toward folate receptor (FR) α-expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Antiproliferative effects of compounds 7 and 9-13 toward FRα- and FRβ-expressing CHO cells were only partly reflected in binding affinities to FRα and FRβ or in the docking scores with molecular models of FRα and FRβ. Compounds 7 and 11 were potent inhibitors of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase in de novo purine biosynthesis in KB human tumor cells. These studies establish for the first time the importance of the α- and γ-carboxylic acid groups, the length of the amino acid, and the conformation of the side chain for transporter binding and biological activity of 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thienoyl antifolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K Golani
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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137
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Sahoo BR, Maharana J, Patra MC, Bhoi GK, Lenka SK, Dubey PK, Goyal S, Dehury B, Pradhan SK. Structural and dynamic investigation of bovine folate receptor alpha (FOLR1), and role of ultra-high temperature processing on conformational and thermodynamic characteristics of FOLR1-folate complex. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 121:307-18. [PMID: 25023142 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The folate receptor alpha (FOLR1) present in milk has widely been studied to investigate the effects of pasteurization, ultra-high temperature (UHT) processing and fermentation on net folate concentration. However, the folate binding mechanism with FOLR1, and effect of temperature on FOLR1-folate complex is poorly explored till now in bovine milk which is a chief resource of folate. Despite of enormous importance of folic acid and the routine intake of bovine milk, folic acid deficiency diseases are common in human race. To understand the folate deficiency in milk after processing, in absence of experimental structure, 3D model of bovine FOLR1 (bvFOLR1) was built followed by 40ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The folate and its derivatives binding sites in bvFOLR1 were anticipated by molecular docking using AutoDock 4.2. Essential MD studies suggested the presence of a longer signal peptide (22 residues) and a short propeptide (7 residues) at the C-terminus that may cleaved during post-translational modification. MD analysis of bvFOLR1-folate complex at 298, 323, 353, 373 and 408K followed by binding energy (BE) calculation showed maximum binding affinity at ∼353K. However, at 373K and UHT (408K), the folate BE is significantly decreased with substantial conformational alteration. Heating at UHT followed by cooling within 298-408K range demoed no structural reformation with temperature reduction, and the folate was displaced from the active site. This study presented the disintegration of folate from bvFOLR1 during high temperature processing and revealed a lower folate concentration in UHT milk and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Ranjan Sahoo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751001, India; Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka Prefecture, 5650871, Japan.
| | - Jitendra Maharana
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751001, India; Biotechnology Laboratory, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Mahesh Chandra Patra
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751001, India; Animal Genomics Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Gopal Krushna Bhoi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751001, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Lenka
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751001, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Dubey
- Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka Prefecture, 5650871, Japan
| | - Shubham Goyal
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, 2300045, Japan
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, Assam, India
| | - Sukanta Kumar Pradhan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751001, India
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138
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Bianchi E, Doe B, Goulding D, Wright GJ. Juno is the egg Izumo receptor and is essential for mammalian fertilization. Nature 2014; 508:483-7. [PMID: 24739963 PMCID: PMC3998876 DOI: 10.1038/nature13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization occurs when sperm and egg recognize each other and fuse to form a new, genetically distinct organism. The molecular basis of sperm-egg recognition is unknown, but is likely to require interactions between receptor proteins displayed on their surface. Izumo1 is an essential sperm cell-surface protein, but its receptor on the egg has not been described. Here we identify folate receptor 4 (Folr4) as the receptor for Izumo1 on the mouse egg, and propose to rename it Juno. We show that the Izumo1-Juno interaction is conserved within several mammalian species, including humans. Female mice lacking Juno are infertile and Juno-deficient eggs do not fuse with normal sperm. Rapid shedding of Juno from the oolemma after fertilization suggests a mechanism for the membrane block to polyspermy, ensuring eggs normally fuse with just a single sperm. Our discovery of an essential receptor pair at the nexus of conception provides opportunities for the rational development of new fertility treatments and contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bianchi
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Brendan Doe
- Mouse Production Team, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David Goulding
- Electron and Advanced Light Microscopy Suite, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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139
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Wassarman
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
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140
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Serpe L, Gallicchio M, Canaparo R, Dosio F. Targeted treatment of folate receptor-positive platinum-resistant ovarian cancer and companion diagnostics, with specific focus on vintafolide and etarfolatide. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2014; 7:31-42. [PMID: 24516337 PMCID: PMC3917542 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s58374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Among the gynecological malignancies, ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality in developed countries. Treatment of ovarian cancer is based on surgery integrated with chemotherapy. Platinum-based drugs (cisplatin and carboplatin) comprise the core of first-line chemotherapy for patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer can be treated with cytotoxic chemotherapeutics such as paclitaxel, topotecan, PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin, or gemcitabine, but many patients eventually relapse on treatment. Targeted therapies based on agents specifically directed to overexpressed receptors, or to selected molecular targets, may be the future of clinical treatment. In this regard, overexpression of folate receptor-α on the surface of almost all epithelial ovarian cancers makes this receptor an excellent "tumor-associated antigen". With appropriate use of spacers/linkers, folate-targeted drugs can be distributed within the body, where they preferentially bind to ovarian cancer cells and are released inside their target cells. Here they can exert their desired cytotoxic function. Based on this strategy, 12 years after it was first described, a folate-targeted vinblastine derivative has now reached Phase III clinical trials in ovarian cancer. This review examines the importance of folate targeting, the state of the art of a vinblastine folate-targeted agent (vintafolide) for treating platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, and its diagnostic companion (etarfolatide) as a prognostic agent. Etarfolatide is a valuable noninvasive diagnostic imaging agent with which to select ovarian cancer patient populations that may benefit from this specific targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Serpe
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Canaparo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Franco Dosio
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
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141
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Mitchell-Ryan S, Wang Y, Raghavan S, Ravindra MP, Hales E, Orr S, Cherian C, Hou Z, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. Discovery of 5-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates as dual-acting inhibitors of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase in de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis: implications of inhibiting 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase to ampk activation and antitumor activity. J Med Chem 2013; 56:10016-10032. [PMID: 24256410 DOI: 10.1021/jm401328u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized 5-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates (compounds 5-10) with one-to-six bridge carbons and a benozyl ring in the side chain as antitumor agents. Compound 8 with a 4-carbon bridge was the most active analogue and potently inhibited proliferation of folate receptor (FR) α-expressing Chinese hamster ovary and KB human tumor cells. Growth inhibition was reversed completely or in part by excess folic acid, indicating that FRα is involved in cellular uptake, and resulted in S-phase accumulation and apoptosis. Antiproliferative effects of compound 8 toward KB cells were protected by excess adenosine but not thymidine, establishing de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis as the targeted pathway. However, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) protection was incomplete, suggesting inhibition of both AICA ribonucleotide formyltransferase (AICARFTase) and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase). Inhibition of GARFTase and AICARFTase by compound 8 was confirmed by cellular metabolic assays and resulted in ATP pool depletion. To our knowledge, this is the first example of an antifolate that acts as a dual inhibitor of GARFTase and AICARFTase as its principal mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiqiang Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
| | - Sudhir Raghavan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
| | - Manasa Punaha Ravindra
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
| | - Eric Hales
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 East Warren Ave, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Steven Orr
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 East Warren Ave, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Christina Cherian
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 East Warren Ave, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 East Warren Ave, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 East Warren Ave, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
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142
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Wang Y, Cherian C, Orr S, Mitchell-Ryan S, Hou Z, Raghavan S, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. Tumor-targeting with novel non-benzoyl 6-substituted straight chain pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates via cellular uptake by folate receptor α and inhibition of de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8684-95. [PMID: 24111942 DOI: 10.1021/jm401139z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A new series of 6-substituted straight side chain pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 3a-d with varying chain lengths (n = 5-8) was designed and synthesized as part of our program to provide targeted antitumor agents with folate receptor (FR) cellular uptake specificity and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase) inhibition. Carboxylic acids 4a-d were converted to the acid chlorides and reacted with diazomethane, followed by 48% HBr to generate the α-bromomethylketones 5a-d. Condensation of 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine 6 with 5a-d afforded the 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 7a-d. Hydrolysis and subsequent coupling with diethyl l-glutamate and saponification afforded target compounds 3a-d. Compounds 3b-d showed selective cellular uptake via FRα and -β, associated with high affinity binding and inhibition of de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis via GARFTase, resulting in potent inhibition against FR-expressing Chinese hamster cells and human KB tumor cells in culture. Our studies establish, for the first time, that a side chain benzoyl group is not essential for tumor-selective drug uptake by FRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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