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Dong D, Jackson T, Wang Y, Chen H. Spontaneous regional brain activity links restrained eating to later weight gain among young women. Biol Psychol 2015; 109:176-83. [PMID: 26004091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Theory and prospective studies have linked restrained eating (RE) to risk for future weight gain and the onset of obesity, but little is known about resting state neural activity that may underlie this association. To address this gap, resting fMRI was used to test the extent to which spontaneous neural activity in regions associated with inhibitory control and food reward account for potential relations between baseline RE levels and changes in body weight among dieters over a one-year interval. Spontaneous regional activity patterns corresponding to RE were assessed among 50 young women using regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis, which measured temporal synchronization of spontaneous fluctuations within a food deprivation condition. Analyses indicated higher baseline RE scores predicted more weight gain at a one-year follow-up. Furthermore, food-deprived dieting women with high dietary restraint scores exhibited more spontaneous local activity in brain regions associated with the expectation and valuation for food reward [i.e., orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)/ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)] and reduced spontaneous local activity in inhibitory control regions [i.e., bilateral dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)] at baseline. Notably, the association between baseline RE and follow-up weight gain was mediated by decreased local synchronization of the right DLPFC in particular and, to a lesser degree, increased local synchronization of the right VMPFC. In conjunction with previous research, these findings highlight possible neural mechanisms underlying the relation between RE and risk for weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debo Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Todd Jackson
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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102
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103
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Abstract
To understand the problem of multitasking, it is necessary to examine the brain's attention networks that underlie the ability to switch attention between stimuli and tasks and to maintain a single focus among distractors. In this paper we discuss the development of brain networks related to the functions of achieving the alert state, orienting to sensory events, and developing self-control. These brain networks are common to everyone, but their efficiency varies among individuals and reflects both genes and experience. Training can alter brain networks. We consider two forms of training: (1) practice in tasks that involve particular networks, and (2) changes in brain state through such practices as meditation that may influence many networks. Playing action video games and multitasking are themselves methods of training the brain that can lead to improved performance but also to overdependence on media activity. We consider both of these outcomes and ideas about how to resist overdependence on media. Overall, our paper seeks to inform the reader about what has been learned about attention that can influence multitasking over the course of development.
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104
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Kong F, Hu S, Wang X, Song Y, Liu J. Neural correlates of the happy life: The amplitude of spontaneous low frequency fluctuations predicts subjective well-being. Neuroimage 2015; 107:136-145. [PMID: 25463465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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105
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Ding X, Tang YY, Deng Y, Tang R, Posner MI. Mood and personality predict improvement in creativity due to meditation training. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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106
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107
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Levinson DB, Stoll EL, Kindy SD, Merry HL, Davidson RJ. A mind you can count on: validating breath counting as a behavioral measure of mindfulness. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1202. [PMID: 25386148 PMCID: PMC4208398 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness practice of present moment awareness promises many benefits, but has eluded rigorous behavioral measurement. To date, research has relied on self-reported mindfulness or heterogeneous mindfulness trainings to infer skillful mindfulness practice and its effects. In four independent studies with over 400 total participants, we present the first construct validation of a behavioral measure of mindfulness, breath counting. We found it was reliable, correlated with self-reported mindfulness, differentiated long-term meditators from age-matched controls, and was distinct from sustained attention and working memory measures. In addition, we employed breath counting to test the nomological network of mindfulness. As theorized, we found skill in breath counting associated with more meta-awareness, less mind wandering, better mood, and greater non-attachment (i.e., less attentional capture by distractors formerly paired with reward). We also found in a randomized online training study that 4 weeks of breath counting training improved mindfulness and decreased mind wandering relative to working memory training and no training controls. Together, these findings provide the first evidence for breath counting as a behavioral measure of mindfulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Levinson
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Eli L Stoll
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Sonam D Kindy
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Hillary L Merry
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Richard J Davidson
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
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108
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Stillman CM, Feldman H, Wambach CG, Howard JH, Howard DV. Dispositional mindfulness is associated with reduced implicit learning. Conscious Cogn 2014; 28:141-50. [PMID: 25062120 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence suggest that mindfulness exerts its salutary effects by disengaging habitual processes supported by subcortical regions and increasing effortful control processes supported by the frontal lobes. Here we investigated whether individual differences in dispositional mindfulness relate to performance on implicit sequence learning tasks in which optimal learning may in fact be impeded by the engagement of effortful control processes. We report results from two studies where participants completed a widely used questionnaire assessing mindfulness and one of two implicit sequence learning tasks. Learning was quantified using two commonly used measures of sequence learning. In both studies we detected a negative relationship between mindfulness and sequence learning, and the relationship was consistent across both learning measures. Our results, the first to show a negative relationship between mindfulness and implicit sequence learning, suggest that the beneficial effects of mindfulness do not extend to all cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Stillman
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Halley Feldman
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Caroline G Wambach
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - James H Howard
- Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA; Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Darlene V Howard
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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109
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Rømer Thomsen K, Fjorback LO, Møller A, Lou HC. Applying incentive sensitization models to behavioral addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:343-9. [PMID: 25036890 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The incentive sensitization theory is a promising model for understanding the mechanisms underlying drug addiction, and has received support in animal and human studies. So far the theory has not been applied to the case of behavioral addictions like Gambling Disorder, despite sharing clinical symptoms and underlying neurobiology. We examine the relevance of this theory for Gambling Disorder and point to predictions for future studies. The theory promises a significant contribution to the understanding of behavioral addiction and opens new avenues for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Rømer Thomsen
- Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Lone O Fjorback
- Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Arne Møller
- Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hans C Lou
- Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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110
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Tang YY, Posner MI. Training brain networks and states. Trends Cogn Sci 2014; 18:345-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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111
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Manchanda SC, Madan K. Yoga and meditation in cardiovascular disease. Clin Res Cardiol 2014; 103:675-80. [PMID: 24464106 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-014-0663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Yoga is a holistic mind-body intervention aimed at physical, mental, emotional and spiritual well being. Several studies have shown that yoga and/or meditation can control risk factors for cardiovascular disease like hypertension, type II diabetes and insulin resistance, obesity, lipid profile, psychosocial stress and smoking. Some randomized studies suggest that yoga/meditation could retard or even regress early and advanced coronary atherosclerosis. A recent study suggests that transcendental meditation may be extremely useful in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and may reduce cardiovascular events by 48% over a 5-year period. Another small study suggests that yoga may be helpful in prevention of atrial fibrillation. However, most studies have several limitations like lack of adequate controls, small sample size, inconsistencies in baseline and different methodologies, etc. and therefore large trials with improved methodologies are required to confirm these findings. However, in view of the existing knowledge and yoga being a cost-effective technique without side effects, it appears appropriate to incorporate yoga/meditation for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Manchanda
- Dharma Vira Heart Center, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India,
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