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Chandraratne S, von Bruehl ML, Pagel JI, Stark K, Kleinert E, Konrad I, Farschtschi S, Coletti R, Gärtner F, Chillo O, Legate KR, Lorenz M, Rutkowski S, Caballero-Martinez A, Starke R, Tirniceriu A, Pauleikhoff L, Fischer S, Assmann G, Mueller-Hoecker J, Ware J, Nieswandt B, Schaper W, Schulz C, Deindl E, Massberg S. Critical role of platelet glycoprotein ibα in arterial remodeling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:589-97. [PMID: 25550202 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Arteriogenesis is strongly dependent on the recruitment of leukocytes, especially monocytes, into the perivascular space of growing collateral vessels. On the basis of previous findings that platelets are central players in inflammatory processes and mediate the recruitment of leukocytes, the aim of this study was to assess the role of platelets in a model of arterial remodeling. APPROACH AND RESULTS C57Bl6 wild-type mice, IL4-R/Iba mice lacking the extracellular domain of the glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα) receptor, and mice treated with antibodies to block GPIbα or deplete circulating platelets were studied in peripheral arteriogenesis. Using a novel model of intravital 2-photon and epifluorescence imaging, we visualized and quantified the interaction of platelets with leukocytes and the vascular endothelium in vivo. We found that transient platelet adhesion to the endothelium of collateral vessels was a major event during arteriogenesis and depended on GPIbα. Furthermore, leukocyte recruitment was obviously affected in animals with defective platelet GPIbα function. In IL4-R/Iba mice, transient and firm leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium of collateral vessels, as well as leukocyte accumulation in the perivascular space, were significantly reduced. Furthermore, we detected platelet-leukocyte aggregates within the circulation, which were significantly reduced in IL4-R/Iba animals. Finally, platelet depletion and loss of GPIbα function resulted in poor reperfusion recovery as determined by laser Doppler imaging. CONCLUSIONS Thus, GPIbα-mediated interactions between platelets and endothelial cells, as well as leukocytes, support innate immune cell recruitment and promote arteriogenesis-establishing platelets as critical players in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Chandraratne
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Marie-Luise von Bruehl
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Judith-Irina Pagel
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Konstantin Stark
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Eike Kleinert
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Ildiko Konrad
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Said Farschtschi
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Raffaele Coletti
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Florian Gärtner
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Omari Chillo
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Kyle R Legate
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Michael Lorenz
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Simon Rutkowski
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Amelia Caballero-Martinez
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Richard Starke
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Anca Tirniceriu
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Laurenz Pauleikhoff
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Silvia Fischer
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Gerald Assmann
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Josef Mueller-Hoecker
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Jerry Ware
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Wolfgang Schaper
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Christian Schulz
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Elisabeth Deindl
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Steffen Massberg
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Department of Cardiology (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M.), Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.-L.v.B., J.-I.P., K.S., E.K., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., O.C., K.R.L., M.L., S.R., A.C.-M., A.T., L.P., C.S., E.D., S.M.), Department of Anaesthesiology (J.-I.P.), Department of Applied Physics (K.R.L.), and Institute of Pathology (G.A., J.M.-H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.C., M.-L.v.B., K.S., I.K., S.F., R.C., F.G., K.R.L., M.L., A.T., C.S., S.M); Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.F.); Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom (R.S.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock (J.W.); Rudolf Virchow Center and DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (B.N.); and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Giessen, Germany (W.S.).
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108
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Moyes AJ, Khambata RS, Villar I, Bubb KJ, Baliga RS, Lumsden NG, Xiao F, Gane PJ, Rebstock AS, Worthington RJ, Simone MI, Mota F, Rivilla F, Vallejo S, Peiró C, Sánchez Ferrer CF, Djordjevic S, Caulfield MJ, MacAllister RJ, Selwood DL, Ahluwalia A, Hobbs AJ. Endothelial C-type natriuretic peptide maintains vascular homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4039-51. [PMID: 25105365 PMCID: PMC4151218 DOI: 10.1172/jci74281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium plays a fundamental role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by releasing factors that regulate local blood flow, systemic blood pressure, and the reactivity of leukocytes and platelets. Accordingly, endothelial dysfunction underpins many cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Herein, we evaluated mice with endothelial-specific deletion of Nppc, which encodes C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), and determined that this mediator is essential for multiple aspects of vascular regulation. Specifically, disruption of CNP leads to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, atherogenesis, and aneurysm. Moreover, we identified natriuretic peptide receptor-C (NPR-C) as the cognate receptor that primarily underlies CNP-dependent vasoprotective functions and developed small-molecule NPR-C agonists to target this pathway. Administration of NPR-C agonists promotes a vasorelaxation of isolated resistance arteries and a reduction in blood pressure in wild-type animals that is diminished in mice lacking NPR-C. This work provides a mechanistic explanation for genome-wide association studies that have linked the NPR-C (Npr3) locus with hypertension by demonstrating the importance of CNP/NPR-C signaling in preserving vascular homoeostasis. Furthermore, these results suggest that the CNP/NPR-C pathway has potential as a disease-modifying therapeutic target for cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie J. Moyes
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rayomand S. Khambata
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Inmaculada Villar
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristen J. Bubb
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reshma S. Baliga
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie G. Lumsden
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fang Xiao
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Gane
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Sophie Rebstock
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta J. Worthington
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michela I. Simone
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Mota
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Rivilla
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Vallejo
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Concepción Peiró
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos F. Sánchez Ferrer
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Snezana Djordjevic
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Caulfield
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond J. MacAllister
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Selwood
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J. Hobbs
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom. División de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Structural and Molecular Biology and Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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