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Solati Z, Jazayeri S, Tehrani-Doost M, Mahmoodianfard S, Gohari MR. Zinc monotherapy increases serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and decreases depressive symptoms in overweight or obese subjects: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Neurosci 2014; 18:162-8. [PMID: 24621065 DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown a positive effect of zinc as an adjunctive therapy on reducing depressive symptoms. However, to our knowledge, no study has examined the effect of zinc monotherapy on mood. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of zinc monotherapy on depressive symptoms and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in overweight or obese subjects. METHODS Fifty overweight or obese subjects were randomly assigned into two groups and received either 30 mg zinc or placebo daily for 12 weeks. At baseline and post-intervention, depression severity was assessed using Beck depression inventory II (BDI II), and serum BDNF and zinc levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, respectively. RESULTS The trial was completed with 46 subjects. After a 12-week supplementation, serum zinc and BDNF levels increased significantly in the zinc-supplemented group compared with the placebo group. BDI scores declined in both the groups at the end of the study, but reduction in the zinc-supplemented group was significantly higher than the placebo group. More analysis revealed that following supplementation, BDI scores decreased in subgroup of subjects with depressive symptoms (BDI ≥ 10) (n = 30), but did not change in the subgroup of non-depressed subjects (BDI < 10) (n = 16). Moreover, a significant inverse correlation was observed between serum BDNF levels and depression severity in all participants. Interestingly, a significant positive correlation was found between serum BDNF and zinc levels at baseline. CONCLUSION Zinc monotherapy improves mood in overweight or obese subjects most likely through increasing BDNF levels.
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Lu B, Nagappan G, Lu Y. BDNF and synaptic plasticity, cognitive function, and dysfunction. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2014; 220:223-50. [PMID: 24668475 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45106-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among all neurotrophins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) stands out for its high level of expression in the brain and its potent effects on synapses. It is now widely accepted that the main function of BDNF in the adult brain is to regulate synapses, with structural and functional effects ranging from short-term to long-lasting, on excitatory or inhibitory synapses, in many brain regions. The diverse effects of BDNF on brain synapses stem from its complex downstream signaling cascades, as well as the diametrically opposing effects of the pro- and mature form through distinct receptors, TrkB and p75(NTR). Many aspects of BDNF cell biology are regulated by neuronal activity. The synergistic interactions between neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity by BDNF make it an ideal and essential regulator of cellular processes that underlie cognition and other complex behaviors. Indeed, numerous studies firmly established that BDNF plays a critical role in hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a long-term enhancement of synaptic efficacy thought to underlie learning and memory. Converging evidence now strongly suggest that deficits in BDNF signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of several major diseases and disorders such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and depression. Thus, manipulating BDNF pathways represents a viable treatment approach to a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lu
- GlaxoSmithKline, R&D China, Building 3, 898 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai, 201203, China,
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Ranjbar E, Shams J, Sabetkasaei M, M-Shirazi M, Rashidkhani B, Mostafavi A, Bornak E, Nasrollahzadeh J. Effects of zinc supplementation on efficacy of antidepressant therapy, inflammatory cytokines, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with major depression. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 17:65-71. [PMID: 23602205 DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zinc is found in abundance in the human brain. Patients with depression may have decreased consumption of food sources rich in zinc, and zinc supplementation may have a potential influence on depressive symptoms. However, clinical trials on the effect of zinc supplementation in depression are limited. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of zinc supplementation on efficacy of antidepressant therapy. Furthermore, the effect of zinc on plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor-a (BDNF-a) were assessed. DESIGN A single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of zinc supplementation was conducted in patients with DSM-IV major depression. Forty-four patients of both sexes aged 18-55 years were recruited for this study from a university hospital. The zinc-supplemented group received zinc sulfate (25 mg elemental Zn/day) orally in addition to their selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants for 12 weeks. Symptoms were evaluated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) on arrival, weeks 6 and 12. Plasma levels of IL-6, TNF-α and BDNF-a were measured at baseline and at the end of study. RESULTS Twenty patients in zinc group and 17 patients in placebo groups completed the study. At baseline, there were no significant differences in any variable between the patients allocated to receive placebo and those taking zinc supplement. Zinc supplementation significantly reduced HDRS compared to placebo (P < 0.01 at 12th week). No significant differences were observed in plasma levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and BDNF-a between zinc-supplemented and placebo-supplemented group. CONCLUSION Zinc supplementation in conjunction with antidepressant drugs might be beneficial for reducing depressive symptoms. However, its effect does not appear to be mediated through impact of zinc on inflammatory processes.
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Travaglia A, La Mendola D, Magrì A, Pietropaolo A, Nicoletti VG, Grasso G, Malgieri G, Fattorusso R, Isernia C, Rizzarelli E. Zinc(II) interactions with brain-derived neurotrophic factor N-terminal peptide fragments: inorganic features and biological perspectives. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:11075-83. [PMID: 24070197 DOI: 10.1021/ic401318t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin essential for neuronal differentiation, growth, and survival; it is involved in memory formation and higher cognitive functions. The N-terminal domain of BDNF is crucial for the binding selectivity and activation of its specific TrkB receptor. Zn(2+) ion binding may influence BDNF activity. Zn(2+) complexes with the peptide fragment BDNF(1-12) encompassing the sequence 1-12 of the N-terminal domain of BDNF were studied by means of potentiometry, electrospray mass spectrometry, NMR, and density functional theory (DFT) approaches. The predominant Zn(2+) complex species, at physiological pH, is [ZnL] in which the metal ion is bound to an amino, an imidazole, and two water molecules (NH2, N(Im), and 2O(water)) in a tetrahedral environment. DFT-based geometry optimization of the zinc coordination environment showed a hydrogen bond between the carboxylate and a water molecule bound to zinc in [ZnL]. The coordination features of the acetylated form [AcBDNF(1-12)] and of a single mutated peptide [BDNF(1-12)D3N] were also characterized, highlighting the role of the imidazole side chain as the first anchoring site and ruling out the direct involvement of the aspartate residue in the metal binding. Zn(2+) addition to the cell culture medium induces an increase in the proliferative activity of the BDNF(1-12) peptide and of the whole protein on the SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. The effect of Zn(2+) is opposite to that previously observed for Cu(2+) addition, which determines a decrease in the proliferative activity for both peptide and protein, suggesting that these metals might discriminate and modulate differently the activity of BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Travaglia
- Center for Neural Science, New York University , 4 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, United States
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Mizoguchi H, Yamada K. Roles of matrix metalloproteinases and their targets in epileptogenesis and seizures. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 11:45-52. [PMID: 24023547 PMCID: PMC3766754 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2013.11.2.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) remodel the pericellular environment by regulating the cleavage of extracellular matrix proteins, cell surface components, neurotransmitter receptors, and growth factors, which together regulate cell adhesion, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and long-term potentiation. Increased MMP activity and dysregulation of the balance between MMPs and TIMPs have also been implicated in various pathological conditions. Recent studies have suggested that prolonged seizures are associated with high MMP levels in serum and neural tissues, and certain extracellular macromolecule targets may influence the pathogenesis of epilepsy and seizure. In this review, we discuss the roles of MMP activation in animal models of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mizoguchi
- Futuristic Environmental Simulation Center, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Szewczyk B. Zinc homeostasis and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:33. [PMID: 23882214 PMCID: PMC3715721 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element, whose importance to the function of the central nervous system (CNS) is increasingly being appreciated. Alterations in zinc dyshomeostasis has been suggested as a key factor in the development of several neuropsychiatric disorders. In the CNS, zinc occurs in two forms: the first being tightly bound to proteins and, secondly, the free, cytoplasmic, or extracellular form found in presynaptic vesicles. Under normal conditions, zinc released from the synaptic vesicles modulates both ionotropic and metabotropic post-synaptic receptors. While under clinical conditions such as traumatic brain injury, stroke or epilepsy, the excess influx of zinc into neurons has been found to result in neurotoxicity and damage to postsynaptic neurons. On the other hand, a growing body of evidence suggests that a deficiency, rather than an excess, of zinc leads to an increased risk for the development of neurological disorders. Indeed, zinc deficiency has been shown to affect neurogenesis and increase neuronal apoptosis, which can lead to learning and memory deficits. Altered zinc homeostasis is also suggested as a risk factor for depression, Alzheimer's disease (AD), aging, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Under normal CNS physiology, homeostatic controls are put in place to avoid the accumulation of excess zinc or its deficiency. This cellular zinc homeostasis results from the actions of a coordinated regulation effected by different proteins involved in the uptake, excretion and intracellular storage/trafficking of zinc. These proteins include membranous transporters (ZnT and Zip) and metallothioneins (MT) which control intracellular zinc levels. Interestingly, alterations in ZnT and MT have been recently reported in both aging and AD. This paper provides an overview of both clinical and experimental evidence that implicates a dysfunction in zinc homeostasis in the pathophysiology of depression, AD, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of SciencesKrakow, Poland
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Navaratna D, Fan X, Leung W, Lok J, Guo S, Xing C, Wang X, Lo EH. Cerebrovascular degradation of TRKB by MMP9 in the diabetic brain. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3373-7. [PMID: 23867621 DOI: 10.1172/jci65767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes elevates the risk for neurological diseases, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is secreted by microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) in the brain, functioning as a neuroprotectant through the activation of the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor TRKB. In a rat model of streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia, we found that endothelial activation of MMP9 altered TRKB-dependent trophic pathways by degrading TRKB in neurons. Treatment of brain microvascular ECs with advanced glycation endproducts (AGE), a metabolite commonly elevated in diabetic patients, increased MMP9 activation, similar to in vivo findings. Recombinant human MMP9 degraded the TRKB ectodomain in primary neuronal cultures, suggesting that TRKB could be a substrate for MMP9 proteolysis. Consequently, AGE-conditioned endothelial media with elevated MMP9 activity degraded the TRKB ectodomain and simultaneously disrupted the ability of endothelium to protect neurons against hypoxic injury. Our findings demonstrate that neuronal TRKB trophic function is ablated by MMP9-mediated degradation in the diabetic brain, disrupting cerebrovascular trophic coupling and leaving the brain vulnerable to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Navaratna
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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108
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Disruption of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (α-CaMKII/BDNF) signalling is associated with zinc deficiency-induced impairments in cognitive and synaptic plasticity. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:2194-200. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513001657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Maternal dietary Zn deficiency during fetal development induces substantial cognitive dysfunctions in the resultant offspring. The mechanism underlying this effect is unclear. The present study evaluated whether the impairments caused by gestational and lactational Zn deficiency are mediated by the hippocampal calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α (α-CaMKII)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling pathway as well as whether they can be restored by postnatal Zn supplementation. Rats were randomly divided into four groups on the first day of pregnancy (n 12): control (CO) group; pair-fed (PF) group; Zn-deprived (ZD) group; orally Zn-supplemented group. The spatial memory of the offspring was tested at postnatal day 35 using the Morris water maze. Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the rat hippocampal medial perforant path–dentate gyrus pathway was evaluated simultaneously, and α-CaMKII and BDNF protein levels were examined by Western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that the ZD group exhibited a significantly longer latency period in the Morris water maze as well as a significantly decreased LTP amplitude compared with the CO and PF groups. α-CaMKII and BDNF protein expression in the hippocampus was significantly reduced in the ZD group. Postnatal Zn supplementation restored the cognitive dysfunction induced by gestational Zn deficiency but could not completely reverse the decreased LTP and α-CaMKII/BDNF protein levels. Our findings suggest that the α-CaMKII/BDNF signalling pathway may be involved in Zn deficiency-induced cognitive and synaptic impairments.
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109
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Exercise therapy augments the ischemia-induced proangiogenic state and results in sustained improvement after stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8570-84. [PMID: 23598418 PMCID: PMC3645762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14048570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of angiogenesis will stimulate endogenous recovery mechanisms, which are involved in the long-term repair and restoration process of the brain after an ischemic event. Here, we tested whether exercise influences the pro-angiogenic factors and outcomes after cerebral infarction in rats. Wistar rats were exposed to two hours of middle-cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Different durations of treadmill training were performed on the rats. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-related genes and proteins were higher over time post-ischemia, and exercise enhanced their expression. Sixteen days post-ischemia, the regional cerebral blood flow in the ischemic striatum was significantly increased in the running group over the sedentary. Although no difference was seen in infarct size between the running and sedentary groups, running evidently improved the neurobehavioral score. The effects of running on MMP2 expression, regional cerebral blood flow and outcome were abolished when animals were treated with bevacizumab (BEV), a VEGF-targeting antibody. Exercise therapy improves long-term stroke outcome by MMP2-VEGF-dependent mechanisms related to improved cerebral blood flow.
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110
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Verslegers M, Lemmens K, Van Hove I, Moons L. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 as promising benefactors in development, plasticity and repair of the nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 105:60-78. [PMID: 23567503 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been 50 years since Gross and Lapiere discovered collagenolytic activity during tadpole tail metamorphosis, which was later on revealed as MMP-1, the founding member of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Currently, MMPs constitute a large group of endoproteases that are not only able to cleave all protein components of the extracellular matrix, but also to activate or inactivate many other signaling molecules, such as receptors, adhesion molecules and growth factors. Elevated MMP levels are associated with an increasing number of injuries and disorders, such as cancer, inflammation and auto-immune diseases. Yet, MMP upregulation has also been implicated in many physiological functions such as embryonic development, wound healing and angiogenesis and therefore, these proteinases are considered to be crucial mediators in many biological processes. Over the past decennia, MMP research has gained considerable attention in several pathologies, most prominently in the field of cancer metastasis, and more recent investigations also focus on the nervous system, with a striking emphasis on the gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Unfortunately, the contribution of these gelatinases to neuropathological disorders, like multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, has overshadowed their potential as modulators of fundamental nervous system functions. Within this review, we wish to highlight the currently known or suggested actions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the developing and adult nervous system and their potential to improve repair or regeneration after nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Verslegers
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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111
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression in neurons via the serum response factor/c-Fos pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2149-62. [PMID: 23508111 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00008-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the transcription of genes that encode proplasticity proteins. In the present study, we provide evidence that stimulation of rat primary cortical neurons with BDNF upregulates matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) mRNA and protein levels and increases enzymatic activity. The BDNF-induced MMP-9 transcription was dependent on extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway and c-Fos expression. Overexpression of AP-1 dimers in neurons led to MMP-9 promoter activation, with the most potent being those that contained c-Fos, whereas knockdown of endogenous c-Fos by small hairpin RNA (shRNA) reduced BDNF-mediated MMP-9 transcription. Additionally, mutation of the proximal AP-1 binding site in the MMP-9 promoter inhibited the activation of MMP-9 transcription. BDNF stimulation of neurons induced binding of endogenous c-Fos to the proximal MMP-9 promoter region. Furthermore, as the c-Fos gene is a known target of serum response factor (SRF), we investigated whether SRF contributes to MMP-9 transcription. Inhibition of SRF and its cofactors by either overexpression of dominant negative mutants or shRNA decreased MMP-9 promoter activation. In contrast, MMP-9 transcription was not dependent on CREB activity. Finally, we showed that neuronal activity stimulates MMP-9 transcription in a tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB)-dependent manner.
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112
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Liu Q, Wong-Riley MTT. Postnatal development of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine protein kinase B (TrkB) receptor immunoreactivity in multiple brain stem respiratory-related nuclei of the rat. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:109-29. [PMID: 22678720 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we found a transient imbalance between suppressed excitation and enhanced inhibition in the respiratory network of the rat around postnatal days (P) 12-13, a critical period when the hypoxic ventilatory response is at its weakest. The mechanism underlying the imbalance is poorly understood. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its tyrosine protein kinase B (TrkB) receptors are known to potentiate glutamatergic and attenuate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission, and BDNF is essential for respiratory development. We hypothesized that the excitation-inhibition imbalance during the critical period stemmed from a reduced expression of BDNF and TrkB at that time within respiratory-related nuclei of the brain stem. An in-depth, semiquantitative immunohistochemical study was undertaken in seven respiratory-related brain stem nuclei and one nonrespiratory nucleus in P0-21 rats. The results indicate that the expressions of BDNF and TrkB: 1) in the pre-Bötzinger complex, nucleus ambiguus, commissural and ventrolateral subnuclei of solitary tract nucleus, and retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group were significantly reduced at P12, but returned to P11 levels by P14; 2) in the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus and parapyramidal region were increased from P0 to P7, but were strikingly reduced at P10 and plateaued thereafter; and 3) in the nonrespiratory cuneate nucleus showed a gentle plateau throughout the first 3 postnatal weeks, with only a slight decline of BDNF expression after P11. Thus, the significant downregulation of both BDNF and TrkB in respiratory-related nuclei during the critical period may form the basis of, or at least contribute to, the inhibitory-excitatory imbalance within the respiratory network during this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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113
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High dose zinc supplementation induces hippocampal zinc deficiency and memory impairment with inhibition of BDNF signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55384. [PMID: 23383172 PMCID: PMC3561272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc ions highly concentrate in hippocampus and play a key role in modulating spatial learning and memory. At a time when dietary fortification and supplementation of zinc have increased the zinc consuming level especially in the youth, the toxicity of zinc overdose on brain function was underestimated. In the present study, weaning ICR mice were given water supplemented with 15 ppm Zn (low dose), 60 ppm Zn (high dose) or normal lab water for 3 months, the behavior and brain zinc homeostasis were tested. Mice fed high dose of zinc showed hippocampus-dependent memory impairment. Unexpectedly, zinc deficiency, but not zinc overload was observed in hippocampus, especially in the mossy fiber-CA3 pyramid synapse. The expression levels of learning and memory related receptors and synaptic proteins such as NMDA-NR2A, NR2B, AMPA-GluR1, PSD-93 and PSD-95 were significantly decreased in hippocampus, with significant loss of dendritic spines. In keeping with these findings, high dose intake of zinc resulted in decreased hippocampal BDNF level and TrkB neurotrophic signaling. At last, increasing the brain zinc level directly by brain zinc injection induced BDNF expression, which was reversed by zinc chelating in vivo. These results indicate that zinc plays an important role in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory and BDNF expression, high dose supplementation of zinc induces specific zinc deficiency in hippocampus, which further impair learning and memory due to decreased availability of synaptic zinc and BDNF deficit.
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114
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Hashimoto K. Sigma-1 receptor chaperone and brain-derived neurotrophic factor: emerging links between cardiovascular disease and depression. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 100:15-29. [PMID: 23044468 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a close relationship between depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although it is known that the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to this relationship, the detailed mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) molecular chaperone sigma-1 receptor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play a role in the pathophysiology of CVD and depression. Several meta-analysis studies have showed that levels of BDNF in the blood of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) are lower than normal controls, indicating that blood BDNF might be a biomarker for depression. Furthermore, blood levels of BDNF in patients with CVD are also lower than normal controls. A recent study using conditional BDNF knock-out mice in animal models of myocardial infarction highlighted the role of CNS-mediated mechanisms in the cardioprotective effects of BDNF. In addition, a recent study shows that decreased levels of sigma-1 receptor in the mouse brain contribute to the association between heart failure and depression. Moreover, sigma-1 receptor agonists, including the endogenous neurosteroid dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA) and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluvoxamine, show potent cardioprotective and antidepressive effects in rodents, via sigma-1 receptor stimulation. Interestingly, agonist activation of sigma-1 receptors increased the secretion of mature BDNF from its precursor proBDNF via chaperone activity in the ER. Given the role of ER stress in the pathophysiology of CVD and MDD, the author will discuss the potential link between sigma-1 receptors and BDNF-TrkB pathway in the pathophysiology of these two diseases. Finally, the author will make a case for potent sigma-1 receptor agonists and TrkB agonists as new potential therapeutic drugs for depressive patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Inohana, Chiba, Japan.
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Sinno M, Biagioni S, Ajmone-Cat MA, Pafumi I, Caramanica P, Medda V, Tonti G, Minghetti L, Mannello F, Cacci E. The matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor marimastat promotes neural progenitor cell differentiation into neurons by gelatinase-independent TIMP-2-dependent mechanisms. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:345-58. [PMID: 23098139 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors (TIMPs), produced in the brain by cells of non-neural and neural origin, including neural progenitors (NPs), are emerging as regulators of nervous system development and adult brain functions. In the present study, we explored whether MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-2, abundantly produced in the brain, modulate NP developmental properties. We found that treatment of NPs, isolated from the murine fetal cerebral cortex or adult subventricular zone, with the clinically tested broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor Marimastat profoundly affected the NP differentiation fate. Marimastat treatment allowed for an enrichment of our cultures in neuronal cells, inducing NPs to generate higher percentage of neurons and a lower percentage of astrocytes, possibly affecting NP commitment. Consistently with its proneurogenic effect, Marimastat early downregulated the expression of Notch target genes, such as Hes1 and Hes5. MMP-2 and MMP-9 profiling on proliferating and differentiating NPs revealed that MMP-9 was not expressed under these conditions, whereas MMP-2 increased in the medium as pro-MMP-2 (72 kDa) during differentiation; its active form (62 kDa) was not detectable by gel zymography. MMP-2 silencing or administration of recombinant active MMP-2 demonstrated that MMP-2 does not affect NP neuronal differentiation, nor it is involved in the Marimastat proneurogenic effect. We also found that TIMP-2 is expressed in NPs and increases during late differentiation, mainly as a consequence of astrocyte generation. Endogenous TIMP-2 did not modulate NP neurogenic potential; however, the proneurogenic action of Marimastat was mediated by TIMP-2, as demonstrated by silencing experiments. In conclusion, our data exclude a major involvement of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the regulation of basal NP differentiation, but highlight the ability of TIMP-2 to act as key effector of the proneurogenic response to an inducing stimulus such as Marimastat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Sinno
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Endres T, Lessmann V. Age-dependent deficits in fear learning in heterozygous BDNF knock-out mice. Learn Mem 2012; 19:561-70. [DOI: 10.1101/lm.028068.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Travaglia A, La Mendola D, Magrì A, Nicoletti VG, Pietropaolo A, Rizzarelli E. Copper, BDNF and Its N-terminal Domain: Inorganic Features and Biological Perspectives. Chemistry 2012; 18:15618-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Oteiza PI. Zinc and the modulation of redox homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1748-59. [PMID: 22960578 PMCID: PMC3506432 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zinc, a redox-inactive metal, has been long viewed as a component of the antioxidant network, and growing evidence points to its involvement in redox-regulated signaling. These actions are exerted through several mechanisms based on the unique chemical and functional properties of zinc. Overall, zinc contributes to maintaining the cell redox balance through various mechanisms including: (i) the regulation of oxidant production and metal-induced oxidative damage; (ii) the dynamic association of zinc with sulfur in protein cysteine clusters, from which the metal can be released by nitric oxide, peroxides, oxidized glutathione, and other thiol oxidant species; (iii) zinc-mediated induction of the zinc-binding protein metallothionein, which releases the metal under oxidative conditions and acts per se as a scavenging oxidant; (iv) the involvement of zinc in the regulation of glutathione metabolism and of the overall protein thiol redox status; and (v) a direct or indirect regulation of redox signaling. Findings of oxidative stress, altered redox signaling, and associated cell/tissue dysfunction in cell and animal models of zinc deficiency highlight the relevant role of zinc in the preservation of cell redox homeostasis. However, although the participation of zinc in antioxidant protection, redox sensing, and redox-regulated signaling is accepted, the molecules, targets, and mechanisms involved are still partially known and the subject of active research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Exogenous BDNF enhances the integration of chronically injured axons that regenerate through a peripheral nerve grafted into a chondroitinase-treated spinal cord injury site. Exp Neurol 2012; 239:91-100. [PMID: 23022460 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although axons lose some of their intrinsic capacity for growth after their developmental period, some axons retain the potential for regrowth after injury. When provided with a growth-promoting substrate such as a peripheral nerve graft (PNG), severed axons regenerate into and through the graft; however, they stop when they reach the glial scar at the distal graft-host interface that is rich with inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. We previously showed that treatment of a spinal cord injury site with chondroitinase (ChABC) allows axons within the graft to traverse the scar and reinnervate spinal cord, where they form functional synapses. While this improvement in outgrowth was significant, it still represented only a small percentage (<20%) of axons compared to the total number of axons that regenerated into the PNG. Here we tested whether providing exogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) via lentivirus in tissue distal to the PNG would augment regeneration beyond a ChABC-treated glial interface. We found that ChABC treatment alone promoted axonal regeneration but combining ChABC with BDNF-lentivirus did not increase the number of axons that regenerated back into spinal cord. Combining BDNF with ChABC did increase the number of spinal cord neurons that were trans-synaptically activated during electrical stimulation of the graft, as indicated by c-Fos expression, suggesting that BDNF overexpression improved the functional significance of axons that did reinnervate distal spinal cord tissue.
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120
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Suri D, Vaidya VA. Glucocorticoid regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor: relevance to hippocampal structural and functional plasticity. Neuroscience 2012; 239:196-213. [PMID: 22967840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids serve as key stress response hormones that facilitate stress coping. However, sustained glucocorticoid exposure is associated with adverse consequences on the brain, in particular within the hippocampus. Chronic glucocorticoid exposure evokes neuronal cell damage and dendritic atrophy, reduces hippocampal neurogenesis and impairs synaptic plasticity. Glucocorticoids also alter expression and signaling of the neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Since BDNF is known to promote neuroplasticity, enhance cell survival, increase hippocampal neurogenesis and cellular excitability, it has been hypothesized that specific adverse effects of glucocorticoids may be mediated by attenuating BDNF expression and signaling. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of literature examining the influence of glucocorticoids on BDNF, and to address whether specific effects of glucocorticoids arise through perturbation of BDNF signaling. We integrate evidence of glucocorticoid regulation of BDNF at multiple levels, spanning from the well-documented glucocorticoid-induced changes in BDNF mRNA to studies examining alterations in BDNF receptor-mediated signaling. Further, we delineate potential lines of future investigation to address hitherto unexplored aspects of the influence of glucocorticoids on BDNF. Finally, we discuss the current understanding of the contribution of BDNF to the modulation of structural and functional plasticity by glucocorticoids, in particular in the context of the hippocampus. Understanding the mechanistic crosstalk between glucocorticoids and BDNF holds promise for the identification of potential therapeutic targets for disorders associated with the dysfunction of stress hormone pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Suri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
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121
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Yoshida T, Ishikawa M, Niitsu T, Nakazato M, Watanabe H, Shiraishi T, Shiina A, Hashimoto T, Kanahara N, Hasegawa T, Enohara M, Kimura A, Iyo M, Hashimoto K. Decreased serum levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but not its precursor proBDNF, in patients with major depressive disorder. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42676. [PMID: 22880079 PMCID: PMC3411809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meta-analyses have identified serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a potential biomarker for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, at the time, commercially available human ELISA kits are unable to distinguish between proBDNF (precursor of BDNF) and mature BDNF because of limited BDNF antibody specificity. In this study, we examined whether serum levels of proBDNF, mature BDNF, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which converts proBDNF to mature BDNF, are altered in patients with MDD. Methodology/Principal Findings Sixty-nine patients with MDD and 78 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects were enrolled. Patients were evaluated using 17 items on the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Cognitive impairment was evaluated using the CogState battery. Serum levels of proBDNF, mature BDNF, and MMP-9 were measured using ELISA kits. Serum levels of mature BDNF in patients with MDD were significantly lower than those of normal controls. In contrast, there was no difference in the serum levels of proBDNF and MMP-9 between patients and normal controls. While neither proBDNF nor mature BDNF serum levels was associated with clinical variables, there were significant correlations between MMP-9 serum levels and the severity of depression, quality of life scores, and social function scores in patients. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that mature BDNF may serve as a biomarker for MDD, and that MMP-9 may play a role in the pathophysiology of MDD. Further studies using larger sample sizes will be needed to investigate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Yoshida
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masatomo Ishikawa
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomihisa Niitsu
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakazato
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shiraishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shiina
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hasegawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayo Enohara
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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122
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Frazzini V. Synaptic physiology revised: think zinc! FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The last few years have seen a dramatic increase in our understanding of the Zn2+ modulatory role in the physiological functioning of the CNS. The availability of new experimental tools, such as the combination of new microscopy techniques with electrophysiological recordings, along with new selective fluorescent probes and chelators has started a revolution in Zn2+ neurobiology. Zn2+ has emerged as a versatile signaling molecule involved in numerous critical neuronal functions spanning from synaptic transmission and plasticity to neuronal differentiation and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Frazzini
- Molecular Neurology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging (Ce.S.I.), University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience & Imaging, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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123
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Boulle F, Kenis G, Cazorla M, Hamon M, Steinbusch HWM, Lanfumey L, van den Hove DLA. TrkB inhibition as a therapeutic target for CNS-related disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 98:197-206. [PMID: 22705453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) with its tropomyosin-related kinase receptor B (TrkB) is involved in fundamental cellular processes including neuronal proliferation, differentiation and survival as well as neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. TrkB signaling has been widely associated with beneficial, trophic effects and many commonly used psychotropic drugs aim to increase BDNF levels in the brain. However, it is likely that a prolonged increased TrkB activation is observed in many pathological conditions, which may underlie the development and course of clinical symptoms. Interestingly, genetic and pharmacological studies aiming at decreasing TrkB activation in rodent models mimicking human pathology have demonstrated a promising therapeutic landscape for TrkB inhibitors in the treatment of various diseases, e.g. central nervous system (CNS) disorders and several types of cancer. Up to date, only a few selective and potent TrkB inhibitors have been developed. As such, the use of crystallography and in silico approaches to model BDNF-TrkB interaction and to generate relevant pharmacophores represent powerful tools to develop novel compounds targeting the TrkB receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Boulle
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, European Graduate School for Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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124
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Travaglia A, Pietropaolo A, La Mendola D, Nicoletti VG, Rizzarelli E. The inorganic perspectives of neurotrophins and Alzheimer's disease. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 111:130-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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125
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Long term potentiation affects intracellular metalloproteinases activity in the mossy fiber-CA3 pathway. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 50:147-59. [PMID: 22555058 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of endopeptidases known to process extracellular proteins. In the last decade, studies carried out mainly on the Schaffer collateral-CA1 hippocampal projection have provided solid evidence that MMPs regulate synaptic plasticity and learning. Recently, our group has shown that MMP blockade disrupts LTP maintenance also in the mossy fiber-CA3 (mf-CA3) projection (Wojtowicz and Mozrzymas, 2010), where LTP mechanisms are profoundly different (NMDAR-independent and presynaptic expression site). However, how plasticity of this pathway correlates with activity and expression of MMPs remains unknown. Interestingly, several potential MMP substrates (especially of gelatinases) are localized intracellularly but little is known about MMP activity in this compartment. In the present study we have asked whether LTP is associated with the expression and activity of gelatinases in apparent intra- and extracellular compartments along mf-CA3 projection. In situ zymography showed that LTP induction was associated with increased gelatinases activity in the cytoplasm of the hilar and CA3 neurons. Using gelatin zymography, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent staining we found that this effect was due to de novo synthesis and activation of MMP-9 which, 2-3h after LTP induction was particularly evident in the cytoplasm. In contrast, MMP-2 was localized preferentially in the nuclei and was not affected by LTP induction. In conclusion, we demonstrate that LTP induction in the mf-CA3 pathway correlates with increased expression and activity of MMP-9 and provide the first evidence that this increase is particularly evident in the neuronal cytoplasm and nucleus.
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126
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Xu H, Gao HL, Zheng W, Xin N, Chi ZH, Bai SL, Wang ZY. Lactational zinc deficiency-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by a BDNF-independent TrkB signaling pathway. Hippocampus 2012; 21:495-501. [PMID: 20101602 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that zinc deficiency leads to neuronal death in the brain. Here we tested the hypothesis that changes in the TrkB signaling pathway are involved in hippocampal neuronal apoptosis of suckling offspring with maternal zinc deficiency. Postpartum mice were fed a zinc-deficient (0.85 ppm) diet and their offspring were used as a lactational zinc deficiency mouse model. At P7, P14, and P21, changes in hippocampal neuronal apoptosis were assessed by Nissl and TUNEL staining. BDNF levels and TrkB neurotrophic signaling were examined using immunoblotting assay. Lactational zinc deficiency resulted in lower levels of p-TrkB and p-ERK, and higher levels of Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3 in the hippocampus, suggesting that zinc deficiency-induced low levels of TrkB phosphorylation would abrogate the downstream ERK signaling pathway, leading to hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. Most interestingly, our data showed that the activity of Src, a key molecule for zinc-induced TrkB activation through the BDNF-independent pathway, was inhibited significantly, and the expression levels of BDNF were significantly increased in the hippocampus of suckling mice. The present data indicate that zinc depletion-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis is likely through modulation of the TrkB neurotrophic signaling pathway by a BDNF-independent and Src-dependent mechanism, whereas higher expression of BDNF is considered as a protective response, which cannot fully compensate for the injury caused by maternal zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health of China, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
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127
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Abstract
Our understanding of the roles played by zinc in the physiological and pathological functioning of the brain is rapidly expanding. The increased availability of genetically modified animal models, selective zinc-sensitive fluorescent probes, and novel chelators is producing a remarkable body of exciting new data that clearly establishes this metal ion as a key modulator of intracellular and intercellular neuronal signaling. In this Mini-Symposium, we will review and discuss the most recent findings that link zinc to synaptic function as well as the injurious effects of zinc dyshomeostasis within the context of neuronal death associated with major human neurological disorders, including stroke, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease.
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128
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Matrix metalloproteinases contribute to neuronal dysfunction in animal models of drug dependence, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy. Biochem Res Int 2011; 2011:681385. [PMID: 22235372 PMCID: PMC3253438 DOI: 10.1155/2011/681385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) remodel the pericellular environment by regulating the cleavage of extracellular matrix proteins, cell surface components, neurotransmitter receptors, and growth factors that mediate cell adhesion, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and long-term potentiation. Interestingly, increased MMP activity and dysregulation of the balance between MMPs and TIMPs have also been implicated in various pathologic conditions. In this paper, we discuss various animal models that suggest that the activation of the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 is involved in pathogenesis of drug dependence, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy.
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129
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Zinc and the ERK kinases in the developing brain. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:128-41. [PMID: 22095091 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews evidence in support of the hypothesis that impaired activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) contributes to the disruptions in neurodevelopment associated with zinc deficiency. These kinases are implicated in major events of brain development, including proliferation of progenitor cells, neuronal migration, differentiation, and apoptotic cell death. In humans, mutations in ERK1/2 genes have been associated with neuro-cardio-facial-cutaneous syndromes. ERK1/2 deficits in mice have revealed impaired neurogenesis, altered cellularity, and behavioral abnormalities. Zinc is an important modulator of ERK1/2 signaling. Conditions of both zinc deficiency and excess affect ERK1/2 phosphorylation in fetal and adult brains. Hypophosphorylation of ERK1/2, associated with decreased zinc availability in cell cultures, is accompanied by decreased proliferation and an arrest of the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. Zinc and ERK1/2 have both been shown to modulate neural progenitor cell proliferation and cell death in the brain. Furthermore, behavioral deficits resulting from developmental zinc deficiency are similar to those observed in mice with decreased ERK1/2 signaling. For example, impaired performance on behavioral tests of learning and memory; such as the Morris water maze, fear conditioning, and the radial arm maze; has been reported in both animals exposed to developmental zinc deficiency and transgenic mice with decreased ERK signaling. Future study should clarify the mechanisms through which a dysregulation of ERK1/2 may contribute to altered brain development associated with dietary zinc deficiency and with conditions that limit zinc availability.
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130
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Sindreu C, Storm DR. Modulation of neuronal signal transduction and memory formation by synaptic zinc. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:68. [PMID: 22084630 PMCID: PMC3211062 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of synaptic zinc has remained largely enigmatic since its initial detection in hippocampal mossy fibers over 50 years ago. The past few years have witnessed a number of studies highlighting the ability of zinc ions to regulate ion channels and intracellular signaling pathways implicated in neuroplasticity, and others that shed some light on the elusive role of synaptic zinc in learning and memory. Recent behavioral studies using knock-out mice for the synapse-specific zinc transporter ZnT-3 indicate that vesicular zinc is required for the formation of memories dependent on the hippocampus and the amygdala, two brain centers that are prominently innervated by zinc-rich fibers. A common theme emerging from this research is the activity-dependent regulation of the Erk1/2 mitogen-activated-protein kinase pathway by synaptic zinc through diverse mechanisms in neurons. Here we discuss current knowledge on how synaptic zinc may play a role in cognition through its impact on neuronal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sindreu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
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131
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Matrix metalloproteinase-9 contributes to kindled seizure development in pentylenetetrazole-treated mice by converting pro-BDNF to mature BDNF in the hippocampus. J Neurosci 2011; 31:12963-71. [PMID: 21900575 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3118-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent seizure activity has been shown to induce a variety of permanent structural changes in the brain. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) function to promote neuronal plasticity, primarily through cleavage of extracellular matrix proteins. Here, we investigated the role of MMP-9 in the development of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindled seizure in mice. Repeated treatment with PTZ (40 mg/kg) produced kindled seizure, which was accompanied by enhanced MMP-9 activity and expression in the hippocampus. No change in MMP-9 activity was observed in the hippocampi of mice with generalized tonic seizure following single administration of PTZ (60 mg/kg). MMP-9 colocalized with the neuronal marker NeuN and the glial marker GFAP in the dentate gyrus of the kindled mouse hippocampus. Coadministration of diazepam or MK-801 with PTZ inhibited the development of kindling and the increased MMP-9 levels in the hippocampus. Marked suppression of kindled seizure progression in response to repeated PTZ treatment was observed in MMP-9((-/-)) mice compared with wild-type mice, an observation that was accompanied by decreased hippocampal levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Microinjecting the BDNF scavenger TrkB-Fc into the right ventricle before each PTZ treatment significantly suppressed the development of kindling in wild-type mice, whereas no effect was observed in MMP-9((-/-)) mice. On the other hand, bilateral injections of pro-BDNF into the hippocampal dentate gyrus significantly enhanced kindling in wild-type mice but not MMP-9((-/-)) mice. These findings suggest that MMP-9 is involved in the progression of behavioral phenotypes in kindled mice because of conversion of pro-BDNF to mature BDNF in the hippocampus.
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132
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Deafferentation-induced redistribution of MMP-2, but not of MMP-9, depends on the emergence of GAP-43 positive axons in the adult rat cochlear nucleus. Neural Plast 2011; 2011:859359. [PMID: 22135757 PMCID: PMC3202138 DOI: 10.1155/2011/859359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases MMP-9 and MMP-2, major modulators of the extracellular matrix (ECM), were changed in amount and distribution in the rat anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) following its sensory deafferentation by cochlear ablation. To determine what causal relationships exist between the redistribution of MMP-9 and MMP-2 and deafferentation-induced reinnervation, kainic acid was stereotaxically injected into the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB) prior to cochlear ablation, killing cells that deliver the growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) into AVCN. Deafferentation-induced changes in the pattern of MMP-9 staining remained unaffected by VNTB lesions. By contrast, changes in the distribution of MMP-2 normally evoked by sensory deafferentation were reversed if GAP-43 positive axons were prevented to grow in AVCN. In conclusion, GAP-43-containing axons emerging in AVCN after cochlear ablation seem to be causal for the maintenance of MMP-2-mediated ECM remodeling.
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133
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Synergistic activation of dopamine D1 and TrkB receptors mediate gain control of synaptic plasticity in the basolateral amygdala. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26065. [PMID: 22022509 PMCID: PMC3193533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear memory formation is thought to require dopamine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and zinc release in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), as well as the induction of long term potentiation (LTP) in BLA principal neurons. However, no study to date has shown any relationship between these processes in the BLA. Here, we have used in vitro whole-cell patch clamp recording from BLA principal neurons to investigate how dopamine, BDNF, and zinc release may interact to modulate the LTP induction in the BLA. LTP was induced by either theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocol or spaced 5 times high frequency stimulation (5xHFS). Significantly, both TBS and 5xHFS induced LTP was fully blocked by the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390. LTP induction was also blocked by the BDNF scavenger, TrkB-FC, the zinc chelator, DETC, as well as by an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), gallardin. Conversely, prior application of the dopamine reuptake inhibitor, GBR12783, or the D1 receptor agonist, SKF39393, induced robust and stable LTP in response to a sub-threshold HFS protocol (2xHFS), which does not normally induce LTP. Similarly, prior activation of TrkB receptors with either a TrkB receptor agonist, or BDNF, also reduced the threshold for LTP-induction, an effect that was blocked by the MEK inhibitor, but not by zinc chelation. Intriguingly, the TrkB receptor agonist-induced reduction of LTP threshold was fully blocked by prior application of SCH23390, and the reduction of LTP threshold induced by GBR12783 was blocked by prior application of TrkB-FC. Together, our results suggest a cellular mechanism whereby the threshold for LTP induction in BLA principal neurons is critically dependent on the level of dopamine in the extracellular milieu and the synergistic activation of postsynaptic D1 and TrkB receptors. Moreover, activation of TrkB receptors appears to be dependent on concurrent release of zinc and activation of MMPs.
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134
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Wang Y, Mei X, Zhang L, Lv G. The correlation among the dynamic change of Zn2+, ZnT-1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor after acute spinal cord injury in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:351-8. [PMID: 20838921 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Zinc plays an important role in regulating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor in nervous system, but the correlation among Zn(2+), zinc transporter, and BDNF in spinal cord injuries (SCI) is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of Zn(2+), zinc transporter 1 (ZnT-1), and BDNF, as well as their correlation in spinal cord-injured rats. One hundred Wistar male rats were divided into two groups: sham-operated group (as control group) and model group. Spinal cord injury was induced in model groups by hemisection of T9 on the left side. Compared with the control group, the serum zinc levels in SCI model group were significantly decreased after surgery, but zinc concentrations in spinal cord were increased gradually. The mRNA levels of ZnT-1 and BDNF were significantly increased in SCI model group, and there is a positive correlation between them (Spearman rho = 0.381, P = 0.0204). The correlation found between BDNF and ZnT-1 allows us to speculate that these two factors may be physiologically co-regulated, which may provide an idea for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Wang
- Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, People's Republic of China
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135
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, food intake regulation, and obesity. Arch Med Res 2011; 42:482-94. [PMID: 21945389 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that plays a fundamental role in development and plasticity of the central nervous system (CNS). It is currently recognized as a major participant in the regulation of food intake. Multiple studies have shown that different regulators of appetite such as leptin, insulin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) potentially exert anorexigenic effects through BDNF. Low circulating levels of BDNF are associated with a higher risk of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Strict food restriction reduces BDNF and may trigger binge-eating episodes and weight gain. The existence of mutations that cause haploinsufficiency of BDNF as well as some genetic variants, notably the BDNF p.Val66Met polymorphism, are also associated with the development of obese phenotypes and hyperphagia. However, association of the Met allele with AN and BN, which have different phenotypic characteristics, shows clearly the existence of other relevant factors that regulate eating behavior. This may, in part, be explained by the epigenetic regulation of BDNF through mechanisms like DNA methylation and histone acetylation. Environmental factors, primarily during early development, are crucial to the establishment of these stable but reversible changes that alter the transcriptional expression and are transgenerationally heritable, with potential concomitant effects on the development of eating disorders and body weight control.
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136
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Hwang IY, Sun ES, An JH, Im H, Lee SH, Lee JY, Han PL, Koh JY, Kim YH. Zinc-triggered induction of tissue plasminogen activator by brain-derived neurotrophic factor and metalloproteinases. J Neurochem 2011; 118:855-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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137
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Wang Y, Me X, Zhang L, Lv G. Supplement moderate zinc as an effective treatment for spinal cord injury. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:589-90. [PMID: 21752551 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord repair is a challenging task that has puzzled clinical specialists and scientists for a long time. Zinc plays an important role in regulating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in nervous system, which can improve the pathological state of neurons and promote regeneration of injured neurons, reduce neuronal apoptosis. Our previous studies demonstrated that the serum zinc levels in SCI model group were significantly decreased and zinc concentrations in spinal cord were gradually increased in 24 h after SCI, which induces the up-regulation of zinc transporter 1 (ZnT-1). The mRNA levels of ZnT1 and BDNF were both increased after SCI, and there is a positive correlation between them. Excess zinc exposure has been proved to be a risk factor for neuron death in brain and spinal cord injuries, but supplement of the right amount of zinc may be useful in promoting the recovery of spinal cord function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Department of Orthopedics, and Liaoning Medical University, Department of Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou, PR China
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138
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Corona C, Pensalfini A, Frazzini V, Sensi SL. New therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease: brain deregulation of calcium and zinc. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e176. [PMID: 21697951 PMCID: PMC3168999 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular determinants of Alzheimer's (AD) disease are still not completely known; however, in the past two decades, a large body of evidence has indicated that an important contributing factor for the disease is the development of an unbalanced homeostasis of two signaling cations: calcium (Ca2+) and zinc (Zn2+). Both ions serve a critical role in the physiological functioning of the central nervous system, but their brain deregulation promotes amyloid-β dysmetabolism as well as tau phosphorylation. AD is also characterized by an altered glutamatergic activation, and glutamate can promote both Ca2+ and Zn2+ dyshomeostasis. The two cations can operate synergistically to promote the generation of free radicals that further intracellular Ca2+ and Zn2+ rises and set the stage for a self-perpetuating harmful loop. These phenomena can be the initial steps in the pathogenic cascade leading to AD, therefore, therapeutic interventions aiming at preventing Ca2+ and Zn2+ dyshomeostasis may offer a great opportunity for disease-modifying strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Corona
- Molecular Neurology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), Chieti, Italy
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139
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Shuttleworth CW, Weiss JH. Zinc: new clues to diverse roles in brain ischemia. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:480-6. [PMID: 21621864 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, reflecting the extraordinary sensitivity of the brain to a brief loss of blood flow. A significant goal has been to identify pathways of neuronal injury that are selectively activated after stroke and may be amenable to drug therapy. An important advance was made nearly 25 years ago when Ca(2+) overload was implicated as a critical link between glutamate excitotoxicity and ischemic neurodegeneration. However, early hope for effective therapies faded as glutamate-targeted trials repeatedly failed to demonstrate efficacy in humans. In a review in 2000 in this journal, we described new evidence linking a related cation, zinc (Zn(2+)), to neuronal injury, emphasizing sources and mechanisms of Zn(2+) toxicity. The current review highlights progress over the last decade, emphasizing mechanisms through which Zn(2+) ions (from multiple sources) participate together with Ca(2+) in different stages of cascades of ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- C William Shuttleworth
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque NM 87131, USA
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140
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Amadoruge PC, Barnham KJ. Alzheimer's disease and metals: a review of the involvement of cellular membrane receptors in metallosignalling. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:542043. [PMID: 21461392 PMCID: PMC3065006 DOI: 10.4061/2011/542043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating form of dementia. The hallmark protein associated with the disease is the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide. Aggregation of Aβ has been shown to depend on interactions with metals. The recent studies now demonstrate that metals also play additional important roles in the disease process. Consequently, there may be benefit from modulating metal homeostasis. However, the role and subcellular location of metals within neurons is not well understood. There is growing evidence to suggest that metals can act at the site of cellular membrane receptors and affect cellular signaling by modulating the signal transduction of those receptors. The glutamatergic and cholinergic receptor systems, both well-known neurotransmitter systems affected in AD, have well-documented metal interactions, as do the tropomyosin-receptor kinase (Trk) family of receptors and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. In this paper, the metal interactions with these membrane receptor systems will be explored and thus the potential for membrane receptors as an intervention point in AD will be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra C Amadoruge
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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141
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Travaglia A, Arena G, Fattorusso R, Isernia C, La Mendola D, Malgieri G, Nicoletti VG, Rizzarelli E. The Inorganic Perspective of Nerve Growth Factor: Interactions of Cu
2+
and Zn
2+
with the N‐Terminus Fragment of Nerve Growth Factor Encompassing the Recognition Domain of the TrkA Receptor. Chemistry 2011; 17:3726-38. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Travaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania (Italy)
| | - Giuseppe Arena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania (Italy)
| | - Roberto Fattorusso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta (Italy)
| | - Carla Isernia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta (Italy)
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini‐CNR c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania (Italy), Fax: (+39) 095‐337678
| | - Gaetano Malgieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta (Italy)
| | - Vincenzo G. Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania (Italy)
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania (Italy)
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142
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Zinc transporter ZnT-3 regulates presynaptic Erk1/2 signaling and hippocampus-dependent memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:3366-70. [PMID: 21245308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019166108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of vesicular zinc at central glutamatergic synapses remains poorly understood. Here we show that mice lacking the synapse-specific vesicular zinc transporter ZnT3 (ZnT3KO mice) have reduced activation of the Erk1/2 MAPK in hippocampal mossy fiber terminals, disinhibition of zinc-sensitive MAPK tyrosine phosphatase activity, and impaired MAPK signaling during hippocampus-dependent learning. Activity-dependent exocytosis is required for the effect of zinc on presynaptic MAPK and phosphatase activity. ZnT3KO mice have complete deficits in contextual discrimination and spatial working memory. Local blockade of zinc or MAPK in the mossy fiber pathway of wild-type mice impairs contextual discrimination. We conclude that ZnT3 is important for zinc homeostasis modulating presynaptic MAPK signaling and is required for hippocampus-dependent memory.
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143
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Babini E, Bertini I, Borsi V, Calderone V, Hu X, Luchinat C, Parigi G. Structural characterization of human S100A16, a low-affinity calcium binder. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 16:243-56. [PMID: 21046186 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The homodimeric structure of human S100A16 in the apo state has been obtained both in the solid state and in solution, resulting in good agreement between the structures with the exception of two loop regions. The homodimeric solution structure of human S100A16 was also calculated in the calcium(II)-bound form. Differently from most S100 proteins, the conformational rearrangement upon calcium binding is minor. This characteristic is likely to be related to the weak binding affinity of the protein for the calcium(II) ions. In turn, this is ascribed to the lack of the glutamate residue at the end of the S100-specific N-domain binding site, which in most S100 proteins provides two important side chain oxygen atoms as calcium(II) ligands. Furthermore, the presence of hydrophobic interactions stronger than for other S100 proteins, present in the closed form of S100A16 between the third and fourth helices, likely make the closed structure of the second EF-hand particularly stable, so even upon calcium(II) binding such a conformation is not disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Babini
- Department of Food Science, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521, Cesena, Italy
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144
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Corona C, Masciopinto F, Silvestri E, Viscovo AD, Lattanzio R, Sorda RL, Ciavardelli D, Goglia F, Piantelli M, Canzoniero LMT, Sensi SL. Dietary zinc supplementation of 3xTg-AD mice increases BDNF levels and prevents cognitive deficits as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Cell Death Dis 2010; 1:e91. [PMID: 21368864 PMCID: PMC3035902 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2010.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The overall effect of brain zinc (Zn2+) in the progression and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still not completely understood. Although an excess of Zn2+ can exacerbate the pathological features of AD, a deficit of Zn2+ intake has also been shown to increase the volume of amyloid plaques in AD transgenic mice. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary Zn2+ supplementation (30 p.p.m.) in a transgenic mouse model of AD, the 3xTg-AD, that expresses both β amyloid (Aβ)- and tau-dependent pathology. We found that Zn2+ supplementation greatly delays hippocampal-dependent memory deficits and strongly reduces both Aβ and tau pathology in the hippocampus. We also evaluated signs of mitochondrial dysfunction and found that Zn2+ supplementation prevents the age-dependent respiratory deficits we observed in untreated 3xTg-AD mice. Finally, we found that Zn2+ supplementation greatly increases the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) of treated 3xTg-AD mice. In summary, our data support the idea that controlling the brain Zn2+ homeostasis may be beneficial in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Corona
- Molecular Neurology Unit-Center of Excellence on Aging, University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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145
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Hwang JJ, Kim HN, Kim J, Cho DH, Kim MJ, Kim YS, Kim Y, Park SJ, Koh JY. Zinc(II) ion mediates tamoxifen-induced autophagy and cell death in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Biometals 2010; 23:997-1013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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146
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Schmitz M, Klöppner S, Klopfleisch S, Möbius W, Schwartz P, Zerr I, Althaus HH. Mutual effects of caveolin and nerve growth factor signaling in pig oligodendrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:572-88. [PMID: 19795378 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signaling of growth factors may depend on the recruitment of their receptors to specialized microdomains. Previous reports on PC12 cells indicated an interaction of raft-organized caveolin and TrkA signaling. Because porcine oligodendrocytes (OLs) respond to nerve growth factor (NGF), we were interested to know whether caveolin also plays a role in oligodendroglial NGF/TrkA signaling. OLs expressed caveolin at the plasma membrane but also intracellularly. This was partially organized in the classically Omega-shaped invaginations, which may represent caveolae. We could show that caveolin and TrkA colocalize by using a discontinuous sucrose gradient (Song et al. [1996] J. Biol. Chem. 271:9690-9697), MACS technology, and immunoprecipitation. However, differential extraction of caveolin and TrkA with Triton X-100 at 4 degrees C indicated that caveolin and TrkA are probably not exclusively present in detergent-resistant, caveolin-containing rafts (CCRs). NGF treatment of OLs up-regulated the expression of caveolin-1 (cav-1) and stimulated tyrosine-14 phosphorylation of cav-1. Furthermore, OLs were transfected with cav-1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). A knockdown of cav-1 resulted in a reduced activation of downstream components of the NGF signaling cascade, such as p21Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) after NGF exposure of OLs. Subsequently, increased oligodendroglial process formation via NGF was impaired. The present study indicates that CCRs/caveolin could play a modulating role during oligodendroglial differentiation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- RU Neural Regeneration, Max-Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany.
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147
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Cognitive loss in zinc transporter-3 knock-out mice: a phenocopy for the synaptic and memory deficits of Alzheimer's disease? J Neurosci 2010; 30:1631-6. [PMID: 20130173 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5255-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc transporter-3 (ZnT3) protein controls synaptic vesicular Zn(2+) levels, which is predicted to regulate normal cognitive function. Surprisingly, previous studies found that 6- to 10-week-old ZnT3 knock-out (KO) mice did not show impairment in the Morris water maze. We hypothesized that older ZnT3 KO animals would display a cognitive phenotype. Here, we report that ZnT3 KO mice exhibit age-dependent deficits in learning and memory that are manifest at 6 months but not at 3 months of age. These deficits are associated with significant alterations in key hippocampal proteins involved in learning and memory, as assessed by Western blot. These include decreased levels of the presynaptic protein SNAP25 (-46%; p < 0.01); the postsynaptic protein PSD95 (-37%; p < 0.01); the glutamate receptors AMPAR (-34%; p < 0.01), NMDAR2a (-64%; p < 0.001), and NMDAR2b (-49%; p < 0.05); the surrogate marker of neurogenesis doublecortin (-31%; p < 0.001); and elements of the BDNF pathway, pro-BDNF (-30%; p < 0.05) and TrkB (-22%; p < 0.01). In addition, there is a concomitant decrease in neuronal spine density (-6%; p < 0.05). We also found that cortical ZnT3 levels fall with age in wild-type mice (-50%; p < 0.01) in healthy older humans (ages, 48-91 years; r(2) = 0.47; p = 0.00019) and particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) (-36%; p < 0.0001). Thus, age-dependent loss of transsynaptic Zn(2+) movement leads to cognitive loss, and since extracellular beta-amyloid is aggregated by and traps this pool of Zn(2+), the genetic ablation of ZnT3 may represent a phenocopy for the synaptic and memory deficits of AD.
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148
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Zinc sulfate could be a potential agent for the treatment of. Huntington's disease through activating central TrkB signaling. CNS Spectr 2010; 15:56-7. [PMID: 20394186 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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149
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Sensi SL, Paoletti P, Bush AI, Sekler I. Zinc in the physiology and pathology of the CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10:780-91. [PMID: 19826435 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The past few years have witnessed dramatic progress on all frontiers of zinc neurobiology. The recent development of powerful tools, including zinc-sensitive fluorescent probes, selective chelators and genetically modified animal models, has brought a deeper understanding of the roles of this cation as a crucial intra- and intercellular signalling ion of the CNS, and hence of the neurophysiological importance of zinc-dependent pathways and the injurious effects of zinc dyshomeostasis. The development of some innovative therapeutic strategies is aimed at controlling and preventing the damaging effects of this cation in neurological conditions such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano L Sensi
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Science, Molecular Neurology Unit, CeSI-Center for Excellence on Aging, University G. dAnnunzio, Chieti, 66013, Italy.
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150
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Yang F, Je HS, Ji Y, Nagappan G, Hempstead B, Lu B. Pro-BDNF-induced synaptic depression and retraction at developing neuromuscular synapses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 185:727-41. [PMID: 19451278 PMCID: PMC2711569 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200811147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Postsynaptic cells generate positive and negative signals that retrogradely modulate presynaptic function. At developing neuromuscular synapses, prolonged stimulation of muscle cells induces sustained synaptic depression. We provide evidence that pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a negative retrograde signal that can be converted into a positive signal by metalloproteases at the synaptic junctions. Application of pro-BDNF induces a dramatic decrease in synaptic efficacy followed by a retraction of presynaptic terminals, and these effects are mediated by presynaptic pan-neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75(NTR)), the pro-BDNF receptor. A brief stimulation of myocytes expressing cleavable or uncleavable pro-BDNF elicits synaptic potentiation or depression, respectively. Extracellular application of metalloprotease inhibitors, which inhibits the cleavage of endogenous pro-BDNF, facilitates the muscle stimulation-induced synaptic depression. Inhibition of presynaptic p75(NTR) or postsynaptic BDNF expression also blocks the activity-dependent synaptic depression and retraction. These results support a model in which postsynaptic secretion of a single molecule, pro-BDNF, may stabilize or eliminate presynaptic terminals depending on its proteolytic conversion at the synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Section on Neural Development and Plasticity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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