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Noh HJ, Chowdhury MYE, Cho S, Kim JH, Park HS, Kim CJ, Poo H, Sung MH, Lee JS, Lim YT. Programming of Influenza Vaccine Broadness and Persistence by Mucoadhesive Polymer-Based Adjuvant Systems. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26216889 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of an anti-influenza vaccine with the potential for cross-protection against seasonal drift variants as well as occasionally emerging reassortant viruses is essential. In this study, we successfully generated a novel anti-influenza vaccine system combining conserved matrix protein 2 (sM2) and stalk domain of hemagglutinin (HA2) fusion protein (sM2HA2) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA)-based vaccine adjuvant systems that can act as a mucoadhesive delivery vehicle of sM2HA2 as well as a robust strategy for the incorporation of hydrophobic immunostimulatory 3-O-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and QS21. Intranasal coadministration of sM2HA2 and the combination adjuvant γ-PGA/MPL/QS21 (CA-PMQ) was able to induce a high degree of protective mucosal, systemic, and cell-mediated immune responses. The sM2HA2/CA-PMQ immunization was able to prevent disease symptoms, confering complete protection against lethal infection with divergent influenza subtypes (H5N1, H1N1, H5N2, H7N3, and H9N2) that lasted for at least 6 mo. Therefore, our data suggest that mucosal administration of sM2HA2 in combination with CA-PMQ could be a potent strategy for a broad cross-protective influenza vaccine, and CA-PMQ as a mucosal adjuvant could be used for effective mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jong Noh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Mohammed Y E Chowdhury
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong 4202, Bangladesh
| | - Seonghun Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Hye Sun Park
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Haryoung Poo
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea; and
| | - Moon-Hee Sung
- Department of Advanced Fermentation Fusion Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, South Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea;
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Suwon 440-746, South Korea;
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102
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γ-PGA Hydrolases of Phage Origin in Bacillus subtilis and Other Microbial Genomes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130810. [PMID: 26158264 PMCID: PMC4497714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamate (γ-PGA) is an industrially interesting polymer secreted mainly by members of the class Bacilli which forms a shield able to protect bacteria from phagocytosis and phages. Few enzymes are known to degrade γ-PGA; among them is a phage-encoded γ-PGA hydrolase, PghP. The supposed role of PghP in phages is to ensure access to the surface of bacterial cells by dismantling the γ-PGA barrier. We identified four unannotated B. subtilis genes through similarity of their encoded products to PghP; in fact these genes reside in prophage elements of B. subtilis genome. The recombinant products of two of them demonstrate efficient polymer degradation, confirming that sequence similarity reflects functional homology. Genes encoding similar γ-PGA hydrolases were identified in phages specific for the order Bacillales and in numerous microbial genomes, not only belonging to that order. The distribution of the γ-PGA biosynthesis operon was also investigated with a bioinformatics approach; it was found that the list of organisms endowed with γ-PGA biosynthetic functions is larger than expected and includes several pathogenic species. Moreover in non-Bacillales bacteria the predicted γ-PGA hydrolase genes are preferentially found in species that do not have the genetic asset for polymer production. Our findings suggest that γ-PGA hydrolase genes might have spread across microbial genomes via horizontal exchanges rather than via phage infection. We hypothesize that, in natural habitats rich in γ-PGA supplied by producer organisms, the availability of hydrolases that release glutamate oligomers from γ-PGA might be a beneficial trait under positive selection.
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103
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Influence of nitrogen source and pH value on undesired poly(γ-glutamic acid) formation of a protease producing Bacillus licheniformis strain. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 42:1203-15. [PMID: 26153501 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus spp. are used for the production of industrial enzymes but are also known to be capable of producing biopolymers such as poly(γ-glutamic acid). Biopolymers increase the viscosity of the fermentation broth, thereby impairing mixing, gas/liquid mass and heat transfer in any bioreactor system. Undesired biopolymer formation has a significant impact on the fermentation and downstream processing performance. This study shows how undesirable poly(γ-glutamic acid) formation of an industrial protease producing Bacillus licheniformis strain was prevented by switching the nitrogen source from ammonium to nitrate. The viscosity was reduced from 32 to 2.5 mPa s. A constant or changing pH value did not influence the poly(γ-glutamic acid) production. Protease production was not affected: protease activities of 38 and 46 U mL(-1) were obtained for ammonium and nitrate, respectively. With the presented results, protease production with industrial Bacillus strains is now possible without the negative impact on fermentation and downstream processing by undesired poly(γ-glutamic acid) formation.
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104
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Antunes JC, Tsaryk R, Gonçalves RM, Pereira CL, Landes C, Brochhausen C, Ghanaati S, Barbosa MA, Kirkpatrick CJ. Poly(γ-Glutamic Acid) as an Exogenous Promoter of Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1869-85. [PMID: 25760236 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage damage and/or aging effects can cause constant pain, which limits the patient's quality of life. Although different strategies have been proposed to enhance the limited regenerative capacity of cartilage tissue, the full production of native and functional cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) has not yet been achieved. Poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA), a naturally occurring polyamino acid, biodegradable into glutamate residues, has been explored for tissue regeneration. In this work, γ-PGA's ability to support the production of cartilaginous ECM by human bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and nasal chondrocytes (NCs) was investigated. MSC and NC pellets were cultured in basal medium (BM), chondrogenic medium (CM), and CM-γ-PGA-supplemented medium (CM+γ-PGA) over a period of 21 days. Pellet size/shape was monitored with time. At 14 and 21 days of culture, the presence of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs), type II collagen (Col II), Sox-9, aggrecan, type XI collagen (Col XI), type X collagen (Col X), calcium deposits, and type I collagen (Col I) was analyzed. After excluding γ-PGA's cytotoxicity, earlier cell condensation, higher sGAG content, Col II, Sox-9 (day 14), aggrecan, and Col X (day 14) production was observed in γ-PGA-supplemented MSC cultures, with no signs of mineralization or Col I. These effects were not evident with NCs. However, Sox-9 (at day 14) and Col X (at days 14 and 21) were increased, decreased, or absent, respectively. Overall, γ-PGA improved chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, increasing ECM production earlier in culture. It is proposed that γ-PGA incorporation in novel biomaterials has a beneficial impact on future approaches for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana C Antunes
- 1Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,3Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Roman Tsaryk
- 3Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,4Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Raquel M Gonçalves
- 1Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Leite Pereira
- 1Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,5ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Constantin Landes
- 6Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,7Sana Hospital Offenbach, Offenbach, Germany
| | - Christoph Brochhausen
- 8REPAIR Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shahram Ghanaati
- 6Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,7Sana Hospital Offenbach, Offenbach, Germany.,8REPAIR Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mário A Barbosa
- 1Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,5ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - C James Kirkpatrick
- 8REPAIR Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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105
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Fan Z, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Li X. In situinjectable poly(γ-glutamic acid) based biohydrogel formed by enzymatic crosslinking. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University; Nanjing 210018 China
| | - Yemin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University; Nanjing 210018 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University; Nanjing 210018 China
| | - Xinsong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University; Nanjing 210018 China
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106
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Nickels JD, Perticaroli S, Ehlers G, Feygenson M, Sokolov AP. Rigidity of poly-L-glutamic acid scaffolds: Influence of secondary and supramolecular structure. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:2909-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Nickels
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Joint Institute for Neutron Sciences; Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831
- Department of Chemistry; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996
| | - Stefania Perticaroli
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Joint Institute for Neutron Sciences; Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831
- Department of Chemistry; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831
| | - Georg Ehlers
- Quantum Condensed Matter Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831
| | - Mikhail Feygenson
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831
| | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Joint Institute for Neutron Sciences; Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831
- Department of Chemistry; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831
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107
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108
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Shi L, Yang N, Zhang H, Chen L, Tao L, Wei Y, Liu H, Luo Y. A novel poly(γ-glutamic acid)/silk-sericin hydrogel for wound dressing: Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 48:533-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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109
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Ren Y, Huang B, Meng Y, Wei L, Zhang C. Metabolic and phylogenetic analyses based on nitrogen in a new poly-γ-glutamic acid-producing strain of Bacillus subtilis. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1221-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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110
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Fan Z, Zhang Y, Ji J, Li X. Hybrid polypeptide hydrogels produced via native chemical ligation. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16490c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The NCL crosslinked hybrid hydrogels composed of poly(γ-glutamic acid) and ε-poly-lysine have good biocompatibility and tunable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210018
- China
| | - Yemin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210018
- China
| | - Jinkai Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210018
- China
| | - Xinsong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210018
- China
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111
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Conejos-Sánchez I, Cardoso I, Oteo-Vives M, Romero-Sanz E, Paul A, Sauri AR, Morcillo MA, Saraiva MJ, Vicent MJ. Polymer-doxycycline conjugates as fibril disrupters: an approach towards the treatment of a rare amyloidotic disease. J Control Release 2014; 198:80-90. [PMID: 25481444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The term amyloidosis describes neurological diseases where an abnormal protein is misfolded and accumulated as deposits in organs and tissues, known as amyloid, disrupting their normal function. In the most common familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), transthyretin (TTR) displays this role primarily affecting the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Advanced stages of this inherited rare amyloidosis, present as fibril deposits that are responsible for disease progression. In order to stop disease progression, herein we designed an efficient family of nanoconjugates as fibril disrupters. These polymer conjugates are based on doxycycline (doxy), already in phase II trials for Alzheimer's disease, covalently linked to poly-l-glutamic acid (PGA). The conjugates were rationally designed, looking at drug loading and drug release rate by adequate linker design, always considering the physiological conditions at the molecular target site. Conjugation of doxycycline exhibited greater potential towards TTR fibril disaggregation in vitro compared to the parent drug. Exhaustive physico-chemical evaluation of these polymer-drug conjugates concluded that drug release was unnecessary for activity, highlighting the importance of an appropriate linker. Furthermore, biodistribution studies through optical imaging (OI) and the use of radiolabelled polymer-drug conjugates demonstrated conjugate safety profile and renal clearance route of the selected PGA-doxy candidate, settling the adequacy of our conjugate for future in vivo evaluation. Furthermore, preliminary studies in an FAP in vivo model at early stages of disease development showed non-organ toxicity evidences. This nanosized-system raises a promising treatment for advanced stages of this rare amyloidotic disease, and also presents a starting point for possible application within other amyloidosis-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Conejos-Sánchez
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab., Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, Valencia 46012, Spain
| | - Isabel Cardoso
- Instituto de Biología Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Marta Oteo-Vives
- Biomedical Applications of Radioisotopes and Pharmacokinetics Unit, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Eduardo Romero-Sanz
- Biomedical Applications of Radioisotopes and Pharmacokinetics Unit, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Alison Paul
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Amparo Ruiz Sauri
- Pathology Department, University of Valencia, Blasco Ibáñez 15, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Miguel A Morcillo
- Biomedical Applications of Radioisotopes and Pharmacokinetics Unit, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Maria J Saraiva
- Instituto de Biología Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - María J Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab., Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, Valencia 46012, Spain.
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112
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Jiang T, Yu X, Carbone EJ, Nelson C, Kan HM, Lo KWH. Poly aspartic acid peptide-linked PLGA based nanoscale particles: Potential for bone-targeting drug delivery applications. Int J Pharm 2014; 475:547-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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113
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Talelli M, Vicent MJ. Reduction Sensitive Poly(l-glutamic acid) (PGA)-Protein Conjugates Designed for Polymer Masked–Unmasked Protein Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:4168-77. [DOI: 10.1021/bm5011883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Talelli
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Av. Eduardo Primo
Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - María J. Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Av. Eduardo Primo
Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
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114
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Ogunleye A, Bhat A, Irorere VU, Hill D, Williams C, Radecka I. Poly-γ-glutamic acid: production, properties and applications. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 161:1-17. [PMID: 25288645 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.081448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring biopolymer made up of repeating units of l-glutamic acid, d-glutamic acid or both. γ-PGA can exhibit different properties (conformational states, enantiomeric properties and molecular mass). Owing to its biodegradable, non-toxic and non-immunogenic properties, it has been used successfully in the food, medical and wastewater industries. Amongst other novel applications, it has the potential to be used for protein crystallization, as a soft tissue adhesive and a non-viral vector for safe gene delivery. This review focuses on the production, properties and applications of γ-PGA. Each application of γ-PGA utilizes specific properties attributed to various forms of γ-PGA. As a result of its growing applications, more strains of bacteria need to be investigated for γ-PGA production to obtain high yields of γ-PGA with different properties. Many medical applications (especially drug delivery) have exploited α-PGA. As γ-PGA is essentially different from α-PGA (i.e. it does not involve a chemical modification step and is not susceptible to proteases), it could be better utilized for such medical applications. Optimization of γ-PGA with respect to cost of production, molecular mass and conformational/enantiomeric properties is a major step in making its application practical. Analyses of γ-PGA production and knowledge of the enzymes and genes involved in γ-PGA production will not only help increase productivity whilst reducing the cost of production, but also help to understand the mechanism by which γ-PGA is effective in numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adetoro Ogunleye
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Aditya Bhat
- Aber Instruments, Science Park, Aberystwyth SY23 3AH, UK
| | - Victor U Irorere
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - David Hill
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Craig Williams
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Iza Radecka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
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115
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Abstract
Bacterial flagellar motility is among the most extensively studied physiological systems in biology, but most research has been restricted to using the highly similar Gram-negative species Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. Here, we review the recent advances in the study of flagellar structure and regulation of the distantly related and genetically tractable Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. B. subtilis has a thicker layer of peptidoglycan and lacks the outer membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria; thus, not only phylogenetic separation but also differences in fundamental cell architecture contribute to deviations in flagellar structure and regulation. We speculate that a large number of flagella and the absence of a periplasm make B. subtilis a premier organism for the study of the earliest events in flagellar morphogenesis and the type III secretion system. Furthermore, B. subtilis has been instrumental in the study of heterogeneous gene transcription in subpopulations and of flagellar regulation at the translational and functional level.
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116
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Park SB, Hasegawa U, van der Vlies AJ, Sung MH, Uyama H. Preparation of poly(γ-glutamic acid)/hydroxyapatite monolith via biomineralization for bone tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2014; 25:1875-90. [PMID: 25178909 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2014.953404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid monolith of poly(γ-glutamic acid) and hydroxyapatite (PGA/HAp monolith) was prepared via biomineralization and used as a macroporous cell scaffold in bone tissue engineering. The PGA monolith having a bimodal pore size distribution was used as a substrate to induce biomineralization. The PGA/HAp monolith was obtained by immersing the PGA monolith in simulated body fluid. Pretreatment with CaCl2 enhanced the apatite-forming ability of the PGA monolith. Murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells efficiently attached and proliferated on the PGA/HAp monolith. MTT assay showed that both the PGA and PGA/HAp monolith did not have apparent cytotoxicity. Moreover, the PGA and PGA/HAp monoliths adsorbed bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) by electrostatic interaction which was slowly released in the medium during cell culture. The PGA/HAp monolith enhanced BMP-2 induced alkaline phosphatase activity compared to the PGA monolith and a polystyrene culture plate. Thus, these PGA/HAp monoliths may have potential in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Bin Park
- a Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
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117
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Effects of metabolic pathway precursors and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on poly-(gamma)-glutamic acid production by Bacillus subtilis BL53. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:1375-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of the addition of metabolic precursors and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as an oxygen carrier to cultures of Bacillus subtilis BL53 during the production of γ-PGA. Kinetics analyses of cultivations of different media showed that B. subtilis BL53 is an exogenous glutamic acid-dependent strain. When the metabolic pathway precursors of γ-PGA synthesis, l-glutamine and a-ketoglutaric acid, were added to the culture medium, production of the biopolymer was increased by 20 % considering the medium without these precursors. The addition of 10 % of the oxygen carrier PDMS to cultures caused a two-fold increase in the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa), improving γ-PGA production and productivity. Finally, bioreactor cultures of B. subtilis BL53 adopting the combination of optimized medium E, added of glutamine, α-ketoglutaric acid, and PDMS, showed a productivity of 1 g L−1 h−1 of g-PGA after only 24 h of cultivation. Results of this study suggest that the use of metabolic pathway precursors glutamine and a-ketolgutaric acid, combined with the addition of PDMS as an oxygen carrier in bioreactors, can improve γ-PGA production and productivity by Bacillus strains .
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118
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Use of Nonspecific, Glutamic Acid-Free, Media and High Glycerol or High Amylase as Inducing Parameters for Screening Bacillus Isolates Having High Yield of Polyglutamic Acid. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:608739. [PMID: 27379328 PMCID: PMC4897151 DOI: 10.1155/2014/608739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Out of fifty-five Bacillus isolates obtained from ten different regional locations and sources, seven showed the ability to consistently produce specific extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) on rich as well as synthetic but nonspecific media which did not contain glutamic acid. The isolates were identified as either Bacillus licheniformis or Bacillus subtilis. The EPS from all isolates was resistant to alpha protease, proteinase K, and was thus of high molecular weight. Further it was detected after SDS-PAGE by methylene blue but not by coomassie blue R staining as in case of proteins with high proportion of acidic amino acids. Cell-free EPS, after acid hydrolysis, showed absence of carbohydrates and presence of only glutamic acid. Thus the native the EPS from all seven isolates was confirmed to be gamma polyglutamic acid (PGA) and not exopolysaccharide. The Bacillus isolate T which produced maximum polymer on all media tested had higher amylase: protease activity as compared to other strains. If inoculum was developed in rich medium as compared to synthetic medium, the PGA produced increased by twofold in the subsequent synthetic production medium. Similarly, use of inoculum consisting of young and vegetative cells also increased the PGA production by twofold though amount of inoculum did not affect yield of PGA. Though PGA was produced in even in the absence of glutamic acid supplementation in the production medium by all isolates, the yield of PGA increased by fourfold in the presence glutamic acid and the maximum yield was 30 g/l for isolate K. The supplementation of glutamine instead of glutamic acid into the medium caused an increase in the viscosity of the non-Newtonian solution of PGA.
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119
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Markovsky E, Baabur-Cohen H, Satchi-Fainaro R. Anticancer polymeric nanomedicine bearing synergistic drug combination is superior to a mixture of individually-conjugated drugs. J Control Release 2014; 187:145-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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120
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Lee NR, Lee SM, Cho KS, Jeong SY, Hwang DY, Kim DS, Hong CO, Son HJ. Improved Production of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid by Bacillus subtilis D7 Isolated from Doenjang, a Korean Traditional Fermented Food, and Its Antioxidant Activity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:918-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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121
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Filipović N, Stevanović M, Nunić J, Cundrič S, Filipič M, Uskoković D. Synthesis of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanospheres in the presence of the protective agent poly(glutamic acid) and their cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and ability to induce oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 117:414-24. [PMID: 24681414 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanospheres of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) with sizes smaller than 200 nm were produced by combining the freeze drying method and the physicochemical solvent/non-solvent approach. The influence of various types of cryoprotectants (poly(glutamic acid) (PGA) or sacharose) and their concentrations on the outcome of freeze-dried poly(ɛ-caprolactone) particles was evaluated. The physiochemical properties, structural and morphological characteristics of thereby obtained PCL particles were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The cytotoxicity of the samples was examined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (MTT assay). The formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species was measured spectrophotometrically using a fluorescent probe (DCFH-DA assay). In addition, the genotoxic response of PCL particles obtained using PGA as a cryoprotectant was investigated by the Comet assay. This paper focuses on the role of PGA in the synthesis of PCL particles and demonstrates that PGA plays a dual role in the synthesis, i.e. it acts as a stabilizer but also as a cryoprotective agent. The sufficient and optimal concentration of PGA for producing uniform, spherical but also biocompatible PCL nanoparticles is established to be 0.05%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Filipović
- Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35/IV, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Magdalena Stevanović
- Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35/IV, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Jana Nunić
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sandra Cundrič
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dragan Uskoković
- Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35/IV, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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122
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Lee JY, Choi DY, Cho MY, Park KE, Lee SH, Hun Cho S, Hong KS, Lim YT. Targeted theranostic nanoparticles: receptor-mediated entry into cells, pH-induced signal generation and cytosolic delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:901-906. [PMID: 24106164 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like theranostic nanoparticles: virus-like poly(amino acid) nanoparticles are synthesized that can be internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis, resulting in encapsulated pH-activatable fluorescence probes that can be turned on in acidic environments but otherwise remain undetectable. The encapsulated anticancer drugs are also released into cytosol by endosome disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Lee
- Graduate School and Department of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
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124
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Chan JM, Guttenplan SB, Kearns DB. Defects in the flagellar motor increase synthesis of poly-γ-glutamate in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:740-53. [PMID: 24296669 PMCID: PMC3911173 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01217-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis swims in liquid media and swarms over solid surfaces, and it encodes two sets of flagellar stator homologs. Here, we show that B. subtilis requires only the MotA/MotB stator during swarming motility and that the residues required for stator force generation are highly conserved from the Proteobacteria to the Firmicutes. We further find that mutants that abolish stator function also result in an overproduction of the extracellular polymer poly-γ-glutamate (PGA) to confer a mucoid colony phenotype. PGA overproduction appeared to be the result of an increase in the expression of the pgs operon that encodes genes for PGA synthesis. Transposon mutagenesis was conducted to identify insertions that abolished colony mucoidy and disruptions in known transcriptional regulators of PGA synthesis (Com and Deg two-component systems) as well as mutants defective in transcription-coupled DNA repair (Mfd)-reduced expression of the pgs operon. A final class of insertions disrupted proteins involved in the assembly of the flagellar filament (FliD, FliT, and FlgL), and these mutants did not reduce expression of the pgs operon, suggesting a second mechanism of PGA control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Mun Chan
- Indiana University, Department of Biology, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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125
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Soleimani A, Drappel S, Carlini R, Goredema A, Gillies ER. Structure–Property Relationships for a Series of Poly(ester amide)s Containing Amino Acids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4035219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Drappel
- Xerox Research Center of Canada, 2660 Speakman Drive, Mississauga, Canada L5K 2L1
| | - Rina Carlini
- Xerox Research Center of Canada, 2660 Speakman Drive, Mississauga, Canada L5K 2L1
| | - Adela Goredema
- Xerox Research Center of Canada, 2660 Speakman Drive, Mississauga, Canada L5K 2L1
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126
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Zhu Y, Akagi T, Akashi M. Self-Assembling Stereocomplex Nanoparticles by Enantiomeric Poly(γ-glutamic acid)-poly(lactide) Graft Copolymers as a Protein Delivery Carrier. Macromol Biosci 2013; 14:576-87. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takami Akagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST); Saitama Japan
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST); Saitama Japan
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127
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Morelli CF, Calvio C, Biagiotti M, Speranza G. pH-Dependent hydrolase, glutaminase, transpeptidase and autotranspeptidase activities ofBacillus subtilisγ-glutamyltransferase. FEBS J 2013; 281:232-45. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo F. Morelli
- Department of Chemistry; University of Milan; Italy
- Italian Biocatalysis Center (IBC); c/o Dipartimento di Scienza del Farmaco; University of Pavia; Italy
| | - Cinzia Calvio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Pavia; Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Speranza
- Department of Chemistry; University of Milan; Italy
- Italian Biocatalysis Center (IBC); c/o Dipartimento di Scienza del Farmaco; University of Pavia; Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (INSTM); CNR; c/o Department of Chemistry; University of Milan; Italy
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128
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Park SB, Sakamoto J, Sung MH, Uyama H. Macroscopic cavities within a microporous 3-D network: A poly(γ-glutamic acid) monolith prepared by combination of particulate templates and a phase separation technique. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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129
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Hoennscheidt C, Kreyenschulte D, Margaritis A, Krull R. Production of stable quinine nanodispersions using esterified γ-polyglutamic acid biopolymer. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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130
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Lee TY, Kim DJ, Won JN, Lee IH, Sung MH, Poo H. Oral administration of poly-γ-glutamate ameliorates atopic dermatitis in Nc/Nga mice by suppressing Th2-biased immune response and production of IL-17A. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:704-711. [PMID: 24025551 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is closely related to dysregulation of the T helper type 1 and 2 (Th1)/Th2 balance. A previous study showed that high molecular mass poly-γ-glutamate (γ-PGA) isolated from Bacillus subtilis sp. Chungkookjang induces the production of IL-12 from dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we investigated the effect of γ-PGA on AD-like skin disease using an Nc/Nga mouse model. In vitro, γ-PGA activated DCs and induced IL-12 production in mice. In vivo, oral administration of γ-PGA markedly reduced the AD symptoms, similar to the response seen in the dexamethasone (Dex)-treated group. Treatment with γ-PGA also decreased the serum levels of IgG1, the skin levels of Th2 cytokines, the extent of skin inflammation, and the accumulation of mast cells. Furthermore, γ-PGA was effective against established AD, significantly decreasing serum IgE and Th2 cytokines in the inflamed tissue. Interestingly, the production of IL-17A in splenocytes was also suppressed by γ-PGA, indicating that it inhibits both Th2 and Th17 immune responses. Collectively, these results suggest that oral administration of γ-PGA could be a therapeutic strategy for treating AD via the modulation of Th2-biased immune responses in an Nc/Nga mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Young Lee
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Na Won
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Han Lee
- Bioleaders Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Hee Sung
- Department of Advanced Fermentation Fusion Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haryoung Poo
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Infection and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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131
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The structure of poly(γ-glutamic acid)/nanoclay hybrids compatibilized by alkylammonium surfactants. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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132
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da Silva SB, Cantarelli VV, Ayub MAZ. Production and optimization of poly-γ-glutamic acid by Bacillus subtilis BL53 isolated from the Amazonian environment. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:469-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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133
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Bhat AR, Irorere VU, Bartlett T, Hill D, Kedia G, Morris MR, Charalampopoulos D, Radecka I. Bacillus subtilis natto: a non-toxic source of poly-γ-glutamic acid that could be used as a cryoprotectant for probiotic bacteria. AMB Express 2013; 3:36. [PMID: 23829836 PMCID: PMC3720193 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-3-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is common practice to freeze dry probiotic bacteria to improve their shelf life. However, the freeze drying process itself can be detrimental to their viability. The viability of probiotics could be maintained if they are administered within a microbially produced biodegradable polymer - poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) - matrix. Although the antifreeze activity of γ-PGA is well known, it has not been used for maintaining the viability of probiotic bacteria during freeze drying. The aim of this study was to test the effect of γ-PGA (produced by B. subtilis natto ATCC 15245) on the viability of probiotic bacteria during freeze drying and to test the toxigenic potential of B. subtilis natto. 10% γ-PGA was found to protect Lactobacillus paracasei significantly better than 10% sucrose, whereas it showed comparable cryoprotectant activity to sucrose when it was used to protect Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum. Although γ-PGA is known to be non-toxic, it is crucial to ascertain the toxigenic potential of its source, B. subtilis natto. Presence of six genes that are known to encode for toxins were investigated: three component hemolysin (hbl D/A), three component non-haemolytic enterotoxin (nheB), B. cereus enterotoxin T (bceT), enterotoxin FM (entFM), sphingomyelinase (sph) and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase (piplc). From our investigations, none of these six genes were present in B. subtilis natto. Moreover, haemolytic and lecithinase activities were found to be absent. Our work contributes a biodegradable polymer from a non-toxic source for the cryoprotection of probiotic bacteria, thus improving their survival during the manufacturing process.
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134
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Noh YW, Hong JH, Shim SM, Park HS, Bae HH, Ryu EK, Hwang JH, Lee CH, Cho SH, Sung MH, Poo H, Lim YT. Polymer nanomicelles for efficient mucus delivery and antigen-specific high mucosal immunity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7684-9. [PMID: 23765547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Micelles for mucosal immunity: A mucosal vaccine system based on γ-PGA nanomicelles and viral antigens was synthesized. The intranasal administration of the vaccine system induces a high immune response both in the humoral and cellular immunity (see picture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Woock Noh
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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135
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Noh YW, Hong JH, Shim SM, Park HS, Bae HH, Ryu EK, Hwang JH, Lee CH, Cho SH, Sung MH, Poo H, Lim YT. Polymer Nanomicelles for Efficient Mucus Delivery and Antigen-Specific High Mucosal Immunity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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136
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Hellmers F, Ferguson P, Koropatnick J, Krull R, Margaritis A. Characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-loaded γ-polyglutamic acid-chitosan composite nanoparticles. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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137
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Zhao C, Zhang Y, Wei X, Hu Z, Zhu F, Xu L, Luo M, Liu H. Production of ultra-high molecular weight poly-γ-glutamic acid with Bacillus licheniformis P-104 and characterization of its flocculation properties. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:562-72. [PMID: 23553109 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel strain of Bacillus licheniformis P-104 was isolated from Chinese soybean paste to produce a bioflocculant. The bioflocculant was confirmed as ultra-high molecular weight poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) using Fourier transform infrared spectrum, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gel permeation chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering. The production technology and flocculation properties of γ-PGA were investigated. By fed-batch fermentation in a 7-L bioreactor, the maximum γ-PGA yield reached 41.6 g L(-1) with a productivity rate of 1.07 g L(-1) h(-1). The flocculating activity of γ-PGA for kaolin suspension was 33.5±1.6 1/OD under the optimized flocculation conditions (6 mM Ca(2+), 1.5 mg L(-1) γ-PGA, and pH 6.0). The optimized dosage of γ-PGA for flocculation was just about 30 % of that of reported γ-PGA produced by other strains. Moreover, the flocculation activity of γ-PGA produced by strain P-104 was much higher than commercial γ-PGA with the molecular weight ranging 200-500 kDa and 1,500-2,500 kDa. This study provided a promising strain and an efficient method for production of ultra-high molecular weight γ-PGA which could be used as a potential green bioflocculant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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138
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Identification and characterization of a Bacillus subtilis strain HB-1 isolated from Yandou, a fermented soybean food in China. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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139
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Uversky VN. The alphabet of intrinsic disorder: II. Various roles of glutamic acid in ordered and intrinsically disordered proteins. INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS 2013; 1:e24684. [PMID: 28516010 PMCID: PMC5424795 DOI: 10.4161/idp.24684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a protein to fold into unique functional state or to stay intrinsically disordered is encoded in its amino acid sequence. Both ordered and intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are natural polypeptides that use the same arsenal of 20 proteinogenic amino acid residues as their major building blocks. The exceptional structural plasticity of IDPs, their capability to exist as heterogeneous structural ensembles and their wide array of important disorder-based biological functions that complements functional repertoire of ordered proteins are all rooted within the peculiar differential usage of these building blocks by ordered proteins and IDPs. In fact, some residues (so-called disorder-promoting residues) are noticeably more common in IDPs than in sequences of ordered proteins, which, in their turn, are enriched in several order-promoting residues. Furthermore, residues can be arranged according to their “disorder promoting potencies,” which are evaluated based on the relative abundances of various amino acids in ordered and disordered proteins. This review continues a series of publications on the roles of different amino acids in defining the phenomenon of protein intrinsic disorder and concerns glutamic acid, which is the second most disorder-promoting residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute; College of Medicine; University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA.,Institute for Biological Instrumentation; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
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Tolentino A, León S, Alla A, Martínez de Ilarduya A, Muñoz-Guerra S. Comblike Ionic Complexes of Poly(γ-glutamic acid) and Alkanoylcholines Derived from Fatty Acids. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3026783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Tolentino
- Departament d’Enginyeria
Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - S. León
- Departamento de Ingeniería
Química, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, ETSIIM, Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - A. Alla
- Departament d’Enginyeria
Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - A. Martínez de Ilarduya
- Departament d’Enginyeria
Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - S. Muñoz-Guerra
- Departament d’Enginyeria
Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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141
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142
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Kreyenschulte D, Krull R, Margaritis A. Recent Advances in Microbial Biopolymer Production and Purification. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2012.743501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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143
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Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis is an important bacterium that has been used extensively for large-scale industrial production of exoenzymes and peptide antibiotics. B. licheniformis WX-02 produces poly-gamma-glutamate increasingly when fermented under stress conditions. Here its genome sequence (4,270,104 bp, with G+C content of 46.06%), which comprises a circular chromosome, is announced.
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144
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Pereira CL, Antunes JC, Gonçalves RM, Ferreira-da-Silva F, Barbosa MA. Biosynthesis of highly pure poly-γ-glutamic acid for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:1583-1591. [PMID: 22532096 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable properties of poly-aminoacids, mainly their biocompatibility and biodegradability, have prompted an increasing interest in these polymers for biomedical applications. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is one of the most interesting poly-aminoacids with potential applications as a biomaterial. Here we describe the production and characterization of γ-PGA by Bacillus subtilis natto. The γ-PGA was produced with low molecular weight (10-50 kDa), high purity grade (>99 %) and a D: -/L: -glutamate ratio of 50-60/50-40 %. To evaluate the feasibility of using this γ-PGA as a biomaterial, chitosan (Ch)/γ-PGA nanoparticles were prepared by the coacervation method at pH ranging from 3.0 to 5.0, with dimensions in the interval 214-221 nm with a poly-dispersion index of ca. 0.2. The high purity of γ-PGA produced by this method, which is firstly described here, renders this biopolymer suitable for biomedical applications. Moreover, the Ch/γ-PGA nanocomplexes developed in this investigation can be combined with biologically active substances for their delivery in the organism. The fact that the assembly between Ch and γ-PGA relies on electrostatic interactions enables addition of other molecules that can be released into the medium through changes from acidic to physiological pH, without loss in biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Leite Pereira
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.
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Zhang H, Zhu J, Zhu X, Cai J, Zhang A, Hong Y, Huang J, Huang L, Xu Z. High-level exogenous glutamic acid-independent production of poly-(γ-glutamic acid) with organic acid addition in a new isolated Bacillus subtilis C10. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 116:241-6. [PMID: 22522018 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A new exogenous glutamic acid-independent γ-PGA producing strain was isolated and characterized as Bacillus subtilis C10. The factors influencing the endogenous glutamic acid supply and the biosynthesis of γ-PGA in this strain were investigated. The results indicated that citric acid and oxalic acid showed the significant capability to support the overproduction of γ-PGA. This stimulated increase of γ-PGA biosynthesis by citric acid or oxalic acid was further proved in the 10 L fermentor. To understand the possible mechanism contributing to the improved γ-PGA production, the activities of four key intracellular enzymes were measured, and the possible carbon fluxes were proposed. The result indicated that the enhanced level of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity caused by oxalic acid was important for glutamic acid synthesized de novo from glucose. Moreover, isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were the positive regulators of glutamic acid biosynthesis, while 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (ODHC) was the negative one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
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146
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Portilla-Arias JA, Camargo B, García-Alvarez M, de Ilarduya AM, Muñoz-Guerra S. Nanoparticles Made of Microbial Poly(γ-glutamate)s for Encapsulation and Delivery of Drugs and Proteins. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 20:1065-79. [DOI: 10.1163/156856209x444420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Portilla-Arias
- a Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Camargo
- b Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat García-Alvarez
- c Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antxon Martínez de Ilarduya
- d Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián Muñoz-Guerra
- e Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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147
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Moon HJ, Lee JS, Choi YK, Park JY, Talactac MR, Chowdhury MY, Poo H, Sung MH, Lee JH, Jung JU, Kim CJ. Induction of type I interferon by high-molecular poly-γ-glutamate protects B6.A2G-Mx1 mice against influenza A virus. Antiviral Res 2012; 94:98-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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148
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Kim HM, Noh YW, Park HS, Cho MY, Hong KS, Lee H, Shin DH, Kang J, Sung MH, Poo H, Lim YT. Self-fluorescence of chemically crosslinked MRI nanoprobes to enable multimodal imaging of therapeutic cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:666-670. [PMID: 22223602 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Old chemistry for novel materials: Self-fluorescent high-relaxivity T(2)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents are produced. They are a novel type of MR/optical dual-modality in vivo imaging nanoprobe using glutaraldehyde crosslinking chemistry, and they are used to label and monitor therapeutic cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Min Kim
- Graduate School and Department of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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149
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Wu HD, Ji DY, Chang WJ, Yang JC, Lee SY. Chitosan-based polyelectrolyte complex scaffolds with antibacterial properties for treating dental bone defects. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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150
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Babiuch K, Gottschaldt M, Werz O, Schubert US. Particulate transepithelial drug carriers: barriers and functional polymers. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20726e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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