101
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Wolff EF, Gao XB, Yao KV, Andrews ZB, Du H, Elsworth JD, Taylor HS. Endometrial stem cell transplantation restores dopamine production in a Parkinson's disease model. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:747-55. [PMID: 20406327 PMCID: PMC2998585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Adult human endometrial derived stem cells (HEDSC), a readily obtainable type of mesenchymal stem-like cell, were used to generate dopaminergic cells and for transplantation. Cells expressing CD90, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-Rβ and CD146 but not CD45 or CD31 were differentiated in vitro into dopaminergic neurons that exhibited axon projections, pyramidal cell bodies and dendritic projections that recapitulate synapse formation; these cells also expressed the neural marker nestin and tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis. Whole cell patch clamp recording identified G-protein coupled inwardly rectifying potassium current 2 channels characteristic of central neurons. A 1-methyl 4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro pyridine induced animal model of PD was used to demonstrate the ability of labelled HEDSC to engraft, migrate to the site of lesion, differentiate in vivo and significantly increase striatal dopamine and dopamine metabolite concentrations. HEDSC are a highly inducible source of allogenic stem cells that rescue dopamine concentrations in an immunocompetent PD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin F Wolff
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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102
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Ghazeeri G, Abdullah L, Abbas O. Immunological differences in women compared with men: overview and contributing factors. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66:163-9. [PMID: 21749547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CITATION Ghazeeri G, Abdullah L, Abbas O. Immunological differences in women compared with men: overview and contributing factors. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66: 163-169 Gender differences in the innate and adaptive immune systems have long been observed in humans. These immunological differences in immune function manifest as diverse susceptibilities to different types of infections and varied risks of developing autoimmune disorders and maybe even, cancers. Several factors contribute to the development of this immunological dimorphism including sex hormones, genetic makeup, environmental causes, and more recently microchimerism. Although the aim behind this sexual immune dimorphism is still unclear, it is tempting to believe that the higher risk of developing autoimmune diseases in women somehow serves the higher evolutionary goal of reproduction and creating new life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghina Ghazeeri
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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103
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Sedlmayr P, Kroneis T. Verification of the genomic identity of candidate microchimeric cells. CHIMERISM 2011; 2:63-4. [PMID: 22163062 DOI: 10.4161/chim.2.3.17741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microchimerism has been studied in the context of a variety of diseases which include autoimmune diseases (such as systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune thyroid diseases), cancer (e.g., of the cervix, thyroid gland, lung, breast), tissue repair, transplantation and transfusion. It may become relevant in the context of cell-based non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. But how to safely identify individual microchimeric cells? This is a nontrivial question, for which a solution has recently been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sedlmayr
- Center for Molecular Medicine; Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology; Medical University of Graz; Graz, Austria
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104
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Abstract
Pregnancy may affect the diagnosis, management, and outcome of infiltrative lung disease (ILD). Conversely, ILD may affect pregnancy. ILD may occur as a result of drugs administered commonly or specifically during pregnancy. Most ILDs predominate in patients older than 40 years and are thus rare in pregnant women. During pregnancy ILD may arise de novo and preexisting ILD may be exacerbated or significantly worsened. Some ILDs generally do not alter the management of pregnancy, labor, or delivery. Preexisting ILD no longer contraindicates pregnancy systematically, but thorough evaluation of ILD before pregnancy is required to identify potential contraindications and adapt monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Freymond
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Reference Centre for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Louis Pradel Hospital, Lyon, France; University of Lyon I, UMR754 INRA, IFR 128, Lyon, France
| | - V Cottin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Reference Centre for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Louis Pradel Hospital, Lyon, France; University of Lyon I, UMR754 INRA, IFR 128, Lyon, France
| | - J F Cordier
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Reference Centre for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Louis Pradel Hospital, Lyon, France; University of Lyon I, UMR754 INRA, IFR 128, Lyon, France.
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105
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Khashan AS, Kenny LC, Laursen TM, Mahmood U, Mortensen PB, Henriksen TB, O'Donoghue K. Pregnancy and the risk of autoimmune disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19658. [PMID: 21611120 PMCID: PMC3097198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AID) predominantly affect women of reproductive age. While
basic molecular studies have implicated persisting fetal cells in the mother in
some AID, supportive epidemiological evidence is limited. We investigated the
effect of vaginal delivery, caesarean section (CS) and induced abortion on the
risk of subsequent maternal AID. Using the Danish Civil Registration System
(CRS) we identified women who were born between 1960 and1992. We performed data
linkage between the CRS other Danish national registers to identify women who
had a pregnancy and those who developed AID. Women were categorised into 4
groups; nulligravida (control group), women who had 1st child by vaginal
delivery, whose 1st delivery was by CS and who had abortions. Log-linear Poisson
regression with person-years was used for data analysis adjusting for several
potential confounders. There were 1,035,639 women aged >14 years and 25,570
developed AID: 43.4% nulligravida, 44.3% had their first pregnancy
delivered vaginally, 7.6% CS and 4.1% abortions. The risk of AID
was significantly higher in the 1st year after vaginal delivery
(RR = 1.1[1.0, 1.2]) and CS
(RR = 1.3[1.1, 1.5]) but significantly lower in
the 1st year following abortion (RR = 0.7[0.6,
0.9]). These results suggest an association between pregnancy and the risk
of subsequent maternal AID. Increased risks of AID after CS may be explained by
amplified fetal cell traffic at delivery, while decreased risks after abortion
may be due to the transfer of more primitive fetal stem cells. The increased
risk of AID in the first year after delivery may also be related to greater
testing during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S. Khashan
- Anu Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cork
University Maternity Hospital, University College Cork, Wilton, Cork, Republic
of Ireland
| | - Louise C. Kenny
- Anu Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cork
University Maternity Hospital, University College Cork, Wilton, Cork, Republic
of Ireland
| | - Thomas M. Laursen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, University of Aarhus,
Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Uzma Mahmood
- Anu Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cork
University Maternity Hospital, University College Cork, Wilton, Cork, Republic
of Ireland
| | - Preben B. Mortensen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, University of Aarhus,
Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tine B. Henriksen
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Aarhus
University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Keelin O'Donoghue
- Anu Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cork
University Maternity Hospital, University College Cork, Wilton, Cork, Republic
of Ireland
- * E-mail:
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106
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Camacho EM, Harrison M, Farragher TM, Lunt M, Bunn DK, Verstappen SMM, Symmons DPM. Parity, time since last live birth and long-term functional outcome: a study of women participating in the Norfolk Arthritis Register. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70:642-5. [PMID: 21372194 PMCID: PMC3211466 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.140301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between pre-symptom onset live births and functional outcome in women with inflammatory polyarthritis (IP). METHODS 1872 women with no subsequent pregnancies were registered with the Norfolk Arthritis Register between 1990 and 2004 and followed-up for a median of 5 years. Functional disability over time was assessed by Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). The number and calendar year of past live births were recorded. Differences in HAQ score over time by parity and time since last live birth (latency), adjusted for age and symptom duration, were examined using linear random effects models. The results were then adjusted for a number of potential confounders. RESULTS 1553 women (83%) had ≥1 live births before symptom onset. The median latency was 26 years (IQR 16-35). Parous women had significantly lower HAQ scores over time than nulliparous women (-0.19, 95% CI -0.32 to -0.06). Increasing latency was associated with increasing HAQ score; the mean HAQ score of women with a latency of approximately 32 years was the same as for nulliparous women. This was independent of autoantibody status, socioeconomic status, smoking history and comorbidity. CONCLUSION Parous women who develop IP have better functional outcome over time than nulliparous women who develop IP. The beneficial effect of parity diminishes with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Camacho
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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107
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Akin MA, Baykan A, Sezer S, Gunes T. Review of literature for the striking clinic picture seen in two infants of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 24:1022-6. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2010.545906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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108
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Nagy GR, Neducsin BP, Rigó J. [Microchimerism, as an inheritance from pregnancy]. Orv Hetil 2010; 151:2019-24. [PMID: 21106482 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2010.28994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, due to the bidirectional traffic through the placenta, chimera cells or DNA gets into the mother's and her fetus' body. This is the phenomenon of fetal and maternal microchimerism. These cells, even decades after the birth, can be detected in the host. Despite the fact that a lot of research-team deals with this phenomenon, the importance of microchimerism in health and diseases remains little known. In this article, we aimed to give an overview of the current state of science about this topic. The possible role of microchimerism studied mostly in the pathogenesis of autoimmune processes, non-autoimmune diseases and tumors, or even in the regression of them; it can be as well as a possible component of transplant immunology. The phenomenon of microchimerism could mean important opportunity in the non-invasive prenatal diagnosis, cutting off the currently associated risk of abortion. Due to the constantly developing cell identification- and enrichment procedures, it is expected to be revealed in more and more processes of the human body, that microchimera cells and DNA, as an inheritance of pregnancy, play a role in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyula Richárd Nagy
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Szülészeti és Nőgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Baross u. 27. 1088.
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109
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Sgarbi JA, Kasamatsu TS, Matsumura LK, Maciel RMB. Parity is not related to autoimmune thyroid disease in a population-based study of Japanese-Brazilians. Thyroid 2010; 20:1151-6. [PMID: 20883173 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that the female preponderance for autoimmune thyroid disease might be associated with hormonal differences, abortion, and fetal microchimerism. Findings emerging from the few epidemiological studies on this matter, however, are controversial. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis whether parity, abortion, and the use of estrogens are associated with a higher risk for thyroid autoimmunity. METHODS This cross-sectional population-based study examined 675 women from a Japanese-Brazilian population aged above 30 years. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs), thyrotropin, and free T₄ were measured by immunofluorimetric assays. Urinary iodine concentration was measured using a colorimetric method. Data were analyzed in logistical regression models to obtain the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS TPOAbs and TgAbs were present in 11.6% and 13.6% of women, respectively. After adjustment for age, smoking, and urinary iodine concentration, the OR for positive TPOAb (OR, 1.22 [95% confidence interval, 0.73–2.02]) and for positive TgAb (OR, 1.01 [0.63–1.62]) among women who had one or more parities did not differ from those who had never given birth. In addition, we found no association between the presence of thyroid antibodies and previous abortions or the use of estrogens. CONCLUSIONS Parity, abortion, and the use of estrogens are not associated with thyroid autoimmunity in this population. These findings reinforce previous reports that advocated against a key role of fetal microchimerism in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Sgarbi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, Brazil
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110
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Identification of feto-maternal haemorrhage around labour using flow cytometry immunophenotyping. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 151:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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111
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Camacho EM, Farragher TM, Lunt M, Verstappen SMM, Bunn D, Symmons DPM. The relationship between post-onset pregnancy and functional outcome in women with recent onset inflammatory polyarthritis: results from the Norfolk Arthritis Register. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:1834-7. [PMID: 20581015 PMCID: PMC3002756 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.128769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective To examine the influence of post-symptom-onset pregnancy on disease outcome in women with inflammatory polyarthritis (IP). Methods A total of 631 women, aged <48 years at symptom onset, were registered with the Norfolk Arthritis Register (NOAR) between 1990 and 2004. Functional disability was assessed using the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). Blood was tested for rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA). The date and outcome of all pregnancies were reported during a median follow-up of 7 years. Linear random effects models were used to examine HAQ score over time, by pregnancy status. Results were then stratified for RF and ACPA status. Results In all, 72 women had a post-onset pregnancy (Po-P) including 45 women who were pregnant at a follow-up assessment. Pregnancy was generally associated with lower HAQ scores over time than non-pregnancy. The 10 ACPA-positive women who had a Po-P had significantly worse subsequent HAQ scores. Conclusion Overall, Po-P is associated with lower HAQ scores, compared to no Po-P. This may reflect a beneficial effect of pregnancy on disease outcome, or that predominantly women with milder disease become pregnant. In women with the worst predicted outcome (APCA positive), Po-P is associated with a worse outcome than no pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Camacho
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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112
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Miech RP. The role of fetal microchimerism in autoimmune disease. Int J Clin Exp Med 2010; 3:164-168. [PMID: 20607042 PMCID: PMC2894651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fetal microchimerism occurs in normal human reproduction and is a relatively new discovery in biology. Recent data in the scientific and medical literature indicates that some of the autoimmune diseases that show a predilection for women in their child-bearing years and beyond are linked to fetal microchimerism from previous pregnancies. The pathological role of fetal microchimeric progenitor immature T cells in autoimmune disease in women is explored. Fetal microchimerism is increased in women who had a termination of pregnancy and may be associated with the development of autoimmune disease later on in life. Furthermore, the consistently rising incidence of autoimmune diseases in women over the past four decades may be attributed to the increase in the utilization of abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph P Miech
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology & Biotechnology, Warren Albert Medical School, Brown University Providence, RI 02912, USA
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113
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Abstract
Pregnancy and the postpartum period have a profound effect on autoimmune thyroid disease. Graves disease ameliorates during pregnancy, only to relapse postpartum, whereas postpartum thyroiditis is caused by destructive thyroiditis during the first few months after delivery. The immunology of pregnancy underlies these changes: the mother must maintain tolerance of the fetal semi-allograft while not suppressing her own immune system and exposing herself and the fetus to infection. Nonspecific factors, including hormonal changes, trophoblast expression of key immunomodulatory molecules and a switch to a predominantly T-helper-2-type pattern of cytokines, play some part in the maintenance of transient tolerance to paternal antigens in pregnancy; however, the generation of specific regulatory T (T(REG)) cells is key to this maintenance. T(REG) cells preferentially accumulate in the decidua but may also be present in the mother's circulation and are thus capable of regulating coincidental autoimmune responses through the phenomenon of linked suppression. In turn, this suppression may explain why thyroid autoantibody levels decline during pregnancy, which leads to remission of Graves disease. Postpartum exacerbation of autoimmunity may reflect an imbalance in T(REG) cells, which is caused by the rapid fall in the numbers of these cells after delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Weetman
- Department of Human Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
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114
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Taglauer ES, Adams Waldorf KM, Petroff MG. The hidden maternal-fetal interface: events involving the lymphoid organs in maternal-fetal tolerance. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 54:421-30. [PMID: 19876825 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.082800et] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The genetic disparity between the mother and fetus has long enticed immunologists to search for mechanisms of maternal tolerance to fetal antigens. The study of antigen-specific tolerance in murine and human pregnancy has gained new momentum in recent years through the focus on antigen-presenting cells, uterine lymphatics and fetal antigen-specific maternal T cell responses. In mice, we now know that these responses occur within the secondary lymphoid structures as they can be conveniently tracked through the use of defined, often transgenic fetal antigens and maternal T cell receptors. Although the secondary lymphoid organs are sites of both immunization and tolerization to antigens, the immunological processes that occur in response to fetal antigens during the healthy pregnancy must invariably lead to tolerance. The molecular properties of these maternal-fetal tolerogenic interactions are still being unraveled, and are likely to be greatly influenced by tissue-specific microenvironments and the hormonal milieu of pregnancy. In this article, we discuss the events leading to antigen-specific maternal tolerance, including the trafficking of fetal antigens to secondary lymphoid organs, the properties of the antigen-presenting cells that display them to maternal T lymphocytes, and the nature of the ensuing tolerogenic response. Experimental data generated from human biological specimens as well as murine transgenic models are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Taglauer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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115
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Bentley G, Higuchi R, Hoglund B, Goodridge D, Sayer D, Trachtenberg EA, Erlich HA. High-resolution, high-throughput HLA genotyping by next-generation sequencing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 74:393-403. [PMID: 19845894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II loci are the most polymorphic genes in the human genome. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation requires allele-level HLA typing at multiple loci to select the best matched unrelated donors for recipient patients. In current methods for HLA typing, both alleles of a heterozygote are amplified and typed or sequenced simultaneously, often making it difficult to unambiguously determine the sequence of the two alleles. Next-generation sequencing methods clonally propagate in parallel millions of single DNA molecules, which are then also sequenced in parallel. Recently, the read lengths obtainable by one such next-generation sequencing method (454 Life Sciences, Inc.) have increased to >250 nucleotides. These clonal read lengths make possible setting the phase of the linked polymorphisms within an exon and thus the unambiguous determination of the sequence of each HLA allele. Here we demonstrate this capacity as well as show that the throughput of the system is sufficiently high to enable a complete, 7-locus HLA class I and II typing for 24 or 48 individual DNAs in a single GS FLX sequencing run. Highly multiplexed amplicon sequencing is facilitated by the use of sample-specific internal sequence tags (multiplex identification tags or MIDs) in the primers that allow pooling of samples yet maintain the ability to assign sequences to specific individuals. We have incorporated an HLA typing software application developed by Conexio Genomics (Freemantle, Australia) that assigns HLA genotypes for these 7 loci (HLA-A, -B, -C, DRB1, DQA1, DQB1, DPB1), as well as for DRB3, DRB4, and DRB5 from 454 sequence data. The potential of this HLA sequencing system to analyze chimeric mixtures is demonstrated here by the detection of a rare HLA-B allele in a mixture of two homozygous cell lines (1/100), as well as by the detection of the rare nontransmitted maternal allele present in the blood of a severe combined immunodeficiency disease syndrome (SCIDS) patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bentley
- Department of Human Genetics, Roche Molecular Systems Inc, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
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116
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Uz E, Mustafa C, Topaloglu R, Bilginer Y, Dursun A, Kasapcopur O, Ozen S, Bakkaloglu A, Ozcelik T. Increased frequency of extremely skewed X chromosome inactivation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:3410-2. [PMID: 19877028 DOI: 10.1002/art.24956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Uz
- Bilkent University, Faculty of Science and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Ankara, Turkey
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117
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Brix TH, Hansen PS, Kyvik KO, Hegedüs L. Aggregation of thyroid autoantibodies in twins from opposite-sex pairs suggests that microchimerism may play a role in the early stages of thyroid autoimmunity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:4439-43. [PMID: 19808849 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Microchimerism is the presence of small populations of cells from one individual in another genetically distinct individual. This phenomenon can arise from pregnancy, blood transfusion, or bidirectional cell trafficking between twins in utero. Microchimerism has recently been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmunity. In that case, twins from opposite-sex pairs (OS) should have an increased risk of thyroid autoantibodies (TA). AIM The aim of the study was to compare the frequency of TA in twin individuals from OS and monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs. DESIGN This was a case-control study of 240 individuals (120 females and 120 males) from OS twin pairs (cases) and 568 control individuals from MZ pairs (284 females and 284 males). METHODS Antibodies toward thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb), thyroglobulin (TgAb), and the TSH receptor (TSHRAb) were measured and considered positive if greater than 60 U/ml, greater than 60 U/ml, and greater than 1.0 U/liter, respectively. RESULTS The frequency of TPOAb, TgAb, and TSHRAb among female cases was 15.0, 5.0, and 4.2%, respectively, which was higher than the corresponding prevalences in the female control population: 7.4% (P = 0.018), 1.1% (P = 0.023), and 0.7% (P = 0.026), respectively. However, when corrected for the number of phenotypes studied (TPOAb, TgAb, TSHRAb, and any thyroid antibody), the association remained significant only in the combined group, P(corrected) = 0.012. Essentially similar results were obtained in males. CONCLUSION Both female and male twins from OS pairs, as opposed to MZ pairs, have an increased frequency of TA, indicating a potential role of microchimerism in developing TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heiberg Brix
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark. thomas.brix@ouh
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118
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Roca V, Calafat M, Larocca L, Ramhorst R, Farina M, Franchi AM, Pérez Leirós C. Potential immunomodulatory role of VIP in the implantation sites of prediabetic nonobese diabetic mice. Reproduction 2009; 138:733-42. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Among several factors known to modulate embryo implantation and survival, uterine quiescence and neovascularization, maternal immunotolerance through the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance towards a Th2 profile, local regulatory T-cell (Treg) activation, and high levels of progesterone were assigned a prominent role. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuroimmunopeptide that has anti-inflammatory effects, promotes Th2 cytokines and CD4+CD25+FOXP3+Treg activation, and stimulates exocrine secretion, smooth muscle relaxation, and vasodilatation favoring uterus quiescence. The goal of the present work was to explore the participation of VIP in the implantation sites of normal and pregnant prediabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) females, a mouse strain that spontaneously develops an autoimmune exocrinopathy similar to Sjögren's syndrome. Our results indicate a reduction in litter size from the third parturition onwards in the NOD female lifespan with increased resorption rates. Progesterone systemic levels were significantly decreased in pregnant NOD mice compared with BALB/c mice, although the allogeneic response to progesterone by spleen cells was not impaired. VIP receptors,Vipr1andVipr2(Vpac1andVpac2), were expressed at the implantation sites and VIP induced leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Treg marker expression in both strains; however, a reducedVipexpression was found in NOD implantation sites. We conclude that the reduced birth rate at 16-week-old NOD mice with a Th1 systemic cytokine profile involves resorption processes with a lower expression of VIP at the sites of implantation, which acts as a local inducer of pro-implantatory LIF and Treg activation.
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119
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Seeman MV. Mechanisms of sex difference: a historical perspective. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2009; 18:861-6. [PMID: 19514828 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2008.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The history of the discovery of mechanisms contributing to sex difference helps to better appreciate gender factors in a variety of disease states. The objective of this article is to illustrate four mechanisms of sex differences in disease incidence: X-linkage (including inactivation, escape from inactivating, skewed inactivation), sex-specific exposure to disease-producing pathogens, fetal microchimerism, and iron depletion. METHODS This is a historic review. RESULTS An emphasis on sex difference led to the uncovering of four different mechanisms by which illness rates differ in men and women. CONCLUSIONS Research into many disease states can benefit from a focus on potential mechanisms that yield sex differences in illness susceptibility, progression, and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Seeman
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Psychiatry, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
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Fugazzola L, Cirello V, Beck-Peccoz P. Fetal cell microchimerism in human cancers. Cancer Lett 2009; 287:136-41. [PMID: 19541407 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of fetal cells into the maternal circulation occurs normally during pregnancy and the post-partum persistence of these cells in the maternal blood and tissues, known as fetal cell microchimerism, has been clearly demonstrated. However, the long-term consequences of this phenomenon are only beginning to be appreciated. In particular, whether microchimerism could be involved in the carcinogenetic process or whether fetal microchimeric cells could be able to differentiate in host tissues, participating in the maternal response to injury, is still matter of study. In this review, the possible role and the consequences of fetal cell microchimerism, as emerged from studies in animal models and in women with different types of cancer, will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fugazzola
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Milan and Endocrine Unit, Fondazione Policlinico IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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Oh JY, Kim MK, Park JS, Wee WR. Spontaneous corneal melting during pregnancy: a case report. CASES JOURNAL 2009; 2:7444. [PMID: 19829964 PMCID: PMC2740100 DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-2-7444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biomechanical changes in the cornea during pregnancy might lead to pathological conditions such as corneal perforation or melting. CASE PRESENTATION A 33-year-old Asian female who underwent penetrating keratoplasty in both eyes developed corneal melting in the right eye and marginal keratitis in the left eye in her fifth month of pregnancy. Marginal keratitis in the left eye immediately subsided with topical steroid therapy. However, spontaneous corneal melting progressed in the right eye, despite oral steroid therapy and amniotic membrane transplantation. We performed tectonic penetrating keratoplasty and corneoscleral grafting in the right eye. CONCLUSION We advise caution in the ophthalmologic care of pregnant patients who have preexisting corneal thinning disorders or who have undergone multiple corneal surgeries, because physiologic changes during pregnancy might contribute to corneal changes leading to spontaneous melting especially in patients with compromised cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Youn Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Miri K, Varmuza S. Chapter 5 Imprinting and Extraembryonic Tissues—Mom Takes Control. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 276:215-62. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(09)76005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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My mother's keeper. Nat Med 2008; 14:1173. [PMID: 18989292 DOI: 10.1038/nm1108-1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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