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Peric M, Dumic-Cule I, Grcevic D, Matijasic M, Verbanac D, Paul R, Grgurevic L, Trkulja V, Bagi CM, Vukicevic S. The rational use of animal models in the evaluation of novel bone regenerative therapies. Bone 2015; 70:73-86. [PMID: 25029375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone has a high potential for endogenous self-repair. However, due to population aging, human diseases with impaired bone regeneration are on the rise. Current strategies to facilitate bone healing include various biomolecules, cellular therapies, biomaterials and different combinations of these. Animal models for testing novel regenerative therapies remain the gold standard in pre-clinical phases of drug discovery and development. Despite improvements in animal experimentation, excessive poorly designed animal studies with inappropriate endpoints and inaccurate conclusions are being conducted. In this review, we discuss animal models, procedures, methods and technologies used in bone repair studies with the aim to assist investigators in planning and performing scientifically sound experiments that respect the wellbeing of animals. In the process of designing an animal study for bone repair investigators should consider: skeletal characteristics of the selected animal species; a suitable animal model that mimics the intended clinical indication; an appropriate assessment plan with validated methods, markers, timing, endpoints and scoring systems; relevant dosing and statistically pre-justified sample sizes and evaluation methods; synchronization of the study with regulatory requirements and additional evaluations specific to cell-based approaches. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Stem Cells and Bone".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Peric
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department for Intercellular Communication, Salata 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivo Dumic-Cule
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Salata 11, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danka Grcevic
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Salata 3, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Matijasic
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department for Intercellular Communication, Salata 2, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Donatella Verbanac
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department for Intercellular Communication, Salata 2, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ruth Paul
- Paul Regulatory Services Ltd, Fisher Hill Way, Cardiff CF15 8DR, UK
| | - Lovorka Grgurevic
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Salata 11, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Trkulja
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Salata 11, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cedo M Bagi
- Pfizer Inc., Global Research and Development, Global Science and Technology, 100 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Slobodan Vukicevic
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Salata 11, Zagreb, Croatia.
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102
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Sun HH, Chen B, Zhu QL, Kong H, Li QH, Gao LN, Xiao M, Chen FM, Yu Q. Investigation of dental pulp stem cells isolated from discarded human teeth extracted due to aggressive periodontitis. Biomaterials 2014; 35:9459-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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103
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Hakki SS, Kayis SA, Hakki EE, Bozkurt SB, Duruksu G, Unal ZS, Turaç G, Karaoz E. Comparison of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from pulp and periodontal ligament. J Periodontol 2014; 86:283-91. [PMID: 25325708 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-based therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seems promising to obtain regeneration of dental tissues. A comparison of tissue sources, including periodontal ligament (PDL) versus pulp (P), could provide critical information to select an appropriate MSC population for designing predictable regenerative therapies. The purpose of this study is to compare the proliferation and stemness and the MSC-specific and mineralized tissue-specific gene expression of P-MSCs and PDL-MSCs. METHODS MSCs were obtained from PDL and P tissue of premolars (n = 3) extracted for orthodontic reasons. MSC proliferation was evaluated using a real-time cell analyzer for 160 hours. Telomerase activity was evaluated by a telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Total RNA was isolated from the MSCs on day 3. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array was used to compare the expression of MSC-specific genes. The expression of mineralized tissue-associated genes, including Type I collagen (COL I), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RunX2), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteocalcin (OCN) messenger RNA (mRNA), was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Higher proliferation potential and telomerase activity were observed in the P-MSCs compared to PDL-MSCs of premolar teeth. Fourteen of 84 genes related to MSCs were expressed differently in the PDL-MSCs versus the P-MSCs. The expressions of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and BMP6; sex-determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9); integrin, alpha 6 (ITGA6); melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM); phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class S (PIGS); prominin 1 (PROM1); ribosomal protein L13A (RPL13A); and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) were higher in the P-MSCs compared to the PDL-MSCs, and higher expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), interleukin (IL)-6, insulin (INS), alanyl (membrane) aminopeptidase (ANPEP), and IL-10 were observed in the PDL-MSCs. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the expression of mineralized tissue-associated genes, including BSP and RunX2, between the P-MSCs and the PDL-MSCs. Higher expression of COL I and lower expression of OCN mRNA transcripts were noted in the PDL-MSCs compared to the P-MSCs. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that MSCs isolated from P and PDL tissues show different cellular behavior. To increase the predictability of MSC-based regenerative treatment, differences in dental tissue-derived MSCs and favorable aspects of cell sources should be further clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema S Hakki
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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104
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Sharp T, Wang J, Li X, Cao H, Gao S, Moreno M, Amendt BA. A pituitary homeobox 2 (Pitx2):microRNA-200a-3p:β-catenin pathway converts mesenchymal cells to amelogenin-expressing dental epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27327-27341. [PMID: 25122764 PMCID: PMC4175363 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.575654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pitx2, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and microRNAs (miRs) play a critical role in the regulation of dental stem cells during embryonic development. In this report, we have identified a Pitx2:β-catenin regulatory pathway involved in epithelial cell differentiation and conversion of mesenchymal cells to amelogenin expressing epithelial cells via miR-200a. Pitx2 and β-catenin are expressed in the labial incisor cervical loop or epithelial stem cell niche, with decreased expression in the differentiating ameloblast cells of the mouse lower incisor. Bioinformatics analyses reveal that miR-200a-3p expression is activated in the pre-ameloblast cells to enhance epithelial cell differentiation. We demonstrate that Pitx2 activates miR-200a-3p expression and miR-200a-3p reciprocally represses Pitx2 and β-catenin expression. Pitx2 and β-catenin interact to synergistically activate gene expression during odontogenesis and miR-200a-3p attenuates their expression and directs differentiation. To understand how this mechanism controls cell differentiation and cell fate, oral epithelial and odontoblast mesenchymal cells were reprogrammed by a two-step induction method using Pitx2 and miR-200a-3p. Conversion to amelogenin expressing dental epithelial cells involved an up-regulation of the stem cell marker Sox2 and proliferation genes and decreased expression of mesenchymal markers. E-cadherin expression was increased as well as ameloblast specific factors. The combination of Pitx2, a regulator of dental stem cells and miR-200a converts mesenchymal cells to a fully differentiated dental epithelial cell type. This pathway and reprogramming can be used to reprogram mesenchymal or oral epithelial cells to dental epithelial (ameloblast) cells, which can be used in tissue repair and regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thad Sharp
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Huojun Cao
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Shan Gao
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Myriam Moreno
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242,; Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.
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105
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Lei M, Li K, Li B, Gao LN, Chen FM, Jin Y. Mesenchymal stem cell characteristics of dental pulp and periodontal ligament stem cells after in vivo transplantation. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6332-43. [PMID: 24824581 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from human postnatal dental pulp and periodontal ligament (PDL) tissues can give rise to multilineage differentiation in vitro and generate related dental tissues in vivo. However, the cell properties of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and PDL stem cells (PDLSCs) after in vivo implantation remain largely unidentified. In this study, cells were re-isolated from in vivo-generated dental pulp-like and PDL-like tissues (termed re-DPCs and re-PDLCs, respectively) as a result of ectopic transplantation of human DPSC and PDLSC sheets. The cell characteristics in terms of colony-forming ability, cell surface antigens and multi-differentiation potentials were all evaluated before and after implantation. It was found that re-DPCs and re-PDLCs were of human and mesenchymal origin and positive for MSC markers such as STRO-1, CD146, CD29, CD90 and CD105; and, to some extent, re-DPCs could maintain their colony forming abilities. Moreover, both cell types were able to form mineral deposits and differentiate into adipocytes and chondrocytes; however, quantitative analysis and related gene expression determination showed that the osteo-/chondro-differentiation capabilities of re-DPCs and re-PDLCs were significantly reduced compared to those of DPSCs and PDLSCs, respectively (P < 0.05); re-PDLCs showed a greater reduction potential than re-DPCs. We conclude that DPSCs and PDLSCs may maintain their MSC characteristics after in vivo implantation and, compared to PDLSCs, DPSCs appear much more stable under in vivo conditions. These findings provide additional cellular and molecular evidence that supports expanding the use of dental tissue-derived stem cells in cell therapy and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology & Biomaterials Unit, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology & Biomaterials Unit, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Bei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Li-Na Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology & Biomaterials Unit, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Translational Research Team, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology & Biomaterials Unit, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Translational Research Team, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Translational Research Team, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
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106
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Park SY, Kim KH, Gwak EH, Rhee SH, Lee JC, Shin SY, Koo KT, Lee YM, Seol YJ. Ex vivo bone morphogenetic protein 2 gene delivery using periodontal ligament stem cells for enhanced re-osseointegration in the regenerative treatment of peri-implantitis. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:38-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Young Park
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Department of Periodontology; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hwa Kim
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Gwak
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Rhee
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science; Dental Research Institute and BK21 Plus, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jeong-Cheol Lee
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science; Dental Research Institute and BK21 Plus, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Seung-Yun Shin
- Department of Periodontology; Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University; Seoul Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Koo
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Yong-Moo Lee
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Yang-Jo Seol
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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