101
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Fourcade S, Ferrer I, Pujol A. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial and proteostasis malfunction in adrenoleukodystrophy: A paradigm for axonal degeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:18-29. [PMID: 26073123 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomal and mitochondrial malfunction, which are highly intertwined through redox regulation, in combination with defective proteostasis, are hallmarks of the most prevalent multifactorial neurodegenerative diseases-including Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD)-and of the aging process, and are also found in inherited conditions. Here we review the interplay between oxidative stress and axonal degeneration, taking as groundwork recent findings on pathomechanisms of the peroxisomal neurometabolic disease adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). We explore the impact of chronic redox imbalance caused by the excess of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) on mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis, and discuss how this impairs protein quality control mechanisms essential for neural cell survival, such as the proteasome and autophagy systems. As consequence, prime molecular targets in the pathogenetic cascade emerge, such as the SIRT1/PGC-1α axis of mitochondrial biogenesis, and the inhibitor of autophagy mTOR. Thus, we propose that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants; mitochondrial biogenesis boosters such as the antidiabetic pioglitazone and the SIRT1 ligand resveratrol; and the autophagy activator temsirolimus, a derivative of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, hold promise as disease-modifying therapies for X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Fourcade
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Institut of Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U759, ISCIII, Spain.
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institut of Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Institut of Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U759, ISCIII, Spain; Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Catalonia, Spain.
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102
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Richter V, Singh AP, Kvansakul M, Ryan MT, Osellame LD. Splitting up the powerhouse: structural insights into the mechanism of mitochondrial fission. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3695-707. [PMID: 26059473 PMCID: PMC11113115 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1950-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles whose shape is regulated by the opposing processes of fission and fusion, operating in conjunction with organelle distribution along the cytoskeleton. The importance of fission and fusion homeostasis has been highlighted by a number of disease states linked to mutations in proteins involved in regulating mitochondrial morphology, in addition to changes in mitochondrial dynamics in Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases. While a number of mitochondrial morphology proteins have been identified, how they co-ordinate to assemble the fission apparatus is not clear. In addition, while the master mediator of mitochondrial fission, dynamin-related protein 1, is conserved throughout evolution, the adaptor proteins involved in its mitochondrial recruitment are not. This review focuses on our current understanding of mitochondrial fission and the proteins that regulate this process in cell homeostasis, with a particular focus on the recent mechanistic insights based on protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Richter
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia
| | - Abeer P Singh
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia
| | - Michael T Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia.
| | - Laura D Osellame
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia.
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103
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Schrader M, Costello JL, Godinho LF, Azadi AS, Islinger M. Proliferation and fission of peroxisomes - An update. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:971-83. [PMID: 26409486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, peroxisomes perform crucial functions in cellular metabolism, signalling and viral defense which are essential to the health and viability of the organism. In order to achieve this functional versatility peroxisomes dynamically respond to molecular cues triggered by changes in the cellular environment. Such changes elicit a corresponding response in peroxisomes, which manifests itself as a change in peroxisome number, altered enzyme levels and adaptations to the peroxisomal structure. In mammals the generation of new peroxisomes is a complex process which has clear analogies to mitochondria, with both sharing the same division machinery and undergoing a similar division process. How the regulation of this division process is integrated into the cell's response to different stimuli, the signalling pathways and factors involved, remains somewhat unclear. Here, we discuss the mechanism of peroxisomal fission, the contributions of the various division factors and examine the potential impact of post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, on the proliferation process. We also summarize the signalling process and highlight the most recent data linking signalling pathways with peroxisome proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QJ, Exeter Devon, UK; Centre for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Joseph L Costello
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QJ, Exeter Devon, UK
| | - Luis F Godinho
- Centre for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Afsoon S Azadi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QJ, Exeter Devon, UK
| | - Markus Islinger
- Neuroanatomy, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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104
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Schrader M, Godinho LF, Costello JL, Islinger M. The different facets of organelle interplay-an overview of organelle interactions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:56. [PMID: 26442263 PMCID: PMC4585249 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) create distinct environments to promote specific cellular tasks such as ATP production, lipid breakdown, or protein export. During recent years, it has become evident that organelles are integrated into cellular networks regulating metabolism, intracellular signaling, cellular maintenance, cell fate decision, and pathogen defence. In order to facilitate such signaling events, specialized membrane regions between apposing organelles bear distinct sets of proteins to enable tethering and exchange of metabolites and signaling molecules. Such membrane associations between the mitochondria and a specialized site of the ER, the mitochondria associated-membrane (MAM), as well as between the ER and the plasma membrane (PAM) have been partially characterized at the molecular level. However, historical and recent observations imply that other organelles like peroxisomes, lysosomes, and lipid droplets might also be involved in the formation of such apposing membrane contact sites. Alternatively, reports on so-called mitochondria derived-vesicles (MDV) suggest alternative mechanisms of organelle interaction. Moreover, maintenance of cellular homeostasis requires the precise removal of aged organelles by autophagy—a process which involves the detection of ubiquitinated organelle proteins by the autophagosome membrane, representing another site of membrane associated-signaling. This review will summarize the available data on the existence and composition of organelle contact sites and the molecular specializations each site uses in order to provide a timely overview on the potential functions of organelle interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schrader
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Luis F Godinho
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joseph L Costello
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Markus Islinger
- Neuroanatomy, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
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105
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Targeting and insertion of peroxisomal membrane proteins: ER trafficking versus direct delivery to peroxisomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:870-80. [PMID: 26392202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The importance of peroxisomes is highlighted by severe inherited human disorders linked to impaired peroxisomal biogenesis. Besides the simple architecture of these ubiquitous and dynamic organelles, their biogenesis is surprisingly complex and involves specialized proteins, termed peroxins, which mediate targeting and insertion of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) into the peroxisomal bilayer, and the import of soluble proteins into the protein-dense matrix of the organelle. The long-standing paradigm that all peroxisomal proteins are imported directly into preexisting peroxisomes has been challenged by the detection of PMPs inside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). New models propose that the ER originates peroxisomal biogenesis by mediating PMP trafficking to the peroxisomes via budding vesicles. However, the relative contribution of this ER-derived pathway to the total peroxisome population in vivo, and the detailed mechanisms of ER entry and exit of PMPs are controversially discussed. This review aims to summarize present knowledge about how PMPs are targeted to the ER, instead of being inserted directly into preexisting peroxisomes. Moreover, molecular mechanisms that facilitate bilayer insertion of PMPs among different species are discussed.
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106
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Hua R, Gidda SK, Aranovich A, Mullen RT, Kim PK. Multiple Domains in PEX16 Mediate Its Trafficking and Recruitment of Peroxisomal Proteins to the ER. Traffic 2015; 16:832-52. [PMID: 25903784 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes rely on a diverse array of mechanisms to ensure the specific targeting of their protein constituents. Peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs), for instance, are targeted by at least two distinct pathways: directly to peroxisomes from their sites of synthesis in the cytosol or indirectly via the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the extent to which each PMP targeting pathway is involved in the maintenance of pre-existing peroxisomes is unclear. Recently, we showed that human PEX16 plays a critical role in the ER-dependent targeting of PMPs by mediating the recruitment of two other PMPs, PEX3 and PMP34, to the ER. Here, we extend these results by carrying out a comprehensive mutational analysis of PEX16 aimed at gaining insights into the molecular targeting signals responsible for its ER-to-peroxisome trafficking and the domain(s) involved in PMP recruitment function at the ER. We also show that the recruitment of PMPs to the ER by PEX16 is conserved in plants. The implications of these results in terms of the function of PEX16 and the role of the ER in peroxisome maintenance in general are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hua
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 0A4.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1A8
| | - Satinder K Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Alexander Aranovich
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Peter K Kim
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 0A4.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1A8
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107
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Yoshida Y, Niwa H, Honsho M, Itoyama A, Fujiki Y. Pex11mediates peroxisomal proliferation by promoting deformation of the lipid membrane. Biol Open 2015; 4:710-21. [PMID: 25910939 PMCID: PMC4467191 DOI: 10.1242/bio.201410801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pex11p family proteins are key players in peroxisomal fission, but their molecular mechanisms remains mostly unknown. In the present study, overexpression of Pex11pβ caused substantial vesiculation of peroxisomes in mammalian cells. This vesicle formation was dependent on dynamin-like protein 1 (DLP1) and mitochondrial fission factor (Mff), as knockdown of these proteins diminished peroxisomal fission after Pex11pβ overexpression. The fission-deficient peroxisomes exhibited an elongated morphology, and peroxisomal marker proteins, such as Pex14p or matrix proteins harboring peroxisomal targeting signal 1, were discernible in a segmented staining pattern, like beads on a string. Endogenous Pex11pβ was also distributed a striped pattern, but which was not coincide with Pex14p and PTS1 matrix proteins. Altered morphology of the lipid membrane was observed when recombinant Pex11p proteins were introduced into proteo-liposomes. Constriction of proteo-liposomes was observed under confocal microscopy and electron microscopy, and the reconstituted Pex11pβ protein localized to the membrane constriction site. Introducing point mutations into the N-terminal amphiphathic helix of Pex11pβ strongly reduced peroxisomal fission, and decreased the oligomer formation. These results suggest that Pex11p contributes to the morphogenesis of the peroxisomal membrane, which is required for subsequent fission by DLP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Yoshida
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hajime Niwa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Masanori Honsho
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Akinori Itoyama
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (ICNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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108
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Zorzano A, Hernández-Alvarez MI, Sebastián D, Muñoz JP. Mitofusin 2 as a driver that controls energy metabolism and insulin signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1020-31. [PMID: 25567790 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondrial dynamics is a complex process that impacts on mitochondrial biology. RECENT ADVANCES Recent evidence indicates that proteins participating in mitochondrial dynamics have additional cellular roles. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) is a potent modulator of mitochondrial metabolism with an impact on energy metabolism in muscle, liver, and hypothalamic neurons. In addition, Mfn2 is subjected to tight regulation. Hence, factors such as proinflammatory cytokines, lipid availability, or glucocorticoids block its expression, whereas exercise and increased energy expenditure promote its upregulation. CRITICAL ISSUES Importantly, Mfn2 controls cell metabolism and insulin signaling by limiting reactive oxygen species production and by modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. In this connection, it is critical to understand precisely the molecular mechanisms involved in the global actions of Mfn2. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future directions should concentrate into the analysis of those mechanisms, and to fully demonstrate that Mfn2 represents a cellular hub that senses the metabolic and hormonal milieu and drives the control of metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zorzano
- 1 Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) , Barcelona, Spain
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109
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A Perspective on Transport of Proteins into Mitochondria: A Myriad of Open Questions. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:1135-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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110
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Dany M, Ogretmen B. Ceramide induced mitophagy and tumor suppression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2834-45. [PMID: 25634657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are bioactive lipid effectors, which are involved in the regulation of various cellular signaling pathways. Sphingolipids play essential roles in controlling cell inflammation, proliferation, death, migration, senescence, metastasis and autophagy. Alterations in sphingolipid metabolism have been also implicated in many human cancers. Macroautophagy (referred to here as autophagy) is a form of nonselective sequestering of cytosolic materials by double membrane structures, autophagosomes, which can be either protective or lethal for cells. Ceramide, a central molecule of sphingolipid metabolism is involved in the regulation of autophagy at various levels, including the induction of lethal mitophagy, a selective autophagy process to target and eliminate damaged mitochondria. In this review, we focused on recent studies with regard to the regulation of autophagy, in particular lethal mitophagy, by ceramide, and aimed at providing discussion points for various context-dependent roles and mechanisms of action of ceramide in controlling mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Dany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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111
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Losón OC, Meng S, Ngo H, Liu R, Kaiser JT, Chan DC. Crystal structure and functional analysis of MiD49, a receptor for the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1. Protein Sci 2015; 24:386-94. [PMID: 25581164 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fission requires recruitment of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) to the mitochondrial surface, where assembly leads to activation of its GTP-dependent scission function. MiD49 and MiD51 are two receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane that can recruit Drp1 to facilitate mitochondrial fission. Structural studies indicated that MiD51 has a variant nucleotidyl transferase fold that binds an ADP co-factor essential for activation of Drp1 function. MiD49 shares sequence homology with MiD51 and regulates Drp1 function. However, it is unknown if MiD49 binds an analogous co-factor. Because MiD49 does not readily crystallize, we used structural predictions and biochemical screening to identify a surface entropy reduction mutant that facilitated crystallization. Using molecular replacement, we determined the atomic structure of MiD49 to 2.4 Å. Like MiD51, MiD49 contains a nucleotidyl transferase domain; however, the electron density provides no evidence for a small-molecule ligand. Structural changes in the putative nucleotide-binding pocket make MiD49 incompatible with an extended ligand like ADP, and critical nucleotide-binding residues found in MiD51 are not conserved. MiD49 contains a surface loop that physically interacts with Drp1 and is necessary for Drp1 recruitment to the mitochondrial surface. Our results suggest a structural basis for the differential regulation of MiD51- versus MiD49-mediated fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Losón
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125
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112
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Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that are continuously shaped by the antagonistic fission and fusion processes. The major machineries of mitochondrial fission and fusion, as well as mechanisms that regulate the function of key players in these processes have been analyzed in different experimental systems. In plants however, the mitochondrial fusion machinery is still largely unknown, and the regulatory mechanisms of the fission machinery are just beginning to be elucidated. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying plant mitochondrial dynamics and regulation of some of the key factors, especially the roles of membrane lipids such as cardiolipin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Pan
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory; Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Jianping Hu
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory; Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Plant Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI USA
- Correspondence to: Jianping Hu;
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113
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Otera H, Mihara K. Discovery of the membrane receptor for mitochondrial fission GTPase Drp1. Small GTPases 2014; 2:167-172. [PMID: 21776419 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.2.3.16486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria frequently change their morphology by fusion and fission, and these dynamic morphologic changes are essential for maintaining both mitochondrial and cellular functions. The cytoplasmic dynamin-related guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Drp1 (Dnm1 in yeast) is recruited to mitochondrial fission sites and severs mitochondria. Although the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) protein Fis1 functions as a membrane receptor for Dnm1 in yeast, it is not yet known whether the human homolog of yeast Fis1 (hFis1) is a membrane receptor for Drp1 in mammals. We recently identified the C-tail anchored MOM protein Mff as the bona fide receptor essential for recruiting Drp1 to mitochondrial fission sites. Here, we focus on this key molecule for mitochondrial fission after a brief description of the proteins involved in mitochondrial fission and fusion reactions. Finally, we discuss the expected role of hFis1 for regulating the mitochondrial dynamics in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Otera
- Department of Molecular Biology; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kyushu University; Kyushu, Fukuoka Japan
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114
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Sugiura A, McLelland GL, Fon EA, McBride HM. A new pathway for mitochondrial quality control: mitochondrial-derived vesicles. EMBO J 2014; 33:2142-56. [PMID: 25107473 PMCID: PMC4282503 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has been marked by tremendous progress in our understanding of the cell biology of mitochondria, with the identification of molecules and mechanisms that regulate their fusion, fission, motility, and the architectural transitions within the inner membrane. More importantly, the manipulation of these machineries in tissues has provided links between mitochondrial dynamics and physiology. Indeed, just as the proteins required for fusion and fission were identified, they were quickly linked to both rare and common human diseases. This highlighted the critical importance of this emerging field to medicine, with new hopes of finding drugable targets for numerous pathologies, from neurodegenerative diseases to inflammation and cancer. In the midst of these exciting new discoveries, an unexpected new aspect of mitochondrial cell biology has been uncovered; the generation of small vesicular carriers that transport mitochondrial proteins and lipids to other intracellular organelles. These mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) were first found to transport a mitochondrial outer membrane protein MAPL to a subpopulation of peroxisomes. However, other MDVs did not target peroxisomes and instead fused with the late endosome, or multivesicular body. The Parkinson's disease-associated proteins Vps35, Parkin, and PINK1 are involved in the biogenesis of a subset of these MDVs, linking this novel trafficking pathway to human disease. In this review, we outline what has been learned about the mechanisms and functional importance of MDV transport and speculate on the greater impact of these pathways in cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Sugiura
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Edward A Fon
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Heidi M McBride
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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115
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Ugarte-Uribe B, Müller HM, Otsuki M, Nickel W, García-Sáez AJ. Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) promotes structural intermediates of membrane division. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30645-30656. [PMID: 25237193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.575779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Drp1 is a dynamin-like GTPase that mediates mitochondrial and peroxisomal division in a process dependent on self-assembly and coupled to GTP hydrolysis. Despite the link between Drp1 malfunction and human disease, the molecular details of its membrane activity remain poorly understood. Here we reconstituted and directly visualized Drp1 activity in giant unilamellar vesicles. We quantified the effect of lipid composition and GTP on membrane binding and remodeling activity by fluorescence confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. In contrast to other dynamin relatives, Drp1 bound to both curved and flat membranes even in the absence of nucleotides. We also found that Drp1 induced membrane tubulation that was stimulated by cardiolipin. Moreover, Drp1 promoted membrane tethering dependent on the intrinsic curvature of the membrane lipids and on GTP. Interestingly, Drp1 concentrated at membrane contact surfaces and, in the presence of GTP, formed discrete clusters on the vesicles. Our findings support a role of Drp1 not only in the formation of lipid tubes but also on the stabilization of tightly apposed membranes, which are intermediate states in the process of mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Ugarte-Uribe
- Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany,; Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, and
| | | | - Miki Otsuki
- Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Nickel
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany,; Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, and.
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116
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Fujiki Y, Okumoto K, Mukai S, Honsho M, Tamura S. Peroxisome biogenesis in mammalian cells. Front Physiol 2014; 5:307. [PMID: 25177298 PMCID: PMC4133648 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate peroxisome assembly and human peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) such as Zellweger syndrome, thirteen different complementation groups (CGs) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants defective in peroxisome biogenesis have been isolated and established as a model research system. Successful gene-cloning studies by a forward genetic approach utilized a rapid functional complementation assay of CHO cell mutants led to isolation of human peroxin (PEX) genes. Search for pathogenic genes responsible for PBDs of all 14 CGs is now completed together with the homology search by screening the human expressed sequence tag database using yeast PEX genes. Peroxins are divided into three groups: (1) peroxins including Pex3p, Pex16p, and Pex19p, are responsible for peroxisome membrane biogenesis via classes I and II pathways; (2) peroxins that function in matrix protein import; (3) those such as three forms of Pex11p, Pex11pα, Pex11pβ, and Pex11pγ, are involved in peroxisome proliferation where DLP1, Mff, and Fis1 coordinately function. In membrane assembly, Pex19p forms complexes in the cytosol with newly synthesized PMPs including Pex16p and transports them to the receptor Pex3p, whereby peroxisomal membrane is formed (Class I pathway). Pex19p likewise forms a complex with newly made Pex3p and translocates it to the Pex3p receptor, Pex16p (Class II pathway). In matrix protein import, newly synthesized proteins harboring peroxisome targeting signal type 1 or 2 are recognized by Pex5p or Pex7p in the cytoplasm and are imported to peroxisomes via translocation machinery. In regard to peroxisome-cytoplasmic shuttling of Pex5p, Pex5p initially targets to an 800-kDa docking complex consisting of Pex14p and Pex13p and then translocates to a 500-kDa RING translocation complex. At the terminal step, Pex1p and Pex6p of the AAA family mediate the export of Pex5p, where Cys-ubiquitination of Pex5p is essential for the Pex5p exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Mukai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Honsho
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Tamura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School Fukuoka, Japan
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117
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Ruberti C, Costa A, Pedrazzini E, Lo Schiavo F, Zottini M. FISSION1A, an Arabidopsis tail-anchored protein, is localized to three subcellular compartments. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:1393-1396. [PMID: 24658461 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ruberti
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, I-35131 Padua, Italy; Present address: MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy; Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pedrazzini
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR), via Bassini 15, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fiorella Lo Schiavo
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, I-35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Michela Zottini
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
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118
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Williams M, Kim K. From membranes to organelles: emerging roles for dynamin-like proteins in diverse cellular processes. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:267-77. [PMID: 24954468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamin is a GTPase mechanoenzyme most noted for its role in vesicle scission during endocytosis, and belongs to the dynamin family proteins. The dynamin family consists of classical dynamins and dynamin-like proteins (DLPs). Due to structural and functional similarities DLPs are thought to carry out membrane tubulation and scission in a similar manner to dynamin. Here, we discuss the newly emerging roles for DLPs, which include vacuole fission and fusion, peroxisome maintenance, endocytosis and intracellular trafficking. Specific focus is given to the role of DLPs in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae because the diverse function of DLPs has been well characterized in this organism. Recent insights into DLPs may provide a better understanding of mammalian dynamin and its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Williams
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 South National, Springfield, MO 65897, United States
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 South National, Springfield, MO 65897, United States.
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119
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Abstract
Mitochondrial fission is mediated by a dynamin-related GTPase that assembles at constricted sites on the organelle. The mechanism of action of this GTPase in fission is related to that of classical dynamin, which severs the necks of clathrin-coated pits at the plasma membrane. The scale of these membrane remodeling events differs by an order of magnitude, however, and structural studies have revealed variations in the assembly properties of classical and mitochondrial dynamins that accommodate these differences. Despite this progress, structural and mechanistic models have not yet incorporated a growing number of adaptor proteins that are required for the membrane recruitment and function of mitochondrial dynamins. Here, we review the structure and assembly properties of the yeast and mammalian mitochondrial dynamins and discuss what is known about the activities of their adaptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyen T Bui
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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120
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Revisiting the neuropathogenesis of Zellweger syndrome. Neurochem Int 2014; 69:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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121
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van de Kamp J, Errami A, Howidi M, Anselm I, Winter S, Phalin-Roque J, Osaka H, van Dooren S, Mancini G, Steinberg S, Salomons G. Genotype-phenotype correlation of contiguous gene deletions ofSLC6A8, BCAP31andABCD1. Clin Genet 2014; 87:141-7. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.M. van de Kamp
- Department of Clinical Genetics; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. Errami
- MRC Holland; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - M. Howidi
- Department of Pediatrics; Mafraq Hospital; Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - I. Anselm
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - S. Winter
- Children's Hospital Central California; Madera CA USA
| | | | - H. Osaka
- Clinical Research Institute; Kanagawa Children's Medical Center; Yokohama Japan
| | - S.J.M. van Dooren
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - G.M. Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - S.J. Steinberg
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute & Institute of Genetic Medicine; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MA USA
| | - G.S. Salomons
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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122
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Lee S, Park YY, Kim SH, Nguyen OTK, Yoo YS, Chan GK, Sun X, Cho H. Human mitochondrial Fis1 links to cell cycle regulators at G2/M transition. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:711-25. [PMID: 23907611 PMCID: PMC11113609 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that prolonged mitochondrial elongation triggers cellular senescence. Here, we report that enforced mitochondrial elongation by hFis1 depletion caused a severe defect in cell cycle progression through G2/M phase (~3-fold reduction in mitotic index; p < 0.01). Reintroduction of Myc-hFis1 to these cells induced mitochondrial fragmentation and restored the cell cycle, indicating that morphodynamic changes of mitochondria closely link to the cell cycle. In hFis1-knockdown cells, cell cycle regulators governing the G2/M phase, including cyclin A, cyclin B1, cyclin-dependent kinase1 (Cdk1), polo-like kinase1 (Plk1), aurora kinase A and Mad2, were significantly suppressed (2- to 10-fold). Notably, however, when mitochondrial fragmentation was induced by double knockdown of hFis1 and Opa1, the cells regained their ability to enter mitosis, and cell cycle regulators were rebounded. Reconstitution of the cyclin B1/Cdk1 complex, a major regulator of the G2/M transition, failed to restore mitotic entry in hFis1-depleted cells. In contrast, expression of Plk1, an upstream regulator of the cyclin B1/Cdk1 complex, or FoxM1 (forkhead box M1), a master transcriptional factor for the cell cycle regulators of G2/M phase, restored the cell cycle in these cells. Our findings suggest that mitochondrial fission molecule hFis1 ensures the proper cell division by interplay with the cell cycle machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
| | - Yong-Yea Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
| | - Song-Hee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
| | - Oanh T. Kim Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
| | - Young-Suk Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
| | - Gordon K. Chan
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2 Canada
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Molecular Imaging Facility, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2 Canada
| | - Hyeseong Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
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123
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Abstract
Peroxisomes carry out various oxidative reactions that are tightly regulated to adapt to the changing needs of the cell and varying external environments. Accordingly, they are remarkably fluid and can change dramatically in abundance, size, shape and content in response to numerous cues. These dynamics are controlled by multiple aspects of peroxisome biogenesis that are coordinately regulated with each other and with other cellular processes. Ongoing studies are deciphering the diverse molecular mechanisms that underlie biogenesis and how they cooperate to dynamically control peroxisome utility. These important challenges should lead to an understanding of peroxisome dynamics that can be capitalized upon for bioengineering and the development of therapies to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Smith
- 1] Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, 98109-5240, USA. [2] Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5219, USA
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124
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Shen Q, Yamano K, Head BP, Kawajiri S, Cheung JTM, Wang C, Cho JH, Hattori N, Youle RJ, van der Bliek AM. Mutations in Fis1 disrupt orderly disposal of defective mitochondria. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 25:145-59. [PMID: 24196833 PMCID: PMC3873885 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-09-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 binds to Mff on mitochondria, followed by entry into a complex with Fis1 at the ER–mitochondrial interface. Mutations in Fis1 disrupt disposal of defective mitochondria when fission is induced by stress. Fis1 thus acts in sequence with Mff to couple mitochondrial fission with downstream degradation processes. Mitochondrial fission is mediated by the dynamin-related protein Drp1 in metazoans. Drp1 is recruited from the cytosol to mitochondria by the mitochondrial outer membrane protein Mff. A second mitochondrial outer membrane protein, named Fis1, was previously proposed as recruitment factor, but Fis1−/− cells have mild or no mitochondrial fission defects. Here we show that Fis1 is nevertheless part of the mitochondrial fission complex in metazoan cells. During the fission cycle, Drp1 first binds to Mff on the surface of mitochondria, followed by entry into a complex that includes Fis1 and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins at the ER–mitochondrial interface. Mutations in Fis1 do not normally affect fission, but they can disrupt downstream degradation events when specific mitochondrial toxins are used to induce fission. The disruptions caused by mutations in Fis1 lead to an accumulation of large LC3 aggregates. We conclude that Fis1 can act in sequence with Mff at the ER–mitochondrial interface to couple stress-induced mitochondrial fission with downstream degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfang Shen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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125
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Mohanty A, McBride HM. Emerging roles of mitochondria in the evolution, biogenesis, and function of peroxisomes. Front Physiol 2013; 4:268. [PMID: 24133452 PMCID: PMC3783979 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last century peroxisomes were thought to have an endosymbiotic origin. Along with mitochondria and chloroplasts, peroxisomes primarily regulate their numbers through the growth and division of pre-existing organelles, and they house specific machinery for protein import. These features were considered unique to endosymbiotic organelles, prompting the idea that peroxisomes were key cellular elements that helped facilitate the evolution of multicellular organisms. The functional similarities to mitochondria within mammalian systems expanded these ideas, as both organelles scavenge peroxide and reactive oxygen species, both organelles oxidize fatty acids, and at least in higher eukaryotes, the biogenesis of both organelles is controlled by common nuclear transcription factors of the PPAR family. Over the last decade it has been demonstrated that the fission machinery of both organelles is also shared, and that both organelles act as critical signaling platforms for innate immunity and other pathways. Taken together it is clear that the mitochondria and peroxisomes are functionally coupled, regulating cellular metabolism and signaling through a number of common mechanisms. However, recent work has focused primarily on the role of the ER in the biogenesis of peroxisomes, potentially overshadowing the critical importance of the mitochondria as a functional partner. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of functional coupling of the peroxisomes to the mitochondria/ER networks, providing some new perspectives on the potential contribution of the mitochondria to peroxisomal biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mohanty
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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126
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Vannuvel K, Renard P, Raes M, Arnould T. Functional and morphological impact of ER stress on mitochondria. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1802-18. [PMID: 23629871 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past years, knowledge and evidence about the existence of crosstalks between cellular organelles and their potential effects on survival or cell death have been constantly growing. More recently, evidence accumulated showing an intimate relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. These close contacts not only establish extensive physical links allowing exchange of lipids and calcium but they can also coordinate pathways involved in cell life and death. It is now obvious that ER dysfunction/stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) as well as mitochondria play major roles in apoptosis. However, while the effects of major ER stress on cell death have been largely studied and reviewed, it becomes more and more evident that cells might regularly deal with sublethal ER stress, a condition that does not necessarily lead to cell death but might affect the function/activity of other organelles such as mitochondria. In this review, we will particularly focus on these new, interesting and intriguing metabolic and morphological events that occur during the early adaptative phase of the ER stress, before the onset of cell death, and that remain largely unknown. Relevance and implication of these mitochondrial changes in response to ER stress conditions for human diseases such as type II diabetes and Alzheimer's disease will also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleen Vannuvel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, URBC-NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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127
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Itoyama A, Michiyuki S, Honsho M, Yamamoto T, Moser A, Yoshida Y, Fujiki Y. Mff functions with Pex11pβ and DLP1 in peroxisomal fission. Biol Open 2013; 2:998-1006. [PMID: 24167709 PMCID: PMC3798195 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20135298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomal division comprises three steps: elongation, constriction, and fission. Translocation of dynamin-like protein 1 (DLP1), a member of the large GTPase family, from the cytosol to peroxisomes is a prerequisite for membrane fission; however, the molecular machinery for peroxisomal targeting of DLP1 remains unclear. This study investigated whether mitochondrial fission factor (Mff), which targets DLP1 to mitochondria, may also recruit DLP1 to peroxisomes. Results show that endogenous Mff is localized to peroxisomes, especially at the membrane-constricted regions of elongated peroxisomes, in addition to mitochondria. Knockdown of MFF abrogates the fission stage of peroxisomal division and is associated with failure to recruit DLP1 to peroxisomes, while ectopic expression of MFF increases the peroxisomal targeting of DLP1. Co-expression of MFF and PEX11β, the latter being a key player in peroxisomal elongation, increases peroxisome abundance. Overexpression of MFF also increases the interaction between DLP1 and Pex11pβ, which knockdown of MFF, but not Fis1, abolishes. Moreover, results show that Pex11pβ interacts with Mff in a DLP1-dependent manner. In conclusion, Mff contributes to the peroxisomal targeting of DLP1 and plays a key role in the fission of the peroxisomal membrane by acting in concert with Pex11pβ and DLP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Itoyama
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School , 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581 , Japan
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128
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Palmer CS, Elgass KD, Parton RG, Osellame LD, Stojanovski D, Ryan MT. Adaptor proteins MiD49 and MiD51 can act independently of Mff and Fis1 in Drp1 recruitment and are specific for mitochondrial fission. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27584-27593. [PMID: 23921378 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.479873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Drp1 (dynamin-related protein 1) is recruited to both mitochondrial and peroxisomal membranes to execute fission. Fis1 and Mff are Drp1 receptor/effector proteins of mitochondria and peroxisomes. Recently, MiD49 and MiD51 were also shown to recruit Drp1 to the mitochondrial surface; however, different reports have ascribed opposing roles in fission and fusion. Here, we show that MiD49 or MiD51 overexpression blocked fission by acting in a dominant-negative manner by sequestering Drp1 specifically at mitochondria, causing unopposed fusion events at mitochondria along with elongation of peroxisomes. Mitochondrial elongation caused by MiD49/51 overexpression required the action of fusion mediators mitofusins 1 and 2. Furthermore, at low level overexpression when MiD49 and MiD51 form discrete foci at mitochondria, mitochondrial fission events still occurred. Unlike Fis1 and Mff, MiD49 and MiD51 were not targeted to the peroxisomal surface, suggesting that they specifically act to facilitate Drp1-directed fission at mitochondria. Moreover, when MiD49 or MiD51 was targeted to the surface of peroxisomes or lysosomes, Drp1 was specifically recruited to these organelles. Moreover, the Drp1 recruitment activity of MiD49/51 appeared stronger than that of Mff or Fis1. We conclude that MiD49 and MiD51 can act independently of Mff and Fis1 in Drp1 recruitment and suggest that they provide specificity to the division of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086
| | - Kirstin D Elgass
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Laura D Osellame
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
| | - Diana Stojanovski
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086
| | - Michael T Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086.
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129
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Peroxisomes: offshoots of the ER. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:449-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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130
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Imoto Y, Kuroiwa H, Yoshida Y, Ohnuma M, Fujiwara T, Yoshida M, Nishida K, Yagisawa F, Hirooka S, Miyagishima SY, Misumi O, Kawano S, Kuroiwa T. Single-membrane-bounded peroxisome division revealed by isolation of dynamin-based machinery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:9583-8. [PMID: 23696667 PMCID: PMC3677435 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303483110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes (microbodies) are ubiquitous single-membrane-bounded organelles and fulfill essential roles in the cellular metabolism. They are found in virtually all eukaryotic cells and basically multiply by division. However, the mechanochemical machinery involved in peroxisome division remains elusive. Here, we first identified the peroxisome-dividing (POD) machinery. We isolated the POD machinery from Cyanidioschyzon merolae, a unicellular red alga containing a single peroxisome. Peroxisomal division in C. merolae can be highly synchronized by light/dark cycles and the microtubule-disrupting agent oryzalin. By proteomic analysis based on the complete genome sequence of C. merolae, we identified a dynamin-related protein 3 (DRP3) ortholog, CmDnm1 (Dnm1), that predominantly accumulated with catalase in the dividing-peroxisome fraction. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that Dnm1 formed a ring at the division site of the peroxisome. The outlines of the isolated dynamin rings were dimly observed by phase-contrast microscopy and clearly stained for Dnm1. Electron microscopy revealed that the POD machinery was formed at the cytoplasmic side of the equator. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the POD machinery consisted of an outer dynamin-based ring and an inner filamentous ring. Down-regulation of Dnm1 impaired peroxisomal division. Surprisingly, the same Dnm1 serially controlled peroxisomal division after mitochondrial division. Because genetic deficiencies of Dnm1 orthologs in multiperoxisomal organisms inhibited both mitochondrial and peroxisomal proliferation, it is thought that peroxisomal division by contraction of a dynamin-based machinery is universal among eukaryotes. These findings are useful for understanding the fundamental systems in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta Imoto
- Initiative Research Unit, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
- Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 277-8562, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Haruko Kuroiwa
- Initiative Research Unit, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yamato Yoshida
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312
| | - Mio Ohnuma
- Initiative Research Unit, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujiwara
- Chromosome Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Integrative Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Keiji Nishida
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Wyss Institute of Biological Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Fumi Yagisawa
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0377
| | - Shunsuke Hirooka
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Symbiosis and Cell Evolution Laboratory, Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; and
| | - Shin-ya Miyagishima
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Symbiosis and Cell Evolution Laboratory, Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; and
| | - Osami Misumi
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kawano
- Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 277-8562, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
- Initiative Research Unit, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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131
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Tabak HF, Braakman I, Zand AVD. Peroxisome Formation and Maintenance Are Dependent on the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Annu Rev Biochem 2013; 82:723-44. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-081111-125123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henk F. Tabak
- Section of Cellular Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands;
| | - Ineke Braakman
- Section of Cellular Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands;
| | - Adabella van der Zand
- Section of Cellular Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands;
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132
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Cao Y, Lv G, Wang YS, Fan ZK, Bi YL, Zhao L, Guo ZP. Mitochondrial fusion and fission after spinal sacord injury in rats. Brain Res 2013; 1522:59-66. [PMID: 23727406 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Responsible for orchestrating cellular energy production, mitochondria are central to the maintenance of life and the gatekeepers of cell death. Its morphology is dynamic and controlled by continual and balanced fission and fusion events. In this study, we analyzed the mitochondrial dynamics and functions after spinal cord injury in rats and further to discuss the mechanisms of the mitochondria regulated cell injury during SCI. Using adult rat spinal cord injury model, it was found that the absolute number of mitochondria per area was significantly less and the individual mitochondrial cross-sectional area was significantly greater in the neurons of rats in SCI group than in the sham-operated group at 3h and 6h after SCI, and the reverse pattern at 12h and 24h after SCI. The results from Western blot and RT-PCR assays showed that the protein and mRNA levels of mitochondrial fusion-related genes (Mfn1 and Mfn2) decreased and fission-related genes (Drp1 and Fis1) increased at 3h and 6h after SCI. At 12h and 24h after SCI the reverse pattern of Mfn1, Mfn2, Drp1 and Fis1 expression was found. Taken together the results of the present study showed the mitochondrial tendency of elongation and fusion in the injured spinal cord at 3h and 6h after SCI, and the tendency of mitochondrial fission at 12h and 24h after SCI in our SCI models of rat. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics and functions after SCI injury. And mitochondrial fusion may potentially be used as a target for improving spinal cord function in the first 6h after SCI. Mitochondrial fusion may be inhibited at 12-24h after SCI for improving functional outcomes following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning Medical University, 5-2 Renmin Street, Guta District, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning Province, China.
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133
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Masud Rana AYK, Tsujioka M, Miyagishima S, Ueda M, Yumura S. Dynamin contributes to cytokinesis by stabilizing actin filaments in the contractile ring. Genes Cells 2013; 18:621-35. [PMID: 23679940 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dynamin has been proposed to play an important role in cytokinesis, although the nature of its contribution has remained unclear. Dictyostelium discoideum has five dynamin-like proteins: DymA, DymB, DlpA, DlpB and DlpC. Cells mutant for dymA, dlpA or dlpB presented defects in cytokinesis that resulted in multinucleation when the cells were cultured in suspension. However, the cells could divide normally when attached to the substratum; this latter process depends on traction-mediated cytokinesis B. A dynamin GTPase inhibitor also blocked cytokinesis in suspension, suggesting an important role for dynamin in cytokinesis A, which requires a contractile ring powered by myosin II. Myosin II did not properly localize to the cleavage furrow in dynamin mutant cells, and the furrow shape was distorted. DymA and DlpA were associated with actin filaments at the furrow. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and a DNase I binding assay showed that actin filaments in the contractile ring were significantly fragmented in mutant cells. Dynamin is therefore involved in the stabilization of actin filaments in the furrow, which, in turn, maintain proper myosin II organization. We conclude that the lack of these dynamins disrupts proper actomyosin organization and thereby disables cytokinesis A.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y K Masud Rana
- Department of Functional Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
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134
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Piquereau J, Caffin F, Novotova M, Lemaire C, Veksler V, Garnier A, Ventura-Clapier R, Joubert F. Mitochondrial dynamics in the adult cardiomyocytes: which roles for a highly specialized cell? Front Physiol 2013; 4:102. [PMID: 23675354 PMCID: PMC3650619 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics is a recent topic of research in the field of cardiac physiology. The study of mechanisms involved in the morphological changes and in the mobility of mitochondria is legitimate since the adult cardiomyocytes possess numerous mitochondria which occupy at least 30% of cell volume. However, architectural constraints exist in the cardiomyocyte that limit mitochondrial movements and communication between adjacent mitochondria. Still, the proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion and fission are highly expressed in these cells and could be involved in different processes important for the cardiac function. For example, they are required for mitochondrial biogenesis to synthesize new mitochondria and for the quality-control of the organelles. They are also involved in inner membrane organization and may play a role in apoptosis. More generally, change in mitochondrial morphology can have consequences in the functioning of the respiratory chain, in the regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), and in the interactions with other organelles. Furthermore, the proteins involved in fusion and fission of mitochondria are altered in cardiac pathologies such as ischemia/reperfusion or heart failure (HF), and appear to be valuable targets for pharmacological therapies. Thus, mitochondrial dynamics deserves particular attention in cardiac research. The present review draws up a report of our knowledge on these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Piquereau
- Department of Signaling and Cardiac Pathophysiology, U-769, INSERM Châtenay-Malabry, France ; IFR141, Université Paris-Sud Châtenay-Malabry, France
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135
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Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-associated mutants of GDAP1 dissociate its roles in peroxisomal and mitochondrial fission. EMBO Rep 2013; 14:545-52. [PMID: 23628762 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2013.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and peroxisomes can be fragmented by the process of fission. The fission machineries of both organelles share a set of proteins. GDAP1 is a tail-anchored protein of mitochondria and induces mitochondrial fragmentation. Mutations in GDAP1 lead to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), an inherited peripheral neuropathy, and affect mitochondrial dynamics. Here, we show that GDAP1 is also targeted to peroxisomes mediated by the import receptor Pex19. Knockdown of GDAP1 leads to peroxisomal elongation that can be rescued by re-expressing GDAP1 and by missense mutated forms found in CMT patients. GDAP1-induced peroxisomal fission is dependent on the integrity of its hydrophobic domain 1, and on Drp1 and Mff, as is mitochondrial fission. Thus, GDAP1 regulates mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission by a similar mechanism. However, our results reveal also a more critical role of the amino-terminal GDAP1 domains, carrying most CMT-causing mutations, in the regulation of mitochondrial compared to peroxisomal fission.
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136
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Yagita Y, Hiromasa T, Fujiki Y. Tail-anchored PEX26 targets peroxisomes via a PEX19-dependent and TRC40-independent class I pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 200:651-66. [PMID: 23460677 PMCID: PMC3587837 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201211077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tail-anchored (TA) proteins are anchored into cellular membranes by a single transmembrane domain (TMD) close to the C terminus. Although the targeting of TA proteins to peroxisomes is dependent on PEX19, the mechanistic details of PEX19-dependent targeting and the signal that directs TA proteins to peroxisomes have remained elusive, particularly in mammals. The present study shows that PEX19 formed a complex with the peroxisomal TA protein PEX26 in the cytosol and translocated it directly to peroxisomes by interacting with the peroxisomal membrane protein PEX3. Unlike in yeast, the adenosine triphosphatase TRC40, which delivers TA proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum, was dispensable for the peroxisomal targeting of PEX26. Moreover, the basic amino acids within the luminal domain of PEX26 were essential for binding to PEX19 and thereby for peroxisomal targeting. Finally, our results suggest that a TMD that escapes capture by TRC40 and is followed by a highly basic luminal domain directs TA proteins to peroxisomes via the PEX19-dependent route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yagita
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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137
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Fröhlich C, Grabiger S, Schwefel D, Faelber K, Rosenbaum E, Mears J, Rocks O, Daumke O. Structural insights into oligomerization and mitochondrial remodelling of dynamin 1-like protein. EMBO J 2013; 32:1280-92. [PMID: 23584531 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamin 1-like protein (DNM1L) mediates fission of mitochondria and peroxisomes, and dysfunction of DNM1L has been implicated in several neurological disorders. To study the molecular basis of mitochondrial remodelling, we determined the crystal structure of DNM1L that is comprised of a G domain, a bundle signalling element and a stalk. DNM1L assembled via a central stalk interface, and mutations in this interface disrupted dimerization and interfered with membrane binding and mitochondrial targeting. Two sequence stretches at the tip of the stalk were shown to be required for ordered assembly of DNM1L on membranes and its function in mitochondrial fission. In the crystals, DNM1L dimers further assembled via a second, previously undescribed, stalk interface to form a linear filament. Mutations in this interface interfered with liposome tubulation and mitochondrial remodelling. Based on these results and electron microscopy reconstructions, we propose an oligomerization mode for DNM1L which differs from that of dynamin and might be adapted to the remodelling of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Fröhlich
- Crystallography, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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138
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Bonekamp NA, Schrader M. Transient complex peroxisomal interactions: A new facet of peroxisome dynamics in mammalian cells. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 5:534-7. [PMID: 23336019 PMCID: PMC3541316 DOI: 10.4161/cib.21508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and peroxisomes are ubiquitous subcellular organelles that fulfill essential metabolic functions, rendering them indispensable for human development and health. Both are highly dynamic organelles that can undergo remarkable changes in morphology and number to accomplish cellular needs. While mitochondrial dynamics are also regulated by frequent fusion events, the fusion of mature peroxisomes in mammalian cells remained a matter of debate. In our recent study, we clarified systematically that there is no complete fusion of mature peroxisomes analogous to mitochondria. Moreover, in contrast to key division components such as DLP1, Fis1 or Mff, mitochondrial fusion proteins were not localized to peroxisomes. However, we discovered and characterized novel transient, complex interactions between individual peroxisomes which may contribute to the homogenization of the often heterogeneous peroxisomal compartment, e.g., by distribution of metabolites, signals or other “molecular information” via interperoxisomal contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A Bonekamp
- Centre for Cell Biology & Dept. of Biology; University of Aveiro; Campus Universitário de Santiago; Portugal
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139
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Bonekamp NA, Grille S, Cardoso MJ, Almeida M, Aroso M, Gomes S, Magalhaes AC, Ribeiro D, Islinger M, Schrader M. Self-interaction of human Pex11pβ during peroxisomal growth and division. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53424. [PMID: 23308220 PMCID: PMC3538539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pex11 proteins are involved in membrane elongation and division processes associated with the multiplication of peroxisomes. Human Pex11pβ has recently been linked to a new disorder affecting peroxisome morphology and dynamics. Here, we have analyzed the exact membrane topology of Pex11pβ. Studies with an epitope-specific antibody and protease protection assays show that Pex11pβ is an integral membrane protein with two transmembrane domains flanking an internal region exposed to the peroxisomal matrix and N- and C-termini facing the cytosol. A glycine-rich internal region within Pex11pβ is dispensable for peroxisome membrane elongation and division. However, we demonstrate that an amphipathic helix (Helix 2) within the first N-terminal 40 amino acids is crucial for membrane elongation and self-interaction of Pex11pβ. Interestingly, we find that Pex11pβ self-interaction strongly depends on the detergent used for solubilization. We also show that N-terminal cysteines are not essential for membrane elongation, and that putative N-terminal phosphorylation sites are dispensable for Pex11pβ function. We propose that self-interaction of Pex11pβ regulates its membrane deforming activity in conjunction with membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A. Bonekamp
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra Grille
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Joao Cardoso
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Monica Almeida
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Aroso
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Silvia Gomes
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Magalhaes
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Markus Islinger
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Michael Schrader
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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140
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Losón OC, Song Z, Chen H, Chan DC. Fis1, Mff, MiD49, and MiD51 mediate Drp1 recruitment in mitochondrial fission. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:659-67. [PMID: 23283981 PMCID: PMC3583668 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-10-0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 832] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial fission requires recruitment of the GTPase Drp1 to mitochondria, but the molecules that mediate this recruitment have been disputed. Fis1, Mff, MiD49, and MiD51 can all recruit Drp1 to mitochondria and promote fission. MiD49 and MiD51 can promote mitochondrial fission, but their activity depends on cellular context. Several mitochondrial outer membrane proteins—mitochondrial fission protein 1 (Fis1), mitochondrial fission factor (Mff), mitochondrial dynamics proteins of 49 and 51 kDa (MiD49 and MiD51, respectively)—have been proposed to promote mitochondrial fission by recruiting the GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), but fundamental issues remain concerning their function. A recent study supported such a role for Mff but not for Fis1. In addition, it is unclear whether MiD49 and MiD51 activate or inhibit fission, because their overexpression causes extensive mitochondrial elongation. It is also unknown whether these proteins can act in the absence of one another to mediate fission. Using Fis1-null, Mff-null, and Fis1/Mff-null cells, we show that both Fis1 and Mff have roles in mitochondrial fission. Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis of Drp1 suggests that Fis1 and Mff are important for the number and size of Drp1 puncta on mitochondria. Finally, we find that either MiD49 or MiD51 can mediate Drp1 recruitment and mitochondrial fission in the absence of Fis1 and Mff. These results demonstrate that multiple receptors can recruit Drp1 to mediate mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Losón
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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141
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Faelber K, Gao S, Held M, Posor Y, Haucke V, Noé F, Daumke O. Oligomerization of dynamin superfamily proteins in health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 117:411-43. [PMID: 23663977 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386931-9.00015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of the dynamin superfamily are mechanochemical GTPases, which mediate nucleotide-dependent membrane remodeling events. The founding member dynamin is recruited to the neck of clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles where it oligomerizes into helical filaments. Nucleotide-hydrolysis-induced conformational changes in the oligomer catalyze scission of the vesicle neck. Here, we review recent insights into structure, function, and oligomerization of dynamin superfamily proteins and their roles in human diseases. We describe in detail the molecular mechanisms how dynamin oligomerizes at membranes and introduce a model how oligomerization is linked to membrane fission. Finally, we discuss molecular mechanisms how mutations in dynamin could lead to the congenital diseases, Centronuclear Myopathy and Charcot-Marie Tooth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Faelber
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Crystallography, Berlin, Germany
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142
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Schrader M, Grille S, Fahimi HD, Islinger M. Peroxisome interactions and cross-talk with other subcellular compartments in animal cells. Subcell Biochem 2013; 69:1-22. [PMID: 23821140 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6889-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are remarkably plastic and dynamic organelles, which fulfil important functions in hydrogen peroxide and lipid metabolism rendering them essential for human health and development. Despite great advances in the identification and characterization of essential components and molecular mechanisms associated with the biogenesis and function of peroxisomes, our understanding of how peroxisomes are incorporated into metabolic pathways and cellular communication networks is just beginning to emerge. Here we address the interaction of peroxisomes with other subcellular compartments including the relationship with the endoplasmic reticulum, the peroxisome-mitochondria connection and the association with lipid droplets. We highlight metabolic cooperations and potential cross-talk and summarize recent findings on peroxisome-peroxisome interactions and the interaction of peroxisomes with microtubules in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK,
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143
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are remarkably versatile cell organelles whose size, shape, number, and protein content can vary greatly depending on the organism, the developmental stage of the organism’s life cycle, and the environment in which the organism lives. The main functions usually associated with peroxisomes include the metabolism of lipids and reactive oxygen species. However, in recent years, it has become clear that these organelles may also act as intracellular signaling platforms that mediate developmental decisions by modulating extraperoxisomal concentrations of several second messengers. To fulfill their functions, peroxisomes physically and functionally interact with other cell organelles, including mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Defects in peroxisome dynamics can lead to organelle dysfunction and have been associated with various human disorders. The purpose of this paper is to thoroughly summarize and discuss the current concepts underlying peroxisome formation, multiplication, and degradation. In addition, this paper will briefly highlight what is known about the interplay between peroxisomes and other cell organelles and explore the physiological and pathological implications of this interorganellar crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fransen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 601, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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144
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Itoyama A, Honsho M, Abe Y, Moser A, Yoshida Y, Fujiki Y. Docosahexaenoic acid mediates peroxisomal elongation, a prerequisite for peroxisome division. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:589-602. [PMID: 22389399 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.087452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome division is regulated by several factors, termed fission factors, as well as the conditions of the cellular environment. Over the past decade, the idea of metabolic control of peroxisomal morphogenesis has been postulated, but remains largely undefined to date. In the current study, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) was identified as an inducer of peroxisome division. In fibroblasts isolated from patients that carry defects in peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation, peroxisomes are much less abundant than normal cells. Treatment of these patient fibroblasts with DHA induced the proliferation of peroxisomes to the level seen in normal fibroblasts. DHA-induced peroxisomal proliferation was abrogated by treatment with a small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) targeting dynamin-like protein 1 and with dynasore, an inhibitor of dynamin-like protein 1, which suggested that DHA stimulates peroxisome division. DHA augmented the hyper-oligomerization of Pex11pβ and the formation of Pex11pβ-enriched regions on elongated peroxisomes. Time-lapse imaging analysis of peroxisomal morphogenesis revealed a sequence of steps involved in peroxisome division, including elongation in one direction followed by peroxisomal fission. DHA enhanced peroxisomal division in a microtubule-independent manner. These results suggest that DHA is a crucial signal for peroxisomal elongation, a prerequisite for subsequent fission and peroxisome division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Itoyama
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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145
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Ferree A, Shirihai O. Mitochondrial dynamics: the intersection of form and function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 748:13-40. [PMID: 22729853 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3573-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria within a cell exist as a population in a dynamic -morphological continuum. The balance of mitochondrial fusion and fission dictates a spectrum of shapes from interconnected networks to fragmented individual units. This plasticity bestows the adaptive flexibility needed to adjust to changing cellular stresses and metabolic demands. The mechanisms that regulate mitochondrial dynamics, their importance in normal cell biology, and the roles they play in disease conditions are only beginning to be understood. Dysfunction of mitochondrial dynamics has been identified as a possible disease mechanism in Parkinson's disease. This chapter will introduce the budding field of mitochondrial dynamics and explore unique characteristics of affected neurons in Parkinson's disease that increase susceptibility to disruptions in mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ferree
- Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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146
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Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that continually undergo fusion and fission. These opposing processes work in concert to maintain the shape, size, and number of mitochondria and their physiological function. Some of the major molecules mediating mitochondrial fusion and fission in mammals have been discovered, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are only partially unraveled. In particular, the cast of characters involved in mitochondrial fission needs to be clarified. By enabling content mixing between mitochondria, fusion and fission serve to maintain a homogeneous and healthy mitochondrial population. Mitochondrial dynamics has been linked to multiple mitochondrial functions, including mitochondrial DNA stability, respiratory capacity, apoptosis, response to cellular stress, and mitophagy. Because of these important functions, mitochondrial fusion and fission are essential in mammals, and even mild defects in mitochondrial dynamics are associated with disease. A better understanding of these processes likely will ultimately lead to improvements in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Chan
- Division of Biology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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147
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Lees JPB, Manlandro CM, Picton LK, Tan AZE, Casares S, Flanagan JM, Fleming KG, Hill RB. A designed point mutant in Fis1 disrupts dimerization and mitochondrial fission. J Mol Biol 2012; 423:143-58. [PMID: 22789569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission are essential processes with defects resulting in cardiomyopathy and neonatal lethality. Central to organelle fission is Fis1, a monomeric tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like protein whose role in assembly of the fission machinery remains obscure. Two nonfunctional, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fis1 mutants (L80P or E78D/I85T/Y88H) were previously identified in genetic screens. Here, we find that these two variants in the cytosolic domain of Fis1 (Fis1ΔTM) are unexpectedly dimeric. A truncation variant of Fis1ΔTM that lacks an N-terminal regulatory domain is also found to be dimeric. The ability to dimerize is a property innate to the native Fis1ΔTM amino acid sequence as we find this domain is dimeric after transient exposure to elevated temperature or chemical denaturants and is kinetically trapped at room temperature. This is the first demonstration of a specific self-association in solution for the Fis1 cytoplasmic domain. We propose a three-dimensional domain-swapped model for dimerization that is validated by a designed mutation, A72P, which potently disrupts dimerization of wild-type Fis1. A72P also disrupts dimerization of nonfunctional variants, indicating a common structural basis for dimerization. The obligate monomer variant A72P, like the dimer-promoting variants, is nonfunctional in fission, consistent with a model in which Fis1 activity depends on its ability to interconvert between monomer and dimer species. These studies suggest a new functionally important manner in which TPR-containing proteins may reversibly self-associate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P B Lees
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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148
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Waterham HR, Ebberink MS. Genetics and molecular basis of human peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1430-41. [PMID: 22871920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders comprised of two clinically distinct subtypes: the Zellweger syndrome spectrum (ZSS) disorders and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) type 1. PBDs are caused by defects in any of at least 14 different PEX genes, which encode proteins involved in peroxisome assembly and proliferation. Thirteen of these genes are associated with ZSS disorders. The genetic heterogeneity among PBDs and the inability to predict from the biochemical and clinical phenotype of a patient with ZSS which of the currently known 13 PEX genes is defective, has fostered the development of different strategies to identify the causative gene defects. These include PEX cDNA transfection complementation assays followed by sequencing of the thus identified PEX genes, and a PEX gene screen in which the most frequently mutated exons of the different PEX genes are analyzed. The benefits of DNA testing for PBDs include carrier testing of relatives, early prenatal testing or preimplantation genetic diagnosis in families with a recurrence risk for ZSS disorders, and insight in genotype-phenotype correlations, which may eventually assist to improve patient management. In this review we describe the current status of genetic analysis and the molecular basis of PBDs.
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Bonekamp NA, Sampaio P, de Abreu FV, Lüers GH, Schrader M. Transient complex interactions of mammalian peroxisomes without exchange of matrix or membrane marker proteins. Traffic 2012; 13:960-78. [PMID: 22435684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2012.01356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes and mitochondria show a much closer interrelationship than previously anticipated. They co-operate in the metabolism of fatty acids and reactive oxygen species, but also share components of their fission machinery. If peroxisomes - like mitochondria - also fuse in mammalian cells is a matter of debate and was not yet systematically investigated. To examine potential peroxisomal fusion and interactions in mammalian cells, we established an in vivo fusion assay based on hybridoma formation by cell fusion. Fluorescence microscopy in time course experiments revealed a merge of different peroxisomal markers in fused cells. However, live cell imaging revealed that peroxisomes were engaged in transient and long-term contacts, without exchanging matrix or membrane markers. Computational analysis showed that transient peroxisomal interactions are complex and can potentially contribute to the homogenization of the peroxisomal compartment. However, peroxisomal interactions do not increase after fatty acid or H(2) O(2) treatment. Additionally, we provide the first evidence that mitochondrial fusion proteins do not localize to peroxisomes. We conclude that mammalian peroxisomes do not fuse with each other in a mechanism similar to mitochondrial fusion. However, they show an extensive degree of interaction, the implication of which is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A Bonekamp
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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150
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Opaliński Ł, Bartoszewska M, Fekken S, Liu H, de Boer R, van der Klei I, Veenhuis M, Kiel JAKW. De novo peroxisome biogenesis in Penicillium chrysogenum is not dependent on the Pex11 family members or Pex16. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35490. [PMID: 22536392 PMCID: PMC3334907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the role of the three members of the Pex11 protein family in peroxisome formation in the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Two of these, Pex11 and Pex11C, are components of the peroxisomal membrane, while Pex11B is present at the endoplasmic reticulum. We show that Pex11 is a major factor involved in peroxisome proliferation. We also demonstrate that P. chrysogenum cells deleted for known peroxisome fission factors (all Pex11 family proteins and Vps1) still contain peroxisomes. Interestingly, we find that, unlike in mammals, Pex16 is not essential for peroxisome biogenesis in P. chrysogenum, as partially functional peroxisomes are present in a pex16 deletion strain. We also show that Pex16 is not involved in de novo biogenesis of peroxisomes, as peroxisomes were still present in quadruple Δpex11 Δpex11B Δpex11C Δpex16 mutant cells. By contrast, pex3 deletion in P. chrysogenum led to cells devoid of peroxisomes, suggesting that Pex3 may function independently of Pex16. Finally, we demonstrate that the presence of intact peroxisomes is important for the efficiency of ß-lactam antibiotics production by P. chrysogenum. Remarkably, distinct from earlier results with low penicillin producing laboratory strains, upregulation of peroxisome numbers in a high producing P. chrysogenum strain had no significant effect on penicillin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Opaliński
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Bartoszewska
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Fekken
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Haiyin Liu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rinse de Boer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ida van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marten Veenhuis
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A. K. W. Kiel
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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