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Molecular signalling in hepatocellular carcinoma: Role of and crosstalk among WNT/ß-catenin, Sonic Hedgehog, Notch and Dickkopf-1. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 29:209-17. [PMID: 25965442 PMCID: PMC4444031 DOI: 10.1155/2015/172356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. In the majority of cases, there is evidence of existing chronic liver disease from a variety of causes including viral hepatitis B and C, alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Identification of the signalling pathways used by hepatocellular carcinoma cells to proliferate, invade or metastasize is of paramount importance in the discovery and implementation of successfully targeted therapies. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin, Notch and Hedgehog pathways play a critical role in regulating liver cell proliferation during development and in controlling crucial functions of the adult liver in the initiation and progression of human cancers. β-catenin was identified as a protein interacting with the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin at the cell-cell junction, and has been shown to be one of the most important mediators of the Wnt signalling pathway in tumourigenesis. Investigations into the role of Dikkopf-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma have demonstrated controversial results, with a decreased expression of Dickkopf-1 and soluble frizzled-related protein in various cancers on one hand, and as a possible negative prognostic indicator of hepatocellular carcinoma on the other. In the present review, the authors focus on the Wnt⁄β-catenin, Notch and Sonic Hedgehog pathways, and their interaction with Dikkopf-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Akhtar N, Makki MS, Haqqi TM. MicroRNA-602 and microRNA-608 regulate sonic hedgehog expression via target sites in the coding region in human chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:423-34. [PMID: 25385442 DOI: 10.1002/art.38952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hedgehog (HH) signaling has recently been associated with cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis (OA). Because interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has been implicated as a principal instigator of OA, we sought to determine whether IL-1β induces the expression of sonic HH (SHH) and its regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) in human chondrocytes. METHODS Expression of SHH protein in human OA cartilage and in an animal model of OA was determined by immunohistochemical analysis and immunofluorescence analysis, respectively. Gene and protein expression in IL-1β- or SHH-stimulated OA chondrocytes was determined by TaqMan assays and Western blotting, respectively. The effect of overexpression of miRNA-602 (miR-602) and miR-608 or their antagomirs on SHH expression was evaluated by transient transfection of human chondrocytes and HEK 293 cells. The role of signaling pathways was evaluated using small molecule inhibitors. Binding of miRNAs with the putative seed sequence in SHH messenger RNA (mRNA) was validated using a luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Expression of SHH, patched 1, Gli-1, HH-interacting protein, matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), and Colα1(X) was high in damaged OA cartilage. In damaged cartilage and in IL-1β-stimulated OA chondrocytes, expression of SHH was inversely correlated with expression of miR-608. Cotransfection of OA chondrocytes with miR-608 or miR-602 mimic inhibited reporter activity, and mutation of the miRNA seed sequences abolished the repression of reporter activity. Overexpression of miR-602 or miR-608 inhibited the expression of SHH mRNA and protein, and this was abrogated by antagomirs. Stimulation with recombinant human SHH protein up-regulated MMP-13 expression, and inhibition of HH signaling blocked MMP-13 expression in OA chondrocytes. CONCLUSION MiR-602 and miR-608 are important posttranscription regulators of SHH expression in OA chondrocytes, and their suppression by IL-1β may contribute to the enhanced expression of SHH and MMP-13 in OA.
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Kang FB, Wang L, Jia HC, Li D, Li HJ, Zhang YG, Sun DX. B7-H3 promotes aggression and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via JAK2/STAT3/Slug signaling pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:45. [PMID: 25908926 PMCID: PMC4407415 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B7-homologue 3 (B7-H3), a recently identified immunoregulatory protein, has been shown to be overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, whether the dynamic expression pattern of B7-H3 contributes to early invasion of HCC is largely unknown. In addition, the biological roles of B7-H3 in HCC are still unclear. Herein, we are going to examine B7-H3 expression profile and its clinicopathological significance in primary and metastatic HCC, and further determine whether B7-H3 knockdown simulates different pathological states of HCC progression and metastasis. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, B7-H3 expression was studied on 116 HCC containing primary and metastatic HCCs. Survival curves and log-rank tests were used to test the association of B7-H3 expression with survival. HCC cells with B7-H3 depletion were established by RNA interference to investigate the effect of B7-H3 on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion in vitro. RESULTS Statistical analysis of clinical cases revealed that B7-H3 high expression group had inclinations towards late TNM stage, the presence of vascular invasion, lymph metastasis, and the formation of microsatellite tumors. Increased intensity of tumor B7-H3 staining was detected more significantly in metastatic HCC tumors. Consistently in experiments performed in vitro, B7-H3 was able to stimulate the wound healing, metastasis and invasion of hepatoma cells by targeting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via JAK2/Stat3/Slug signaling pathway, while no obvious influence on cell growth and apoptosis. CONCLUSION B7-H3 in the regulation of the metastatic capacity of HCC cells makes itself a promising therapeutic target for anti-metastasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Biao Kang
- Department of Liver Diseases, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei People's Republic of China.,Chinese PLA Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Heng-Chuan Jia
- Department of Liver Diseases, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Liver Diseases, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Jun Li
- Department of Liver Diseases, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Ge Zhang
- Department of Liver Diseases, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Dian-Xing Sun
- Department of Liver Diseases, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei People's Republic of China.,Chinese PLA Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Béraud C, Dormoy V, Danilin S, Lindner V, Béthry A, Hochane M, Coquard C, Barthelmebs M, Jacqmin D, Lang H, Massfelder T. Targeting FAK scaffold functions inhibits human renal cell carcinoma growth. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1549-59. [PMID: 25809490 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human conventional renal cell carcinoma (CCC) remains resistant to current therapies. Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) is upregulated in many epithelial tumors and clearly implicated in nearly all facets of cancer. However, only few reports have assessed whether FAK may be associated with renal tumorigenesis. In this study, we investigated the potential role of FAK in the growth of human CCC using a panel of CCC cell lines expressing or not the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene as well as normal/tumoral renal tissue pairs. FAK was found constitutively expressed in human CCC both in culture cells and freshly harvested tumors obtained from patients. We showed that CCC cell growth was dramatically reduced in FAK-depleted cells or after FAK inhibition with various inhibitors and this effect was obtained through inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell apoptosis. Additionally, our results indicated that FAK knockdown decreased CCC cell migration and invasion. More importantly, depletion or pharmacological inhibition of FAK substantially inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Interestingly, investigations of the molecular mechanism revealed loss of FAK phosphorylation during renal tumorigenesis impacting multiple signaling pathways. Taken together, our findings reveal a previously uncharacterized role of FAK in CCC whereby FAK exerts oncogenic properties through a non canonical signaling pathway involving its scaffolding kinase-independent properties. Therefore, targeting the FAK scaffold may represent a promising approach for developing innovative and highly specific therapies in human CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Béraud
- Inserm U1113, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Véronique Lindner
- Department of Pathology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Audrey Béthry
- Inserm U1113, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mazène Hochane
- Inserm U1113, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Didier Jacqmin
- Department of Urology, Nouvel Hôpital Civil De Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hervé Lang
- Department of Urology, Nouvel Hôpital Civil De Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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XIA DONG, FENG LIBO, WU XIAOLONG, XIA GUODONG, XU LIANG. Microencapsulation of recombinant adenovirus within poly-DL-lactide-poly(ethylene glycol) microspheres for enhanced gene transfection efficiency and inhibitory effects on hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2336-42. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Annexin A11 knockdown inhibits in vitro proliferation and enhances survival of Hca-F cell via Akt2/FoxO1 pathway and MMP-9 expression. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 70:58-63. [PMID: 25776480 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A11 (Anxa11), a Ca(2+)-regulated phospholipid-binding protein, is involved in cell apoptosis, differentiation, vesicle trafficking, cancer progression and autoimmune diseases. Previous study from our group indicated that Anxa11 was associated with lymphatic metastatic potential of murine hepatocarcinoma cells. Herein, we investigated the effects and action mechanism of Anxa11 knockdown on in vitro cell proliferation and apoptosis of Hca-F, a murine hepatocarcinoma cell with∼75% lymph node metastatic potential. Real-time PCR and western blotting assays indicated that Anxa11 was significantly downregulated in monoclonal Anxa11-shRNA-transfected Hca-F cells. Anxa11 knockdown in Hca-F suppressed its in vitro proliferation and cell apoptosis capacities. Following Anxa11 knockdown in Hca-F cells, Bax/Bcl-2 expression level ratio, Akt2 and FoxO1 (pSer319) expression levels as well as MMP-9 mRNA and active MMP-9 protein levels were significantly elevated in Hca-F cells. In conclusion, Annexin A11 knockdown inhibits the in vitro proliferation and cell apoptosis of Hca-F cell via Akt2/FoxO1 and/or MMP-9 expression pathway. Anxa11 might play an important role in hepatocarcinoma cell invasion and metastasis and hepatocarcinoma malignancy.
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107
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JIN DANJUAN, FANG YANTIAN, LI ZHENGYANG, CHEN ZONGYOU, XIANG JIANBIN. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated microRNAs in colorectal cancer and drug-targeted therapies (Review). Oncol Rep 2014; 33:515-25. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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108
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Huang D, Du X, Yuan R, Chen L, Liu T, Wen C, Huang M, Li M, Hao L, Shao J. Rock2 promotes the invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by modifying MMP2 ubiquitination and degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Silva EJ, Argyris PP, Zou X, Ross KF, Herzberg MC. S100A8/A9 regulates MMP-2 expression and invasion and migration by carcinoma cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 55:279-87. [PMID: 25236491 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular calprotectin (S100A8/A9) functions in the control of the cell cycle checkpoint at G2/M. Dysregulation of S100A8/A9 appears to cause loss of the checkpoint, which frequently characterizes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In the present study, we analyzed carcinoma cells for other S100A8/A9-directed changes in malignant phenotype. Using a S100A8/A9-negative human carcinoma cell line (KB), transfection to express S100A8 and S100A9 caused selective down-regulation of MMP-2 and inhibited in vitro invasion and migration. Conversely, silencing of endogenous S100A8 and S100A9 expression in TR146 cells, a well-differentiated HNSCC cell line, increased MMP-2 activity and in vitro invasion and migration. When MMP-2 expression was silenced, cells appeared to assume a less malignant phenotype. To more closely model the architecture of cell growth in vivo, cells were grown in a 3D collagen substrate, which was compared to 2D. Growth on 3D substrates caused greater MMP-2 expression. Whereas hypermethylation of CpG islands occurs frequently in HNSCC, S100A8/A9-dependent regulation of MMP-2 could not be explained by modification of the upstream promoters of MMP2 or TIMP2. Collectively, these results suggest that intracellular S100A8/A9 contributes to the cancer cell phenotype by modulating MMP-2 expression and activity to regulate cell migration and mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel J Silva
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Prokopios P Argyris
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xianqiong Zou
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Karen F Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
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Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed and activated in several advanced-stage solid cancers. FAK promotes tumour progression and metastasis through effects on cancer cells, as well as stromal cells of the tumour microenvironment. The kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions of FAK control cell movement, invasion, survival, gene expression and cancer stem cell self-renewal. Small molecule FAK inhibitors decrease tumour growth and metastasis in several preclinical models and have initial clinical activity in patients with limited adverse events. In this Review, we discuss FAK signalling effects on both tumour and stromal cell biology that provide rationale and support for future therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J. Sulzmaier
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christine Jean
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - David D. Schlaepfer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Address correspondence to: David D. Schlaepfer, Ph.D., University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., MC0803, La Jolla, CA 92093,
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111
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Hu YJ, Li HY, Qiu KJ, Li DC, Zhou JH, Hu YH, Zhang FM. Downregulation of Notch1 inhibits the invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and MHCC97H cells through the regulation of PTEN and FAK. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:1081-6. [PMID: 25110169 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor invasion and metastasis are the main causes of mortality in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, the effective inhibition of these tumorigenic processes is critical in order for HCC therapy to be effective. Previous studies have demonstrated that Notch1 is associated with metastasis in several human malignancies. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the Notch1-mediated induction of the invasion of HCC cells remain poorly understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that, compared to the normal liver cell line, L02, Notch1 is highly expressed in the human HCC cell lines, HepG2 and MHCC97H. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA), we knocked down the expression of Notch1 in the cell lines. Notch1 expression in the HCC cell lines was also measured following transfection with siRNA using RT-PCR and western blot analysis. In addition, a migration and invasion assay was performed to determine the effects of Notch1 knockdown on cell migration and invasion. Our results demonstrated that the downregulation of Notch1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of both HCC cell lines. Additionally, we demonstrated that the knockdown of Notch1 in both HCC cell lines increased both the total expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and its phosphorylated form. By contrast, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and phospho-FAK expression was decreased following Notch1 depletion. Taken together, our data suggest that targeting Notch1 may be a useful therapeutic approach to inhibiting the metastasis of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jian Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Ying Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Jie Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Da-Chuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhou
- Department of Applied Statistics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hua Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Min Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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Yang JJ, Tao H, Li J. Hedgehog signaling pathway as key player in liver fibrosis: new insights and perspectives. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1011-21. [PMID: 24935558 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.927443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a pivotal cellular event in liver fibrosis. Therefore, improving our understanding of the molecular pathways that are involved in these processes is essential to generate new therapies for liver fibrosis. Greater knowledge of the role of the hedgehog signaling pathway in liver fibrosis could improve understanding of the liver fibrosis pathogenesis. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to describe the present knowledge about the hedgehog signaling pathway, which significantly participates in liver fibrosis and HSC activation, and look ahead on new perspectives of hedgehog signaling pathway research. Moreover, we will discuss the different interactions with hedgehog signaling pathway-regulated liver fibrosis. EXPERT OPINION The hedgehog pathway modulates several important aspects of function, including cell proliferation, activation and differentiation. Targeting the hedgehog pathway can be a promising direction in liver fibrosis treatment. We discuss new perspectives of hedgehog signaling pathway activation in liver fibrosis and HSC fate, including DNA methylation, methyl CpG binding protein 2, microRNA, irradiation and metabolism that influence hedgehog signaling pathway transduction. These findings identify the hedgehog pathway as a potentially important for biomarker development and therapeutic targets in liver fibrosis. Future studies are needed in order to find safer and more effective hedgehog-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Yang
- The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Pharmacology , Hefei 230601 , China
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113
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Fan HX, Wang S, Zhao H, Liu N, Chen D, Sun M, Zheng JH. Sonic hedgehog signaling may promote invasion and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma by activating MMP-9 and E-cadherin expression. Med Oncol 2014; 31:41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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114
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HIFs enhance the migratory and neoplastic capacities of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by promoting EMT. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:8103-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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115
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Chen M, Qian Y, Dai J, Chu R. The sonic hedgehog signaling pathway induces myopic development by activating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in Guinea pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96952. [PMID: 24810957 PMCID: PMC4014572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling induces myopic development by increasing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in guinea pigs. Methods A translucent diffuser was glued onto the right eye to induce form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in 10 guinea pigs. Four guinea pigs were served as a control group. The other 100 guinea pigs were subdivided into 5 groups (20 per group) and received a 10 µl intravitreal injection every 2 days for 4 times. Two groups were injected with 20 or 50 µg/ml Shh amino-terminal peptide (Shh-N) into the right eye and 0.1% bovine serum albumin into the other. FDM was induced in the right eyes of the three cyclopamine-treated groups and both eyes were injected with 50, 100, or 200 µg/ml cyclopamine. Retinoscopic refraction and eye dimensions were assessed on Day 14 of treatment. MMP-2 protein expression was determined in both scleras by western blotting. Results Both concentrations of Shh-N stimulated myopic development and axial growth as compared with control eyes. Myopia and axial elongation were significantly greater in the 50 µg/ml than in the 20 µg/ml Shh-N group (P<0.001 and P = 0.0019, respectively). All three doses of cyclopamine significantly attenuated myopic development compared with the FDM group (P<0.0001). Cyclopamine at 100 or 200 µg/ml significantly reduced axial elongation compared with the FDM group (P = 0.044 and P = 0.001, respectively). FDM-induced myopia and axial elongation were significantly greater in the 50 µg/ml than in the 200 µg/ml cyclopamine group (P<0.0001 and P = 0.008, respectively). MMP-2 expression was significantly greater in Shh-N–treated eyes than in the control eyes, and was lower in the cyclopamine plus FDM groups than in the FDM group. Conclusions The Shh signaling pathway induces myopic development by activating MMP-2 in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, EENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Yishan Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, EENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhui Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, EENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Renyuan Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology, EENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
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Down-regulation of Gli-1 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 393:283-91. [PMID: 24792036 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glioma-associated oncogene homolog-1 (Gli-1) is considered a marker of Hedgehog pathway activation and is associated with the progression of several cancers. We have previously reported that Gli-1 was correlated with invasion and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the exact roles and mechanisms of Gli-1 in HCC invasion are unclear. In this study, we found that small interfering RNA mediated down-regulation of Gli-1 expression significantly suppressed adhesion, motility, migration, and invasion of both SMMC-7721 and SK-Hep1 cells. Furthermore, down-regulation of Gli-1 significantly reduced expressions and activities of both matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. In addition, we found that down-regulation of Gli-1 resulted in up-regulation of E-cadherin and concomitant down-regulation of Snail and Vimentin, consistent with inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Taken together, our results suggest that down-regulation of Gli-1 suppresses HCC cell migration and invasion likely through inhibiting expressions and activations of MMP-2, 9 and blocking EMT.
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117
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Activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway in dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, and ameloblastomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 116:336-42. [PMID: 23953418 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the Akt/mTOR pathway in dentigerous cysts (DCs), odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), and ameloblastomas. STUDY DESIGN A total of 90 cases were studied (30 DCs, 30 OKCs, and 30 ameloblastomas). Patient records on age, sex, lesion location, symptoms, and radiographic and histopathologic features were collected. The phosphorylation of components of the Akt/mTOR pathway [p-Akt (Ser473), p-Akt (Thr308), and phosphorylated-ribosomal protein S6 (p-RPS6)] was studied using immunohistochemistry. Correlations with clinical features were analyzed using the Spearman rank test. RESULTS Over 90% of OKCs and ameloblastomas and 60% of DCs stained positive for p-Akt (Ser473). Phospho-Akt (Thr308) was positive in 73% of ameloblastomas, 40% of OKCs, and 20% of DCs. Phospho-RPS6 was detected most frequently in OKCs (83%), followed by ameloblastomas (76%) and DCs (53%). No correlations were noted between the immunohistochemical findings and the clinicopathologic parameters. CONCLUSIONS The Akt/mTOR pathway is upregulated in DCs, OKCs, and ameloblastomas. This pathway may be involved in the development of these lesions.
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Chen X, Wang X, Ruan A, Han W, Zhao Y, Lu X, Xiao P, Shi H, Wang R, Chen L, Chen S, Du Q, Yang H, Zhang X. miR-141 is a key regulator of renal cell carcinoma proliferation and metastasis by controlling EphA2 expression. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2617-30. [PMID: 24647573 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although microRNAs (miRNA) have been revealed as crucial modulators of tumorigenesis, our understanding of their roles in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is limited. Here we sought to identify human miRNAs that act as key regulators of renal carcinogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed microarray-based miRNA profiling of clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and adjacent normal tissues and then explored the roles of miR-141 both in vitro and in vivo, which was the most significantly downregulated in ccRCC tissues. RESULTS A total of 74 miRNAs were dysregulated in ccRCC compared with normal tissues. miR-141 was remarkably downregulated in 92.6% (63/68) ccRCC tissues and would serve as a promising biomarker for discriminating ccRCC from normal tissues with an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.93. Overexpression of miR-141 robustly impaired ccRCC cell migratory and invasive properties and suppressed cell proliferation by arresting cells at G0-G1 phase in vitro and in human RCC orthotopic xenografts. Significantly, the antitumor activities of miR-141 were mediated by its reversal regulation of erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) A2 (EphA2), which then relayed a signaling transduction cascade to attenuate the functions of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), AKT, and MMP2/9. In addition, a specific and inverse correlation between miR-141 and EphA2 expression was obtained in human ccRCC samples. Finally, miR-141 could be secreted from the ccRCC donor cells, and be taken up and function moderately in the ccRCC recipient cells. CONCLUSION miR-141 serves as a potential biomarker for discriminating ccRCC from normal tissues and a crucial suppressor of ccRCC cell proliferation and metastasis by modulating the EphA2/p-FAK/p-AKT/MMPs signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Chen
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xuegang Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Anming Ruan
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Weiwei Han
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yan Zhao
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xing Lu
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Pei Xiao
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Hangchuan Shi
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Rong Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Li Chen
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Shaoyong Chen
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Quansheng Du
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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Chen Q, Xu R, Zeng C, Lu Q, Huang D, Shi C, Zhang W, Deng L, Yan R, Rao H, Gao G, Luo S. Down-regulation of Gli transcription factor leads to the inhibition of migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells via integrin β4-mediated FAK signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88386. [PMID: 24533083 PMCID: PMC3922814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent evidence suggests that aberrant activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling by Gli transcription factors is characteristic of a variety of aggressive human carcinomas including ovarian cancer. Therefore, chemotherapeutic agents that inhibit activation of Gli transcription factors have emerged as promising novel therapeutic drugs for ovarian cancer. Results In this study, we show that activation of Hh signaling promoted cellular migration and invasion, whereas blockade of Hh signaling with GANT61 suppressed cellular migration and invasion in ovarian cancer cells. After treatment with GANT61, cDNA microarray analyses revealed changes in many genes such as Integrin β4 subunit (ITGB4), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), etc. Furthermore, ITGB4 expression was up-regulated by Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) ligand and down-regulated by Hh signaling inhibitor. The Shh-mediated ovarian cell migration and invasion was blocked by neutralizing antibodies to ITGB4. In addition, phosphorylations of FAK were increased by Shh and decreased by Hh signaling inhibitor. Inhibition of Gli1 expression using siRNA mimicked the effects of GANT61 treatment, supporting the specificity of GANT61. Further investigations showed that activation of FAK was required for Shh-mediated cell migration and invasion. Finally, we found that down-regulation of Gli reduced the expression of ITGB4 and the phosphorylated FAK, resulting in the inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. Conclusions The Hh signaling pathway induces cell migration and invasion through ITGB4-mediated activation of FAK in ovarian cancer. Our findings suggest that the diminishment of crosstalk between phosphorylated FAK and ITGB4 due to the down-regulation of Gli family transcription factors might play a pivotal role for inhibiting ovarian cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chunyan Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Quqin Lu
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dengliang Huang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chao Shi
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weilong Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Libin Deng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Runwei Yan
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hai Rao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Guolan Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Beijing Aeronautics, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (GG)
| | - Shiwen Luo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (GG)
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Qu B, Liu BR, DU YJ, Chen J, Cheng YQ, Xu W, Wang XH. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may regulate the expression of angiogenic growth factors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:1175-1178. [PMID: 24944688 PMCID: PMC3961220 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a key role during hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) genesis and development. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway on the expression of angiogenic growth factors involved in HCC. The HCC HepG2 cell line was transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) against β-catenin. After 72 and 96 h, protein was extracted and the expression levels of β-catenin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were detected by western blot analysis. β-catenin protein expression was inhibited at both time points. Notably, MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF-A, VEGF-C and bFGF protein expression levels decreased at 72 h and then increased at 96 h after transfection. Our results demonstrated that in HCC cells, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may regulate the protein expression of the angiogenic factors, MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF-A, VEGF-C and bFGF. These proteins were downstream of β-catenin signaling and were also regulated by other factors. In conclusion, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may contribute to the regulation of HCC angiogenesis, infiltration and metastasis through regulating the expression of these angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Rong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Ju DU
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qiu Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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Golubovskaya VM. Targeting FAK in human cancer: from finding to first clinical trials. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2014; 19:687-706. [PMID: 24389213 DOI: 10.2741/4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is twenty years since Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) was found to be overexpressed in many types of human cancer. FAK plays an important role in adhesion, spreading, motility, invasion, metastasis, survival, angiogenesis, and recently has been found to play an important role as well in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cells and tumor microenvironment. FAK has kinase-dependent and kinase independent scaffolding, cytoplasmic and nuclear functions. Several years ago FAK was proposed as a potential therapeutic target; the first clinical trials were just reported, and they supported further studies of FAK as a promising therapeutic target. This review discusses the main functions of FAK in cancer, and specifically focuses on recent novel findings on the role of FAK in cancer stem cells, microenvironment, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis, and also highlight new approaches of targeting FAK and critically discuss challenges that lie ahead for its targeted therapeutics. The review provides a summary of translational approaches of FAK-targeted and combination therapies and outline perspectives and future directions of FAK research.
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Jiang XP, Zhang DX, Teng M, Zhang Q, Zhang JP, Huang YS. Downregulation of CD9 in keratinocyte contributes to cell migration via upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77806. [PMID: 24147081 PMCID: PMC3797697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin CD9 has been implicated in various cellular and physiological processes, including cell migration. In our previous study, we found that wound repair is delayed in CD9-null mice, suggesting that CD9 is critical for cutaneous wound healing. However, many cell types, including immune cells, endothelial cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts undergo marked changes in gene expression and phenotype, leading to cell proliferation, migration and differentiation during wound repair, whether CD9 regulates kerationcytes migration directly remains unclear. In this study, we showed that the expression of CD9 was downregulated in migrating keratinocytes during wound repair in vivo and in vitro. Recombinant adenovirus vector for CD9 silencing or overexpressing was constructed and used to infect HaCaT cells. Using cell scratch wound assay and cell migration assay, we have also demonstrated that downregulation of CD9 promoted keratinocyte migration in vitro, whereas CD9 overexpression inhibited cell migration. Moreover, CD9 inversely regulated the activity and expression of MMP-9 in keratinocytes, which was involved in CD9-regulated keratinocyte migration. Importantly, CD9 silencing-activated JNK signaling was accompanied by the upregulation of MMP-9 activity and expression. Coincidentally, we found that SP600125, a JNK pathway inhibitor, decreased the activity and expression of MMP-9 of CD9-silenced HaCaT cells. Thus, our results suggest that CD9 is downregulated in migrating keratinocytes in vivo and in vitro, and a low level of CD9 promotes keratinocyte migration in vitro, in which the regulation of MMP-9 through the JNK pathway plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-pin Jiang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-xia Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Teng
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-ping Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (Y-sH); (J-pZ)
| | - Yue-sheng Huang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (Y-sH); (J-pZ)
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Horikiri Y, Shimo T, Kurio N, Okui T, Matsumoto K, Iwamoto M, Sasaki A. Sonic hedgehog regulates osteoblast function by focal adhesion kinase signaling in the process of fracture healing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76785. [PMID: 24124594 PMCID: PMC3790742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several biological studies have indicated that hedgehog signaling plays an important role in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, and sonic hedgehog (SHH) expression is positively correlated with phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) Tyr(397). However, the relationship between them and their role in the process of normal fracture repair has not been clarified yet. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that SHH and pFAK Tyr(397) were expressed in bone marrow cells and that pFAK Tyr(397) was also detected in ALP-positive osteoblasts near the TRAP-positive osteoclasts in the fracture site in the ribs of mice on day 5 after fracture. SHH and pFAK Tyr(397) were detectable in osteoblasts near the hypertrophic chondrocytes on day 14. In vitro analysis showed that SHH up-regulated the expression of FAK mRNA and pFAK Tyr(397) time dependently in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Functional analysis revealed that 5 lentivirus encoding short hairpin FAK RNAs (shFAK)-infected MC3T3-E1 cell groups displayed a round morphology and decreased proliferation, adhesion, migration, and differentiation. SHH stimulated the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, but had no effect on the shFAK-infected cells. SHH also stimulated osteoclast formation in a co-culture system containing MC3T3-E1 and murine CD11b(+) bone marrow cells, but did not affect the shFAK-infected MC3T3-E1 co-culture group. These data suggest that SHH signaling was activated in osteoblasts at the dynamic remodeling site of a bone fracture and regulated their proliferation and differentiation, as well as osteoclast formation, via FAK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Horikiri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naito Kurio
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Okui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsumoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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A novel inhibitor, 16-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13-dien-16,15-olide, blocks the autophosphorylation site of focal adhesion kinase (Y397) by molecular docking. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4091-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Yengkopiong JP, Lako JDW. Genetic background of nonmutant Piebald-Virol-Glaxo rats does not influence nephronophthisis phenotypes. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2013; 6:39-46. [PMID: 23549608 PMCID: PMC3579405 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s39295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephronophthisis (NPHP), which affects multiple organs, is a hereditary cystic kidney disease (CKD), characterized by interstitial fibrosis and numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. It is caused by mutations in NPHP genes, which encode for ciliary proteins known as nephrocystins. The disorder affects many people across the world and leads to end-stage renal disease. The aim of this study was to determine if the genetic background of the nonmutant female Piebald-Virol-Glaxo (PVG/Seac(-/-)) rat influences phenotypic inheritance of NPHP from mutant male Lewis polycystic kidney rats. METHODS Mating experiments were performed between mutant Lewis polycystic kidney male rats with CKD and nonmutant PVG and Wistar Kyoto female rats without cystic kidney disease to raise second filial and backcross 1 progeny, respectively. Rats that developed cystic kidneys were identified. Systolic blood pressure was determined in each rat at 12 weeks of age using the tail and cuff method. After euthanasia, blood samples were collected and chemistry was determined. Histological examination of the kidneys, pancreas, and liver of rats with and without cystic kidney disease was performed. RESULTS It was established that the genetic background of nonmutant female PVG rats did not influence the phenotypic inheritance of the CKD from mutant male Lewis polycystic kidney rats. The disease arose as a result of a recessive mutation in a single gene (second filial generation, CKD = 13, non-CKD = 39, χ (2) = 0.00, P ≥ 0.97; backcross 1 generation, CKD = 67, non-CKD = 72, χ (2) = 0.18, P > 0.05) and inherited as NPHP. The rats with CKD developed larger fluid-filled cystic kidneys, higher systolic blood pressure, and anemia, but there were no extrarenal cysts and disease did not lead to early pup mortality. CONCLUSION The genetic background of the nonmutant PVG rats does not influence the genetic and phenotypic inheritance of CKD from mutant Lewis polycystic kidney rats. A single recessive mutation incapacitated the gene, which relaxed its functional constraints, and led to formation of multiple cysts in the kidneys of the homozygous mutant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jada Pasquale Yengkopiong
- John Garang Memorial University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bor, Jonglei State, Republic of South Sudan
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