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Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Classification, Prognostic Markers and Targeted Therapies. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/rijm.3(2)2015.24992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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102
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Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Classification, Prognostic Markers and Targeted Therapies. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.3(2)2015.24992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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103
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Fasching PA, Brucker SY, Fehm TN, Overkamp F, Janni W, Wallwiener M, Hadji P, Belleville E, Häberle L, Taran FA, Lüftner D, Lux MP, Ettl J, Müller V, Tesch H, Wallwiener D, Schneeweiss A. Biomarkers in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer and the PRAEGNANT Study Network. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2015; 75:41-50. [PMID: 25684786 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1396215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress has been made in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in recent decades, but very few therapies use patient or tumor-specific characteristics to tailor individualized treatment. More than ten years after the publication of the reference human genome sequence, analysis methods have improved enormously, fostering the hope that biomarkers can be used to individualize therapies and offer precise treatment based on tumor and patient characteristics. Biomarkers at every level of the system (genetics, epigenetics, gene expression, micro-RNA, proteomics and others) can be used for this. This has led to changes in clinical study designs, with drug developments often only focusing on small or very small subgroups of patients and tumors. The screening and registration of patients and their molecular tumor data has therefore become very important for the successful completion of clinical studies. This new form of medicine presents particular challenges for patients and physicians. Even in this new age of genome-wide analysis, the focus should still be on the patients' quality of life. This review summarizes recent developments and describes how the PRAEGNANT study network manages the aforementioned medical challenges and changes to create a professional infrastructure for patients and physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Fasching
- Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen ; Wissenschaftliche Leitung PRAEGNANT-Studiennetzwerk
| | - S Y Brucker
- Forschungsinstitut für Frauengesundheit, Department für Frauengesundheit, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen ; Wissenschaftliche Leitung PRAEGNANT-Studiennetzwerk
| | - T N Fehm
- Universitäts-Frauenklinik Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf
| | - F Overkamp
- Oncologianova GmbH Recklinghausen, Recklinghausen
| | - W Janni
- Universitätsfrauenklinik Ulm, Ulm
| | - M Wallwiener
- Universitätsfrauenklinik Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg
| | - P Hadji
- Krankenhaus Nordwest, Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Frankfurt am Main
| | | | - L Häberle
- Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen ; Unit of Biostatistics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen
| | - F-A Taran
- Universitäts-Frauenklinik, Department für Frauengesundheit, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen
| | - D Lüftner
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hämatologie und Onkologie; Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin Berlin, Berlin
| | - M P Lux
- Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - J Ettl
- Abteilung Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich
| | - V Müller
- Klinik für Gynäkologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - H Tesch
- Onkologie Bethanien, Frankfurt am Main ; Studienleitung PRAEGNANT-Studie
| | - D Wallwiener
- Universitäts-Frauenklinik, Department für Frauengesundheit, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen ; Studienleitung PRAEGNANT-Studie
| | - A Schneeweiss
- Universitätsfrauenklinik Ulm, Ulm ; Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen, Heidelberg
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104
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Maass N, Schütz F, Fasching PA, Fehm T, Janni W, Kümmel S, Kolberg HC, Lüftner D, Wallwiener M, Lux MP. Breast Cancer Update 2014 - Focus on the Patient and the Tumour. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2015; 75:170-182. [PMID: 25797960 PMCID: PMC4361168 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1545704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapy for patients with breast cancer has developed markedly in the past ten years. Our understanding of the molecular biology of tumours and the characteristics of the patients has shaped the recent advances. In this review we present the latest knowledge about the therapy for breast cancer. There are new tests and options not only in the field of anti-HER2 therapy but also in the management of triple negative and hormone receptor-positive patients. Comprehension of prognosis and therapeutic response to chemotherapies is little by little helping to define patient groups who will not respond to chemotherapy or who do not need treatment because their prognosis is extremely good. In the field of anti-HER2 therapy, work is continuing on the development of drugs suitable for and able to overcome trastuzumab resistance. For hormone receptor-positive cancers, we now have a better understanding of which therapy groups will benefit from which anti-endocrine drugs, and which will be able to overcome a possible resistance (treatment of the PI3K pathways, inhibition of the cell cycle). Molecular tests are still being evaluated with regard to the clinical situations in which they may have the greatest relevance for therapeutic decision-making; however, evidence is also increasing as to the fields in which good predictions for the prognosis can be obtained. On the whole, more work is needed to promote our understanding of the new developments in diagnostics and therapy and to involve both physicians and patients equally in the procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Maass
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen
| | - F. Schütz
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg
| | - P. A. Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen
| | - T. Fehm
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf
| | - W. Janni
- Frauenklinik, Klinikum der Universität Ulm, Ulm
| | - S. Kümmel
- Brustzentrum, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Evang. Huyssens-Stiftung/Knappschaft GmbH, Essen
| | - H.-C. Kolberg
- Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Marienhospital Bottrop, Bottrop
| | - D. Lüftner
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin
| | - M. Wallwiener
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg
| | - M. P. Lux
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen
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105
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Seksenyan A, Kadavallore A, Walts AE, de la Torre B, Berel D, Strom SP, Aliahmad P, Funari VA, Kaye J. TOX3 is expressed in mammary ER(+) epithelial cells and regulates ER target genes in luminal breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:22. [PMID: 25632947 PMCID: PMC4324787 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A breast cancer susceptibility locus has been mapped to the gene encoding TOX3. Little is known regarding the expression pattern or biological role of TOX3 in breast cancer or in the mammary gland. Here we analyzed TOX3 expression in murine and human mammary glands and in molecular subtypes of breast cancer, and assessed its ability to alter the biology of breast cancer cells. Methods We used a cell sorting strategy, followed by quantitative real-time PCR, to study TOX3 gene expression in the mouse mammary gland. To study the expression of this nuclear protein in human mammary glands and breast tumors, we generated a rabbit monoclonal antibody specific for human TOX3. In vitro studies were performed on MCF7, BT474 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines to study the effects of TOX3 modulation on gene expression in the context of breast cancer cells. Results We found TOX3 expression in estrogen receptor-positive mammary epithelial cells, including progenitor cells. A subset of breast tumors also highly expresses TOX3, with poor outcome associated with high expression of TOX3 in luminal B breast cancers. We also demonstrate the ability of TOX3 to alter gene expression in MCF7 luminal breast cancer cells, including cancer relevant genes TFF1 and CXCR4. Knockdown of TOX3 in a luminal B breast cancer cell line that highly expresses TOX3 is associated with slower growth. Surprisingly, TOX3 is also shown to regulate TFF1 in an estrogen-independent and tamoxifen-insensitive manner. Conclusions These results demonstrate that high expression of this protein likely plays a crucial role in breast cancer progression. This is in sharp contrast to previous studies that indicated breast cancer susceptibility is associated with lower expression of TOX3. Together, these results suggest two different roles for TOX3, one in the initiation of breast cancer, potentially related to expression of TOX3 in mammary epithelial cell progenitors, and another role for this nuclear protein in the progression of cancer. In addition, these results can begin to shed light on the reported association of TOX3 expression and breast cancer metastasis to the bone, and point to TOX3 as a novel regulator of estrogen receptor-mediated gene expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1018-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akop Seksenyan
- Research Division of Immunology, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis 5089, Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA.
| | - Asha Kadavallore
- Research Division of Immunology, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis 5089, Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA.
| | - Ann E Walts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Brian de la Torre
- Research Division of Immunology, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis 5089, Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA.
| | - Dror Berel
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Center for Applied Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Samuel P Strom
- Genomics Core Facility, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Parinaz Aliahmad
- Research Division of Immunology, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis 5089, Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA.
| | - Vincent A Funari
- Genomics Core Facility, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kaye
- Research Division of Immunology, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis 5089, Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA. .,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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106
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Wu Z, Wang P, Song C, Wang K, Yan R, Li J, Dai L. Evaluation of miRNA-binding-site SNPs of MRE11A, NBS1, RAD51 and RAD52 involved in HRR pathway genes and risk of breast cancer in China. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 290:1141-53. [PMID: 25566853 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
MiRNA-binding-site single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway genes may change DNA repair capacity and affect susceptibility to cancer though complex gene-gene and gene-reproductive factors interactions. However, these SNPs associated with breast cancer (BC) are still unclear in Chinese women. Therefore, we conducted a case-control study to evaluate the genetic susceptibility of the five miRNA-binding-site SNPs in HRR pathway genes (MRE11A rs2155209, NBS1 rs2735383, RAD51 rs963917 and rs963918 and RAD52 rs7963551) in the development of BC. MRE11A rs2155209 and RAD52 rs7963551 were found to be associated with BC risk (ORadjusted: 1.87; 95 % CI: 1.23-2.86 and ORadjusted: 0.36; 95 % CI: 0.24-0.58). NBS1 rs2735383, RAD51 rs963917 and rs963918 were associated with BC risk after stratification according to reproductive factors. Haplotypes of Crs963917Ars963918 decreased the risk of BC (ORadjusted: 0.53; 95 % CI: 0.4-0.68), while the Trs963917Ars963918 and Trs963917Grs963918 haplotypes could increase the risk of BC (ORadjusted: 1.28; 95 % CI: 1.05-1.57 and ORadjusted: 1.31; 95 % CI: 1.09-1.62). Combined effect of risk alleles showed that the five SNPs were associated with increased BC risk in a dose-dependent manner (P trend = 0.003). The GC genotype of rs2735383, AG + GG genotype of rs963918 and AC + CC genotype of rs7963551 were associated with PR positivity of BC patients. These findings suggest that the miRNA-binding-site SNPs involved in HRR pathway genes may affect susceptibility of BC in Chinese women; moreover, the interactions of gene-gene and gene-reproductive factors play vital roles in the progression of BC. Further functional studies with larger sample are needed to support and validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Lindström S, Thompson DJ, Paterson AD, Li J, Gierach GL, Scott C, Stone J, Douglas JA, dos-Santos-Silva I, Fernandez-Navarro P, Verghase J, Smith P, Brown J, Luben R, Wareham NJ, Loos RJF, Heit JA, Pankratz VS, Norman A, Goode EL, Cunningham JM, deAndrade M, Vierkant RA, Czene K, Fasching PA, Baglietto L, Southey MC, Giles GG, Shah KP, Chan HP, Helvie MA, Beck AH, Knoblauch NW, Hazra A, Hunter DJ, Kraft P, Pollan M, Figueroa JD, Couch FJ, Hopper JL, Hall P, Easton DF, Boyd NF, Vachon CM, Tamimi RM. Genome-wide association study identifies multiple loci associated with both mammographic density and breast cancer risk. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5303. [PMID: 25342443 PMCID: PMC4320806 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammographic density reflects the amount of stromal and epithelial tissues in relation to adipose tissue in the breast and is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. Here we report the results from meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of three mammographic density phenotypes: dense area, non-dense area and percent density in up to 7,916 women in stage 1 and an additional 10,379 women in stage 2. We identify genome-wide significant (P<5 × 10(-8)) loci for dense area (AREG, ESR1, ZNF365, LSP1/TNNT3, IGF1, TMEM184B and SGSM3/MKL1), non-dense area (8p11.23) and percent density (PRDM6, 8p11.23 and TMEM184B). Four of these regions are known breast cancer susceptibility loci, and four additional regions were found to be associated with breast cancer (P<0.05) in a large meta-analysis. These results provide further evidence of a shared genetic basis between mammographic density and breast cancer and illustrate the power of studying intermediate quantitative phenotypes to identify putative disease-susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lindström
- 1] Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School Of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School Of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Deborah J Thompson
- 1] Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK [2] Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Andrew D Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Jingmei Li
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Christopher Scott
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Jennifer Stone
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Julie A Douglas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Isabel dos-Santos-Silva
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Pablo Fernandez-Navarro
- 1] Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid 28029, Spain [2] Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jajini Verghase
- 1] Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK [2] Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK [3] Plastic Surgery Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Paula Smith
- 1] Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK [2] Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Judith Brown
- 1] Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK [2] Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Robert Luben
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK [2] The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - John A Heit
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - V Shane Pankratz
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Aaron Norman
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Ellen L Goode
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Julie M Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Mariza deAndrade
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Robert A Vierkant
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Peter A Fasching
- 1] Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, 910 54 Erlangen, Germany [2] Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA
| | - Laura Baglietto
- 1] Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia [2] Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- 1] Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia [2] Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kaanan P Shah
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Heang-Ping Chan
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mark A Helvie
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Andrew H Beck
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas W Knoblauch
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Aditi Hazra
- 1] Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School Of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School Of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - David J Hunter
- 1] Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School Of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School Of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- 1] Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School Of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School Of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School Of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Marina Pollan
- 1] Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid 28029, Spain [2] Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jonine D Figueroa
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Fergus J Couch
- 1] Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA [2] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Douglas F Easton
- 1] Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK [2] Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK [3] Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Norman F Boyd
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Celine M Vachon
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- 1] Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School Of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School Of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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108
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Shadrina AS, Boyarskikh UA, Oskina NA, Sinkina TV, Lazarev AF, Petrova VD, Filipenko ML. TERT polymorphisms rs2853669 and rs7726159 influence on prostate cancer risk in Russian population. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:841-7. [PMID: 25296732 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere length and telomerase activity have been hypothesized to play a role in cancer development. The aim of our study was to investigate the association of allelic variants of three functional polymorphisms rs2853669, rs2736100, and rs7726159 in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene with the risk of the breast cancer and prostate cancer in Russian population. Six hundred sixty women with breast cancer, 372 men with prostate cancer, and corresponding control groups of 523 women and 363 men were included in the present case-control study. We observed an association of allele rs2853669 C with increased risk of prostate cancer (co-dominant model TC vs. TT OR = 1.65, P = 0.002; additive model OR = 1.42, P = 0.005; dominant model: OR = 1.64, P = 0.001) and allele rs7726159 A with reduced risk of this malignancy (сo-dominant model: AA vs. CC OR = 0.42, P = 0.002; additive model: OR = 0.69, P = 0.002; dominant model: OR = 0.67, P = 0.01; recessive model: OR = 0.48, P = 0.005). None of the studied polymorphisms showed an association with the risk of breast cancer. Our results provide evidence that the TERT gene variability modulate prostate cancer predisposition in ethnical Russians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Shadrina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentjeva Street, 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia,
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109
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Wang DW, Wang ZH, Wang LL, Song Y, Zhang GZ. Overexpression of hiwi promotes growth of human breast cancer cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:7553-8. [PMID: 25292027 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.18.7553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Piwi subfamily comprises two argonaute (Ago) family proteins, which are defined by the presence of PAZ and Piwi domains, with well known roles in RNA silencing. Hiwi, a human Piwi subfamily member, has been shown to play essential roles in stem cell self-renewal and gametogenesis. Recently, accumulating reports have indicated that abnormal hiwi expression is associated with poorer prognosis of multiple types of human cancers, including examples in the breast. However, little is known about details of the oncogenic role of hiwi in breast cancers. In present study, we confirmed overexpression of hiwi in breast cancer specimens and breast cancer cell lines at both mRNA and protein levels. Thus both RT-qPCR and Western blot data revealed significantly higher hiwi in intratumor than peritumor specimens, overexpression being associated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis and histological grade. Hiwi overexpression was also identified in breast cancer cell lines, MDA- MB-231 and MCF-7, and gain-of-function and loss-of-function strategies were adopted to identify the role of hiwi in the MCF-7 cell growth. Results demonstrated that hiwi expression in MCF-7 cells was significantly up- or down- regulated by the two strategies. We next evaluated the influence of hiwi overexpression or knockdown on the growth of breast cancer cells. Both cell count and colony formation assays confirmed promoting roles of hiwi in MCF-7 cells, which could be inhibited by hiwi specific blockage by siRNAs. In summary, the present study confirmed overexpression of hiwi in breast cancer specimens and breast cancer cell lines, and provided evidence of promotion by hiwi of cell growth. The results imply an oncogenic role of hiwi in breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Wang
- Central Research Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China E-mail :
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Exome sequencing identifies FANCM as a susceptibility gene for triple-negative breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15172-7. [PMID: 25288723 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407909111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited predisposition to breast cancer is known to be caused by loss-of-function mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, CHEK2, and other genes involved in DNA repair. However, most families severely affected by breast cancer do not harbor mutations in any of these genes. In Finland, founder mutations have been observed in each of these genes, suggesting that the Finnish population may be an excellent resource for the identification of other such genes. To this end, we carried out exome sequencing of constitutional genomic DNA from 24 breast cancer patients from 11 Finnish breast cancer families. From all rare damaging variants, 22 variants in 21 DNA repair genes were genotyped in 3,166 breast cancer patients, 569 ovarian cancer patients, and 2,090 controls, all from the Helsinki or Tampere regions of Finland. In Fanconi anemia complementation gene M (FANCM), nonsense mutation c.5101C>T (p.Q1701X) was significantly more frequent among breast cancer patients than among controls [odds ratio (OR) = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.26-2.75; P = 0.0018], with particular enrichment among patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC; OR = 3.56, 95% CI = 1.81-6.98, P = 0.0002). In the Helsinki and Tampere regions, respectively, carrier frequencies of FANCM p.Q1701X were 2.9% and 4.0% of breast cancer patients, 5.6% and 6.6% of TNBC patients, 2.2% of ovarian cancer patients (from Helsinki), and 1.4% and 2.5% of controls. These findings identify FANCM as a breast cancer susceptibility gene, mutations in which confer a particularly strong predisposition for TNBC.
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111
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Lynch J, Whatley A, Uchendu US, Ibrahim SA. Race and genomics in the Veterans Health Administration. Am J Public Health 2014; 104 Suppl 4:S522-4. [PMID: 25100413 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lynch
- Julie Lynch is with the Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (CHOIR), Veterans Health Administration, and the Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC. Angela Whatley is with the Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC. Uchenna S. Uchendu is with the Office of Health Equity, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC. Said A. Ibrahim is with the Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia. Uchenna S. Uchendu and Said A. Ibrahim are also guest editors for this supplement issue
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Jiao Q, Wu A, Shao G, Peng H, Wang M, Ji S, Liu P, Zhang J. The latest progress in research on triple negative breast cancer (TNBC): risk factors, possible therapeutic targets and prognostic markers. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6:1329-35. [PMID: 25276378 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.08.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one type of breast cancer (BC), which is defined as negative for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (Her2). Its origins and development seem to be elusive. And for now, drugs like tamoxifen or trastuzumab which specifically apply to ER, PR or Her2 positive BC seem unforeseeable in TNBC clinical treatment. Due to its extreme malignancy, high recurrence rate and poor prognosis, a lot of work on the research of TNBC is needed. This review aims to summarize the latest findings in TNBC in risk factors, possible therapeutic targets and possible prognostic makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingli Jiao
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 2 Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 3 Department of Breast Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 2 Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 3 Department of Breast Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guoli Shao
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 2 Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 3 Department of Breast Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haoyu Peng
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 2 Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 3 Department of Breast Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mengchuan Wang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 2 Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 3 Department of Breast Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shufeng Ji
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 2 Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 3 Department of Breast Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Peng Liu
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 2 Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 3 Department of Breast Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 2 Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 3 Department of Breast Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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113
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Howell A, Anderson AS, Clarke RB, Duffy SW, Evans DG, Garcia-Closas M, Gescher AJ, Key TJ, Saxton JM, Harvie MN. Risk determination and prevention of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:446. [PMID: 25467785 PMCID: PMC4303126 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is an increasing public health problem. Substantial advances have been made in the treatment of breast cancer, but the introduction of methods to predict women at elevated risk and prevent the disease has been less successful. Here, we summarize recent data on newer approaches to risk prediction, available approaches to prevention, how new approaches may be made, and the difficult problem of using what we already know to prevent breast cancer in populations. During 2012, the Breast Cancer Campaign facilitated a series of workshops, each covering a specialty area of breast cancer to identify gaps in our knowledge. The risk-and-prevention panel involved in this exercise was asked to expand and update its report and review recent relevant peer-reviewed literature. The enlarged position paper presented here highlights the key gaps in risk-and-prevention research that were identified, together with recommendations for action. The panel estimated from the relevant literature that potentially 50% of breast cancer could be prevented in the subgroup of women at high and moderate risk of breast cancer by using current chemoprevention (tamoxifen, raloxifene, exemestane, and anastrozole) and that, in all women, lifestyle measures, including weight control, exercise, and moderating alcohol intake, could reduce breast cancer risk by about 30%. Risk may be estimated by standard models potentially with the addition of, for example, mammographic density and appropriate single-nucleotide polymorphisms. This review expands on four areas: (a) the prediction of breast cancer risk, (b) the evidence for the effectiveness of preventive therapy and lifestyle approaches to prevention, (c) how understanding the biology of the breast may lead to new targets for prevention, and (d) a summary of published guidelines for preventive approaches and measures required for their implementation. We hope that efforts to fill these and other gaps will lead to considerable advances in our efforts to predict risk and prevent breast cancer over the next 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Howell
- Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, M29 9LT Manchester, UK
- The Christie, NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 2QJ UK
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 2QJ UK
| | - Annie S Anderson
- Centre for Public Health Nutrition Research, Division of Cancer Research, Level 7, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Mailbox 7, George Pirie Way, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 2QJ UK
| | - Stephen W Duffy
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, M29 9LT Manchester, UK
- The Christie, NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 2QJ UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, St. Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL UK
| | - Montserat Garcia-Closas
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG London, UK
| | - Andy J Gescher
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE2 7LX UK
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF UK
| | - John M Saxton
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, University Drive, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Michelle N Harvie
- Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, M29 9LT Manchester, UK
- The Christie, NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 2QJ UK
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115
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Couch FJ, Nathanson KL, Offit K. Two decades after BRCA: setting paradigms in personalized cancer care and prevention. Science 2014; 343:1466-70. [PMID: 24675953 DOI: 10.1126/science.1251827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cloning of the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 nearly two decades ago helped set in motion an avalanche of research exploring how genomic information can be optimally applied to identify and clinically care for individuals with a high risk of developing cancer. Genetic testing for mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, and other breast cancer susceptibility genes has since proved to be a valuable tool for determining eligibility for enhanced screening and prevention strategies, as well as for identifying patients most likely to benefit from a targeted therapy. Here, we discuss the landscape of inherited mutations and sequence variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2, the complexities of determining disease risk when the pathogenicity of sequence variants is uncertain, and current strategies for clinical management of women who carry BRCA1/2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus J Couch
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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116
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Quan L, Hong CC, Zirpoli G, Roberts MR, Khoury T, Sucheston-Campbell LE, Bovbjerg DH, Jandorf L, Pawlish K, Ciupak G, Davis W, Bandera EV, Ambrosone CB, Yao S. Variants of estrogen-related genes and breast cancer risk in European and African American women. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:853-64. [PMID: 25228414 PMCID: PMC4214251 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been observed previously that compared with women of European ancestry (EA), those of African ancestry (AA) are more likely to develop estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer, although the mechanisms have not been elucidated. We tested the associations between breast cancer risk and a targeted set of 20 genes known to be involved in estrogen synthesis, metabolism, and response and potential gene-environment interactions using data and samples from 1307 EA (658 cases) and 1365 AA (621 cases) participants from the Women's Circle of Health Study (WCHS). Multivariable logistic regression found evidence of associations with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ESR1 gene in EA women (rs1801132, odds ratio (OR)=1.47, 95% CI=1.20-1.80, P=0.0002; rs2046210, OR=1.24, 95% CI=1.04-1.47, P=0.02; and rs3020314, OR=1.43, 95% CI=1.19-1.70, P=0.00009), but not in AA women. The only other gene associated with breast cancer risk was CYP1A2 in AA women (rs2470893, OR=1.42, 95% CI=1.00-2.02, P=0.05), but not in EA women. When stratified by ER status, ESR1 rs1801132, rs2046210, and rs3020314 showed stronger associations in ER-positive than in ER-negative breast cancer in only EA women. Associations with the ESR1 SNPs in EA women also appeared to be stronger with longer endogenous estrogen exposure or hormonal replacement therapy use. Our results indicate that there may be differential genetic influences on breast cancer risk in EA compared with AA women and that these differences may be modified by tumor subtype and estrogen exposures. Future studies with a larger sample size may determine the full contribution of estrogen-related genes to racial/ethnic differences in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Quan
- Roswell Park Cancer InstituteElm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USAUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York, USANew Jersey Department of HealthTrenton, New Jersey, USARutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, New Jersey, USA Roswell Park Cancer InstituteElm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USAUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York, USANew Jersey Department of HealthTrenton, New Jersey, USARutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Chi-Chen Hong
- Roswell Park Cancer InstituteElm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USAUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York, USANew Jersey Department of HealthTrenton, New Jersey, USARutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gary Zirpoli
- Roswell Park Cancer InstituteElm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USAUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York, USANew Jersey Department of HealthTrenton, New Jersey, USARutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michelle R Roberts
- Roswell Park Cancer InstituteElm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USAUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York, USANew Jersey Department of HealthTrenton, New Jersey, USARutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thaer Khoury
- Roswell Park Cancer InstituteElm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USAUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York, USANew Jersey Department of HealthTrenton, New Jersey, USARutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lara E Sucheston-Campbell
- Roswell Park Cancer InstituteElm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USAUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York, USANew Jersey Department of HealthTrenton, New Jersey, USARutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dana H Bovbjerg
- Roswell Park Cancer InstituteElm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USAUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York, USANew Jersey Department of HealthTrenton, New Jersey, USARutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lina Jandorf
- Roswell Park Cancer InstituteElm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USAUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York, USANew Jersey Department of HealthTrenton, New Jersey, USARutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Karen Pawlish
- Roswell Park Cancer InstituteElm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USAUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York, USANew Jersey Department of HealthTrenton, New Jersey, USARutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gregory Ciupak
- Roswell Park Cancer InstituteElm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USAUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York, USANew Jersey Department of HealthTrenton, New Jersey, USARutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Warren Davis
- Roswell Park Cancer InstituteElm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USAUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York, USANew Jersey Department of HealthTrenton, New Jersey, USARutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Elisa V Bandera
- Roswell Park Cancer InstituteElm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USAUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York, USANew Jersey Department of HealthTrenton, New Jersey, USARutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christine B Ambrosone
- Roswell Park Cancer InstituteElm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USAUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York, USANew Jersey Department of HealthTrenton, New Jersey, USARutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Song Yao
- Roswell Park Cancer InstituteElm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USAUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York, USANew Jersey Department of HealthTrenton, New Jersey, USARutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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