101
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Hughes KR, Harnisch LC, Alcon-Giner C, Mitra S, Wright CJ, Ketskemety J, van Sinderen D, Watson AJM, Hall LJ. Bifidobacterium breve reduces apoptotic epithelial cell shedding in an exopolysaccharide and MyD88-dependent manner. Open Biol 2017; 7:rsob.160155. [PMID: 28123052 PMCID: PMC5303268 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain members of the microbiota genus Bifidobacterium are known to positively influence host well-being. Importantly, reduced bifidobacterial levels are associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, who also have impaired epithelial barrier function, including elevated rates of apoptotic extrusion of small intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) from villi—a process termed ‘cell shedding’. Using a mouse model of pathological cell shedding, we show that mice receiving Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 exhibit significantly reduced rates of small IEC shedding. Bifidobacterial-induced protection appears to be mediated by a specific bifidobacterial surface exopolysaccharide and interactions with host MyD88 resulting in downregulation of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic responses to protect epithelial cells under highly inflammatory conditions. Our results reveal an important and previously undescribed role for B. breve, in positively modulating epithelial cell shedding outcomes via bacterial- and host-dependent factors, supporting the notion that manipulation of the microbiota affects intestinal disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Hughes
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK .,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - L C Harnisch
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - C Alcon-Giner
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - S Mitra
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - C J Wright
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - J Ketskemety
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - D van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - A J M Watson
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK .,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - L J Hall
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
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102
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Mancabelli L, Milani C, Lugli GA, Turroni F, Mangifesta M, Viappiani A, Ticinesi A, Nouvenne A, Meschi T, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Unveiling the gut microbiota composition and functionality associated with constipation through metagenomic analyses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9879. [PMID: 28852182 PMCID: PMC5575163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10663-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional constipation (FC) is a gastrointestinal disorder with a high prevalence among the general population. The precise causes of FC are still unknown and are most likely multifactorial. Growing evidence indicates that alterations of gut microbiota composition contribute to constipation symptoms. Nevertheless, many discrepancies exist in literature and no clear link between FC and gut microbiota composition has as yet been identified. In this study, we performed 16 S rRNA-based microbial profiling analysis of 147 stool samples from 68 FC individuals and compared their microbial profiles with those of 79 healthy subjects (HS). Notably, the gut microbiota of FC individuals was shown to be depleted of members belonging to Bacteroides, Roseburia and Coprococcus 3. Furthermore, the metabolic capabilities of the gut microbiomes of five FC and five HS individuals were evaluated through shotgun metagenomics using a MiSeq platform, indicating that HS are enriched in pathways involved in carbohydrate, fatty acid and lipid metabolism as compared to FC. In contrast, the microbiomes corresponding to FC were shown to exhibit high abundance of genes involved in hydrogen production, methanogenesis and glycerol degradation. The identified differences in bacterial composition and metabolic capabilities may play an important role in development of FC symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mancabelli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Andrea Lugli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marta Mangifesta
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,GenProbio srl, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Ticinesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Dipartimento Medico-Geriatrico-Riabilitativo, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Nouvenne
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Dipartimento Medico-Geriatrico-Riabilitativo, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Tiziana Meschi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Dipartimento Medico-Geriatrico-Riabilitativo, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, Bioscience Institute, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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103
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Selber-Hnatiw S, Rukundo B, Ahmadi M, Akoubi H, Al-Bizri H, Aliu AF, Ambeaghen TU, Avetisyan L, Bahar I, Baird A, Begum F, Ben Soussan H, Blondeau-Éthier V, Bordaries R, Bramwell H, Briggs A, Bui R, Carnevale M, Chancharoen M, Chevassus T, Choi JH, Coulombe K, Couvrette F, D'Abreau S, Davies M, Desbiens MP, Di Maulo T, Di Paolo SA, Do Ponte S, Dos Santos Ribeiro P, Dubuc-Kanary LA, Duncan PK, Dupuis F, El-Nounou S, Eyangos CN, Ferguson NK, Flores-Chinchilla NR, Fotakis T, Gado Oumarou H D M, Georgiev M, Ghiassy S, Glibetic N, Grégoire Bouchard J, Hassan T, Huseen I, Ibuna Quilatan MF, Iozzo T, Islam S, Jaunky DB, Jeyasegaram A, Johnston MA, Kahler MR, Kaler K, Kamani C, Karimian Rad H, Konidis E, Konieczny F, Kurianowicz S, Lamothe P, Legros K, Leroux S, Li J, Lozano Rodriguez ME, Luponio-Yoffe S, Maalouf Y, Mantha J, McCormick M, Mondragon P, Narayana T, Neretin E, Nguyen TTT, Niu I, Nkemazem RB, O'Donovan M, Oueis M, Paquette S, Patel N, Pecsi E, Peters J, Pettorelli A, Poirier C, Pompa VR, Rajen H, Ralph RO, Rosales-Vasquez J, Rubinshtein D, Sakr S, Sebai MS, Serravalle L, Sidibe F, Sinnathurai A, Soho D, Sundarakrishnan A, Svistkova V, Ugbeye TE, Vasconcelos MS, Vincelli M, Voitovich O, Vrabel P, Wang L, Wasfi M, Zha CY, Gamberi C. Human Gut Microbiota: Toward an Ecology of Disease. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1265. [PMID: 28769880 PMCID: PMC5511848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Composed of trillions of individual microbes, the human gut microbiota has adapted to the uniquely diverse environments found in the human intestine. Quickly responding to the variances in the ingested food, the microbiota interacts with the host via reciprocal biochemical signaling to coordinate the exchange of nutrients and proper immune function. Host and microbiota function as a unit which guards its balance against invasion by potential pathogens and which undergoes natural selection. Disturbance of the microbiota composition, or dysbiosis, is often associated with human disease, indicating that, while there seems to be no unique optimal composition of the gut microbiota, a balanced community is crucial for human health. Emerging knowledge of the ecology of the microbiota-host synergy will have an impact on how we implement antibiotic treatment in therapeutics and prophylaxis and how we will consider alternative strategies of global remodeling of the microbiota such as fecal transplants. Here we examine the microbiota-human host relationship from the perspective of the microbial community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belise Rukundo
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Masoumeh Ahmadi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hayfa Akoubi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hend Al-Bizri
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Adelekan F Aliu
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Lilit Avetisyan
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Irmak Bahar
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Baird
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fatema Begum
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Helene Bramwell
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alicia Briggs
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Bui
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Talia Chevassus
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jin H Choi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Karyne Coulombe
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Meghan Davies
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Tamara Di Maulo
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Paola K Duncan
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sara El-Nounou
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Tanya Fotakis
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Metodi Georgiev
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Tazkia Hassan
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Iman Huseen
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Tania Iozzo
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Safina Islam
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dilan B Jaunky
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Cedric Kamani
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Filip Konieczny
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Karina Legros
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jun Li
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Yara Maalouf
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jessica Mantha
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Thi T T Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ian Niu
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Matthew Oueis
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Nehal Patel
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Emily Pecsi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jackie Peters
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Surya Sakr
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Lisa Serravalle
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fily Sidibe
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Dominique Soho
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olga Voitovich
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pamela Vrabel
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maryse Wasfi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cong Y Zha
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chiara Gamberi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
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104
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Stewart CJ, Embleton ND, Marrs ECL, Smith DP, Fofanova T, Nelson A, Skeath T, Perry JD, Petrosino JF, Berrington JE, Cummings SP. Longitudinal development of the gut microbiome and metabolome in preterm neonates with late onset sepsis and healthy controls. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:75. [PMID: 28701177 PMCID: PMC5508794 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late onset sepsis (LOS) in preterm infants is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. While studies have implicated gut bacteria in the aetiology of the disease, functional analysis and mechanistic insights are generally lacking. We performed temporal bacterial (n = 613) and metabolomic (n = 63) profiling on extensively sampled stool from 7 infants with LOS and 28 matched healthy (no LOS or NEC) controls. RESULTS The bacteria isolated in diagnostic blood culture usually corresponded to the dominant bacterial genera in the gut microbiome. Longitudinal changes were monitored based on preterm gut community types (PGCTs), where control infants had an increased number of PGCTs compared to LOS infants (P = 0.011). PGCT 6, characterised by Bifidobacteria dominance, was only present in control infants. Metabolite profiles differed between LOS and control infants at diagnosis and 7 days later, but not 7 days prior to diagnosis. Bifidobacteria was positively correlated with control metabolites, including raffinose, sucrose, and acetic acid. CONCLUSIONS Using multi-omic analysis, we show that the gut microbiome is involved in the pathogenesis of LOS. While the causative agent of LOS varies, it is usually abundant in the gut. Bifidobacteria dominance was associated with control infants, and the presence of this organism may directly protect, or act as a marker for protection, against gut epithelial translocation. While the metabolomic data is preliminary, the findings support that gut development and protection in preterm infants is associated with increased in prebiotic oligosaccharides (e.g. raffinose) and the growth of beneficial bacteria (e.g. Bifidobacterium).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Stewart
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
| | - Nicholas D Embleton
- Newcastle Neonatal Service, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP.77030, UK
| | - Emma C L Marrs
- Department of Microbiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Daniel P Smith
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Tatiana Fofanova
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Andrew Nelson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Tom Skeath
- Newcastle Neonatal Service, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP.77030, UK
| | - John D Perry
- Department of Microbiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Janet E Berrington
- Newcastle Neonatal Service, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP.77030, UK
| | - Stephen P Cummings
- School of Science and Engineering, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
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105
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Duranti S, Lugli GA, Mancabelli L, Armanini F, Turroni F, James K, Ferretti P, Gorfer V, Ferrario C, Milani C, Mangifesta M, Anzalone R, Zolfo M, Viappiani A, Pasolli E, Bariletti I, Canto R, Clementi R, Cologna M, Crifò T, Cusumano G, Fedi S, Gottardi S, Innamorati C, Masè C, Postai D, Savoi D, Soffiati M, Tateo S, Pedrotti A, Segata N, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Maternal inheritance of bifidobacterial communities and bifidophages in infants through vertical transmission. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:66. [PMID: 28651630 PMCID: PMC5485682 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correct establishment of the human gut microbiota represents a crucial development that commences at birth. Different hypotheses propose that the infant gut microbiota is derived from, among other sources, the mother's fecal/vaginal microbiota and human milk. RESULTS The composition of bifidobacterial communities of 25 mother-infant pairs was investigated based on an internal transcribed spacer (ITS) approach, combined with cultivation-mediated and genomic analyses. We identified bifidobacterial strains/communities that are shared between mothers and their corresponding newborns. Notably, genomic analyses together with growth profiling assays revealed that bifidobacterial strains that had been isolated from human milk are genetically adapted to utilize human milk glycans. In addition, we identified particular bacteriophages specific of bifidobacterial species that are common in the viromes of mother and corresponding child. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the transmission of bifidobacterial communities from the mother to her child and implies human milk as a potential vehicle to facilitate this acquisition. Furthermore, these data represent the first example of maternal inheritance of bifidobacterial phages, also known as bifidophages in infants following a vertical transmission route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Duranti
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Andrea Lugli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mancabelli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Kieran James
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, Bioscience Institute, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pamela Ferretti
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Ferrario
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Rosaria Anzalone
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Moreno Zolfo
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Edoardo Pasolli
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Rosarita Canto
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Marina Cologna
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, Trento, Italy
| | - Tiziana Crifò
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Sabina Fedi
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | - Caterina Masè
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, Trento, Italy
| | - Daniela Postai
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, Trento, Italy
| | - Daniela Savoi
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Saverio Tateo
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, Trento, Italy
| | - Anna Pedrotti
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, Trento, Italy
| | - Nicola Segata
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, Bioscience Institute, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy.
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