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Bleeker JC, Houtkooper RH. Sirtuin activation as a therapeutic approach against inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:565-72. [PMID: 27146436 PMCID: PMC4920849 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein acylation has emerged as a large family of post translational modifications in which an acyl group can alter the function of a wide variety of proteins, especially in response to metabolic stress. The acylation state is regulated through reversible acylation/deacylation. Acylation occurs enzymatically or non-enzymatically, and responds to acyl-CoA levels. Deacylation on the other hand is controlled through the NAD(+)-dependent sirtuin proteins. In several inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs), accumulation of acyl-CoAs, due to defects in amino acid and fatty acid metabolic pathways, can lead to hyperacylation of proteins. This can have a direct effect on protein function and might play a role in pathophysiology. In this review we describe several mouse and cell models for IEM that display high levels of lysine acylation. Furthermore, we discuss how sirtuins serve as a promising therapeutic target to restore acylation state and could treat IEMs. In this context we examine several pharmacological sirtuin activators, such as resveratrol, NAD(+) precursors and PARP and CD38 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette C Bleeker
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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102
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Fukushima A, Alrob OA, Zhang L, Wagg CS, Altamimi T, Rawat S, Rebeyka IM, Kantor PF, Lopaschuk GD. Acetylation and succinylation contribute to maturational alterations in energy metabolism in the newborn heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H347-63. [PMID: 27261364 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00900.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dramatic maturational changes in cardiac energy metabolism occur in the newborn period, with a shift from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation. Acetylation and succinylation of lysyl residues are novel posttranslational modifications involved in the control of cardiac energy metabolism. We investigated the impact of changes in protein acetylation/succinylation on the maturational changes in energy metabolism of 1-, 7-, and 21-day-old rabbit hearts. Cardiac fatty acid β-oxidation rates increased in 21-day vs. 1- and 7-day-old hearts, whereas glycolysis and glucose oxidation rates decreased in 21-day-old hearts. The fatty acid oxidation enzymes, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD), were hyperacetylated with maturation, positively correlated with their activities and fatty acid β-oxidation rates. This alteration was associated with increased expression of the mitochondrial acetyltransferase, general control of amino acid synthesis 5 like 1 (GCN5L1), since silencing GCN5L1 mRNA in H9c2 cells significantly reduced acetylation and activity of LCAD and β-HAD. An increase in mitochondrial ATP production rates with maturation was associated with the decreased acetylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, a transcriptional regulator for mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, hexokinase, and phosphoglycerate mutase expression declined postbirth, whereas acetylation of these glycolytic enzymes increased. Phosphorylation rather than acetylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) increased in 21-day-old hearts, accounting for the low glucose oxidation postbirth. A maturational increase was also observed in succinylation of PDH and LCAD. Collectively, our data are the first suggesting that acetylation and succinylation of the key metabolic enzymes in newborn hearts play a crucial role in cardiac energy metabolism with maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Fukushima
- Cardiovascular Translational Science Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Osama Abo Alrob
- Cardiovascular Translational Science Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Translational Science Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Cory S Wagg
- Cardiovascular Translational Science Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Tariq Altamimi
- Cardiovascular Translational Science Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Sonia Rawat
- Cardiovascular Translational Science Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Ivan M Rebeyka
- Cardiovascular Translational Science Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Paul F Kantor
- Cardiovascular Translational Science Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Gary D Lopaschuk
- Cardiovascular Translational Science Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
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103
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α-Lipoic acid promotes α-tubulin hyperacetylation and blocks the turnover of mitochondria through mitophagy. Biochem J 2016; 473:1821-30. [PMID: 27099338 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is tightly coupled to the nutritional status of the cell, as the availability of its cofactor, acetyl-CoA, fluctuates with changing metabolic conditions. Recent studies have demonstrated that acetyl-CoA levels act as an indicator of cellular nourishment, and increased abundance of this metabolite can block the induction of cellular recycling programmes. In the present study we investigated the cross-talk between mitochondrial metabolic pathways, acetylation and autophagy, using chemical inducers of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA production. Treatment of cells with α-lipoic acid (αLA), a cofactor of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, led to the unexpected hyperacetylation of α-tubulin in the cytosol. This acetylation was blocked by pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial citrate export (a source for mitochondria-derived acetyl-CoA in the cytosol), was dependent on the α-tubulin acetyltransferase (αTAT) and was coupled to a loss in function of the cytosolic histone deacetylase, HDAC6. We further demonstrate that αLA slows the flux of substrates through autophagy-related pathways, and severely limits the ability of cells to remove depolarized mitochondria through PTEN-associated kinase 1 (PINK1)-mediated mitophagy.
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104
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Abstract
Reversible acetylation was initially described as an epigenetic mechanism regulating DNA accessibility. Since then, this process has emerged as a controller of histone and nonhistone acetylation that integrates key physiological processes such as metabolism, circadian rhythm and cell cycle, along with gene regulation in various organisms. The widespread and reversible nature of acetylation also revitalized interest in the mechanisms that regulate lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and deacetylases (KDACs) in health and disease. Changes in protein or histone acetylation are especially relevant for many common diseases including obesity, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, as well as for some rare diseases such as mitochondrial diseases and lipodystrophies. In this Review, we examine the role of reversible acetylation in metabolic control and how changes in levels of metabolites or cofactors, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide, coenzyme A, acetyl coenzyme A, zinc and butyrate and/or β-hydroxybutyrate, directly alter KAT or KDAC activity to link energy status to adaptive cellular and organismal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keir J Menzies
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Katsyuba
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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105
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Houten SM, Violante S, Ventura FV, Wanders RJA. The Biochemistry and Physiology of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation and Its Genetic Disorders. Annu Rev Physiol 2015; 78:23-44. [PMID: 26474213 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) is the major pathway for the degradation of fatty acids and is essential for maintaining energy homeostasis in the human body. Fatty acids are a crucial energy source in the postabsorptive and fasted states when glucose supply is limiting. But even when glucose is abundantly available, FAO is a main energy source for the heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney. A series of enzymes, transporters, and other facilitating proteins are involved in FAO. Recessively inherited defects are known for most of the genes encoding these proteins. The clinical presentation of these disorders may include hypoketotic hypoglycemia, (cardio)myopathy, arrhythmia, and rhabdomyolysis and illustrates the importance of FAO during fasting and in hepatic and (cardio)muscular function. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge on the biochemistry and physiological functions of FAO and discuss the pathophysiological processes associated with FAO disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; ,
| | - Sara Violante
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; ,
| | - Fatima V Ventura
- Metabolism and Genetics Group, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, iMed.ULisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; .,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; .,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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106
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Sakai C, Yamaguchi S, Sasaki M, Miyamoto Y, Matsushima Y, Goto YI. ECHS1 mutations cause combined respiratory chain deficiency resulting in Leigh syndrome. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:232-9. [PMID: 25393721 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human ECHS1 gene encodes the short-chain enoyl coenzyme A hydratase, the enzyme that catalyzes the second step of β-oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondrial matrix. We report on a boy with ECHS1 deficiency who was diagnosed with Leigh syndrome at 21 months of age. The patient presented with hypotonia, metabolic acidosis, and developmental delay. A combined respiratory chain deficiency was also observed. Targeted exome sequencing of 776 mitochondria-associated genes encoded by nuclear DNA identified compound heterozygous mutations in ECHS1. ECHS1 protein expression was severely depleted in the patient's skeletal muscle and patient-derived myoblasts; a marked decrease in enzyme activity was also evident in patient-derived myoblasts. Immortalized patient-derived myoblasts that expressed exogenous wild-type ECHS1 exhibited the recovery of the ECHS1 activity, indicating that the gene defect was pathogenic. Mitochondrial respiratory complex activity was also mostly restored in these cells, suggesting that there was an unidentified link between deficiency of ECHS1 and respiratory chain. Here, we describe the patient with ECHS1 deficiency; these findings will advance our understanding not only the pathology of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation disorders, but also the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Sakai
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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107
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Lund M, Olsen RKJ, Gregersen N. A short introduction to acyl-CoA dehydrogenases; deficiencies and novel treatment strategies. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1092869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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108
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Lombard
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Banaja P Dash
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Surinder Kumar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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109
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Weinert BT, Moustafa T, Iesmantavicius V, Zechner R, Choudhary C. Analysis of acetylation stoichiometry suggests that SIRT3 repairs nonenzymatic acetylation lesions. EMBO J 2015; 34:2620-32. [PMID: 26358839 PMCID: PMC4641529 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylation is frequently detected on mitochondrial enzymes, and the sirtuin deacetylase SIRT3 is thought to regulate metabolism by deacetylating mitochondrial proteins. However, the stoichiometry of acetylation has not been studied and is important for understanding whether SIRT3 regulates or suppresses acetylation. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, we measured acetylation stoichiometry in mouse liver tissue and found that SIRT3 suppressed acetylation to a very low stoichiometry at its target sites. By examining acetylation changes in the liver, heart, brain, and brown adipose tissue of fasted mice, we found that SIRT3‐targeted sites were mostly unaffected by fasting, a dietary manipulation that is thought to regulate metabolism through SIRT3‐dependent deacetylation. Globally increased mitochondrial acetylation in fasted liver tissue, higher stoichiometry at mitochondrial acetylation sites, and greater sensitivity of SIRT3‐targeted sites to chemical acetylation in vitro and fasting‐induced acetylation in vivo, suggest a nonenzymatic mechanism of acetylation. Our data indicate that most mitochondrial acetylation occurs as a low‐level nonenzymatic protein lesion and that SIRT3 functions as a protein repair factor that removes acetylation lesions from lysine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Weinert
- The NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tarek Moustafa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vytautas Iesmantavicius
- The NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Chunaram Choudhary
- The NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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110
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Montgomery DC, Sorum AW, Guasch L, Nicklaus MC, Meier JL. Metabolic Regulation of Histone Acetyltransferases by Endogenous Acyl-CoA Cofactors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1030-1039. [PMID: 26190825 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The finding that chromatin modifications are sensitive to changes in cellular cofactor levels potentially links altered tumor cell metabolism and gene expression. However, the specific enzymes and metabolites that connect these two processes remain obscure. Characterizing these metabolic-epigenetic axes is critical to understanding how metabolism supports signaling in cancer, and developing therapeutic strategies to disrupt this process. Here, we describe a chemical approach to define the metabolic regulation of lysine acetyltransferase (KAT) enzymes. Using a novel chemoproteomic probe, we identify a previously unreported interaction between palmitoyl coenzyme A (palmitoyl-CoA) and KAT enzymes. Further analysis reveals that palmitoyl-CoA is a potent inhibitor of KAT activity and that fatty acyl-CoA precursors reduce cellular histone acetylation levels. These studies implicate fatty acyl-CoAs as endogenous regulators of histone acetylation, and suggest novel strategies for the investigation and metabolic modulation of epigenetic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Montgomery
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick MD, 21702, USA
| | - Alexander W Sorum
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick MD, 21702, USA
| | - Laura Guasch
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick MD, 21702, USA
| | - Marc C Nicklaus
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jordan L Meier
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick MD, 21702, USA
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111
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Fernandes J, Weddle A, Kinter CS, Humphries KM, Mather T, Szweda LI, Kinter M. Lysine Acetylation Activates Mitochondrial Aconitase in the Heart. Biochemistry 2015; 54:4008-18. [PMID: 26061789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput proteomics studies have identified several thousand acetylation sites on more than 1000 proteins. Mitochondrial aconitase, the Krebs cycle enzyme that converts citrate to isocitrate, has been identified in many of these reports. Acetylated mitochondrial aconitase has also been identified as a target for sirtuin 3 (SIRT3)-catalyzed deacetylation. However, the functional significance of mitochondrial aconitase acetylation has not been determined. Using in vitro strategies, mass spectrometric analyses, and an in vivo mouse model of obesity, we found a significant acetylation-dependent activation of aconitase. Isolated heart mitochondria subjected to in vitro chemical acetylation with either acetic anhydride or acetyl-coenzyme A resulted in increased aconitase activity that was reversed with SIRT3 treatment. Quantitative mass spectrometry was used to measure acetylation at 21 lysine residues and revealed significant increases with both in vitro treatments. A high-fat diet (60% of kilocalories from fat) was used as an in vivo model and also showed significantly increased mitochondrial aconitase activity without changes in protein level. The high-fat diet also produced an increased level of aconitase acetylation at multiple sites as measured by the quantitative mass spectrometry assays. Treatment of isolated mitochondria from these mice with SIRT3 abolished the high-fat diet-induced activation of aconitase and reduced acetylation. Finally, kinetic analyses found that the increase in activity was a result of increased maximal velocity, and molecular modeling suggests the potential for acetylation at K144 to perturb the tertiary structure of the enzyme. The results of this study reveal a novel activation of mitochondrial aconitase by acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolyn Fernandes
- †Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States.,‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Alexis Weddle
- †Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Caroline S Kinter
- †Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Kenneth M Humphries
- †Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States.,‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States.,∥Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Timothy Mather
- ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States.,§Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Luke I Szweda
- †Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States.,‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States.,∥Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Michael Kinter
- †Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States.,∥Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
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112
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Role of CoA and acetyl-CoA in regulating cardiac fatty acid and glucose oxidation. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1043-51. [PMID: 25110000 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CoA (coenzyme A) and its derivatives have a critical role in regulating cardiac energy metabolism. This includes a key role as a substrate and product in the energy metabolic pathways, as well as serving as an allosteric regulator of cardiac energy metabolism. In addition, the CoA ester malonyl-CoA has an important role in regulating fatty acid oxidation, secondary to inhibiting CPT (carnitine palmitoyltransferase) 1, a key enzyme involved in mitochondrial fatty acid uptake. Alterations in malonyl-CoA synthesis by ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and degradation by MCD (malonyl-CoA decarboxylase) are important contributors to the high cardiac fatty acid oxidation rates seen in ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, obesity and diabetes. Additional control of fatty acid oxidation may also occur at the level of acetyl-CoA involvement in acetylation of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidative enzymes. We find that acetylation of the fatty acid β-oxidative enzymes, LCAD (long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) and β-HAD (β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) is associated with an increase in activity and fatty acid oxidation in heart from obese mice with heart failure. This is associated with decreased SIRT3 (sirtuin 3) activity, an important mitochondrial deacetylase. In support of this, cardiac SIRT3 deletion increases acetylation of LCAD and β-HAD, and increases cardiac fatty acid oxidation. Acetylation of MCD is also associated with increased activity, decreases malonyl-CoA levels and an increase in fatty acid oxidation. Combined, these data suggest that malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA have an important role in mediating the alterations in fatty acid oxidation seen in heart failure.
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113
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Protein acetylation as a means to regulate protein function in tune with metabolic state. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1037-42. [PMID: 25109999 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein acetylation has emerged as a prominent post-translational modification that can occur on a wide variety of proteins. The metabolite acetyl-CoA is a key intermediate in energy metabolism that also serves as the acetyl group donor in protein acetylation modifications. Therefore such acetylation modifications might be coupled to the intracellular availability of acetyl-CoA. In the present article, we summarize recent evidence suggesting that the particular protein acetylation modifications enable the regulation of protein function in tune with acetyl-CoA availability and thus the metabolic state of the cell.
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114
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Haack TB, Jackson CB, Murayama K, Kremer LS, Schaller A, Kotzaeridou U, de Vries MC, Schottmann G, Santra S, Büchner B, Wieland T, Graf E, Freisinger P, Eggimann S, Ohtake A, Okazaki Y, Kohda M, Kishita Y, Tokuzawa Y, Sauer S, Memari Y, Kolb-Kokocinski A, Durbin R, Hasselmann O, Cremer K, Albrecht B, Wieczorek D, Engels H, Hahn D, Zink AM, Alston CL, Taylor RW, Rodenburg RJ, Trollmann R, Sperl W, Strom TM, Hoffmann GF, Mayr JA, Meitinger T, Bolognini R, Schuelke M, Nuoffer JM, Kölker S, Prokisch H, Klopstock T. Deficiency of ECHS1 causes mitochondrial encephalopathy with cardiac involvement. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:492-509. [PMID: 26000322 PMCID: PMC4435704 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECHS1) is a multifunctional mitochondrial matrix enzyme that is involved in the oxidation of fatty acids and essential amino acids such as valine. Here, we describe the broad phenotypic spectrum and pathobiochemistry of individuals with autosomal-recessive ECHS1 deficiency. METHODS Using exome sequencing, we identified ten unrelated individuals carrying compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations in ECHS1. Functional investigations in patient-derived fibroblast cell lines included immunoblotting, enzyme activity measurement, and a palmitate loading assay. RESULTS Patients showed a heterogeneous phenotype with disease onset in the first year of life and course ranging from neonatal death to survival into adulthood. The most prominent clinical features were encephalopathy (10/10), deafness (9/9), epilepsy (6/9), optic atrophy (6/10), and cardiomyopathy (4/10). Serum lactate was elevated and brain magnetic resonance imaging showed white matter changes or a Leigh-like pattern resembling disorders of mitochondrial energy metabolism. Analysis of patients' fibroblast cell lines (6/10) provided further evidence for the pathogenicity of the respective mutations by showing reduced ECHS1 protein levels and reduced 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase activity. While serum acylcarnitine profiles were largely normal, in vitro palmitate loading of patient fibroblasts revealed increased butyrylcarnitine, unmasking the functional defect in mitochondrial β-oxidation of short-chain fatty acids. Urinary excretion of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydroxybutyrate - a potential derivative of acryloyl-CoA in the valine catabolic pathway - was significantly increased, indicating impaired valine oxidation. INTERPRETATION In conclusion, we define the phenotypic spectrum of a new syndrome caused by ECHS1 deficiency. We speculate that both the β-oxidation defect and the block in l-valine metabolism, with accumulation of toxic methacrylyl-CoA and acryloyl-CoA, contribute to the disorder that may be amenable to metabolic treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher B Jackson
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and University Children's Hospital, University of Bern3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kei Murayama
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's HospitalChiba, 266-0007, Japan
| | - Laura S Kremer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - André Schaller
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Bern3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urania Kotzaeridou
- Divisions of Inherited Metabolic Disease and Neuropediatrics, Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital HeidelbergD-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maaike C de Vries
- Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Center6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gudrun Schottmann
- Department of Neuropediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saikat Santra
- Department of Pediatrics, Birmingham Children's HospitalBirmingham, B4 6NH, United Kingdom
| | - Boriana Büchner
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Graf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Freisinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Reutlingen72764, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Eggimann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and University Children's Hospital, University of Bern3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Akira Ohtake
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical UniversitySaitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical UniversitySaitama, 350-1241, Japan
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical UniversitySaitama, 350-1241, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kohda
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical UniversitySaitama, 350-1241, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kishita
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical UniversitySaitama, 350-1241, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tokuzawa
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical UniversitySaitama, 350-1241, Japan
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Otto-Warburg Laboratory14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yasin Memari
- Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard Durbin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Oswald Hasselmann
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland St.Gallen9006, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten Cremer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beate Albrecht
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Engels
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dagmar Hahn
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and University Children's Hospital, University of Bern3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander M Zink
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charlotte L Alston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Rodenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Center6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Regina Trollmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sperl
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Divisions of Inherited Metabolic Disease and Neuropediatrics, Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital HeidelbergD-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes A Mayr
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)80336, Munich, Germany
- DZNE – German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramona Bolognini
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Bern3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Schuelke
- Department of Neuropediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and University Children's Hospital, University of Bern3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Divisions of Inherited Metabolic Disease and Neuropediatrics, Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital HeidelbergD-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University80336, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)80336, Munich, Germany
- DZNE – German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases80336, Munich, Germany
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115
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Shi L, Tu BP. Acetyl-CoA and the regulation of metabolism: mechanisms and consequences. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 33:125-31. [PMID: 25703630 PMCID: PMC4380630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA represents a key node in metabolism due to its intersection with many metabolic pathways and transformations. Emerging evidence reveals that cells monitor the levels of acetyl-CoA as a key indicator of their metabolic state, through distinctive protein acetylation modifications dependent on this metabolite. We offer the following conceptual model for understanding the role of this sentinel metabolite in metabolic regulation. High nucleocytosolic acetyl-CoA amounts are a signature of a “growth” or “fed” state and promote its utilization for lipid synthesis and histone acetylation. In contrast, under “survival” or “fasted” states, acetyl-CoA is preferentially directed into the mitochondria to promote mitochondrial-dependent activities such as the synthesis of ATP and ketone bodies. Fluctuations in acetyl-CoA within these subcellular compartments enable the substrate-level regulation of acetylation modifications, but also necessitates the function of sirtuin deacetylases to catalyze removal of spontaneous modifications that might be unintended. Thus, understanding the sources, fates, and consequences of acetyl-CoA as a carrier of two-carbon units has started to reveal its underappreciated but profound influence on the regulation of numerous life processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, United States
| | - Benjamin P Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, United States.
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116
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Acetyl-L-carnitine increases mitochondrial protein acetylation in the aged rat heart. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 145:39-50. [PMID: 25660059 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously we showed that in vivo treatment of elderly Fisher 344 rats with acetylcarnitine abolished the age-associated defect in respiratory chain complex III in interfibrillar mitochondria and improved the functional recovery of the ischemic/reperfused heart. Herein, we explored mitochondrial protein acetylation as a possible mechanism for acetylcarnitine's effect. In vivo treatment of elderly rats with acetylcarnitine restored cardiac acetylcarnitine content and increased mitochondrial protein lysine acetylation and increased the number of lysine-acetylated proteins in cardiac subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar mitochondria. Enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, mitochondrial β-oxidation, and ATP synthase of the respiratory chain showed the greatest acetylation. Acetylation of isocitrate dehydrogenase, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, complex V, and aspartate aminotransferase was accompanied by decreased catalytic activity. Several proteins were found to be acetylated only after treatment with acetylcarnitine, suggesting that exogenous acetylcarnitine served as the acetyl-donor. Two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that acetylcarnitine treatment also induced changes in mitochondrial protein amount; a two-fold or greater increase/decrease in abundance was observed for thirty one proteins. Collectively, our data provide evidence for the first time that in the aged rat heart in vivo administration of acetylcarnitine provides acetyl groups for protein acetylation and affects the amount of mitochondrial proteins.
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117
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The growing landscape of lysine acetylation links metabolism and cell signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:536-50. [PMID: 25053359 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 978] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a conserved protein post-translational modification that links acetyl-coenzyme A metabolism and cellular signalling. Recent advances in the identification and quantification of lysine acetylation by mass spectrometry have increased our understanding of lysine acetylation, implicating it in many biological processes through the regulation of protein interactions, activity and localization. In addition, proteins are frequently modified by other types of acylations, such as formylation, butyrylation, propionylation, succinylation, malonylation, myristoylation, glutarylation and crotonylation. The intricate link between lysine acylation and cellular metabolism has been clarified by the occurrence of several such metabolite-sensitive acylations and their selective removal by sirtuin deacylases. These emerging findings point to new functions for different lysine acylations and deacylating enzymes and also highlight the mechanisms by which acetylation regulates various cellular processes.
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118
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Papanicolaou KN, O'Rourke B, Foster DB. Metabolism leaves its mark on the powerhouse: recent progress in post-translational modifications of lysine in mitochondria. Front Physiol 2014; 5:301. [PMID: 25228883 PMCID: PMC4151196 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine modifications have been studied extensively in the nucleus, where they play pivotal roles in gene regulation and constitute one of the pillars of epigenetics. In the cytoplasm, they are critical to proteostasis. However, in the last decade we have also witnessed the emergence of mitochondria as a prime locus for post-translational modification (PTM) of lysine thanks, in large measure, to evolving proteomic techniques. Here, we review recent work on evolving set of PTM that arise from the direct reaction of lysine residues with energized metabolic thioester-coenzyme A intermediates, including acetylation, succinylation, malonylation, and glutarylation. We highlight the evolutionary conservation, kinetics, stoichiometry, and cross-talk between members of this emerging family of PTMs. We examine the impact on target protein function and regulation by mitochondrial sirtuins. Finally, we spotlight work in the heart and cardiac mitochondria, and consider the roles acetylation and other newly-found modifications may play in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos N Papanicolaou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian O'Rourke
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Brian Foster
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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