101
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Zheng Y, Guo X, Su M, Guo A, Ding J, Yang J, Xiang H, Cao X, Zhang S, Ayaz M, Luo X. Regulatory effects of Echinococcus multilocularis extracellular vesicles on RAW264.7 macrophages. Vet Parasitol 2017; 235:29-36. [PMID: 28215864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in intercellular communications via exchanging biological molecules, being involved in host-parasite interplay. Little is to date known about E. multilocularis EVs and their biological activities. Here spherical EVs secreted by E. multilocularis metacestodes were shown to range predominately from 34nm to 95nm in diameter. A total of 433 proteins were identified in the EVs, and the proteins involved in binding (42%) and catalytic activity (41%) were most frequently represented. Moreover, the proteins associated with EV biogenesis and trafficking, including annexin, 14-3-3, tetraspanin and heat shock protein 70kDa, were highly enriched. It was shown that the EVs remarkably suppressed NO produced by activated RAW macrophages via downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression (p <0.01). Suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-1α and IL-1β, was also observed post treatment with the EVs. Conversely, increased expression of the majority (10/11) of key components involved in the LPS/TLR4 pathway was induced by the EVs. These results demonstrate a regulatory effect of E. multilocularis EVs on macrophages, suggesting a role in parasite-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xiaola Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Meng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Aijiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Juntao Ding
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Haitao Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaoan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Mazhar Ayaz
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Xuenong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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102
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Feng M, Cheng X. Parasite-Associated Cancers (Blood Flukes/Liver Flukes). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1018:193-205. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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103
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van Tong H, Brindley PJ, Meyer CG, Velavan TP. Parasite Infection, Carcinogenesis and Human Malignancy. EBioMedicine 2016; 15:12-23. [PMID: 27956028 PMCID: PMC5233816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer may be induced by many environmental and physiological conditions. Infections with viruses, bacteria and parasites have been recognized for years to be associated with human carcinogenicity. Here we review current concepts of carcinogenicity and its associations with parasitic infections. The helminth diseases schistosomiasis, opisthorchiasis, and clonorchiasis are highly carcinogenic while the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the causing agent of Chagas disease, has a dual role in the development of cancer, including both carcinogenic and anticancer properties. Although malaria per se does not appear to be causative in carcinogenesis, it is strongly associated with the occurrence of endemic Burkitt lymphoma in areas holoendemic for malaria. The initiation of Plasmodium falciparum related endemic Burkitt lymphoma requires additional transforming events induced by the Epstein-Barr virus. Observations suggest that Strongyloides stercoralis may be a relevant co-factor in HTLV-1-related T cell lymphomas. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms of parasitic infection-induced carcinogenicity. The helminth diseases schistosomiasis, opisthorchiasis, and clonorchiasis are highly carcinogenic. Trypanosoma cruzi has a dual role in cancer development including both carcinogenic and anticancer properties. Initiation of Plasmodium falciparum related endemic Burkitt lymphoma requires additional transforming events induced by EBV. Strongyloides stercoralis may be a relevant co-factor in HTLV-1-related T cell lymphomas.
We searched MEDLINE database and PubMed for articles from 1970 through June 30, 2016. Search terms used in various combinations were “parasite infection”, “carcinogenesis”, “cancer”, “human malignancy”, “parasite and cancer”, “infection-associated cancer”, “parasite-associated cancer” “schistosomiasis”, “opisthorchiasis”, “malaria”, “Chagas disease”, and “strongyloidiasis”. Articles resulting from these searches and relevant references cited in those articles were selected based on their related topics and were reviewed. Abstracts and reports from meetings were also included. Articles published in English were included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang van Tong
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applied Research Center, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Christian G Meyer
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Health Focus GmbH, Potsdam, Germany; Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Vietnamese - German Centre for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Vietnamese - German Centre for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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104
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de la Torre-Escudero E, Bennett AP, Clarke A, Brennan GP, Robinson MW. Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis in Helminths: More than One Route to the Surface? Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:921-929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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105
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Kafle A, Puchadapirom P, Plumworasawat S, Dontumprai R, Chan-On W, Buates S, Laha T, Sripa B, Suttiprapa S. Identification and characterization of protein 14-3-3 in carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Parasitol Int 2016; 66:426-431. [PMID: 27989833 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein 14-3-3s are abundant phospho-serine/threonine binding proteins, which are highly conserved among eukaryotes. Members of this protein family mediate metabolism and signal transduction networks through binding to hundreds of other protein partners. Protein 14-3-3s have been studied in other species of parasitic helminthes, but little is known about this protein in the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. In this study, we identified and characterized protein 14-3-3s of O. viverrini. Seven protein 14-3-3 encoded sequences were retrieved from the O. viverrini genome database. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis were performed. Two isoforms (protein 14-3-3 zeta and protein 14-3-3 epsilon) that have been previously found in the excretory-secretory (ES) products of O. viverrini were produced as recombinant protein in E. coli and the proteins were then used to immunize mice to obtain specific antibodies. Western blot analysis showed that both proteins were detected in all obtainable developmental stages of O. viverrini and the ES products. Immunolocalization revealed that both isoforms were expressed throughout tissues and organs except the gut epithelium. The highest expression was observed in testes especially in developing spermatocytes, suggesting their role in spermatogenesis. Prominent expression was also detected on tegumental surface of the parasite and on epical surface of bile duct epithelium indicates their additional role in host-parasite interaction. These findings indicate that protein 14-3-3s play important role in the life cycle of the parasite and might be involved in the pathogenesis of O. viverrini infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kafle
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Phyathai, Rachthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pranom Puchadapirom
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Phyathai, Rachthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sirikanya Plumworasawat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Phyathai, Rachthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Rieofarng Dontumprai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Phyathai, Rachthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Chan-On
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sureemas Buates
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Phyathai, Rachthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sutas Suttiprapa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Phyathai, Rachthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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106
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Pakharukova MY, Mordvinov VA. The liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus: biology, epidemiology and carcinogenic potential. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2016; 110:28-36. [PMID: 26740360 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trv085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus is a member of the triad of epidemiologically important liver fluke species belonging to the family Opisthorchiidae and the major agent causing opisthorchiasis over a vast territory, covering Russia, Kazakhstan and several European countries. The similarity between the diseases caused by O. felineus and other liver flukes, O. viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, in clinical manifestations and course suggests that the scenarios of their development and, possibly, complications have much in common. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified O. viverrini and C. sinensis as group 1 agents and the major factors inducing cholangiocarcinoma in endemic regions. However, a carcinogenic potential of O. felineus is poorly studied. This review characterizes O. felineus, briefs the epidemiological situation in Western Siberia, the world's largest opisthorchiasis focus, and assesses the carcinogenic potential of this liver fluke. The review is based on a comprehensive analysis of the published medical data on opisthorchiasis and its complications in Western Siberia. Results of performed analysis reflect the actual epidemiological situation in opisthorchiasis focus and suggest an association of this disease with bile duct cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Y Pakharukova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Viatcheslav A Mordvinov
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drugs Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630060, Russia
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107
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Pathirana RD, Kaparakis-Liaskos M. Bacterial membrane vesicles: Biogenesis, immune regulation and pathogenesis. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1518-1524. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi D. Pathirana
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases; The Hudson Institute for Medical Research; Clayton Victoria Australia
- The Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases; The Hudson Institute for Medical Research; Clayton Victoria Australia
- The Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
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108
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Saltykova IV, Petrov VA, Logacheva MD, Ivanova PG, Merzlikin NV, Sazonov AE, Ogorodova LM, Brindley PJ. Biliary Microbiota, Gallstone Disease and Infection with Opisthorchis felineus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004809. [PMID: 27447938 PMCID: PMC4957795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing interest in the microbiome of the hepatobiliary system. This study investigated the influence of infection with the fish-borne liver fluke, Opisthorchis felineus on the biliary microbiome of residents of the Tomsk region of western Siberia. Methodology/Principal Findings Samples of bile were provided by 56 study participants, half of who were infected with O. felineus, and all of who were diagnosed with gallstone disease. The microbiota of the bile was investigated using high throughput, Illumina-based sequencing targeting the prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene. About 2,797, discrete phylotypes of prokaryotes were detected. At the level of phylum, bile from participants with opisthorchiasis showed greater numbers of Synergistetes, Spirochaetes, Planctomycetes, TM7 and Verrucomicrobia. Numbers of > 20 phylotypes differed in bile of the O. felineus-infected compared to non-infected participants, including presence of species of the genera Mycoplana, Cellulosimicrobium, Microlunatus and Phycicoccus, and the Archaeans genus, Halogeometricum, and increased numbers of Selenomonas, Bacteroides, Rothia, Leptotrichia, Lactobacillus, Treponema and Klebsiella. Conclusions/Significance Overall, infection with the liver fluke O. felineus modified the biliary microbiome, increasing abundance of bacterial and archaeal phylotypes. The microbiota of the alimentary tract and other sites of the body influences human health. Contrary to popular belief, the bile within the liver is not sterile, and may host a microbiome consisting of diverse species of microbes. The spectrum of microbial species and their numbers within the biliary system may be influenced by disease including infection with pathogens such as parasitic worms and with gallstone disease, liver cancer and other ailments. Here we examined the microbes in the bile of patients from western Siberia, Russia who were concurrently infected with a food-borne parasitic worm, the liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus. Infection with this liver fluke is common in western Siberia, as a consequence of dietary preference for undercooked or smoked fresh-water fishes that often carry the larva of the liver fluke. Using high throughput sequencing targeting a conserved bacterial gene and statistical analyses, numerous bacterial species were identified in the bile of the patients. Infection with the liver fluke modified the biliary microbiome, resulting in abundant and diverse species of bacteria and Archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Saltykova
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Catalytic Research, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Vjacheslav A. Petrov
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Maria D. Logacheva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Polina G. Ivanova
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay V. Merzlikin
- Surgical diseases department of Pediatric faculty, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey E. Sazonov
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ludmila M. Ogorodova
- Department of Faculty Pediatrics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
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109
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Coakley G, Buck AH, Maizels RM. Host parasite communications-Messages from helminths for the immune system: Parasite communication and cell-cell interactions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 208:33-40. [PMID: 27297184 PMCID: PMC5008435 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites release a spectrum of mediators to dampen host immunity. Secreted proteins can act on host receptors and intracellular signalling. Parasites also produce exosome-like extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs. Exosomes can enter host cells and modulate host gene expression. Extracellular vesicles may be a more general mode of host-parasite interaction.
Helminths are metazoan organisms many of which have evolved parasitic life styles dependent on sophisticated manipulation of the host environment. Most notably, they down-regulate host immune responses to ensure their own survival, by exporting a range of immuno-modulatory mediators that interact with host cells and tissues. While a number of secreted immunoregulatory parasite proteins have been defined, new work also points to the release of extracellular vesicles, or exosomes, that interact with and manipulate host gene expression. These recent results are discussed in the overall context of how helminths communicate effectively with the host organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Coakley
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amy H Buck
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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110
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Marti M, Johnson PJ. Emerging roles for extracellular vesicles in parasitic infections. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 32:66-70. [PMID: 27208506 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by cells and contain a complex mixture of proteins, genetic information and lipids. EVs mediate cell:cell communication by transferring their molecular cargo between cells. EVs, initially discovered in mammalian systems, have been demonstrated to play critical role in immunology and cancer biology. More recently, EVs have been identified in a broad range of both unicellular and multicellular parasites. In this review we focus on the emerging roles for EVs in parasitic infections. Parasite-derived EVs can transfer virulence factors and drug-resistance markers, modify host cell gene expression and promote parasite adherence and host cell proliferation. EVs can also suppress or stimulate host immune responses. Thus, EVs are likely important in determining the outcome of parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Marti
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Patricia J Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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111
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Tzelos T, Matthews JB, Buck AH, Simbari F, Frew D, Inglis NF, McLean K, Nisbet AJ, Whitelaw CBA, Knox DP, McNeilly TN. A preliminary proteomic characterisation of extracellular vesicles released by the ovine parasitic nematode, Teladorsagia circumcincta. Vet Parasitol 2016; 221:84-92. [PMID: 27084478 PMCID: PMC4867787 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Teladorsagia circumcincta is a major cause of ovine parasitic gastroenteritis in temperate climatic regions. The development of high levels of anthelmintic resistance in this nematode species challenges its future control. Recent research indicates that many parasite species release extracellular vesicles into their environment, many of which have been classified as endocytic in origin, termed exosomes. These vesicles are considered to play important roles in the intercellular communication between parasites and their hosts, and thus represent potentially useful targets for novel control strategies. Here, we demonstrate that exosome-like extracellular vesicles can be isolated from excretory-secretory (ES) products released by T. circumcincta fourth stage larvae (Tci-L4ES). Furthermore, we perform a comparative proteomic analysis of vesicle-enriched and vesicle-free Tci-L4ES. Approximately 73% of the proteins identified in the vesicle-enriched fraction were unique to this fraction, whilst the remaining 27% were present in both vesicle-enriched and vesicle-free fraction. These unique proteins included structural proteins, nuclear proteins, metabolic proteins, proteolytic enzymes and activation-associated secreted proteins. Finally, we demonstrate that molecules present within the vesicles-enriched material are targets of the IgA and IgG response in T. circumcincta infected sheep, and could potentially represent useful targets for future vaccine intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tzelos
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Jacqueline B Matthews
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amy H Buck
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, EH9 3JL, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fabio Simbari
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, EH9 3JL, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Frew
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil F Inglis
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kevin McLean
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Bruce A Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian,EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David P Knox
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
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112
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Bae YA, Kim JG, Kong Y. Phylogenetic characterization of Clonorchis sinensis proteins homologous to the sigma-class glutathione transferase and their differential expression profiles. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 206:46-55. [PMID: 26792248 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferase (GST) is one of the major antioxidant proteins with diverse supplemental activities including peroxidase, isomerase, and thiol transferase. GSTs are classified into multiple classes on the basis of their primary structures and substrate/inhibitor specificity. However, the evolutionary routes and physiological environments specific to each of the closely related bioactive enzymes remain elusive. The sigma-like GSTs exhibit amino acid conservation patterns similar to the prostaglandin D synthases (PGDSs). In this study, we analyzed the phylogenetic position of the GSTs of the biocarcinogenic liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. We also observed induction profile of the GSTs in association with the parasite's maturation and in response to exogenous oxidative stresses, with special attention to sigma-class GSTs and PGDSs. The C. sinensis genome encoded 12 GST protein species, which were separately assigned to cytosolic (two omega-, one zeta-, two mu-, and five sigma-class), mitochondrial (one kappa-class), and microsomal (one membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism-like protein) GST families. Multiple sigma GST (or PGDS) orthologs were also detected in Opisthorchis viverrini. Other trematode species possessed only a single sigma-like GST gene. A phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that one of the sigma GST lineages duplicated in the common ancestor of trematodes were specifically expanded in the opisthorchiids, but deleted in other trematodes. The induction profiles of these sigma GST genes along with the development and aging of C. sinensis, and against various exogenous chemical stimuli strongly suggest that the paralogous sigma GST genes might be undergone specialized evolution to cope with the diverse hostile biochemical environments within the mammalian hepatobiliary ductal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-An Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Geun Kim
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kong
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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113
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Cai P, Gobert GN, McManus DP. MicroRNAs in Parasitic Helminthiases: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:71-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles: The New Communicators in Parasite Infections. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:477-489. [PMID: 26433251 PMCID: PMC4685040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a ubiquitous mechanism for transferring information between cells and organisms across all three kingdoms of life. In addition to their roles in normal physiology, vesicles also transport molecules from pathogens to hosts and can spread antigens as well as infectious agents. Although initially described in the host-pathogen context for their functions in immune surveillance, vesicles enable multiple modes of communication by, and between, parasites. Here we review the literature demonstrating that EVs are secreted by intracellular and extracellular eukaryotic parasites, as well as their hosts, and detail the functional properties of these vesicles in maturation, pathogenicity and survival. We further describe the prospects for targeting or exploiting these complexes in therapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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Cwiklinski K, de la Torre-Escudero E, Trelis M, Bernal D, Dufresne PJ, Brennan GP, O'Neill S, Tort J, Paterson S, Marcilla A, Dalton JP, Robinson MW. The Extracellular Vesicles of the Helminth Pathogen, Fasciola hepatica: Biogenesis Pathways and Cargo Molecules Involved in Parasite Pathogenesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:3258-73. [PMID: 26486420 PMCID: PMC4762619 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.053934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by parasites have important roles in establishing and maintaining infection. Analysis of the soluble and vesicular secretions of adult Fasciola hepatica has established a definitive characterization of the total secretome of this zoonotic parasite. Fasciola secretes at least two subpopulations of EVs that differ according to size, cargo molecules and site of release from the parasite. The larger EVs are released from the specialized cells that line the parasite gastrodermus and contain the zymogen of the 37 kDa cathepsin L peptidase that performs a digestive function. The smaller exosome-like vesicle population originate from multivesicular bodies within the tegumental syncytium and carry many previously described immunomodulatory molecules that could be delivered into host cells. By integrating our proteomics data with recently available transcriptomic data sets we have detailed the pathways involved with EV biogenesis in F. hepatica and propose that the small exosome biogenesis occurs via ESCRT-dependent MVB formation in the tegumental syncytium before being shed from the apical plasma membrane. Furthermore, we found that the molecular “machinery” required for EV biogenesis is constitutively expressed across the intramammalian development stages of the parasite. By contrast, the cargo molecules packaged within the EVs are developmentally regulated, most likely to facilitate the parasites migration through host tissue and to counteract host immune attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Cwiklinski
- From the ‡School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Maria Trelis
- §Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; ¶Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Universitat de València-Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Bernal
- ‖Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Gerard P Brennan
- From the ‡School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Sandra O'Neill
- ‡‡School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland
| | - Jose Tort
- §§Departmento de Genética. Facultad de Medicina, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Steve Paterson
- ¶¶Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Antonio Marcilla
- §Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; ¶Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Universitat de València-Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - John P Dalton
- From the ‡School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Mark W Robinson
- From the ‡School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland; ‖‖Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Sotillo J, Pearson M, Potriquet J, Becker L, Pickering D, Mulvenna J, Loukas A. Extracellular vesicles secreted by Schistosoma mansoni contain protein vaccine candidates. Int J Parasitol 2015; 46:1-5. [PMID: 26460238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein we show for the first time that Schistosoma mansoni adult worms secrete exosome-like extracellular vesicles ranging from 50 to 130nm in size. Extracellular vesicles were collected from the excretory/secretory products of cultured adult flukes and purified by Optiprep density gradient, resulting in highly pure extracellular vesicle preparations as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and Nanosight tracking analysis. Extracellular vesicle proteomic analysis showed numerous known vaccine candidates, potential virulence factors and molecules implicated in feeding. These findings provide new avenues for the exploration of host-schistosome interactions and offer a potential mechanism by which some vaccine antigens exert their protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
| | - Mark Pearson
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
| | - Jeremy Potriquet
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Luke Becker
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Darren Pickering
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason Mulvenna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
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117
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Nowacki FC, Swain MT, Klychnikov OI, Niazi U, Ivens A, Quintana JF, Hensbergen PJ, Hokke CH, Buck AH, Hoffmann KF. Protein and small non-coding RNA-enriched extracellular vesicles are released by the pathogenic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:28665. [PMID: 26443722 PMCID: PMC4595467 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.28665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Penetration of skin, migration through tissues and establishment of long-lived intravascular partners require Schistosoma parasites to successfully manipulate definitive host defences. While previous studies of larval schistosomula have postulated a function for excreted/secreted (E/S) products in initiating these host-modulatory events, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has yet to be considered. Here, using preparatory ultracentrifugation as well as methodologies to globally analyse both proteins and small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs), we conducted the first characterization of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula EVs and their potential host-regulatory cargos. Results Transmission electron microscopy analysis of EVs isolated from schistosomula in vitro cultures revealed the presence of numerous, 30–100 nm sized exosome-like vesicles. Proteomic analysis of these vesicles revealed a core set of 109 proteins, including homologs to those previously found enriched in other eukaryotic EVs, as well as hypothetical proteins of high abundance and currently unknown function. Characterization of E/S sncRNAs found within and outside of schistosomula EVs additionally identified the presence of potential gene-regulatory miRNAs (35 known and 170 potentially novel miRNAs) and tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs; nineteen 5′ tsRNAs and fourteen 3′ tsRNAs). Conclusions The identification of S. mansoni EVs and the combinatorial protein/sncRNA characterization of their cargo signifies that an important new participant in the complex biology underpinning schistosome/host interactions has now been discovered. Further work defining the role of these schistosomula EVs and the function/stability of intra- and extra-vesicular sncRNA components presents tremendous opportunities for developing novel schistosomiasis diagnostics or interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oleg I Klychnikov
- Centre for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Umar Niazi
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Alasdair Ivens
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Juan F Quintana
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul J Hensbergen
- Centre for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amy H Buck
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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