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Laterza L, Ianiro G, Scoleri I, Landi R, Bruno G, Scaldaferri F, Gaetani E, Campanale M, Gasbarrini A. Rifaximin for the treatment of diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 16:607-15. [PMID: 25641072 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.1007951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rifaximin is a non-absorbable, semisynthetic antibiotic that acts as an inhibitor of bacterial RNA synthesis, with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Due to its poor absorption, rifaximin has an increased exposure to the intestine, thus it is suitable for the treatment of many gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. In irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pathogenesis, gut microbiota impairment may play a major role. The possibility of modulating intestinal bacteria using antibiotics, in particular, rifaximin, has been demonstrated to improve IBS symptoms in non-constipation subtypes of IBS. AREAS COVERED We reviewed the use of rifaximin in diarrhoea-predominant IBS, focusing on its pharmacokinetic characteristics, its absorption in GI disease, its lack of interaction with other drugs and its new extended release formulation. EXPERT OPINION Rifaximin, with its low systemic absorption and no clinically significant interactions with other drugs, may represent a treatment of choice for IBS, mainly due to its ability to act on IBS pathogenesis, through the modulation of gut microbiota. Further studies to analyse the effect of rifaximin treatment on the composition of faecal microbiota are warranted. In particular, they need to evaluate whether resistant bacterial strains are selected and whether they are still present in the faecal sample even a long time after therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Laterza
- Catholic University of Rome, Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Department , Largo Gemelli 8, 000168 Rome , Italy
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102
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Cammarota G, Ianiro G, Cianci R, Bibbò S, Gasbarrini A, Currò D. The involvement of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis: potential for therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 149:191-212. [PMID: 25561343 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past recent years, a great number of studies have been directed toward the evaluation of the human host-gut microbiota interaction, with the goal to progress the understanding of the etiology of several complex diseases. Alterations in the intestinal microbiota associated with inflammatory bowel disease are well supported by literature data and have been widely accepted by the research community. The concomitant implementation of high-throughput sequencing techniques to analyze and characterize the composition of the intestinal microbiota has reinforced the view that inflammatory bowel disease results from altered interactions between gut microbes and the mucosal immune system and has raised the possibility that some form of modulation of the intestinal microbiota may constitute a potential therapeutic basis for the disease. The aim of this review is to describe the changes of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease, focusing the attention on its involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease, and to review and discuss the therapeutic potential to modify the intestinal microbial population with antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cammarota
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Cianci
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Bibbò
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Currò
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University, School of Medicine and Surgery, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Calanni F, Renzulli C, Barbanti M, Viscomi GC. Rifaximin: beyond the traditional antibiotic activity. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2014; 67:667-70. [PMID: 25095806 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2014.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rifaximin is a non-systemic oral antibiotic derived from rifampin and characterized by a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and -negative, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Rifaximin was first approved in Italy in 1987 and afterwards in many other worldwide countries for the treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases. This review updates the pharmacology and pharmacodynamics of rifaximin highlighting the different actions, beyond its antibacterial activity, such as alteration of virulence, prevention of gut mucosal adherence and bacterial translocation. Moreover, rifaximin exerts some anti-inflammatory effects with only a minimal effect on the overall composition of the gut microbiota. All these properties make rifaximin a good candidate to treat various gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Calanni
- Research and Development Department, Alfa Wassermann SpA, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cecilia Renzulli
- Research and Development Department, Alfa Wassermann SpA, Bologna, Italy
| | - Miriam Barbanti
- Research and Development Department, Alfa Wassermann SpA, Bologna, Italy
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Jigaranu AO, Nedelciuc O, Blaj A, Badea M, Mihai C, Diculescu M, Cijevschi-Prelipcean C. Is rifaximin effective in maintaining remission in Crohn's disease? Dig Dis 2014; 32:378-83. [PMID: 24969283 DOI: 10.1159/000358141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies indicate that persistent intestinal inflammation in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) might be caused by abnormal intestinal microbiota. This hypothesis may suggest a beneficial effect of antibiotics in CD therapy. So far, guidelines do not recommend antibiotics except in the treatment of complicated CD, and there are few studies on the effects of rifaximin in these patients. METHODS Between December 2011 and December 2012, we performed a blinded randomized trial in 168 patients with a previous history of moderately active CD concerning the efficacy of rifaximin. All the patients had previously achieved remission with standard therapy (prednisone/budesonide). Data from patients receiving 800 mg of rifaximin (83 patients) twice a day for 12 weeks were compared with those from patients who received placebo (83 patients). The primary endpoint was maintaining remission during the follow-up. RESULTS All the patients (100%; 83/83) on 800 mg of rifaximin were in remission after 12 weeks of treatment in comparison with 84% (70/83) of the placebo group. This significant difference was also persistent at the 24-week follow-up [78% (65/83) vs. 41% (34/83), respectively]. The last evaluation performed at 48 weeks revealed disease activity in 45% (38/83) of the patients of the rifaximin group, i.e. a significant decrease compared with the placebo group [75% (63 of 83)]. CONCLUSIONS Remission previously obtained with standard treatment can be sustained in patients with moderately active CD after the administration of 800 mg of rifaximin.
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Laghi L, Picone G, Cruciani F, Brigidi P, Calanni F, Donders G, Capozzi F, Vitali B. Rifaximin modulates the vaginal microbiome and metabolome in women affected by bacterial vaginosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3411-20. [PMID: 24709255 PMCID: PMC4068465 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02469-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal disorder characterized by the decrease of lactobacilli and overgrowth of Gardnerella vaginalis and resident anaerobic vaginal bacteria. In the present work, the effects of rifaximin vaginal tablets on vaginal microbiota and metabolome of women affected by BV were investigated by combining quantitative PCR and a metabolomic approach based on (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance. To highlight the general trends of the bacterial communities and metabolomic profiles in response to the antibiotic/placebo therapy, a multivariate statistical strategy was set up based on the trajectories traced by vaginal samples in a principal component analysis space. Our data demonstrated the efficacy of rifaximin in restoring a health-like condition in terms of both bacterial communities and metabolomic features. In particular, rifaximin treatment was significantly associated with an increase in the lactobacillus/BV-related bacteria ratio, as well as with an increase in lactic acid concentration and a decrease of a pool of metabolites typically produced by BV-related bacteria (acetic acid, succinate, short-chain fatty acids, and biogenic amines). Among the tested dosages of rifaximin (100 and 25 mg for 5 days and 100 mg for 2 days), 25 mg for 5 days was found to be the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Laghi
- Centre of Foodomics, Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Picone
- Centre of Foodomics, Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Cruciani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Gilbert Donders
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, General Hospital Heilig Hart, Tienen, and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Francesco Capozzi
- Centre of Foodomics, Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vitali
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Association between Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Reduction and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of the Literature. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2014; 2014:872725. [PMID: 24799893 PMCID: PMC3985188 DOI: 10.1155/2014/872725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Laboratory data suggests a reduction of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii) is confirmed both in fecal samples in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Numerous observational studies have suspected dysbiosis, an imbalance between protective and harmful bacteria to be relevant to the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD. Methods. Medline, EMBASE, Pubmed, and others. were searched by 2 independent reviewers. Of 48 abstracts reviewed, 11 studies met our inclusion criteria (subject N = 1180). Meta-analysis was performed with Review Manager 5.2. Results. The bacterial count of F. prausnitzii in IBD patients was significantly lower (6.7888 ± 1.8875) log10 CFU/g feces than healthy controls (7.5791 ± 1.5812) log10 CFU/g feces; P < 0.0001. The Standardization Mean Difference of F. prausnitzii in IBD patients was −0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −1.07–−0.80). Subgroup analyses revealed a trend toward a greater effect for CD (SMD: −1.13, 95% CI: −1.32–−0.94) when compared to UC (SMD: −0.78, 95% CI: −0.97–−0.60).
Conclusions. The abundance of F. prausnitzii was decreased in IBD patients compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, the reduction of F. prausnitzii and misbalance of the intestinal microbiota are particularly higher in CD patients with ileal involvement.
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107
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Miquel S, Martín R, Bridonneau C, Robert V, Sokol H, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Thomas M, Langella P. Ecology and metabolism of the beneficial intestinal commensal bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:146-51. [PMID: 24637606 PMCID: PMC4063839 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.27651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is a major commensal bacterium, and its prevalence is often decreased in conditions of intestinal dysbiosis. The phylogenic identity of this bacterium was described only recently. It is still poorly characterized, and its specific growth requirements in the human gastrointestinal tract are not known. In this review, we consider F. prausnitzii metabolism, its ecophysiology in both humans and animals, and the effects of drugs and nutrition on its population. We list important questions about this beneficial and ubiquitous commensal bacterium that it would be valuable to answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Miquel
- INRA; Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory; UMR 1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France,AgroParisTech; UMR1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Rebeca Martín
- INRA; Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory; UMR 1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France,AgroParisTech; UMR1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Chantal Bridonneau
- INRA; Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory; UMR 1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France,AgroParisTech; UMR1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Véronique Robert
- INRA; Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory; UMR 1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France,AgroParisTech; UMR1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- INRA; Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory; UMR 1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France,AgroParisTech; UMR1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France,ERL INSERM U 1057/UMR7203; Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC); Paris, France,Service de Gastroenterologie; Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP); Paris, France
| | - Luis G Bermúdez-Humarán
- INRA; Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory; UMR 1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France,AgroParisTech; UMR1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Muriel Thomas
- INRA; Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory; UMR 1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France,AgroParisTech; UMR1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- INRA; Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory; UMR 1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France,AgroParisTech; UMR1319 Micalis; Jouy-en-Josas, France,Correspondence to: Philippe Langella,
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108
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Zihler Berner A, Fuentes S, Dostal A, Payne AN, Vazquez Gutierrez P, Chassard C, Grattepanche F, de Vos WM, Lacroix C. Novel Polyfermentor intestinal model (PolyFermS) for controlled ecological studies: validation and effect of pH. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77772. [PMID: 24204958 PMCID: PMC3813750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro gut fermentation modeling offers a useful platform for ecological studies of the intestinal microbiota. In this study we describe a novel Polyfermentor Intestinal Model (PolyFermS) designed to compare the effects of different treatments on the same complex gut microbiota. The model operated in conditions of the proximal colon is composed of a first reactor containing fecal microbiota immobilized in gel beads, and used to continuously inoculate a set of parallel second-stage reactors. The PolyFermS model was validated with three independent intestinal fermentations conducted for 38 days with immobilized human fecal microbiota obtained from three child donors. The microbial diversity of reactor effluents was compared to donor feces using the HITChip, a high-density phylogenetic microarray targeting small subunit rRNA sequences of over 1100 phylotypes of the human gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, the metabolic response to a decrease of pH from 5.7 to 5.5, applied to balance the high fermentative activity in inoculum reactors, was studied. We observed a reproducible development of stable intestinal communities representing major taxonomic bacterial groups at ratios similar to these in feces of healthy donors, a high similarity of microbiota composition produced in second-stage reactors within a model, and a high time stability of microbiota composition and metabolic activity over 38 day culture. For all tested models, the pH-drop of 0.2 units in inoculum reactors enhanced butyrate production at the expense of acetate, but was accompanied by a donor-specific reorganization of the reactor community, suggesting a concerted metabolic adaptation and trigger of community-specific lactate or acetate cross-feeding pathways in response to varying pH. Our data showed that the PolyFermS model allows the stable cultivation of complex intestinal microbiota akin to the fecal donor and can be developed for the direct comparison of different experimental conditions in parallel reactors continuously inoculated with the exact same microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Fuentes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Dostal
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amanda N. Payne
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Prakash RK, Kanna S, Mullen KD. Evolving Concepts: The Negative Effect of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy and Role for Prophylaxis in Patients With Cirrhosis. Clin Ther 2013; 35:1458-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.07.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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110
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Cruciani F, Wasinger V, Turroni S, Calanni F, Donders G, Brigidi P, Vitali B. Proteome profiles of vaginal fluids from women affected by bacterial vaginosis and healthy controls: outcomes of rifaximin treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2648-59. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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111
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Miquel S, Martín R, Rossi O, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Chatel JM, Sokol H, Thomas M, Wells JM, Langella P. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and human intestinal health. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:255-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 633] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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112
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Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Sanyal AJ, Hylemon PB, Sterling RK, Stravitz RT, Fuchs M, Ridlon JM, Daita K, Monteith P, Noble NA, White MB, Fisher A, Sikaroodi M, Rangwala H, Gillevet PM. Modulation of the metabiome by rifaximin in patients with cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60042. [PMID: 23565181 PMCID: PMC3615021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) represents a dysfunctional gut-liver-brain axis in cirrhosis which can negatively impact outcomes. This altered gut-brain relationship has been treated using gut-selective antibiotics such as rifaximin, that improve cognitive function in HE, especially its subclinical form, minimal HE (MHE). However, the precise mechanism of the action of rifaximin in MHE is unclear. We hypothesized that modulation of gut microbiota and their end-products by rifaximin would affect the gut-brain axis and improve cognitive performance in cirrhosis. Aim To perform a systems biology analysis of the microbiome, metabolome and cognitive change after rifaximin in MHE. METHODS Twenty cirrhotics with MHE underwent cognitive testing, endotoxin analysis, urine/serum metabolomics (GC and LC-MS) and fecal microbiome assessment (multi-tagged pyrosequencing) at baseline and 8 weeks post-rifaximin 550 mg BID. Changes in cognition, endotoxin, serum/urine metabolites (and microbiome were analyzed using recommended systems biology techniques. Specifically, correlation networks between microbiota and metabolome were analyzed before and after rifaximin. RESULTS There was a significant improvement in cognition(six of seven tests improved, p<0.01) and endotoxemia (0.55 to 0.48 Eu/ml, p = 0.02) after rifaximin. There was a significant increase in serum saturated (myristic, caprylic, palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic and eicosanoic) and unsaturated (linoleic, linolenic, gamma-linolenic and arachnidonic) fatty acids post-rifaximin. No significant microbial change apart from a modest decrease in Veillonellaceae and increase in Eubacteriaceae was observed. Rifaximin resulted in a significant reduction in network connectivity and clustering on the correlation networks. The networks centered on Enterobacteriaceae, Porphyromonadaceae and Bacteroidaceae indicated a shift from pathogenic to beneficial metabolite linkages and better cognition while those centered on autochthonous taxa remained similar. CONCLUSIONS Rifaximin is associated with improved cognitive function and endotoxemia in MHE, which is accompanied by alteration of gut bacterial linkages with metabolites without significant change in microbial abundance. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01069133.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America.
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Maccaferri S, Candela M, Turroni S, Centanni M, Severgnini M, Consolandi C, Cavina P, Brigidi P. IBS-associated phylogenetic unbalances of the intestinal microbiota are not reverted by probiotic supplementation. Gut Microbes 2013; 3:406-13. [PMID: 22713265 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.21009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IBS is a prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder, in which the microbiota has been demonstrated to play a role. An increasing number of studies have suggested how probiotics may alleviate IBS symptoms and several mechanisms of action have been proposed. In the present study we characterized the intestinal microbiota of 19 subjects suffering from diagnosed IBS using a fully validated High Taxonomic Fingerprint Microbiota Array (HTF-Microbi.Array). We demonstrated that the IBS microbiota is different from that of healthy individuals due to an unbalance in a number of commensal species, with an increase in relative abundance of lactobacilli, B. cereus and B. clausii, bifidobacteria, Clostridium cluster IX and E. rectale, and a decrease in abundance of Bacteroides/Prevotella group and Veillonella genus. Additionally, we demonstrated that some bacterial groups of the human intestinal microbiota, recently defined as pathobionts, are increased in concentration in the IBS microbiota. Furthermore, we aimed at investigating if the daily administration of a novel probiotic yogurt containing B. animalis subsp lactis Bb12 and K. marxianus B0399, recently demonstrated to have beneficial effects in the management of IBS symptoms, could impact on the biostructure of IBS microbiota, modulating its composition to counteract putative dysbiosis found in IBS subjects. Notably, we demonstrated that the beneficial effects associated to the probiotic preparation are not related to significant modifications in the composition of the human intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Maccaferri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Vernocchi P, Vannini L, Gottardi D, Del Chierico F, Serrazanetti DI, Ndagijimana M, Guerzoni ME. Integration of datasets from different analytical techniques to assess the impact of nutrition on human metabolome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:156. [PMID: 23248777 PMCID: PMC3518793 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria colonizing the human intestinal tract exhibit a high phylogenetic diversity that reflects their immense metabolic potentials. The catalytic activity of gut microbes has an important impact on gastrointestinal (GI) functions and host health. The microbial conversion of carbohydrates and other food components leads to the formation of a large number of compounds that affect the host metabolome and have beneficial or adverse effects on human health. Metabolomics is a metabolic-biology system approach focused on the metabolic responses understanding of living systems to physio-pathological stimuli by using multivariate statistical data on human body fluids obtained by different instrumental techniques. A metabolomic approach based on an analytical platform could be able to separate, detect, characterize and quantify a wide range of metabolites and its metabolic pathways. This approach has been recently applied to study the metabolic changes triggered in the gut microbiota by specific diet components and diet variations, specific diseases, probiotic and synbiotic food intake. This review describes the metabolomic data obtained by analyzing human fluids by using different techniques and particularly Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Solid-phase Micro Extraction (GC-MS/SPME), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. This instrumental approach has a good potential in the identification and detection of specific food intake and diseases biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Vernocchi
- Interdipartimental Centre for Industrial Research-CIRI-AGRIFOOD, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy ; Parasitology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS Rome, Italy
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Rifaximin resistance in Escherichia coli associated with inflammatory bowel disease correlates with prior rifaximin use, mutations in rpoB, and activity of Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide-inhibitable efflux pumps. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012. [PMID: 23183443 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02163-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Rifaximin, a nonabsorbable derivative of rifampin effective against E. coli, improves symptoms in mild-to-moderate IBD. However, rifaximin resistance can develop in a single step in vitro. We examined the prevalence and mechanisms of rifaximin resistance in 62 strains of E. coli isolated from the ileal mucosa of 50 patients (19 with ileal Crohn's disease [L1+L3], 6 with colonic Crohn's disease [L2], 13 with ulcerative colitis [UC], 4 with symptomatic non-IBD diagnoses [NI], and 8 healthy [H]). Resistance (MIC > 1,024 mg/liter) was present in 12/48 IBD-associated ileal E. coli strains. Resistance correlated with prior rifaximin treatment (P < 0.00000001) but not with the presence of ileal inflammation (P = 0.73) or E. coli phylogroup. Mutations in a 1,057-bp region of rpoB, which encodes the bacterial target of rifaximin, were identified in 10/12 resistant strains versus 0/50 sensitive strains (P < 0.000000001) and consisted of seven amino acid substitutions. The efflux pump inhibitor Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide (PAβN) lowered the MIC of 9/12 resistant strains 8- to 128-fold. Resistance was stable in the absence of rifaximin in 10/12 resistant strains after 30 passages. We conclude that IBD-associated ileal E. coli frequently manifest resistance to rifaximin that correlates with prior rifaximin use, amino acid substitutions in rpoB, and activity of PAβN-inhibitable efflux pumps, but not with the presence of ileal inflammation or E. coli phylogroup. These findings have significant implications for treatment trials targeting IBD-associated E. coli.
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Lagier JC, Million M, Hugon P, Armougom F, Raoult D. Human gut microbiota: repertoire and variations. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:136. [PMID: 23130351 PMCID: PMC3487222 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of human gut microbiota and their relationship with the host and, consequently, with human health and disease, presents several challenges to microbiologists. Originally dominated by culture-dependent methods for exploring this ecosystem, the advent of molecular tools has revolutionized our ability to investigate these relationships. However, many biases that have led to contradictory results have been identified. Microbial culturomics, a recent concept based on a use of several culture conditions with identification by MALDI-TOF followed by the genome sequencing of the new species cultured had allowed a complementarity with metagenomics. Culturomics allowed to isolate 31 new bacterial species, the largest human virus, the largest bacteria, and the largest Archaea from human. Moreover, some members of this ecosystem, such as Eukaryotes, giant viruses, Archaea, and Planctomycetes, have been neglected by the majority of studies. In addition, numerous factors, such as age, geographic provenance, dietary habits, antibiotics, or probiotics, can influence the composition of the microbiota. Finally, in addition to the countless biases associated with the study techniques, a considerable limitation to the interpretation of studies of human gut microbiota is associated with funding sources and transparency disclosures. In the future, studies independent of food industry funding and using complementary methods from a broad range of both culture-based and molecular tools will increase our knowledge of the repertoire of this complex ecosystem and host-microbiota mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Lagier
- URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, L'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 198, INSERM 1095, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
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117
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Maccaferri S, Klinder A, Cacciatore S, Chitarrari R, Honda H, Luchinat C, Bertini I, Carnevali P, Gibson GR, Brigidi P, Costabile A. In vitro fermentation of potential prebiotic flours from natural sources: Impact on the human colonic microbiota and metabolome. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1342-52. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Maccaferri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Annett Klinder
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; The University of Reading; Reading UK
| | | | - Roberto Chitarrari
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; The University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - Harue Honda
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; The University of Reading; Reading UK
| | | | | | - Paola Carnevali
- R&D Food Microbiology & Bioprocess Research Department; Barilla G&R F.lli SpA; Parma Italy
| | - Glenn R. Gibson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; The University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Adele Costabile
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; The University of Reading; Reading UK
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118
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Efficacy of rifaximin vaginal tablets in treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a molecular characterization of the vaginal microbiota. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4062-70. [PMID: 22585228 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00061-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal disorder characterized by an alteration of the vaginal bacterial morphotypes, associated with sexually transmitted infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of different doses of rifaximin vaginal tablets (100 mg/day for 5 days, 25 mg/day for 5 days, and 100 mg/day for 2 days) on the vaginal microbiota of 102 European patients with BV enrolled in a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. An integrated molecular approach based on quantitative PCR (qPCR) and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) was used to investigate the effects of vaginal tablets containing the antibiotic. An increase in members of the genus Lactobacillus and a decrease in the BV-related bacterial groups after the antibiotic treatment were demonstrated by qPCR. PCR-DGGE profiles confirmed the capability of rifaximin to modulate the composition of the vaginal microbial communities and to reduce their complexity. This molecular analysis supported the clinical observation that rifaximin at 25 mg/day for 5 days represents an effective treatment to be used in future pivotal studies for the treatment of BV.
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119
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Vitali B, Ndagijimana M, Maccaferri S, Biagi E, Guerzoni ME, Brigidi P. An in vitro evaluation of the effect of probiotics and prebiotics on the metabolic profile of human microbiota. Anaerobe 2012; 18:386-91. [PMID: 22579985 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, batch culture fermentations on fecal samples of 3 healthy individuals were performed to assess the effect of the addition of prebiotics (FOS), probiotics (Bifidobacterium longum Bar33 and Lactobacillus helveticus Bar13) and synbiotics (B. longum Bar33 + L. helveticus Bar13 + FOS) on the fecal metabolic profiles. A total of 84 different metabolites belonging to the families of sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds, aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, phenols, organic acids, and hydrocarbons were detected by GC-MS/SPME analysis. The highest number of metabolites varied in concentration in the models with added FOS and synbiotics, where several metabolic signatures were found in common. The increase of butyrate represented the greatest variation registered after the addition of FOS alone. Following the B. longum Bar33 addition, 2-methyl butyrate underwent the most evident variation. In the batch fermentation with added L. helveticus Bar13, the decrease of pyridine and butandiene was observed together with the increase of 2-methyl-5-ethyl-pyrazine, 2-butanone and butyrate. The modification of the fecal metabolic profiles induced by the simultaneous addition of B. longum Bar33 and L. helveticus Bar13 was very similar to that observed after the supplementation with L. helveticus Bar13, regarding mainly the decrease of pyridine and the increase of butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Vitali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
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120
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Lv XB, Lian GY, Wang HR, Song E, Yao H, Wang MH. Renal function at hospital admission and mortality due to acute kidney injury after myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23717443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of an impaired estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at hospital admission in the outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been underreported. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of an admission eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) on the incidence and early and late mortality of AMI-associated AKI. METHODS A prospective study of 828 AMI patients was performed. AKI was defined as a serum creatinine increase of ≥ 50% from the time of admission (RIFLE criteria) in the first 7 days of hospitalization. Patients were divided into subgroups according to their eGFR upon hospital admission (MDRD formula, mL/min/1.73 m(2)) and the development of AKI: eGFR ≥ 60 without AKI, eGFR<60 without AKI, eGFR ≥ 60 with AKI and eGFR<60 with AKI. RESULTS Overall, 14.6% of the patients in this study developed AKI. The admission eGFR had no impact on the incidence of AKI. However, the admission eGFR was associated with the outcome of AMI-associated AKI. The adjusted hazard ratios (AHR, Cox multivariate analysis) for 30-day mortality were 2.00 (95% CI 1.11-3.61) for eGFR<60 without AKI, 4.76 (95% CI 2.45-9.26) for eGFR ≥ 60 with AKI and 6.27 (95% CI 3.20-12.29) for eGFR<60 with AKI. Only an admission eGFR of <60 with AKI was significantly associated with a 30-day to 1-year mortality hazard (AHR 3.05, 95% CI 1.50-6.19). CONCLUSIONS AKI development was associated with an increased early mortality hazard in AMI patients with either preserved or impaired admission eGFR. Only the association of impaired admission eGFR and AKI was associated with an increased hazard for late mortality among these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bin Lv
- Medical Research Center Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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121
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Cook JP, Goodall GW, Khutoryanskaya OV, Khutoryanskiy VV. Microwave-Assisted Hydrogel Synthesis: A New Method for Crosslinking Polymers in Aqueous Solutions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:332-6. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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122
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Advances and perspectives in in vitro human gut fermentation modeling. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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123
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Potential probiotic Kluyveromyces marxianus B0399 modulates the immune response in Caco-2 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells and impacts the human gut microbiota in an in vitro colonic model system. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 78:956-64. [PMID: 22156412 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06385-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the increase in the consumption of yeasts as human probiotics, the aim of this study was to broadly investigate the beneficial properties of the lactic yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus (formerly Kluyveromyces fragilis) B0399. Several potential probiotic traits of K. marxianus B0399 were investigated by using in vitro assays, including adhesion and immune modulation, and the effect of the administration of 10(7) CFU/day of K. marxianus B0399 on the composition and metabolic activity of the human intestinal microbiota was investigated in a 3-stage continuous-culture system simulating the human colon. We demonstrated that this strain was highly adhesive to human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells and modulated the immune response, inducing proinflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In the presence of inflammatory stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), K. marxianus B0399 provoked decreases in the levels of production of proinflammatory cytokines in PBMCs and Caco-2 cells, thus ameliorating the inflammatory response. Furthermore, K. marxianus B0399 impacted the colonic microbiota, increasing the bifidobacterial concentration in the stages of the colonic model system simulating the proximal and transverse colon. The amounts of the short-chain fatty acids acetate and propionate also increased following yeast supplementation. Finally, K. marxianus B0399 was found to induce a decrease of the cytotoxic potential of the culture supernatant from the first stage of the colonic model system. The effects of K. marxianus B0399 on adhesion, immune function, and colonic microbiota demonstrate that this strain possesses a number of beneficial and strain-specific properties desirable for a microorganism considered for application as a probiotic.
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Abstract
The dysbiosis hypothesis posits that perturbations in the gut microbiome may contribute to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A recent Canadian population-based study has shown an association between new-onset IBD and antibiotic use in the 2-5 years preceding diagnosis. Though these findings do not establish a causal relationship, it supports the role of dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of IBD. Furthermore, the study reinforces the importance of the judicious use of antibiotics.
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Martin FPJ, Collino S, Rezzi S. 1H NMR-based metabonomic applications to decipher gut microbial metabolic influence on mammalian health. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2011; 49 Suppl 1:S47-S54. [PMID: 22290709 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular biology and microbiology have increased awareness on the importance of the gut microbiota to the overall mammalian host's health status. There is therefore increasing interest in nutrition research to characterise the molecular foundations of the gut microbial mammalian crosstalk at both physiological and biochemical pathway levels. Tackling these challenges can be achieved through systems biology strategies based on the measurement of metabolites to assess the highly complex metabolic exchanges between diverse biological compartments, including organs, biofluids and microbial symbionts. By opening a direct biochemical window into the metabolome, metabonomics is uniquely suited for the identification of biomarkers providing better understanding of these complex metabolic processes. Recent applications of top-down system biology based on (1)H NMR spectroscopy coupled to advanced chemometric modelling approaches provided compelling evidence that system-wide and organ-specific changes in biochemical processes may be finely tuned by gut microbial activities. This review aims at describing current advances in NMR-based metabonomics where the main objective is to discern the molecular pathways and biochemical mechanisms under the influence of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, emphasis is given on nutritional approaches, where the quest for homeostatic balance is dependent not only on the host but also on the nutritional modulation of the gut microbiota-host metabolic interactions, using, for instance, probiotics and prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Pierre J Martin
- BioAnalytical Science, Metabonomics & Biomarkers, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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126
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Guslandi M. Rifaximin in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4643-6. [PMID: 22180705 PMCID: PMC3237300 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i42.4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a role in promoting and maintaining inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), hence the rationale for the use of antibiotics in the treatment of those disorders. Antibiotics, however, may induce untoward effects, especially during long-term therapy. Rifaximin α polymer is an antibacterial agent that is virtually unabsorbed after oral administration and is devoid of systemic side effects. Rifaximin has provided promising results in inducing remission of Crohn’s disease (up to 69% in open studies and significantly higher rates than placebo in double blind trials) and ulcerative colitis (76% in open studies and significantly higher rates than placebo in controlled studies) and might also have a role in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis and pouchitis. The potential therapeutic activity of rifaximin in IBD deserves to be further investigated and confirmed in larger, controlled studies. The optimal dosage still needs to be better defined.
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces of the gut are colonized by large numbers of heterogeneous bacteria that contribute to intestinal health and disease. In genetically susceptible individuals, a 'pathogenic community' may arise, whereby abnormal gut flora contributes to alterations in the mucosa and local immune system leading to gastrointestinal disease. These diseases include enteric infections, such as Clostridium difficile infection, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, functional gastrointestinal disorders (including IBS), IBD and colorectal cancer. Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics (a combination of prebiotics and probiotics) have the capacity to reverse pathologic changes in gut flora and local immunity. Intestinal health and disease need to be thoroughly characterized to understand the interplay between the indigenous microbiota, the immune system and genetic host factors. This Review provides a broad overview of the importance of the intestinal microbiota in chronic disorders of the gut.
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Maccaferri S, Vitali B, Klinder A, Brigidi P, Costabile A. Rifaximin modulates the colonic microbiota of patients with Crohn's disease: an in vitro approach using a continuous culture colonic model system--authors' response. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Cianci R, Casciano F, Costamagna G, Pandolfi F. Comment on: Rifaximin modulates the colonic microbiota of patients with Crohn's disease: an in vitro approach using a continuous culture colonic model system. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1193-4; author reply 1194-5. [PMID: 21393147 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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