101
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Hada M, Hino K, Buchholz G, Goss J, Wellmann E, Shin M. Assay of DNA photolyase activity in spinach leaves in relation to cell compartmentation-evidence for lack of DNA photolyase in chloroplasts. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000; 64:1288-91. [PMID: 10923805 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.64.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Spinach cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD)-specific DNA photolyase was successfully detected in leaf extracts by an assay system for plant photolyase using an improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which was newly introduced by novel horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-linked CPD specific monoclonal antibodies. The assay system includes two main steps: a photorepair reaction of CPD introduced in substrate DNA and measurement of CPD remained after the photorepair by the improved ELISA. When CPD- induced salmon sperm DNA was used as a substrate, high CPD-photolyase activities were observed in the enzyme fraction prepared from whole spinach leaf extracts, but not from chloroplast extracts. This strongly suggests that spinach CPD-specific photolyases are localized in cell compartments other than chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Japan.
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102
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Wang Y, Gaspar PP, Taylor JS. Quantum Chemical Study of the Electron-Transfer-Catalyzed Splitting of Oxetane and Azetidine Intermediates Proposed in the Photoenzymatic Repair of (6−4) Photoproducts of DNA. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja992244t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinsheng Wang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Peter P. Gaspar
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - John-Stephen Taylor
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
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103
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Liu Z, Hossain GS, Islas-Osuna MA, Mitchell DL, Mount DW. Repair of UV damage in plants by nucleotide excision repair: Arabidopsis UVH1 DNA repair gene is a homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad1. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 21:519-528. [PMID: 10758502 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To analyze plant mechanisms for resistance to UV radiation, mutants of Arabidopsis that are hypersensitive to UV radiation (designated uvh and uvr) have been isolated. UVR2 and UVR3 products were previously identified as photolyases that remove UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in the presence of visible light. Plants also remove dimers in the absence of light by an as yet unidentified dark repair mechanism and uvh1 mutants are defective in this mechanism. The UVH1 locus was mapped to chromosome 5 and the position of the UVH1 gene was further delineated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the uvh1-1 mutant with cosmids from this location. Cosmid NC23 complemented the UV hypersensitive phenotype and restored dimer removal in the uvh1-1 mutant. The cosmid encodes a protein similar to the S. cerevisiae RAD1 and human XPF products, components of an endonuclease that excises dimers by nucleotide excision repair (NER). The uvh1-1 mutation creates a G to A transition in intron 5 of this gene, resulting in a new 3' splice site and introducing an in-frame termination codon. These results provide evidence that the Arabidopsis UVH1/AtRAD1 product is a subunit of a repair endonuclease. The previous discovery in Lilium longiflorum of a homolog of human ERCC1 protein that comprises the second subunit of the repair endonuclease provides additional evidence for the existence of the repair endonuclease in plants. The UVH1 gene is strongly expressed in flower tissue and also in other tissues, suggesting that the repair endonuclease is widely utilized for repair of DNA damage in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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104
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Shimura M, Ito Y, Ishii C, Yajima H, Linden H, Harashima T, Yasui A, Inoue H. Characterization of a Neurospora crassa photolyase-deficient mutant generated by repeat induced point mutation of the phr gene. Fungal Genet Biol 1999; 28:12-20. [PMID: 10512668 DOI: 10.1006/fgbi.1999.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We produced a photolyase-deficient mutant by repeat induced point mutation using the Neurospora crassa photolyase gene cloned previously. This mutation identified a new gene, phr, which was mapped on the right arm of linkage group I by both RFLP mapping and conventional mapping. To investigate the relationship between photoreactivation and dark repair processes, especially excision repair, double mutants of phr with representative repair-defective mutants of different types were constructed and tested for UV sensitivity and photoreactivation. The results show that the phr mutation has no influence on dark repair. Tests with CPD and TC(6-4) photoproduct-specific antibodies demonstrated that the phr mutant is defective in CPD photolyase and confirmed that there is no TC(6-4) photolyase activity in N. crassa. Furthermore, N. crassa photolyase is not a blue light receptor in the signal transduction that induces carotenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shimura
- Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Urawa, 338-8570, Japan
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105
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Petersen JL, Lang DW, Small GD. Cloning and characterization of a class II DNA photolyase from Chlamydomonas. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 40:1063-1071. [PMID: 10527430 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006279720960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Damage to DNA induced by ultraviolet light can be reversed by a blue light-dependent reaction catalyzed by enzymes called DNA photolyases. Chlamydomonas has been shown to have DNA photolyase activity in both the nucleus and the chloroplast. Here we report the cloning and sequencing of a gene, PHR2, from Chlamydomonas encoding a class II DNA photolyase. The PHR2 protein, when expressed in Escherichia coli, is able to complement a DNA photolyase deficiency. The previously described Chlamydomonas mutant, phr1, which is deficient in nuclear but not chloroplast photolyase activity was shown by RFLP analysis not to be linked to the PHR2 gene. Unlike the recently reported class II DNA photolyase from Arabidopsis, the protein encoded by PHR2 is predicted to contain a chloroplast targeting sequence. This result, together with the RFLP data, suggests that PHR2 encodes the chloroplast targeted DNA photolyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Petersen
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Group, University of South Dakota, Vermillion 57069-2390, USA
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106
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Kleiner O, Butenandt J, Carell T, Batschauer A. Class II DNA photolyase from Arabidopsis thaliana contains FAD as a cofactor. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 264:161-7. [PMID: 10447684 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The major UV-B photoproduct in DNA is the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD). CPD-photolyases repair this DNA damage by a light-driven electron transfer. The chromophores of the class II CPD-photolyase from Arabidopsis thaliana, which was cloned recently [Taylor, R., Tobin, A. & Bray, C. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112, 862; Ahmad, M., Jarillo, J.A., Klimczak, L.J., Landry, L.G., Peng, T., Last, R.L. & Cashmore, A.R. (1997) Plant Cell 9, 199-207], have not been characterized so far. Here we report on the overexpression of the Arabidopsis CPD photolyase in Escherichia coli as a 6 x His-tag fusion protein, its purification and the analysis of the chromophore composition and enzymatic activity. Like class I photolyase, the Arabidopsis enzyme contains FAD but a second chromophore was not detectable. Despite the lack of a second chromophore the purified enzyme has photoreactivating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kleiner
- FB Biologie/Botanik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
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107
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Affiliation(s)
- T Todo
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Japan.
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108
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Abstract
Damage to DNA occurs in all living things, and the toxicity and/or mutagenicity of the damage products are reduced through the activities of one or more DNA repair pathways. The mechanisms of DNA repair are best understood in microorganisms and mammals, but the field has recently expanded to include both plants and lower animals. These recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and classical genetics of DNA repair in higher plants include such aspects as the repair of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers, the correction of mismatched bases, and the rejoining of double strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- AB Britt
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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109
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Okano S, Kanno SI, Takao M, Eker APM, Lsono K, Tsukahara Y, Yasui A. A Putative Blue-Light Receptor From Drosophila melanogaster. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb05314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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110
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Ishikawa T, Matsumoto A, Kato T, Togashi S, Ryo H, Ikenaga M, Todo T, Ueda R, Tanimura T. DCRY is a Drosophila photoreceptor protein implicated in light entrainment of circadian rhythm. Genes Cells 1999; 4:57-65. [PMID: 10231393 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.1999.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light is the major environmental signal for the entrainment of circadian rhythms. In Drosophila melanogaster, the period(per) and timeless (tim) genes are required for circadian behavioural rhythms and their expression levels undergo circadian fluctuations. Light signals can entrain these rhythms by shifting their phases. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism for the perception and transduction of the light signal. The members of the photolyase/cryptochrome family contain flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as chromophore and are involved in two diverse functions, DNA repair and photoreception of environmental light signals. RESULTS We report the cloning of a new member of this family, dcry, from Drosophila. Northern blot analysis shows that this gene is expressed in various tissues. The dcry mRNA is expressed in a circadian manner in adult heads, while such rhythmic fluctuation is abolished in the clock-defective per0 and tim0 mutants. The circadian expression is dampened down in constant darkness. The over-expression of the dcry gene alters the light-induced phase delay in the locomotor activity rhythms of flies. CONCLUSION These results suggest that DCRY is a circadian photoreceptor and that its expression is regulated by circadian clock genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ishikawa
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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111
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Kobayashi K, Kanno S, Smit B, van der Horst GT, Takao M, Yasui A. Characterization of photolyase/blue-light receptor homologs in mouse and human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26:5086-92. [PMID: 9801304 PMCID: PMC147960 DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.22.5086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated and characterized mouse photolyase-like genes, mCRY1 (mPHLL1) and mCRY2 (mPHLL2), which belong to the photolyase family including plant blue-light receptors. The mCRY1 and mCRY2 genes are located on chromosome 10C and 2E, respectively, and are expressed in all mouse organs examined. We raised antibodies specific against each gene product using its C-terminal sequence, which differs completely between the genes. Immunofluorescent staining of cultured mouse cells revealed that mCRY1 is localized in mitochondria whereas mCRY2 was found mainly in the nucleus. The subcellular distribution of CRY proteins was confirmed by immunoblot analysis of fractionated mouse liver cell extracts. Using green fluorescent protein fused peptides we showed that the C-terminal region of the mouse CRY2 protein contains a unique nuclear localization signal, which is absent in the CRY1 protein. The N-terminal region of CRY1 was shown to contain the mitochondrial transport signal. Recombinant as well as native CRY1 proteins from mouse and human cells showed a tight binding activity to DNA Sepharose, while CRY2 protein did not bind to DNA Sepharose at all under the same condition as CRY1. The different cellular localization and DNA binding properties of the mammalian photolyase homologs suggest that despite the similarity in the sequence the two proteins have distinct function(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 980 8575 Sendai, Japan
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112
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Mizukoshi T, Hitomi K, Todo T, Iwai S. Studies on the Chemical Synthesis of Oligonucleotides Containing the (6−4) Photoproduct of Thymine−Cytosine and Its Repair by (6−4) Photolyase. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja982004y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Mizukoshi
- Contribution from the Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Biomolecular Engineering Research Institute, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan, and Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hitomi
- Contribution from the Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Biomolecular Engineering Research Institute, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan, and Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Todo
- Contribution from the Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Biomolecular Engineering Research Institute, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan, and Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shigenori Iwai
- Contribution from the Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Biomolecular Engineering Research Institute, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan, and Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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113
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Abstract
DNA photolyases repair pyrimidine dimers via a reaction in which light energy drives electron donation from a catalytic chromophore, FADH-, to the dimer. The crystal structure of Escherichia coli photolyase suggested that the pyrimidine dimer is flipped out of the DNA helix and into a cavity that leads from the surface of the enzyme to FADH-. We have tested this model using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Phr1 photolyase which is >50% identical to E. coli photolyase over the region comprising the DNA binding domain. By using the bacterial photolyase as a starting point, we modeled the region encompassing amino acids 383-530 of the yeast enzyme. The model retained the cavity leading to FADH- as well as the band of positive electrostatic potential which defines the DNA binding surface. We found that alanine substitution mutations at sites within the cavity reduced both substrate binding and discrimination, providing direct support for the dinucleotide flip model. The roles of three residues predicted to interact with DNA flanking the dimer were also tested. Arg452 was found to be particularly critical to substrate binding, discrimination, and photolysis, suggesting a role in establishing or maintaining the dimer in the flipped state. A structural model for photolyase-dimer interaction is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Vande Berg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7260, USA
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