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Cammu G, De Witte J, De Veylder J, Byttebier G, Vandeput D, Foubert L, Vandenbroucke G, Deloof T. Postoperative Residual Paralysis in Outpatients Versus Inpatients. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:426-9. [PMID: 16428537 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000195543.61123.1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative residual paralysis is an important complication of the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs. In this prospective study, the incidence of residual paralysis detected as a train-of-four response <90% was less frequent in surgical outpatients (38%) than inpatients (47%) (P = 0.001). This might have been the result of the more frequent use of mivacurium for outpatients. Before undertaking tracheal extubation, the anesthesiologists had applied clinical criteria (outpatients, 49%; inpatients, 45%), pharmacological reversal (26%, 25%), neuromuscular transmission monitoring (12%, 11%), or a combination of these. None of these measures seemed to reduce the incidence of residual paralysis except for quantitative train-of-four monitoring. Postoperatively, eight individual clinical tests or a sum of these tests were also unable to predict residual paralysis by train-of-four. Although the incidence of residual paralysis was less frequent in surgical outpatients, predictive criteria were not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Cammu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, OLV Clinic, Aalst, Belgium.
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102
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103
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Abstract
Even after administration in routine clinical dosages, muscle relaxants can lead to long-lasting residual blockades which increase the risk of severe postoperative pulmonary complications. Even without the additional effects from analgetics, sedatives or anaesthetics, a partial neuromuscular blockade, which cannot reliably be avoided either by the anaesthetist alone or by the additional use of nerve stimulators (train-of-four [TOF] ratio 0.5-0.9), can cause reductions in the vital capacity and the hypoxic breathing response, as well as obstruction of the upper airway and disruption of pharangeal function. The extent of neuromuscular recovery after an operation depends on the muscle relaxant used, the duration of administration, the anaesthetic technique and possible accompanying illnesses of the patient. It must basically be assumed that residual neuromuscular blockades are more frequent after administration of slow acting muscle relaxants such as pancuronium, than after the use of medium or rapid acting substances. If the course of a neuromuscular blockade is continually monitored during the whole anaesthetic procedure using the TOF ratio and not only occasionally at the end, a TOF ratio of 1 measured with an acceleromyograph (e.g. TOF-watch) promises an adequate neuromuscular recovery from the effects of muscle relaxants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fuchs-Buder
- Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy/Brabois.
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104
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Beaussier M, Boughaba MA. Curarisation résiduelle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 24:1266-74. [PMID: 16039822 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of modern neuromuscular blocking agents with short or intermediate duration of action, incidence of residual neuromuscular blockade remains very high. Evidences have been recently provided that residual curarization must be defined as a train-of-four ratio below 0.9 at the thumb adductor during the recovery period after anaesthesia. Residual curarization may be associated with serious adverse events related to respiratory depression, pharyngeal dysfunction, hypoxemia and prolongation of the length of stay in the recovery room. Appropriate choice of drugs, perioperative monitoring of neuromuscular function and large indications of pharmacological reversal may reduce the incidence of residual curarization and improve the patient's safety in the postoperative setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beaussier
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital Saint-Antoine, 184, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, Paris 75012, France.
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105
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106
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Baillard C, Clec'h C, Catineau J, Salhi F, Gehan G, Cupa M, Samama CM. Postoperative residual neuromuscular block: a survey of management. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95:622-6. [PMID: 16183681 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aei240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To avoid postoperative residual neuromuscular block there is a need for a change in clinician's attitude towards monitoring and reversal. This study aims to evaluate changes of perioperative neuromuscular block management during the last decade in our institution and to quantify the incidence of postoperative residual neuromuscular block. METHODS Patients receiving intermediate-acting neuromuscular blocking agents for scheduled surgical procedures during 3-month periods in 1995 (n=435), 2000 (n=130), 2002 (n=101), and in 2004 (n=218) were prospectively and successively enrolled in our study. The management of neuromuscular block in the operating room and the adequacy of the recovery were at the discretion of the anaesthesiologist. An attempt was made between each study period to promote a change in the management of neuromuscular block. In the post-anaesthesia care unit, train-of-four (TOF) stimulations were used to assess the presence of a residual neuromuscular block. RESULTS Between 1995 and 2004 quantitative measurement and reversal of neuromuscular block in the operating room increased from 2 to 60% and from 6 to 42%, respectively (P<0.001). During the same time, the incidence of residual neuromuscular block defined as a TOF ratio less than 0.9 decreased from 62 to 3% (P<0.001). Use of objective neuromuscular monitoring and/or anticholinesterase drugs was less likely in patients with an inadequate recovery (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS During the last decade the incidence of residual neuromuscular block strongly decreased in our institution. It confirms the positive impact of neuromuscular monitoring and reversal of neuromuscular block in routine anaesthetic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baillard
- Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, EA 3409, Hôpital Avicenne, APHP, 93009 Bobigny Cedex, France.
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107
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van den Berg AA. Bradycardia and hypertension in anticipation of, and exacerbated by, peribulbar block: a prospective audit. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49:1207-13. [PMID: 16095464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2005.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in heart rate (HR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) occur in anticipation of, and following, injection of a peribulbar local analgesic agent. We examined these changes in two groups of awake patients given a pre-medication of either hydroxyzine 1.0 mg/kg alone (control) or hydroxyzine 1.0 mg/kg with morphine 0.05 mg/kg. METHODS HR, SAP and DAP of 100 patients per group were monitored the day before surgery (baseline), every 5 min in the anesthesia holding room before peribulbar injection, every minute for the first 5 min after peribulbar injection and then every 5 min until transfer to the operating room. Within and between pre-medication group values of HR, SAP and DAP before and after peribulbar injection were compared with baseline. RESULTS The two groups of patients were similar. Before peribulbar injection, HR was unchanged in the hydroxyzine group, but 6% slower in those given morphine (P<0.01). After injection, HR slowed in both groups, by 5% and 7% (P<0.01, both comparisons), respectively. In anticipation of injection, SAP increased in both groups to 20% and 16% above baseline, respectively, and increased further after injection to 26% and 24% above baseline, respectively (P<0.001, all comparisons). In both groups, maximum SAP following injection exceeded maximum SAP before injection (P<0.02, both comparisons). DAP increased by 4% (P<0.05) in the hydroxyzine group before injection, and by 5% and 4%, respectively (P<0.005 and P<0.05, respectively) after peribulbar injection. CONCLUSION The audit reveals pronounced increases in SAP accompanied by lesser increases in DAP and a tendency to slowing of HR in awake patients in anticipation of peribulbar injections. Peribulbar injections cause further increases in blood pressure and mild bradycardia. These changes occur similarly in patients pre-medicated with hydroxyzine or hydroxyzine plus morphine. A mix of neuro-humoral influences (anxiety/catecholamine/baroreceptor/trigemino-vagal) are postulated as etiological.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A van den Berg
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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108
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Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Marymont JH, Franklin M, Avram MJ, Vender JS. Residual Paralysis at the Time of Tracheal Extubation. Anesth Analg 2005; 100:1840-1845. [PMID: 15920224 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000151159.55655.cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory and pharyngeal muscle function are impaired during minimal neuromuscular blockade. Tracheal extubation in the presence of residual paresis may contribute to adverse respiratory events. In this investigation, we assessed the incidence and severity of residual neuromuscular block at the time of tracheal extubation. One-hundred-twenty patients presenting for gynecologic or general surgical procedures were enrolled. Neuromuscular blockade was maintained with rocuronium (visual train-of-four [TOF] count of 2) and all subjects were reversed with neostigmine at a TOF count of 2-4. TOF ratios were quantified using acceleromyography immediately before tracheal extubation, after clinicians had determined that complete neuromuscular recovery had occurred using standard clinical criteria (5-s head lift or hand grip, eye opening on command, acceptable negative inspiratory force or vital capacity breath values) and peripheral nerve stimulation (no evidence of fade with TOF or tetanic stimulation). TOF ratios were measured again on arrival to the postanesthesia care unit. Immediately before tracheal extubation, the mean TOF ratio was 0.67 +/- 0.2; among the 120 patients, 70 (58%) had a TOF ratio <0.7 and 105 (88%) had a TOF ratio <0.9. Significantly fewer patients had TOF ratios <0.7 (9 subjects, 8%) and <0.9 (38 subjects, 32%) in the postanesthesia care unit compared with the operating room (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that complete recovery from neuromuscular blockade is rarely present at the time of tracheal extubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn S Murphy
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois; and †Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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109
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Arain SR, Kern S, Ficke DJ, Ebert TJ. Variability of duration of action of neuromuscular-blocking drugs in elderly patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49:312-5. [PMID: 15752394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2005.00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid-based, non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking (NMB) drugs (e.g. rocuronium, vecuronium) are characterized by organ-dependent elimination and significantly longer durations of action in elderly compared to young patients. Cisatracurium is a benzylisoquinolinium NMB drug with a duration of action not altered by ageing. The objective of the study was to determine if elderly patients had less variability in duration of action with 2 x ED95 of cisatracurium compared to equipotent doses of rocuronium or vecuronium. METHODS Informed consent was obtained from 66 elderly patients with normal renal and liver function. Preoperative midazolam (1 mg) was given IV. The anaesthestic induction was with 5 mg kg(-1) thiopental and 2 microg kg(-1) fentanyl. The patients received 0.6 mg kg(-1) rocuronium, 0.1 mg kg(-1) vecuronium or 0.1 mg kg(-1) cisatracurium. Anaesthetic maintenance was with sevoflurane in oxygen/nitrous oxide. Neuromuscular-blocking duration of action was defined as the return of T1 twitch height to 25% of control. Variability was determined by subtracting the actual duration of action from the mean duration of action for each drug. RESULTS The durations of action (range, min) were: cisatracurium, 37-81; vecuronium, 35-137; and rocuronium, 33-119. The median of the variability of duration was significantly less with cisatracurium (7 min) compared to vecuronium (18 min) and rocuronium (18 min) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION When used with sevoflurane/N(2)O, there was a two-fold greater variability of duration of neuromuscular blockade in elderly patients receiving rocuronium or vecuronium compared with cisatracurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Arain
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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110
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Kopman AF, Kopman DJ, Ng J, Zank LM. Antagonism of profound cisatracurium and rocuronium block: the role of objective assessment of neuromuscular function. J Clin Anesth 2005; 17:30-5. [PMID: 15721727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of significant (train-of-four [TOF] ratio <0.70), but clinically undetectable (TOF ratio >0.40), residual neuromuscular block after neostigmine antagonism of profound cisatracurium (CIS) or rocuronium (ROC) block. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, open-label study. SETTING University hospital. PATIENTS Forty ASA physical status I and II undergoing elective surgical procedures. INTERVENTIONS Anesthesia was induced with propofol 1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg IV plus fentanyl 2 to 4 mug/kg and maintained with N(2)O/desflurane plus narcotic supplementation. The electromyographic response of the adductor pollicis was recorded. Train-of-four stimulation was given every 20 seconds. Twitch height (T1) and TOF fade ratio were continuously recorded. In group 1 (n = 20), neuromuscular block was induced with CIS 0.10 mg/kg, and T1 was maintained at 5% of control by a constant infusion of CIS until the end of surgery. One minute after the termination of the infusion, neostigmine 0.05 mg/kg was administered. T1 and TOF values were monitored continuously for the next 20 minutes. Group 2 (n = 20) is identical to group 1 except that the initial drug was ROC 0.60 mg/kg, and paralysis was maintained with an infusion of ROC. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS There were no significant differences in the recovery patterns of CIS vs ROC. The duration (bolus to end of infusion) in both groups averaged 2.7 hours, and the mean cumulative dose of relaxant approximated 4 x the ED(95). T1 at the time of reversal was 6% (4%-10%) of control. Mean TOF ratios at 10, 15, and 20 minutes were 0.55, 0.71, and 0.0.81, respectively. Return to a TOF ratio >0.40 was always achieved in 15 minutes or less. However, at 20 minutes postreversal, 5 of 40 subjects had TOF ratios <0.70 and only 11 individuals had recovered to a TOF ratio of 0.90 or greater. CONCLUSIONS Most clinicians cannot detect tactile fade once the TOF ratio exceeds 0.40. When reversing profound block, an objective monitor of neuromuscular function is required if the extent of residual block is to be assessed with any confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F Kopman
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
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111
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Meistelman C. Effect sites of neuromuscular blocking agents and the monitoring of clinical muscle relaxation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 523:227-38. [PMID: 15088854 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9192-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Meistelman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
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112
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Baillard C, Bourdiau S, Le Toumelin P, Ait Kaci F, Riou B, Cupa M, Samama CM. Assessing residual neuromuscular blockade using acceleromyography can be deceptive in postoperative awake patients. Anesth Analg 2004; 98:854-7, table of contents. [PMID: 14980952 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000100150.84698.8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Postoperative awake patients may have significant residual neuromuscular block. In awake patients, the results of accelerometry are affected by extra movements to which the thumb may be subject. In this study, we evaluated the repeatability of train-of-four (TOF) ratio using acceleromyography in 253 patients recovering from anesthesia. Immediately after arrival in the postanesthesia care unit, the ulnar nerve was stimulated with TOF stimulation. The evoked response at the thumb was measured by the TOF-Watch apparatus. The current intensity was 30 mA. Two TOF stimulations were applied and recorded at 30-s intervals. A Bland-Altman test was used. The Kappa (kappa) test for clinical agreement between the two measurements was also calculated according to the presence or absence of a residual neuromuscular blockade, defined as a TOF ratio <0.9. According to the presence of a residual neuromuscular blockade, the paired TOF ratios were discordant in 61 patients (24%; 95% confidence interval, 21%-27%). The kappa test indicated a moderate agreement (k = 0.47). We demonstrated that accelerometry as used in this study is not always accurate. Two isolated acceleromyograph TOF ratios are not an accurate representation of the neuromuscular status of the patient recovering from anesthesia. IMPLICATIONS Clinicians should be aware that acceleromyography as used in this study does not always provide precise train-of-four ratio measurements. Two isolated acceleromyograph train-of-four ratios are not an accurate representation of the neuromuscular status of the patient recovering from anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Baillard
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France.
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113
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Kopman AF, Zank LM, Ng J, Neuman GG. Antagonism of cisatracurium and rocuronium block at a tactile train-of-four count of 2: should quantitative assessment of neuromuscular function be mandatory? Anesth Analg 2004; 98:102-106. [PMID: 14693596 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000094985.19305.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED With a train-of-four (TOF) ratio >0.70 as the standard of acceptable recovery, postoperative residual paralysis is a frequent occurrence in postanesthesia care units (PACUs). However, detailed information regarding prior anesthetic management is rarely provided. We examined the incidence of postoperative weakness after the administration of cisatracurium and rocuronium when using a rigid protocol for muscle relaxant and subsequent neostigmine administration. Under desflurane, N(2)O, and opioid anesthesia, tracheal intubation was accomplished after either cisatracurium 0.15 mg/kg or rocuronium 0.60 mg/kg. The response of the thumb to ulnar nerve stimulation was estimated by palpation. Additional increments of muscle relaxant were given as needed to maintain the TOF count at 1 or 2. At the conclusion of surgery, at a TOF count of 2, neostigmine 0.05 mg/kg plus glycopyrrolate 10 micro g/kg was administered. The mechanical TOF response was then measured with a force transducer starting 5 min postreversal. Patients were observed until a TOF ratio of 0.90 was achieved. There were no significant differences in the recovery profiles of cisatracurium versus rocuronium. TOF ratios at 10 min postreversal were 0.72 +/- 0.10 and 0.76 +/- 0.11, respectively. At 15 min postreversal, only one subject in each group had a TOF ratio of <0.70. No patient in either group arrived in the PACU with a TOF ratio <0.70. Our results suggest that if cisatracurium or rocuronium is administered by using the TOF count as a guide, critical episodes of postoperative weakness in the PACU should be an infrequent occurrence. IMPLICATIONS After the administration of cisatracurium or rocuronium, train-of-four (TOF) ratios <0.70 should rarely be observed in the postanesthesia care unit if neostigmine-assisted antagonism of residual block is delayed until the tactile TOF count at the thumb is 2 or more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F Kopman
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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114
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Abstract
Modern anesthesiology employs the combined administration of several drugs belonging to different pharmacological classes. Additionally, anesthesiologists are facing the challenge of polypharmacy regimens utilized by patients considered for surgical treatment When drugs are combined, the pharmacological effect may considerably differ from the individually expected properties. This may be beneficial or potentially lead to adverse drug reactions harming the patient. The incidence of drug interaction increases exponentially with the number of drugs administered. Depending on the mechanism involved, drug interactions can be classified as pharmaceutical, pharmacodynamic, or pharmacokinetic. Although there are enormous possibilities for adverse drug reactions nd the complexity is hard to identify, prediction of drug interaction is possible. Besides recognizing the general risk factors, fundamental knowledge of basic and clinical pharmacology is important to prevent serious or fatal drug interactions before they occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Milde
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Germany.
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116
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Appelboam R, Mulder R, Saddler J, Kopman A, McShane A. Atracurium associated with postoperative residual curarization. Br J Anaesth 2003. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeg548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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117
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Abstract
We present a case of prolonged recovery from mivacurium. Neuromuscular monitoring using acceleromyography was extremely helpful following attempted reversal of residual block in determining when tracheal extubation could be safely performed. If a method of objective estimation of the TOF ratio had not been available, tracheal extubation would have taken place at a time when the train-of-four fade ratio was below 0.40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F Kopman
- Department of Anesthesiology, St. Vincent's Medical Center Manhattan, New York, NY 10011, USA.
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118
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McCaul C, Tobin E, Boylan JF, McShane AJ. Atracurium is associated with postoperative residual curarization. Br J Anaesth 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/89.5.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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120
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Flisberg P, Jakobsson J, Lundberg J. Apnea and bradypnea in patients receiving epidural bupivacaine-morphine for postoperative pain relief as assessed by a new monitoring method. J Clin Anesth 2002; 14:129-34. [PMID: 11943527 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-8180(01)00369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate postoperative breathing patterns with a new monitoring device in patients given bupivacaine-morphine epidural analgesia. DESIGN Open explorative study. SETTING Inpatient anesthesia in a university hospital setting. PATIENTS 15 ASA physical status I and II patients aged 28 to 87 years and scheduled for major abdominal surgery. INTERVENTIONS All patients underwent abdominal surgery with epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia. Postoperatively, they continued with epidural analgesia consisting of bupivacaine and morphine. On the first postoperative night, the breathing pattern was studied with a new noninvasive monitoring device measuring respiratory frequency and apnea. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed in case of apnea or low respiratory frequency. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 84 alarm events were registered in 11 patients. Twenty-one percent (18/84) of the alarms were associated with arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) levels greater than 48.8 mmHg. Three of the four patients with PaCO2 levels greater than 48.8 mmHg were older than 80 years of age. CONCLUSION The tested noninvasive monitoring device may detect abnormal respiratory breathing patterns in patients at risk for respiratory depression during epidural analgesia with bupivacaine-morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Flisberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University Hospital, Sweden.
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121
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Gätke MR, Viby-Mogensen J, Rosenstock C, Jensen FS, Skovgaard LT. Postoperative muscle paralysis after rocuronium: less residual block when acceleromyography is used. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46:207-13. [PMID: 11942873 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2002.460216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residual muscle paralysis after anesthesia is common after pancuronium, but less common following the intermediate-acting drugs vecuronium and atracurium. Therefore, many anesthetists do not monitor neuromuscular function when using an intermediate-acting agent. The purpose of this prospective, randomised and double-blind study was to establish the incidence and degree of postoperative residual block following the use of rocuronium in patients not monitored with a nerve stimulator, and to compare it with results obtained in patients monitored using acceleromyography (AMG). METHODS During propofol/opioid anesthesia, 120 adult patients were randomised to two groups, one monitored with AMG, the other using only clinical criteria without a nerve stimulator. Postoperatively, TOF-ratio was measured with mechanomyography; a TOF-ratio < 0.80 indicated residual muscle paralysis. RESULTS Residual muscle paralysis was found in 10 patients in the group without neuromuscular monitoring (16.7%) (95% confidence interval, 12-21%) and in two patients in the AMG-monitored group (3%) (95% CI, 0-8%); (P = 0.029, Fisher's exact test). Time from end of surgery to tracheal extubation was significantly longer in the AMG-monitored group (12.5 min) than in the group not monitored with AMG (10 min). CONCLUSION Clinical evaluation of recovery of neuromuscular function does not exclude significant residual paralysis following the intermediate-acting muscle relaxant rocuronium, but the problem of residual block can be minimized by use of AMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gätke
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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123
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Abstract
This review summarizes recent reports on the techniques and the use of methods for monitoring neuromuscular function during anaesthesia. The latest news on the use of acceleromyography in the face and hand, on laryngeal and diaphragmal surface electromyography, on acoustic myography, on evaluation of intense neuromuscular block, and on postoperative residual curarization is presented and discussed. It is concluded that available evidence suggests that more attention should be paid by the anaesthetist to the problems of residual curarization and hence to proper monitoring of neuromuscular function using objective methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Viby-Mogensen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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124
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Use of reversal agents in day care procedures (with special reference to postoperative nausea and vomiting). Eur J Anaesthesiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00003643-200100003-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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125
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Use of reversal agents in day care procedures (with special reference to postoperative nausea and vomiting). Eur J Anaesthesiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00003643-200111001-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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126
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Hayes AH, Mirakhur RK, Breslin DS, Reid JE, McCourt KC. Postoperative residual block after intermediate-acting neuromuscular blocking drugs. Anaesthesia 2001; 56:312-8. [PMID: 11284816 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.2001.01921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The frequency and duration of postoperative residual neuromuscular block on arrival of 150 patients in the recovery ward following the use of vecuronium (n = 50), atracurium (n = 50) and rocuronium (n = 50) were recorded. Residual block was defined as a train-of-four ratio of <0.8. An additional group of 10 patients received no neuromuscular blocking drugs during anaesthesia. The incidence of postoperative residual neuromuscular block was 64%, 52% and 39% after the use of vecuronium, atracurium and rocuronium, respectively. Similar numbers of patients were not able to maintain a sustained head or leg lift for 5 s on arrival in the recovery ward. The mean [range] times to attaining a train-of-four ratio of > or =0.8 after arrival in the recovery ward were 9.2 [1-61], 6.9 [1-24] and 14.7 [1.5-83] min for vecuronium, atracurium and rocuronium, respectively. None of the 10 patients who did not receive neuromuscular blocking drugs had train-of-four ratios <0.8 on arrival in the recovery ward. It is concluded that a large proportion of patients arrive in the recovery ward with a train-of-four ratio <0.8, even with the use of intermediate-acting neuromuscular blocking drugs. Although the residual block is relatively short lasting, it may occasionally be prolonged, requiring close observation and monitoring of such patients in the recovery ward.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Hayes
- Department of Anaesthetics and Intensive Care Medicine, The Queen's University of Belfast, Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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Donati F. Management of muscle relaxation during target-controlled anaesthesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1053/bean.2001.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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