101
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Inoue Y, Hasegawa K, Ishizawa T, Aoki T, Sano K, Beck Y, Imamura H, Sugawara Y, Kokudo N, Makuuchi M. Is there any difference in survival according to the portal tumor thrombectomy method in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma? Surgery 2009; 145:9-19. [PMID: 19081470 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although portal venous tumor thrombus (PVTT) is regarded as an ominous prognostic factor in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the optimal treatment method for maximizing both safety and long-term outcome has not yet been discussed. We describe a surgical technique in which the venous wall is peeled off from the PVTT. METHODS In the peeling off (PO) technique, the portal venotomy was placed after adequate vascular control of portal flow. The PVTT was dissected from the portal venous wall and removed through the opening. Macroscopically residual PVTTs intruding into tiny branches were meticulously extracted. This procedure was compared with the en bloc resection of PVTT. Between 1995 and 2006, 49 patients underwent curative hepatic resections for HCC with macroscopic PVTT; these patients were classified according to whether the PO technique (n = 20) or the en bloc technique (n = 29) had been utilized. Both the short- and long-term results were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS No mortalities occurred in either group. Both the 5-year overall survival and the recurrence-free survival rates of the PO group were comparable with those of the en bloc group (39% vs 41% [P = .90] and 23% vs 18% [P = .89], respectively). No local recurrences or regrowth of the PVTT occurred in either group. CONCLUSION Our procedure is useful for removing PVTT extending beyond the bifurcation or into other sectors that should be preserved in terms of liver function and enables a more conservative resection than an en bloc technique without sacrificing curability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Inoue
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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102
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Zeng ZC, Fan J, Tang ZY, Zhou J, Wang JH, Wang BL, Guo W. Prognostic factors for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic portal vein or inferior vena cava tumor thrombi receiving external-beam radiation therapy. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:2510-7. [PMID: 19032365 PMCID: PMC11158789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prognostic factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with tumor thrombosis are not well established, especially for those given external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Patients (n = 136) with HCC who had portal vein (PV) or inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombus received EBRT between January 1998 and October 2007. Demographic variables, laboratory values, tumor characteristics, and treatment modalities were determined at diagnosis and before EBRT. The total radiation dose ranged from 30 to 60 Gy (median, 50 Gy) and was focused on the tumor thrombi. Predictors of survival were identified using the univariate and multivariate analysis. Of the 136 patients, the tumor thrombus completely disappeared in 41 patients (30.1%), 36 patients (26.5%) had a partial response, 49 patients (36%) had stable disease, and 10 patients (7.4%) had progressive disease. On multivariate analysis, pretreatment unfavorable predictors were associated with lower albumin, higher gamma-glutamyltransferase and alpha-fetoprotein levels, poorer Child-Pugh classification, intrahepatic multifocality, lymph node metastases, poorer response to EBRT, and 2-dimension EBRT technique. Survival rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 31.8%, 17.5%, and 8.8% for patients with PV tumor thrombi; 66.3%, 21.1%, and 15.8% for IVC tumor thrombi; and 25%, 8.3%, and 0% for PV plus IVC tumor thrombi, respectively. Overall median survival was 9.7 months. This study provides detailed information about the survival outcomes and prognostic factors of HCC with tumor thrombi in a relatively large cohort of patients treated with radiation, and the results will help in understanding the potential factors that influence survival for patients with HCC after EBRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Chong Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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103
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Abstract
The indications and the results for liver resection for hepatocellular cancer (HCC) depend on the stage of the tumor at diagnosis, the functional reserve of the liver, and the use of suitably adapted surgical techniques. This article briefly discusses liver resection for HCC in patients who do not have chronic liver disease and then discusses liver resection for HCC in patients who have chronic liver disease.
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104
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Delis SG, Dervenis C. Selection criteria for liver resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:3452-60. [PMID: 18567070 PMCID: PMC2716604 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.3452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide with an annual occurrence of one million new cases. An etiologic association between HBV infection and the development of HCC has been established with a relative risk 200-fold greater than in non-infected individuals. Hepatitis C virus is also proving an important predisposing factor for this malignancy with an incidence rate of 7% at 5 years and 14% at 10 years. The prognosis depends on tumor stage and degree of liver function, which affect the tolerance to invasive treatments. Although surgical resection is generally accepted as the treatment of choice for HCC, new treatment strategies, such as local ablative therapies, transarterial embolization and liver transplantation, have been developed nowadays. With increasing detection of small HCCs from screening programs for cirrhotic patients, it is foreseen that locoregional therapy will play an important role in the near future.
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105
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Yamazaki S, Takayama T. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: evidence-based outcomes. World J Gastroenterol 2008. [PMID: 18205256 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.685.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgeons may be severely criticized from the perspective of evidence-based medicine because the majority of surgical publications appear not to be convincing. In the top nine surgical journals in 1996, half of the 175 publications refer to pilot studies lacking a control group, 18% to animal experiments, and only 5% to randomized controlled trials (RCT). There are five levels of clinical evidence: level 1 (randomized controlled trial), level 2 (prospective concurrent cohort study), level 3 (retrospective historical cohort study), level 4 (pre-post study), and level 5 (case report). Recently, a Japanese evidence-based guideline for the surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was made by a committee (Chairman, Professor Makuuchi and five members). We searched the literature using the Medline Dialog System with four keywords: HCC, surgery, English papers, in the last 20 years. A total of 915 publications were identified systematically reviewed. At the first selection (in which surgery-dominant papers were selected), 478 papers survived. In the second selection (clearly concluded papers), 181 papers survived. In the final selection (clinically significant papers), 100 papers survived. The evidence level of the 100 surviving papers is shown here: level-1 papers (13%), level-2 papers (11%), level-3 papers (52%), and level-4 papers (24%); therefore, there were 24% prospective papers and 76% retrospective papers. Here, we present a part of the guideline on the five main surgical issues: indication to operation, operative procedure, peri-operative care, prognostic factor, and post-operative adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Yamazaki
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, Ohyaguchi kami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
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106
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Systematic extended right posterior sectionectomy: a safe and effective alternative to right hepatectomy. Ann Surg 2008; 247:603-11. [PMID: 18362622 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31816387d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A surgical approach based on ultrasound-guided hepatectomy might minimize the need for major resection, whose rates of morbidity and mortality are not negligible. Right hepatectomy (RH) is traditionally performed in cases of vascular invasion of the right hepatic vein with multiple tumors in the right posterior section, and/or of the right posterior portal branch (P6-7) with tumor in contact with right anterior portal branch (P5-8). We herein describe an alternative approach to RH consisting in ultrasound-guided systematic extended right posterior hepatic sectionectomy (SERPS). METHODS Among 207 consecutive patients who underwent hepatectomies, 21 (10%) underwent SERPS. Median age was 67 years (range, 48-79). There were 13 men and 8 women. Ten (48%) patients had hepatocellular carcinoma; 11 (52%) had colorectal liver metastases. Median tumor number was 2 (range, 1-15); median tumor size was 4.5 cm (range, 2.5-20). Ten (48%) patients had cirrhosis, 8 (38%) had steatosis, and 3 (16%) had normal liver. Surgical strategy was based on tumor-vessels relationship at intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) and on findings at color-Doppler IOUS. RESULTS In-hospital and 90-days mortality were nil. Major and minor morbidity occurred in 3 (14%) and 2 (9.5%) patients, respectively. No patients were reoperated because of complications. Blood transfusions were given to 2 (9.5%) patients. After a median follow-up of 21 months, no local recurrence was observed. CONCLUSIONS IOUS-guided SERPS is feasible, safe, and effective. It should be applied whenever possible as alternative resection to RH to maximize liver parenchymal sparing.
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107
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Changing Paradigm in the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Improves the Survival Benefit of Early Detection by Screening. Ann Surg 2008; 247:666-73. [DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31816a747a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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108
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Abstract
Surgeons may be severely criticized from the perspective of evidence-based medicine because the majority of surgical publications appear not to be convincing. In the top nine surgical journals in 1996, half of the 175 publications refer to pilot studies lacking a control group, 18% to animal experiments, and only 5% to randomized controlled trials (RCT). There are five levels of clinical evidence: level 1 (randomized controlled trial), level 2 (prospective concurrent cohort study), level 3 (retrospective historical cohort study), level 4 (pre-post study), and level 5 (case report). Recently, a Japanese evidence-based guideline for the surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was made by a committee (Chairman, Professor Makuuchi and five members). We searched the literature using the Medline Dialog System with four keywords: HCC, surgery, English papers, in the last 20 years. A total of 915 publications were identified systematically reviewed. At the first selection (in which surgery-dominant papers were selected), 478 papers survived. In the second selection (clearly concluded papers), 181 papers survived. In the final selection (clinically significant papers), 100 papers survived. The evidence level of the 100 surviving papers is shown here: level-1 papers (13%), level-2 papers (11%), level-3 papers (52%), and level-4 papers (24%); therefore, there were 24% prospective papers and 76% retrospective papers. Here, we present a part of the guideline on the five main surgical issues: indication to operation, operative procedure, peri-operative care, prognostic factor, and post-operative adjuvant therapy.
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109
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Abdalla EK, Denys A, Hasegawa K, Leung TWT, Makuuchi M, Murthy R, Ribero D, Zorzi D, Vauthey JN, Torzilli G. Treatment of large and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:979-85. [PMID: 18236115 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9727-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie K Abdalla
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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110
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Makuuchi M, Kokudo N, Arii S, Futagawa S, Kaneko S, Kawasaki S, Matsuyama Y, Okazaki M, Okita K, Omata M, Saida Y, Takayama T, Yamaoka Y. Development of evidence-based clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan. Hepatol Res 2008; 38:37-51. [PMID: 18039202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), the first evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of HCC in Japan, were compiled by an expert panel supported by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. This set of guidelines covers six research fields: prevention, diagnosis and surveillance, surgery, chemotherapy, transarterial chemoembolization, and percutaneous local ablation therapy. A systematic review of the English medical literature on HCC was performed, and a total of 7192 publications were extracted, mainly from MEDLINE (1966-2002). After the second selection, 334 articles were adopted for the guidelines to form 58 pairs of research questions and recommendations. For the users' convenience, practical algorithms for the surveillance and treatment of HCC were also created, which were based on evidence from the selected articles forthe guidelines and modified according to the current status of medical practice in Japan, where liver resection for HCC is regarded as safe with less than 1% mortality and cadaveric donors for liver transplantation are extremely difficult to obtain. The formation of the guidelines and the outline of their contents are described. The Japanese HCC guidelines may be useful in decision making at every clinical step, both for patients and physicians. Although the main users of these guidelines are assumed to be Japanese physicians, the accumulated evidence and interpretation in the guidelines may attract universal attention.
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111
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Torzilli G. 17th World Congress of the International Association of Surgeons, Gastroenterologists and Oncologists. Future Oncol 2007; 3:605-7. [PMID: 18041911 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.3.6.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Torzilli
- University of Milan, Faculty of Medicine, 3rd Department of General Surgery, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, IRCCS Via Manzoni, 56 I-20089 Rozzano - Milano, Italy.
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112
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Kamiyama T, Nakanishi K, Yokoo H, Tahara M, Nakagawa T, Kamachi H, Taguchi H, Shirato H, Matsushita M, Todo S. Efficacy of preoperative radiotherapy to portal vein tumor thrombus in the main trunk or first branch in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol 2007; 12:363-8. [PMID: 17929118 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-007-0701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) in the main trunk or the first branch is very poor. METHODS Radiotherapy (RT) to PVTT was followed by hepatectomy within 2 weeks. The dose used was 30-36 Gy, in 10-12 fractions, for 15-20 days. The efficacy of preoperative RT to PVTT in the main trunk or first branch was evaluated by comparing results in patients who underwent hepatectomy (group R; n = 15) with preoperative RT and those without preoperative RT (group N; n = 28). RESULTS The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates in group R were 86.2%, 43.5%, and 34.8%, respectively, while these values in group N were 39.0%, 13.1%, and 13.1%, respectively. The survival curve of group R was significantly better than that of group N (P = 0.0359). In group R, five (83.3%) of six patients whose tumor thrombus was completely necrosed (based on pathological examination) and whose follow-up period was over 2 years survived for more than 2 years. Female sex (P = 0.0066), multiple tumors (P = 0.0369), and absence of preoperative RT (P = 0.0359) were ranked as significant factors for a poor prognosis by univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed absence of preoperative RT and female sex to be significant factors for a poor prognosis. CONCLUSION Preoperative RT to PVTT in the main trunk or first branch improved the prognosis of patients with HCC with PVTT, and could be a promising new modality in the treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Kamiyama
- The Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 5, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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113
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Abstract
There are many causative diseases to produced portal vein thrombosis (PVT) with the most common being liver cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma. Visualization of abnormalities associated with PVT is crucial to diagnosis and appropriate intervention. Dynamic contrast enhanced CT is the best means of diagnosis of PVT and evaluation of various causative diseases. The findings of PVT of the dynamic CT are filling defect partially or totally occluding the vessel lumen and rim enhancement of the vessel wall. Signs and symptoms of PVT may be subtle or nonspecific and overshadowed by the underlying illness. Radiologists should be aware of the clinical situations that predispose a patient to portal or mesenteric vein thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Kyung Lee
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital, 1174 Jung-Dong Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-Shi Kyungki-Do, South Korea.
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114
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Capussotti L, Ferrero A, Viganò L, Polastri R, Tabone M. Liver resection for HCC with cirrhosis: surgical perspectives out of EASL/AASLD guidelines. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007; 35:11-5. [PMID: 17689043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EASL/AASLD guidelines clearly define indications for liver surgery for HCC: patients with single HCC and completely preserved liver function without portal hypertension. These guidelines exclude from operation many patients that could benefit from radical resection and that are daily scheduled for hepatectomy in surgical centers. Patients with large tumors or with portal vein thrombosis cannot be transplanted or treated by interstitial treatments. In selected cases liver resection may obtain good long-term outcomes, significantly better than non-curative therapies. In cases of multinodular HCC, liver transplantation is the treatment of choice within Milan criteria; patients beyond these limits can benefit from liver resection, especially if only two nodules are diagnosed: even if they have a worse prognosis, survival results after liver surgery are better than those reported after TACE or conservative treatments. EASL/AASLD guidelines excluded from operating patients with portal hypertension but data about this topic are not conclusive and further studies are necessary. Selected patients with mild portal hypertension could probably be scheduled for liver resection and, considering the shortage of donors, listing for transplantation could be avoided. In conclusion, guidelines for HCC treatment should consider good results of liver resection for advanced HCC, and indications for hepatectomy should be expanded in order not to exclude from radical therapy patients that could benefit from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Capussotti
- Department of Surgery, Ospedale Mauriziano Umberto I, Largo Turati 62, Torino, Italy.
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115
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Tarantino L, Francica G, Sordelli I, Esposito F, Giorgio A, Sorrentino P, de Stefano G, Di Sarno A, Ferraioli G, Sperlongano P. Diagnosis of benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: color Doppler US, contrast-enhanced US, and fine-needle biopsy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 31:537-44. [PMID: 16865315 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-005-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis in patients who had cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Fifty-four consecutive patients who had cirrhosis, biopsy-proved HCC, and thrombosis of the main portal vein and/or left/right portal vein on US were prospectively studied with color Doppler US (CDUS) and CEUS. CEUS was performed at low mechanical index after intravenous administration of a second-generation contrast agent (SonoVue, Bracco, Milan, Italy). Presence or absence of CDUS signals or thrombus enhancement on CEUS were considered diagnostic for malignant or benign portal vein thrombosis. Twenty-eight patients also underwent percutaneous portal vein fine-needle biopsy (FNB) under US guidance. All patients were followed-up bimonthly by CDUS. Shrinkage of the thrombus and/or recanalization of the vessels on CDUS during follow-up were considered definitive evidence of the benign nature of the thrombosis, whereas enlargement of the thrombus, disruption of the vessel wall, and parenchymal infiltration over follow-up were considered consistent with malignancy. CDUS, CEUS, and FNB results were compared with those at follow-up. RESULTS Follow-up (4 to 21 months) showed signs of malignant thrombosis in 34 of 54 patients. FNB produced a true-positive result for malignancy in 19 of 25 patients, a false-negative result in six of 25 patients, and a true-negative result in three of three patients. CDUS was positive in seven of 54 patients. CEUS showed enhancement of the thrombus in 30 of 54 patients. No false-positive result was observed at CDUS, CEUS, and FNB. Sensitivities of CDUS, CEUS, and FNB in detecting malignant thrombi were 20%, 88%, and 76% respectively. Three patients showed negative CDUS and CEUS and positive FNB results; follow-up confirmed malignant thrombosis in these patients. One patient showed negative CDUS, CEUS, and FNB findings. However, follow-up of the thrombus showed US signs of malignancy. Another FNB confirmed HCC infiltration of the portal vein. CONCLUSION CEUS seems to be the most sensitive and specific test for diagnosing malignant portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tarantino
- Hepatology and Interventional Ultrasound Unit, S. Giovanni di Dio Hospital, ASL NA3, Frattaminore, Naples, Italy.
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Bège T, Le Treut YP, Hardwigsen J, Ananian P, Richa H, Campan P, Garcia S. Prognostic factors after resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in nonfibrotic or moderately fibrotic liver. A 116-case European series. J Gastrointest Surg 2007; 11:619-25. [PMID: 17468920 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-006-0023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing prognosis after resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in the noncirrhotic liver and to measure the impact of moderate fibrosis on presentation and prognosis. A series of 116 primary procedures were performed for hepatocellular carcinoma in the noncirrhotic liver. These cases accounted for 42% of hepatic resections performed for hepatocellular carcinoma during the study period (1987-2005). Seventy-seven cases (58%) occurred in patients with nonfibrotic livers (Metavir score F0). The mean age was 61 years. The sex ratio was 3.5, with a female predominance before 50 years. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus infection was found in 30% of patients. Symptoms were present in 64% of cases. Elevated serum alpha fetoprotein levels were observed in 44% of cases. Procedures involved minor hepatectomy in 40 cases, major hepatectomy in 72 cases, and transplantation in 4 cases. Postoperative mortality was 6% and morbidity was 31%. Complete resection was achieved in 90% of cases. The tumor was isolated in 72% of cases. The mean tumor diameter was 10.6 cm. Vascular invasion was observed in 48% of cases. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the nonfibrotic liver was associated with younger age and female sex, but there was no difference with other hepatocellular carcinoma with regard to histological or prognostic features. With a median follow-up of 79 months, overall survival was 40% for a median of 41 months. Multivariate analysis identified incomplete resection, vascular invasion, and HBV infection as independent factors of poor prognosis. In case of recurrence, repeat resection was feasible in 30% of cases with 69% survival at 5 years. Although hepatocellular carcinoma in the noncirrhotic liver is generally diagnosed at an advanced stage, its resectability remains high. As a result, hepatocellular carcinoma in the noncirrhotic liver accounts for a large proportion of cases in surgical series and has a better prognosis than hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver. Vascular invasion, incomplete resection, and HBV infection are independent factors of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Bège
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hôpital de la Conception, 147 Boulevard Baille, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
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117
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Li Q, Wang J, Sun Y, Cui YL, Juzi JT, Li HX, Qian BY, Hao XS. Efficacy of postoperative transarterial chemoembolization and portal vein chemotherapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma complicated by portal vein tumor thrombosis--a randomized study. World J Surg 2007; 30:2004-11; discussion 2012-3. [PMID: 17058027 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-006-0271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this single, randomized study was to explore the efficacy of postoperative transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and portal vein chemotherapy (PVC) for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) complicated by portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) and to evaluate prognostic factors. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 112 patients with HCC and PVTT randomly divided into three groups: Group A (37 patients), operation only; Group B (35 patients), operation plus TACE; Group C (40 patients), operation plus TACE and PVC. Disease-free survival rates and prognostic factors were analyzed. RESULTS Most of the side effects and complications were related to the operation, catheters, and local chemotherapy and included liver decompensation (15.0%), catheter obstruction (11.6%), and nausea and loss of appetite (22.1%). The disease-free survival curve was significantly different among the three groups, as estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method (both P < 0.05). Group C showed a significantly higher disease-free survival rate than Group A (P < 0.05), but no statistical differences were found between group A and group B, and group B and group C (both P > 0.05). Tumor size, tumor number, PVTT location, and treatment modalities were independent prognostic factors (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Postoperative TACE combined with PVC may benefit the survival of patients with HCC complicated by PVTT in the short-term (less than 60 months), but long-term efficacy is not yet certain and needs to be confirmed by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Huanhu Western Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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118
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Torzilli G, Del Fabbro D, Palmisano A, Marconi M, Makuuchi M, Montorsi M. Salvage hepatic resection after incomplete interstitial therapy for primary and secondary liver tumours. Br J Surg 2007; 94:208-13. [PMID: 17149716 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.5603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When the response to percutaneous ablation therapy (PAT) of liver tumours is incomplete, surgery may be undertaken as a salvage therapy. To validate the safety and effectiveness of salvage hepatectomy, patients who had undergone PAT or no treatment before hepatectomy were compared. METHODS Of 137 patients who had hepatectomy for primary and secondary tumours, 21 had undergone PAT and 116 had surgery as primary treatment. Tumour features and the incidence of liver cirrhosis were similar in the two groups. RESULTS Peroperative mortality and major morbidity rates were zero and 5 per cent (one of 21) respectively among patients who had PAT before surgery, and 0.9 per cent (one of 116) and zero in those who did not. Duration of operation (mean 495 versus 336 min; P<0.001), clamping time (mean 81 versus 53 min; P<0.001), blood loss (mean 519 versus 286 ml; P=0.004), need for blood transfusion (six of 21 patients versus nine of 116; P=0.001), and rates of thoracophrenolaparotomy (eight of 21 versus 14 of 116; P<0.001) and resection of other tissues (six of 21 versus nine of 116; P<0.001) were significantly higher in the PAT group. CONCLUSION Hepatectomy after incomplete PAT is safe and effective, but more extensive procedures are necessary. The effect of salvage hepatectomy on long-term outcome is still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Torzilli
- Third Department of Surgery, University School of Medicine, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy.
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Minagawa M, Makuuchi M. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma accompanied by portal vein tumor thrombus. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:7561-7. [PMID: 17171782 PMCID: PMC4088035 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i47.7561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accompanied by portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) is generally poor if left untreated: a median survival time of 2.7-4.0 mo has been reported. Furthermore, while transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) has been shown to be safe in selected patients, the median survival time with this treatment is still only 3.8-9.5 mo. Systemic single-agent chemotherapy for HCC with PVTT has failed to improve the prognosis, and the response rates have been less than 20%. While regional chemotherapy with low-dose cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil or interferon and 5-fluorouracil via hepatic arterial infusion has increased the response rate, the median survival time has not exceeded 12 (range 4.5-11.8) mo. Combined treatment consisting of radiation for PVTT and TACE for liver tumor has achieved a high response rate, but the median survival rates have still been only 3.8-10.7 mo. With hepatic resection as monotherapy, the 5-year survival rate and median survival time were reportedly 4%-28.5% and 6-14 mo. The most promising results were reported for combined treatments consisting of hepatectomy and TACE, chemotherapy, or internal radiation. The reported 5-year survival rates and median survival times were 42% and 31 mo for TACE followed by hepatectomy; 36.3% and 22.1 mo for hepatectomy followed by hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy; and 56% for chemotherapy or internal radiation followed by hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Minagawa
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Artificial Organ and Transplantation, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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120
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Ribero D, Abdalla EK, Thomas MB, Vauthey JN. Liver resection in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006; 6:567-79. [PMID: 16613544 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.4.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Liver resection and liver transplantation remain the only options for cure. Since the indications for orthotopic liver transplantation are limited, partial liver resection is the more common treatment. Recently, indications for liver resection have been expanded and there have been advances in the associated surgical techniques. This review describes the state-of-the-art of liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Topics covered include: new indications, such as treatment of large tumors, bilobar tumors and those associated with vascular invasion; preoperative assessment of liver function; and surgical strategies. An overview of the most common staging systems, which are useful in predicting prognosis after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma, is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Ribero
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 444, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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121
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Le Treut YP, Hardwigsen J, Ananian P, Saïsse J, Grégoire E, Richa H, Campan P. Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus in the major vasculature. A European case-control series. J Gastrointest Surg 2006; 10:855-62. [PMID: 16769542 DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tumor thrombus in major vasculature is a frequent finding with a poor long-term prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The utility of surgical resection is still controversial. This study compared morbidity and survival after resection for HCC with and without tumor thrombus. Data of 108 patients who underwent major hepatic resection for HCC were prospectively recorded. Patients were divided into two groups. The venous thrombectomy (VT) group included 26 patients who had HCC with tumor thrombus in the portal or hepatic veins. The matched control group included 82 patients who had HCC without tumor thrombus. Surgical technique, early outcome, and late survival were analyzed in each group. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess the prognostic value of this feature. Surgical technique was comparable in the VT and control group with regard to extent of hepatectomy, procedure duration, and transfusion requirements. Early postoperative outcome was also comparable. Actuarial survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 38%, 20%, and 13%, respectively, in the VT group (median: 9 months) versus 74%, 56%, and 33%, respectively, in the control group (median: 41 months). In the subgroup of patients with tumor thrombus limited to the portal vein, actuarial survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 50%, 26%, and 17%, respectively, (median: 12 months) and two patients lived longer than 5 years. Multivariate analysis showed that incomplete resection, alphafetoprotein level greater than 100 N, more than two tumor nodules, and tumor thrombus in major vasculature were independent factors of poor prognosis. Survival after resection for HCC with tumor thrombus in the major vasculature is poorer than after resection for HCC without tumor thrombus. However, an aggressive surgical strategy can provide significant survival with comparable morbidity in selected cases, that is, tumor thrombus located in the portal vein only and expected complete resection of the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Patrice Le Treut
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hôpital de la Conception, 147 Boulevard Baille, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
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Chu F, Morris DL. Single centre experience of liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients outside transplant criteria. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 32:568-72. [PMID: 16616451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To report analysis of our results of liver resection for HCC outside the transplant criteria with preserved liver function. METHODS Between January 1990 and March 2005, 279 patients with HCC were seen at our institution and entered into a prospective database. There were 51 patients who did not fulfill the transplant criteria and underwent partial hepatectomy. Survival was determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS The median tumour size was 10.0 cm with a range of 3-20 cm. Twenty-nine patients had solitary tumours and 21 patients had two or more liver tumours, with four patients whose tumours were less than 5 cm in maximal diameter. Ten patients had bilobar disease. The 30-day mortality was 8%. The 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival was 63, 40 and 33%, respectively, and the median survival was 16.6 months. Fifteen potential variables were analysed as potential predictors of adverse outcome. Multivariate analysis showed Child-Pugh classification, presence of cirrhosis, rupture on presentation and tumour histology to be independent prognostic factors on survival. CONCLUSION Partial hepatectomy in patients with advanced HCC who are ineligible for transplantation can be performed safely and can achieve a 5-year survival of 33%.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chu
- UNSW Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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123
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Gotohda N, Kinoshita T, Konishi M, Nakagohri T, Takahashi S, Furuse J, Ishii H, Yoshino M. New Indication for Reduction Surgery in Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Major Vascular Involvement. World J Surg 2006; 30:431-8. [PMID: 16479350 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-005-0250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poor, particularly in patients with tumor thrombi (TT) in the major vessels. PATIENTS AND METHODS From July 1992 to October 2004, 161 patients diagnosed as having advanced HCC with major vascular involvement were seen consecutively at our hospital. Among these patients, 32 (20%) underwent surgical resection [16 complete resection (CR), 16 reductive resection (RR)]. Eighteen patients (11%) received radiotherapy (RT), 73 (45%) underwent transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) or transcatheter arterial infusion chemotherapy (TAI), 8 (5%) with distant metastases received systemic chemotherapy, and 30 (19%) received palliative therapy. RESULTS Excluding the CR group, the patients in the RR group had a higher 1-year survival rate than the other treatment groups. However, there was no significant difference in the overall survival rates of the RR, RT, and TACE/TAI groups. When we evaluated prognostic factors to clarify the indications for RR in the multidisciplinary treatment of patients with advanced HCC with TT, prothrombin activity (PA) was identified as a significant independent preoperative factor for overall survival in the RR group. The survival rate in patients with PA of < or = 78% was significantly lower than that of patients with PA of > 78% (P = 0.0004). The median survival time of patients with serum PA of > 78% who underwent RR was 13.9 months and that of patients who underwent CR was 9.1 months, with no survival difference between the groups. CONCLUSION In advanced HCC with major vascular involvement, patients who had RR with PA of greater 78% achieved a similar survival to those who had CR. The surgeon should still proceed with RR in those patients with serum PA of > 78% if CR does not seem feasible on preoperative evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Gotohda
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
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124
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Ikai I, Hatano E, Hasegawa S, Fujii H, Taura K, Uyama N, Shimahara Y. Prognostic index for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma combined with tumor thrombosis in the major portal vein. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 202:431-8. [PMID: 16500247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to analyze prognostic factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and tumor thrombosis in the first branch or trunk of the portal vein, and to provide a prognostic index. STUDY DESIGN We performed a retrospective cohort study of 78 consecutive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and tumor thrombosis in the first branch or trunk of the portal vein who underwent liver resection. Multivariate analysis of survival used the Cox's proportional hazard model. RESULTS Median survival time and 3-year survival rate were 0.74 years and 21.7%, respectively. Six factors, ie, absence of ascites, average elimination rate constant of indocyanine green, prothrombin activity, serum albumin level, maximal tumor diameter, and blood loss at operation were univariately related to survival time. By multivariate analysis, absence of ascites (hazard ratio, 2.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 4.52; p = 0.027), prothrombin activity > or = 75% (hazard ratio, 2.37; confidence interval, 1.30 to 4.32; p = 0.005), and maximal tumor diameter < 5 cm (hazard ratio, 2.37; confidence interval, 1.14 to 4.94; p = 0.021) were independent prognostic factors with similar hazard ratios. We calculated a prognostic index from these factors as follows: (ascites: absent = 0, present = 1) + (prothrombin activity: > or = 75% = 0, < 75% = 1) + (maximal tumor diameter: < 5 cm = 0, > or = 5 cm = 1). This index provided good stratification ability (log-rank, p < 0.001). Median survival times for patients with prognostic index 0, 1, 2, and 3 were 5.6, 1.6, 0.5, and 0.1 years, respectively. CONCLUSION This prognostic index is a useful for making appropriate treatment strategy decisions for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and tumor thrombosis in the major portal vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Ikai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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125
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Capussotti L, Muratore A, Amisano M, Polastri R, Bouzari H, Massucco P. Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis: analysis of mortality, morbidity and survival—a European single center experience. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005; 31:986-93. [PMID: 15936169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Revised: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate short- and long-term results of liver resections and prognostic factors in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. STUDY DESIGN A single-unit, retrospective study analyzing 216 patients with histologically confirmed cirrhosis who underwent hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. All clinico-pathologic and follow-up data were collected prospectively. RESULTS Child A patients had a significantly lower in-hospital mortality rate compared to Child B-C: 4.7 vs 21.3% (p=0.0003). Overall morbidity rate was 38.4%; multiple logistic regression analysis identified liver function, hepatic pedicle clamping time, number of nodes and transfusion rate as independent predictors for post-operative complications. Overall and disease-free 5-year survival rates were 34.1 and 25.2%. Multivariate analysis showed that Child A, radical resection, tumour size < or =5 cm and, absence of vascular invasion were independent prognostic factors for long-term survival. No significant differences in overall and disease-free survival were found according to the type of resection (anatomic vs non-anatomic). CONCLUSIONS Patients with preserved liver function and small-size, single-node hepatocellular carcinomas are the best candidates for hepatic resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Capussotti
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Istituto per la Ricerca e la Cura del Cancro, Turin, Italy
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126
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Hsieh CB, Yu CY, Tzao C, Chu HC, Chen TW, Hsieh HF, Liu YC, Yu JC. Prediction of the risk of hepatic failure in patients with portal vein invasion hepatoma after hepatic resection. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005; 32:72-6. [PMID: 16246517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Hepatic failure can develop after curative hepatectomy in patients with a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) invading the portal vein, because of cirrhosis and excessive tissue loss. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for hepatic failure in such patients. METHOD Forty patients with an HCC invading the portal vein underwent curative hepatectomy from January 1995 to June 2003. Eight patients developed hepatic failure and died within 3 months. Possible risk factors for this were analysed using univariate and multivariate regression. These included the liver function index, surgical blood loss, tumour pattern, portal hypertension, estimated residual liver volume measured by computed tomography (ERLV(CT)) and estimated residual liver volume using the indocyanine green (ICG) retention rate at 15 min (ERLV(ICG15)). RESULTS The ERLV(CT) smaller than the ERLV(ICG15) and presence of portal hypertension were independent risk factors for post-hepatectomy hepatic failure. CONCLUSION Having portal vein invasion HCC with portal hypertension or an ERLV(CT) less than an ERLV(ICG15) are significant predictors of post-hepatectomy hepatic failure. These factors are important considerations for patients with portal vein invasion HCC who could undergo curative hepatic resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, No. 325, Sec 2 Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu 114, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world. The number of new cases is estimated to be 564,000 per year. About 80% of all cases are found in Asia. The goal of HCC management is "cancer control"--a reduction in its incidence and mortality as well as an improvement in the quality of life of patients with HCC and their family. Overall, 80% of HCC can be attributed to chronic hepatitis B and C infection. Prevention of infection with hepatitis B and C virus is the key strategy to reduce the incidence of HCC in Asia. Liver resection and liver transplantation remain the options that give the best chance of a cure. In the past two decades, operative mortality and surgical outcome of liver resection and liver transplantation for HCC have improved. Progress also has been made in multi-modality therapy which can increase the chance of survival and improve the quality of life for patients with advanced HCC. Many challenges are still present in Asia, such as the high prevalence of chronic hepatitis, the low resection rate of HCC, the high postoperative recurrence and the severe shortage of cadaveric organ donor. This article aims to discuss the development and challenges in the prevention and management of HCC in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C H Lai
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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128
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Xu XB, Cai JX, Leng XS, Dong JH, Zhu JY, He ZP, Wang FS, Peng JR, Han BL, Du RY. Clinical analysis of surgical treatment of portal hypertension. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:4552-9. [PMID: 16052687 PMCID: PMC4398707 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i29.4552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To review the experience in surgery for 508 patients with portal hypertension and to explore the selection of reasonable operation under different conditions.
METHODS: The data of 508 patients with portal hypertension treated surgically in 1991-2001 in our centers were analyzed. Of the 508 patients, 256 were treated with portaazygous devascularization (PAD), 167 with portasystemic shunt (PSS), 62 with selective shunt (SS), 11 with combined portasystemic shunt and portaazygous devascularization (PSS+PAD), 9 with liver transplantation (LT), 3 with union operation for hepatic carcinoma and portal hypertension (HCC+PH).
RESULTS: In the 167 patients treated with PSS, free portal pressure (FPP) was significantly higher in the patients with a longer diameter of the anastomotic stoma than in those with a shorter diameter before the operation (P<0.01). After the operation, FPP in the former patients markedly decreased compared to the latter ones (P<0.01). The incidence rate of hemorrhage in patients treated with PAD, PSS, SS, PSS+PAD, and HCC+PH was 21.09% (54/256), 13.77 (23/167), 11.29 (7/62), 36.36% (4/11), and 100% (3/3), respectively. The incidence rate of hepatic encephalopathy was 3.91% (10/256), 9.58% (16/167), 4.84% (3/62), 9.09% (1/11), and 100% (3/3), respectively while the operative mortality was 5.49% (15/256), 4.22% (7/167), 4.84% (3/62), 9.09% (1/11), and 66.67% (2/3) respectively. The operative mortality of liver transplantation was 22.22% (2/9).
CONCLUSION: Five kinds of operation in surgical treatment of portal hypertension have their advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the selection of operation should be based on the actual needs of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Bao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China.
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129
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Torzilli G, Montorsi M, Gambetti A, Del Fabbro D, Donadon M, Bianchi P, Olivari N, Makuuchi M. Utility of the hooking technique for cases of major hepatectomy. Surg Endosc 2005; 19:1156-7. [PMID: 16021373 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-004-2232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently, resective hepatic surgery should be considered an echoguided surgical procedure to guarantee conservative but radical resections. A simple and original technique guided by intraoperative ultrasonography, termed the "hooking technique," had been described previously. It enables the ligation sites of the intrahepatic vessels during systematic segmentectomy to be chosen precisely. This report describes a further application of this technique to allow safe ligation of portal vein main branches invaded by tumor thrombi during major hepatectomies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Torzilli
- 3rd Department of Surgery, University of Milan, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, IRCCS, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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130
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Pawlik TM, Poon RT, Abdalla EK, Ikai I, Nagorney DM, Belghiti J, Kianmanesh R, Ng IOL, Curley SA, Yamaoka Y, Lauwers GY, Vauthey JN. Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal or hepatic vein invasion: results of a multicenter study. Surgery 2005; 137:403-10. [PMID: 15800485 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2004.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of hepatic resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and invasion of a main portal or hepatic vein branch is controversial. We evaluated the efficacy of hepatic resection and the factors affecting survival after resection in such patients. METHODS The records of 102 patients who underwent resection for HCC with major vascular invasion between 1984 and 1999 were reviewed. Prognostic factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS The study included 87 men and 15 women. The median age was 59 years. The perioperative mortality rate was 5.9%. Median survival was 11 months (median follow-up, 93 months). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 45%, 17%, and 10%; the longest-living survivor was still alive at 14.8 years. Absence of moderate to severe fibrosis and absence of high nuclear grade were associated with a better 5-year survival rate (23% vs 5%; P = .001 and 21% vs 9%; P = .04, respectively). On multivariate analysis, moderate to severe fibrosis remained a significant predictor of both short-term (< or = 6 months) and long-term (>6 months) survival ( P < .03 and P < .01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Hepatic resection for HCC with major vascular invasion is associated with median survival exceeding historical survival in patients not treated surgically. Patients with HCC and major vascular invasion who derive long-term benefit from resection have no or minimal underlying fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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131
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Uraki J, Yamakado K, Nakatsuka A, Takeda K. Transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma invading the portal veins: therapeutic effects and prognostic factors. Eur J Radiol 2005; 51:12-8. [PMID: 15186879 DOI: 10.1016/s0720-048x(03)00219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2003] [Revised: 07/11/2003] [Accepted: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic effects of transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) invading the portal veins and to identify prognostic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-one patients underwent chemoembolization. The HCC had invaded the main portal vein in 23 patients, a first-order branch in 25 patients and a second-order branch in 13 patients. The hepatic arteries feeding the tumors were embolized with gelatin sponge after a mixture of iodized oil and anticancer drugs was injected via these vessels. Tumor response was evaluated by measuring tumor sizes on CT images. A reduction in maximum diameter of 25% or more was considered to indicate response to chemoembolization. Significant prognostic factors were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Tumor size was reduced by 25% or more in 26 patients (43%). The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 42, 11 and 3%, respectively, with mean survival of 15 months in all patients. In the univariate analysis, the following six variables were significantly associated with prognosis: (i) tumor response; (ii) ascites; (iii) accumulation of iodized oil in tumor thrombi; (iv) in main tumors; (v) Okuda classification; and (vi) tumor size. In the multivariate analysis, the first three of these factors showed significantly independent values for patient prognosis. CONCLUSION Chemoembolization appears to be an effective treatment for HCCs invading the portal venous system. The prognostic factors identified here are expected to be helpful in classifying patients with HCCs invading the portal veins and should serve as useful guidelines for chemoembolization in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Uraki
- Department of Radiology, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8057, Japan
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132
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Zeng ZC, Fan J, Tang ZY, Zhou J, Qin LX, Wang JH, Sun HC, Wang BL, Zhang JY, Jiang GL, Wang YQ. A comparison of treatment combinations with and without radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein and/or inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 61:432-43. [PMID: 15667964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Revised: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the potential role of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have portal vein (PV) and/or inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombi. METHODS AND MATERIALS One hundred fifty-eight patients with HCC who had PV and/or IVC tumor thrombus were reviewed and analyzed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. Forty-four patients with HCC who received local limited EBRT (in addition to other treatment modalities) were classified as the EBRT group. The total radiation dose was 36-60 Gy (median, 50 Gy) and was focused on the tumor thrombi. One hundred fourteen patients with HCC who did not receive EBRT were selected from hospitalized patients with HCC who had PV and/or IVC thrombi during the same period; these were classified as the non-EBRT group, and their intrahepatic tumors were treated with transarterial chemoembolization or resection, on the basis of the patients' status. Parameters observed included survival rates and the tumor thrombus response to EBRT as seen on CT scan or MRI. RESULTS Of the 44 patients who received EBRT, 15 (34.1%) showed complete disappearance of tumor thrombi, 5 (11.4%) were in partial remission, 23 (52.3%) were stable in their tumor thrombi, and 1 (2.3%) showed disease progression at the end of the study period. The median survival was 8 months, and the 1-year survival rate was 34.8% in the EBRT group. In the non-EBRT group, the median survival and 1-year survival rates were 4 months and 11.4%, respectively. In stepwise multivariate analysis, EBRT showed a strongly protective value (relative risk = 0.324, p < 0.001). Survival was not related to intrahepatic tumor status in the non-EBRT patients. However, in the EBRT group, poorer prognosis was significantly related to intrahepatic multifocal or diffusion lesions, and the most common reason for death was liver failure caused by uncontrolled intrahepatic disease. CONCLUSION Although EBRT is palliative in intent, it is preferred for prolonging survival in the treatment of tumor thrombi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Chong Zeng
- Radiation Oncology, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China.
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133
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Fan J, Zhou J, Wu ZQ, Qiu SJ, Wang XY, Shi YH, Tang ZY. Efficacy of different treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:1215-9. [PMID: 15754408 PMCID: PMC4250717 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i8.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of different treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) and investigate factors influencing prognosis.
METHODS: One hundred and seventy-nine HCC patients with macroscopic PVTT were enrolled in this study. They were divided into four groups and underwent different treatments: conservative treatment group (n = 18), chemotherapy group (n = 53), surgical resection group (n = 24) and surgical resection with postoperative chemotherapy group (n = 84). Survival rates of the patients were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. A log-rank analysis was performed to identify group differences. Cox’s proportional hazards model was used to analyze variables associated with survival.
RESULTS: The mean survival periods of the patients in four groups were 3.6, 7.3, 10.1, and 15.1 mo respectively. There were significant differences in the survival rates among the groups. The survival rates at 0.5-, 1-, 2-, and 3-year in surgical resection with postoperative chemotherapy group were 55.8%, 39.3%, 30.4%, and 15.6% respectively, which were significantly higher than those of other groups (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that the strategy of treatment (P<0.001) and the number of chemotherapy cycles (P = 0.012) were independent survival predictors for patients with HCC and PVTT.
CONCLUSION: Surgical resection of HCC and PVTT combined with postoperative chemotherapy or chemoembolization is the most effective therapeutic strategy for the patients who can tolerate operation. Multiple chemotherapeutic courses should be given postoperatively to the patients with good hepatic function reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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134
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Capussotti L, Muratore A, Massucco P, Ferrero A, Polastri R, Bouzari H. Major liver resections for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis: early and long-term outcomes. Liver Transpl 2004; 10:S64-8. [PMID: 14762842 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the lack of donors, liver resections continue to be the treatment of choice for cirrhotic patients with good liver function and resectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Moreover, over the past 2 decades, an increasing number of major hepatic resections have been performed. The aim of this study is to evaluate short- and long-term outcomes of 55 cirrhotic patients undergoing major hepatic resection with particular attention to the survival of the patients with gross portal vein invasion or large size tumors. Twenty-two patients (40%) required intra- or post-operative blood transfusion. Medium tumor size was 66.6 +/- 29.2 mm; 7 patients had large size (>10 cm) HCCs. A single node was present in 38 cases (69.1%). There was a gross portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) in 13 patients (23.6%). Resection was non-curative in 4 cases. In-hospital mortality and morbidity rates were 5.5% and 30.9%, respectively. The overall and disease-free survival rates were 36.2% and 42.8%, respectively. Overall 5-year survival rates of patients with large size tumors was 17.1%. Ten patients with a gross PVTT had an R0 resection with a 26.6% 5-year survival rate. In conclusion, major hepatic resections for HCC can be performed with low mortality and morbidity rates. HCCs with PVTT or greater than 10 cm in size have very limited options of treatment; the favorable long-term results of our study suggest that they should undergo surgery if a radical resection can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Capussotti
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Istituto per la Ricerca e la Cura del Cancro, Turin, Italy.
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135
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Torzilli G, Belghiti J, Makuuchi M. Differences and similarities in the approach to hepatocellular carcinoma between Eastern and Western institutions. Liver Transpl 2004; 10:S1-2. [PMID: 14762830 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Torzilli
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, 1st Department of Surgery, Ospedale Maggiore di Lodi, Azienda Ospedaliera della Provincia di Lodi, Lodi, Italy.
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136
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Abstract
Hepatic resection and liver transplantation are considered the only curative treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver transplantation for HCCs < or =5 cm in diameter has been shown to produce favorable survival results, but its application is limited by the lack of donors. Hepatic resection remains the treatment of choice for patients who are not transplantation candidates because of large tumor, macroscopic vascular invasion, or advanced age. For small HCCs associated with Child's A cirrhosis, hepatic resection should still be considered the first-line treatment, but salvage transplantation for intrahepatic recurrence may be a feasible strategy. Recent improvement in surgical techniques and perioperative care has increased the safety and expanded the indication of hepatic resection for HCC to include large tumors that require extended hepatectomy in cirrhotic patients. Selection of appropriate candidates for hepatectomy depends on careful assessment of the tumor status and liver function reserve. Evaluation of the general fitness of patients is also critical because comorbid illness is an important cause of postoperative mortality, even if the patients have good liver function reserve. With careful patient selection and surgical expertise, the current operative mortality of hepatectomy for HCC is about 5% or less in major centers. Improved long-term survival results after resection of HCC have also been reported recently, with an overall 5-year survival rate of about 50%. The improved perioperative and long-term survival results have strengthened the role of hepatectomy as the mainstay of treatment for HCC despite the availability of a number of other treatment options for localized HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Tung-Ping Poon
- Centre for the Study of Liver Disease and Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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137
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Abstract
Due to the prevalence of hepatitis virus infection, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is very high in Japan. Many techniques have been devised by Japanese surgeons to reduce the mortality rate after hepatectomy for HCC: preoperative precise evaluation of hepatic functional reserve, portal venous embolization as preoperative preparation, anatomical and nonanatomical limited resections using intraoperative ultrasonography, and intermittent inflow occlusion during liver transection. Several challenging surgical procedures are also being tried for advanced HCC: HCC with portal and hepatic venous tumor thrombus, multiple and/or recurrent HCC, and HCC in the caudate lobe. As a result, the latest national survey of HCC revealed that operative mortality was 0.9% and the 5-year survival rate after surgery was 52%. Living-donor liver transplantation for adult patients with HCC is another surgical treatment developed in Japan. After the success of adult-to-adult living donor liver transplant using a left liver graft in 1993, a right liver graft, a left liver graft with caudate lobe, and a right lateral sector graft were developed. Indications for reconstructing the middle hepatic vein tributaries in right liver grafts were also proposed. Consequently, in our series of 36 patients with HCC who underwent living-donor liver transplantation, operative mortality was 3%, and the 2-year survival rate was 84%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Makuuchi
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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138
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Minagawa M, Makuuchi M, Takayama T, Kokudo N. Selection criteria for repeat hepatectomy in patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2003; 238:703-10. [PMID: 14578733 PMCID: PMC1356149 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000094549.11754.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate prognostic factors in patients with recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to identify selection criteria for repeat resection. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Recent studies have demonstrated that repeat hepatectomy is effective for treating intrahepatic recurrent HCC in selected patients. However, the prognostic factors in these patients have not been fully evaluated. METHODS From October 1994 to December 2000, 334 patients underwent primary resection for HCC, and 67 received a 2nd hepatectomy for recurrent HCC. The survival results in these 67 patients were analyzed, and prognostic factors were determined using 38 clinicopathological variables. The prognosis and operative risk in 11 and 6 patients who received a 3rd and 4th resection were also evaluated. RESULTS The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of the 334 patients after primary hepatectomy were 94%, 75%, and 56%, while those of the 67 patients after a 2nd resection were 93%, 70%, and 56%, respectively. There was no difference in survival (P = 0.64). All of the patients who underwent a 3rd or 4th are currently alive at a median follow-up of 2.5 and 1.4 years, respectively. The operative time and blood loss in the 2nd resection in patients who underwent a major primary resection were not different from those in patients who underwent minor hepatectomy at the 1st resection, and there were also no differences in these variables among the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th resections. In a multivariate analysis, absence of portal invasion at the 2nd resection (P = 0.01), single HCC at primary hepatectomy (P = 0.01), and a disease-free interval of 1 year or more after primary hepatectomy (P = 0.02) were independent prognostic factors after the 2nd resection. Twenty-nine patients with all 3 of these factors showed 3- and 5-year survival rates of 100% and 86%, respectively, after the 2nd resection. CONCLUSIONS Repeat hepatic resection is the treatment of choice for patients who have previously undergone resection of a single HCC at the primary resection and in whom recurrence developed after a disease-free interval of 1 year or more and the recurrent tumor had no portal invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Minagawa
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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139
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Wakabayashi H, Ushiyama T, Ishimura K, Izuishi K, Karasawa Y, Masaki T, Watanabe S, Kuriyama S, Maeta H. Significance of reduction surgery in multidisciplinary treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with multiple intrahepatic lesions. J Surg Oncol 2003; 82:98-103. [PMID: 12561065 DOI: 10.1002/jso.10203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES By comparing the survival rates of patients treated with or without surgery, the significance of, and the indication for, reduction surgery in the multidisciplinary treatment of patients with HCC with multiple intrahepatic lesions were examined. METHODS In patients with HCC with multiple intrahepatic lesions, cumulative survival rates were determined and compared for 28 patients (group S) who underwent reductive hepatic resection and 43 (group N) who were treated nonsurgically by transcatheter arterial infusion chemotherapy (TAI), transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), or percutaneous transhepatic ethanol injection therapy. In group S, 20 patients had adjuvant therapy, consisting of ethanol injection therapy or microwave coagulonecrotic therapy for the remaining satellite lesions during hepatectomy, and all patients in this group underwent TAI or TACE postoperatively. The influence of surgery on patient survival was examined by multiple regression analysis using the Cox's hazard model; then, for each prognostic factor, survival rates were obtained and compared between the groups. RESULTS In group S, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year cumulative survival rates were 58.2%, 27.1%, and 21.7%, whereas the corresponding values in group N were 34.3%, 4.7%, and 4.7%, the difference being statistically significant (P = 0.0239). In group S, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year cumulative survival rates for patients without intraoperative adjuvant therapy were 25%, 0%, and 0%, whereas those for patients with intraoperative adjuvant therapy were 72.7%, 41.3%, and 33.0% (P = 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that hepatic resection, the Child-Pugh score, and the size of the main tumor affected survival independently. Univariate analysis of differences in the cumulative survival rates between the groups as a function of prognostic factor showed that group S had statistically significant better survival rates than group N in those subgroups of patients who were <60 years old, with HBV infection, with a Child-Pugh score of 5 or 6, with a main tumor of <5-cm diameter, with <5 tumors, or without portal thrombi. CONCLUSIONS When combined with intraoperative adjuvant therapy for remaining satellite tumors, reduction surgery provided survival benefit for patients with HCC with multiple intrahepatic lesions in those groups of patients selected by criteria determined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Wakabayashi
- Department of Surgery, Takamatsu National Hospital, Takamatsu-city, Kagawa, Japan.
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140
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Ikai I, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto N, Terajima H, Hatano E, Shimahara Y, Yamaoka Y. Results of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma invading major portal and/or hepatic veins. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2003; 12:65-75, ix. [PMID: 12735130 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-3207(02)00082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonsurgical therapy for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has yielded poor long-term survival. This study evaluates the effects of surgical treatments for patients with HCC invading major portal and/or hepatic veins. The surgical results of 112 patients with HCC invading major portal and/or hepatic veins who underwent hepatic resection between 1985 and 2001 were studied to evaluate the feasibility of hepatic resection as a local treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Ikai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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141
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Abstract
IOUS has become increasingly important for surgical resection in patients with cirrhosis and healthy liver. IOUS is important in the diagnosis and staging of liver cancer and as an element of the surgical technique, and IOUS can now be considered a fundamental tool for hepatobiliary and other surgical procedures [3]. The American College of Surgeons has recently recognized the need for surgeons to have specific training in ultrasonography. Meanwhile, dedicated monographs on IOUS have been published in the United States, Chile, and Europe [39-42].
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Torzilli
- Liver Surgery Unit, Reparto di Chirurgia Generale 1, Ospedale Maggiore di Lodi, Azienda Ospedaliera della Provincia di Lodi, Largo Donatori di Sangue 2, I-26900 Lodi, Italy.
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142
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Poon RTP, Fan ST, Wong J. Selection criteria for hepatic resection in patients with large hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 10 cm in diameter. J Am Coll Surg 2002; 194:592-602. [PMID: 12022599 DOI: 10.1016/s1072-7515(02)01163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of hepatic resection for large hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) larger than 10 cm remains unclear. STUDY DESIGN Perioperative and longterm outcomes of 120 patients with HCC larger than 10 cm who underwent resection (group A) were compared with 368 patients with smaller HCC (group B). The prognostic factors in group A were analyzed. RESULTS A higher proportion of patients underwent major hepatic resection in group A than in group B (90% versus 57.6%, p = 0.001), but the hospital mortality was similar (5.0% versus 4.6%, p = 0.874). Group A had worse longterm overall survival (median 18.8 months versus 62.8 months, p < 0.001) and disease-free survival (median 5.5 months versus 25.4 months, p < 0.001) than group B. Macroscopic residual tumor, macroscopic venous invasion, and multiple tumors were identified as independent prognostic factors in group A. The median survival of patients with residual tumor and those with curative resection was 7.7 months and 20.8 months, respectively. The median survival of patients with curative resection of solitary HCC larger than 10cm without macroscopic venous invasion was 38.0 months; that of patients with both macroscopic venous invasion and multiple tumors was only 10.5 months. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic resection is a safe and effective treatment for HCC larger than 10cm when liver function reserve is satisfactory and when curative resection can be expected. Patients with solitary HCC larger than 10cm without macroscopic venous invasion can enjoy longterm survival after surgery, and we propose hepatic resection as a standard treatment for this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Tung-Ping Poon
- Centre for the Study of Liver Disease and the Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong Medical Centre, Queen Mary Hospital, China
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