101
|
Pimienta M, Edderkaoui M, Wang R, Pandol S. The Potential for Circulating Tumor Cells in Pancreatic Cancer Management. Front Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28626429 PMCID: PMC5454071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one the most lethal malignancies. Only a small proportion of patients with this disease benefit from surgery. Chemotherapy provides only a transient benefit. Though much effort has gone into finding new ways for early diagnosis and treatment, average patient survival has only been improved in the order of months. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are shed from primary tumors, including pre-malignant phases. These cells possess information about the genomic characteristics of their tumor source in situ, and their detection and characterization holds potential in early cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Liquid Biopsies present an alternative to tumor biopsy that are hard to sample. Below we summarize current methods of CTC detection, the current literature on CTCs in pancreatic cancer, and future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pimienta
- University of California, San Diego School of MedicineLa Jolla, CA, United States.,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Basic and Translational Pancreas ResearchLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Basic and Translational Pancreas ResearchLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Basic and Translational Pancreas ResearchLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stephen Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Basic and Translational Pancreas ResearchLos Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Werner S, Stenzl A, Pantel K, Todenhöfer T. Expression of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Circulating Tumor Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 994:205-228. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55947-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
103
|
Lapin M, Tjensvoll K, Oltedal S, Javle M, Smaaland R, Gilje B, Nordgård O. Single-cell mRNA profiling reveals transcriptional heterogeneity among pancreatic circulating tumour cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:390. [PMID: 28569190 PMCID: PMC5452374 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Single-cell mRNA profiling of circulating tumour cells may contribute to a better understanding of the biology of these cells and their role in the metastatic process. In addition, such analyses may reveal new knowledge about the mechanisms underlying chemotherapy resistance and tumour progression in patients with cancer. Methods Single circulating tumour cells were isolated from patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer with immuno-magnetic depletion and immuno-fluorescence microscopy. mRNA expression was analysed with single-cell multiplex RT-qPCR. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis were performed to identify expression patterns. Results Circulating tumour cells were detected in 33 of 56 (59%) examined blood samples. Single-cell mRNA profiling of intact isolated circulating tumour cells revealed both epithelial-like and mesenchymal-like subpopulations, which were distinct from leucocytes. The profiled circulating tumour cells also expressed elevated levels of stem cell markers, and the extracellular matrix protein, SPARC. The expression of SPARC might correspond to an epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic circulating tumour cells. Conclusion The analysis of single pancreatic circulating tumour cells identified distinct subpopulations and revealed elevated expression of transcripts relevant to the dissemination of circulating tumour cells to distant organ sites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3385-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Lapin
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway. .,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway. .,Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Kjersti Tjensvoll
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway.,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Satu Oltedal
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway.,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Milind Javle
- Department of Gastrointestinal (GI) Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rune Smaaland
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway.,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Gilje
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway.,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Oddmund Nordgård
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway.,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Rosenbaum MW, Cauley CE, Kulemann B, Liss AS, Castillo CFD, Warshaw AL, Lillemoe KD, Thayer SP, Pitman MB. Cytologic characteristics of circulating epithelioid cells in pancreatic disease. Cancer 2017; 125:332-340. [PMID: 28257167 PMCID: PMC5432380 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating epithelioid cells (CECs), also known as circulating tumor, circulating cancer, circulating epithelial, or circulating nonhematologic cells, are a prognostic factor in various malignancies that can be isolated via various protocols. In the current study, the authors analyzed the cytomorphologic characteristics of CECs isolated by size in a cohort of patients with benign and malignant pancreatic diseases to determine whether cytomorphological features could predict CEC origin. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 9 healthy controls and 171 patients with pancreatic disease who were presenting for surgical evaluation before treatment. Blood was processed with the ScreenCell size-based filtration device. Evaluable CECs were analyzed in a blinded fashion for cytomorphologic characteristics, including cellularity; nucleoli; nuclear size, irregularity, variability, and hyperchromasia; and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. Statistical differences between variables were analyzed via the Fisher exact test. RESULTS No CECs were identified among the 9 normal healthy controls. Of the 115 patients with CECs (positive or suspicious for), 25 had nonmalignant disease and 90 had malignancy. There were no significant differences in any of the cytologic criteria noted between groups divided by benign versus malignant, neoplastic versus nonneoplastic, or pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma versus neuroendocrine tumor. CONCLUSIONS CECs were observed in patients with malignant and nonmalignant pancreatic disease, but not in healthy controls. There were no morphologic differences observed between cells from different pancreatic diseases, suggesting that numerous conditions may be associated with CECs in the circulation and that care must be taken not to overinterpret cells identified by cytomorphology as indicative of circulating tumor cells of pancreatic cancer. Additional studies are required to determine the origin and clinical significance of these cells. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:332-340. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/blood
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenoma/blood
- Adenoma/pathology
- Ampulla of Vater/pathology
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/blood
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Acinar Cell/blood
- Carcinoma, Acinar Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/blood
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cholangiocarcinoma/blood
- Cholangiocarcinoma/pathology
- Common Bile Duct Neoplasms/blood
- Common Bile Duct Neoplasms/pathology
- Cystadenoma, Serous/blood
- Cystadenoma, Serous/pathology
- Epidermal Cyst
- Humans
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/blood
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/pathology
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/blood
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/pathology
- Pancreatic Diseases/blood
- Pancreatic Diseases/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/blood
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/pathology
- Prognosis
- Splenic Diseases
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Rosenbaum
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christy E Cauley
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Birte Kulemann
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrew S Liss
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Andrew L Warshaw
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keith D Lillemoe
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah P Thayer
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Martha B Pitman
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Arigami T, Uenosono Y, Yanagita S, Okubo K, Kijima T, Matsushita D, Amatatsu M, Kurahara H, Maemura K, Natsugoe S. Clinical significance of circulating tumor cells in blood from patients with gastric cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2017; 1:60-68. [PMID: 29863113 PMCID: PMC5881297 DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have been focused on as a target for detecting occult tumors, predicting therapeutic responses and prognoses, and monitoring postoperative recurrence in the clinical management of patients with various malignancies, including gastric cancer. Recent advances in molecular diagnostic tools have contributed to high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of CTC. A conspicuous disparity exists in the incidence of CTC among studies. However, a close relationship has been reported between positivity for CTC and well‐known prognostic clinicopathological factors including depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, stage, and lymphatic and venous invasion in patients with gastric cancer. According to most studies published on the clinical impact of CTC, the presence of CTC negatively affects the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Moreover, the study of CTC based on a meta‐analysis demonstrated their importance as a poor prognostic indicator. In clinical management, pre‐ and post‐therapeutic monitoring of CTC using liquid biopsy may be useful for early detection of subclinical patients or disease recurrence, prediction of tumor progression, and administrative control of adjuvant chemotherapy. Although their functional properties remain unclear, molecular profiling of CTC may contribute to the development of personalized treatment that effectively inhibits tumor progression in patients with advanced gastric cancer. We herein review the clinical significance of CTC as a promising blood marker and therapeutic target in patients with gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Arigami
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan.,Molecular Frontier Surgery Course of Advanced Therapeutics Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Uenosono
- Molecular Frontier Surgery Course of Advanced Therapeutics Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yanagita
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Keishi Okubo
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Takashi Kijima
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsushita
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Masahiko Amatatsu
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurahara
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Kosei Maemura
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan.,Molecular Frontier Surgery Course of Advanced Therapeutics Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Rosati LM, Kumar R, Herman JM. Integration of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy into the Multidisciplinary Management of Pancreatic Cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 2017; 27:256-267. [PMID: 28577833 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although most patients with pancreatic cancer die of metastatic disease, an autopsy study showed that up to one-third of patients die of predominantly local disease. This patient population stands to benefit the most from radiation, surgery, or both. Unfortunately, however, single-agent chemotherapy has had minimal benefit in pancreatic cancer, and most patients progress distantly before receiving radiation therapy (RT). With the addition of multiagent chemotherapy, patients are living longer, and RT has emerged as an important modality in preventing local progression. Standard chemoradiation delivered over 5-6 weeks has been shown to improve local control, but this approach delays full-dose systemic therapy and increases toxicity when compared to chemotherapy alone. Stereotactic body RT (SBRT) delivered in 3-5 fractions can be used to accurately target the pancreatic tumor with small margins and limited acute treatment-related toxicity. Given the favorable toxicity profile, SBRT can easily be integrated with other therapies in all stages of pancreatic cancer. However, future studies are necessary to determine optimal dose or fractionation regimens and sequencing with targeted therapies and immunotherapy. The purpose of this review is to discuss our current understanding of SBRT in the multidisciplinary management of patients with pancreatic cancer and future implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Rosati
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rachit Kumar
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ
| | - Joseph M Herman
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Silvestris N, Brunetti O, Vasile E, Cellini F, Cataldo I, Pusceddu V, Cattaneo M, Partelli S, Scartozzi M, Aprile G, Casadei Gardini A, Morganti AG, Valentini V, Scarpa A, Falconi M, Calabrese A, Lorusso V, Reni M, Cascinu S. Multimodal treatment of resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 111:152-165. [PMID: 28259290 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
After a timing preoperative staging, treatment of resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) includes surgery and adjuvant therapies, the former representing the initial therapeutic option and the latter aiming to reduce the incidence of both distant metastases (chemotherapy) and locoregional failures (chemoradiotherapy). Herein, we provide a critical overview on the role of multimodal treatment in PDAC and on new opportunities related to current more active poli-chemotherapy regimens, targeted therapies, and the more recent immunotherapy approaches. Moreover, an analysis of pathological markers and clinical features able to help clinicians in the selection of the best therapeutic strategy will be discussed. Lastly, the role of neoadjuvant treatment of initially resectable disease will be considered mostly in patients whose malignancy shows morphological but not clinical or biological criteria of resectability. Depending on the results of these investigational studies, today a multidisciplinary approach can offer the best address therapy for these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
| | - Enrico Vasile
- Department of Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cellini
- Radiation Oncology Department, Gemelli ART, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
| | - Ivana Cataldo
- ARC-NET Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | | | - Monica Cattaneo
- Department of Medical Oncology, University and General Hospital, Udine, Italy.
| | - Stefano Partelli
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 'Vita-Salute' University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Aprile
- Department of Medical Oncology, University and General Hospital, Udine, Italy; Department of Medical Oncology, General Hospital of Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy.
| | | | - Alessio Giuseppe Morganti
- Radiation Oncology Center, Dept. of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine - DIMES, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Valentini
- Radiation Oncology Department, Gemelli ART, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-NET Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Massimo Falconi
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 'Vita-Salute' University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Angela Calabrese
- Radiology Unit, Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
| | - Vito Lorusso
- Medical Oncology Unit, Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
| | - Michele Reni
- Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Modena Cancer Center, Policlinico di Modena Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Technical Insights into Highly Sensitive Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Fixed and Live Circulating Tumor Cells for Early Detection of Tumor Invasion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169427. [PMID: 28060956 PMCID: PMC5218415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTC) and Circulating Tumor Microemboli (CTM) are Circulating Rare Cells (CRC) which herald tumor invasion and are expected to provide an opportunity to improve the management of cancer patients. An unsolved technical issue in the CTC field is how to obtain highly sensitive and unbiased collection of these fragile and heterogeneous cells, in both live and fixed form, for their molecular study when they are extremely rare, particularly at the beginning of the invasion process. We report on a new protocol to enrich from blood live CTC using ISET® (Isolation by SizE of Tumor/Trophoblastic Cells), an open system originally developed for marker-independent isolation of fixed tumor cells. We have assessed the impact of our new enrichment method on live tumor cells antigen expression, cytoskeleton structure, cell viability and ability to expand in culture. We have also explored the ISET®in vitro performance to collect intact fixed and live cancer cells by using spiking analyses with extremely low number of fluorescent cultured cells. We describe results consistently showing the feasibility of isolating fixed and live tumor cells with a Lower Limit of Detection (LLOD) of one cancer cell per 10 mL of blood and a sensitivity at LLOD ranging from 83 to 100%. This very high sensitivity threshold can be maintained when plasma is collected before tumor cells isolation. Finally, we have performed a comparative next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of tumor cells before and after isolation from blood and culture. We established the feasibility of NGS analysis of single live and fixed tumor cells enriched from blood by our system. This study provides new protocols for detection and characterization of CTC collected from blood at the very early steps of tumor invasion.
Collapse
|
109
|
Lampignano R, Schneck H, Neumann M, Fehm T, Neubauer H. Enrichment, Isolation and Molecular Characterization of EpCAM-Negative Circulating Tumor Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 994:181-203. [PMID: 28560675 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55947-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The presence of EpCAM-positive circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood is associated with poor clinical outcomes in breast, colorectal and prostate cancer, as well as the prognosis of other tumor types. In addition, recent studies have suggested that the presence of CTCs undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and, as such, may exhibit reduced or no expression of epithelial proteins e.g. EpCAM, might be related to disease progression in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients. Analyzing the neoplastic nature of this EpCAM-low/negative (EpCAM-neg) subpopulation remains an open issue as the current standard detection methods for CTCs are not efficient at identifying this subpopulation of cells. The possible association of EpCAM-neg CTCs with EpCAM-positive (EpCAM-pos) CTCs and role in the clinicopathological features and prognosis of MBC patients has still to be demonstrated. Several technologies have been developed and are currently being tested for the identification and the downstream analyses of EpCAM-pos CTCs. These technologies can be adapted and implemented into workflows to isolate and investigate EpCAM-neg cells to understand their biology and clinical relevance. This chapter will endeavour to explain the rationale behind the identification and analyses of all CTC subgroups, as well as to review the current strategies employed to enrich, isolate and characterize EpCAM-negative CTCs. Finally, the latest findings in the field will briefly be discussed with regard to their clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Lampignano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Helen Schneck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Neumann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Neubauer
- Forschungslabore der Frauenklinik des, Universitätsklinikums Düsseldorf, Life Science Center, Merowingerplatz 1A, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Swords DS, Firpo MA, Scaife CL, Mulvihill SJ. Biomarkers in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: current perspectives. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:7459-7467. [PMID: 28003762 PMCID: PMC5158171 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a poor prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of 7.7%. Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage not amenable to potentially curative resection. A substantial portion of this review is dedicated to reviewing the current literature on carbohydrate antigen (CA 19-9), which is currently the only guideline-recommended biomarker for PDAC. It provides valuable prognostic information, can predict resectability, and is useful in decision making about neoadjuvant therapy. We also discuss carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA 125, serum biomarker panels, circulating tumor cells, and cell-free nucleic acids. Although many biomarkers have now been studied in relation to PDAC, significant work still needs to be done to validate their usefulness in the early detection of PDAC and management of patients with PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Swords
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Matthew A Firpo
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Courtney L Scaife
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sean J Mulvihill
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Hwang WL, Hwang KL, Miyamoto DT. The promise of circulating tumor cells for precision cancer therapy. Biomark Med 2016; 10:1269-1285. [PMID: 27924634 PMCID: PMC5827810 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly growing array of therapeutic options in cancer requires informative biomarkers to guide the rational selection and precision application of appropriate therapies. Circulating biomarkers such as circulating tumor cells have immense potential as noninvasive, serial 'liquid biopsies' that may be more representative of the complete spectrum of a patient's individual malignancy than spatially and temporally restricted tumor biopsies. In this review, we discuss the current state-of-the-art in the isolation and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells as well as their utility in a wide range of clinical applications such as prognostics, treatment monitoring and identification of novel therapeutic targets and resistance mechanisms to enable real-time adjustments in the clinical management of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William L Hwang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Katie L Hwang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David T Miyamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Gao Y, Zhu Y, Yuan Z. Circulating Tumor Cells and Circulating Tumor DNA Provide New Insights into Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:902-913. [PMID: 27994495 PMCID: PMC5165683 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.16734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a rather dismal prognosis mainly due to high malignance of tumor biology. Up to now, the relevant researches on pancreatic cancer lag behind seriously partly due to the obstacles for tissue biopsy, which handicaps the understanding of molecular and genetic features of pancreatic cancer. In the last two decades, liquid biopsy, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), is promising to provide new insights into the biological and clinical characteristics of malignant tumors. Both CTCs and ctDNA provide an opportunity for studying tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance, and metastatic mechanism for pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, they can also play important roles in detecting early-stage tumors, providing prognostic information, monitoring tumor progression and guiding treatment regimens. In this review, we will introduce the latest findings on biological features and clinical applications of both CTCs and ctDNA in pancreatic cancer. In a word, CTCs and ctDNA are promising to promote precision medicine in pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhou Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Poruk KE, Blackford AL, Weiss MJ, Cameron JL, He J, Goggins M, Rasheed ZA, Wolfgang CL, Wood LD. Circulating Tumor Cells Expressing Markers of Tumor-Initiating Cells Predict Poor Survival and Cancer Recurrence in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2681-2690. [PMID: 27789528 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been identified in the blood of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but little is known about the exact phenotype of these cells. We assessed expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), CD133, and CD44 as markers of CTCs with a tumor-initiating cell (TIC) phenotype in patients with PDAC and the relationship of this expression to patient outcomes.Experimental Design: Peripheral blood from 60 consecutive patients with PDAC undergoing surgical resection was obtained and processed using the Isolation by Size of Epithelial Tumor (ISET) method. Immunofluorescence was used to identify CTCs expressing cytokeratin, CD133, CD44, and ALDH.Results: Forty-seven patients (78%) had epithelial CTCs staining positive for pan-cytokeratin and at least one TIC marker. Forty-six patients (77%) had epithelial CTCs that labeled with antibodies to cytokeratin and ALDH. By separate analysis, 34 (57%) had cytokeratin-positive, CD133-positive, and CD44-positive (triple-positive) CTCs, whereas 40 (67%) had cytokeratin-positive, CD133-positive, CD44-negative CTCs. The remaining 13 patients did not have CTCs, as defined by cytokeratin expression. ALDH-positive CTCs and triple-positive CTCs were significantly associated with worse survival by univariate analysis, even when accounting for other significant prognostic factors (all, P ≤ 0.01). ALDH-positive CTCs, triple-positive CTCs, and dual cytokeratin- and CD133-positive CTCs were independent predictors of tumor recurrence by logistic regression analysis and associated with decreased disease-free survival (all, P ≤ 0.03).Conclusions: CTCs labeling with one or more markers of TICs are found in a majority of patients with PDAC and are independently predictive of decreased disease-free and overall survival. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2681-90. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Poruk
- Department of Surgery, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amanda L Blackford
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew J Weiss
- Department of Surgery, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John L Cameron
- Department of Surgery, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jin He
- Department of Surgery, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Goggins
- Department of Gasteroenterology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zeshaan A Rasheed
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher L Wolfgang
- Department of Surgery, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Nagrath S, Jack RM, Sahai V, Simeone DM. Opportunities and Challenges for Pancreatic Circulating Tumor Cells. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:412-26. [PMID: 27339829 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and reproducible platforms have been developed for detection, isolation, and enrichment of circulating tumor cells (CTCs)-rare cells that enter the blood from solid tumors, including those of the breast, prostate gland, lung, pancreas, and colon. These might be used as biomarkers in diagnosis or determination of prognosis. CTCs are no longer simply detected and quantified; they are now used in ex vivo studies of anticancer agents and early detection. We review what we have recently learned about CTCs from pancreatic tumors, describing advances in their isolation and analysis and challenges to their clinical utility. We summarize technologies used to isolate CTCs from blood samples of patients with pancreatic cancer, including immunoaffinity and label-free physical attribute-based capture. We explain methods of CTC analysis and how findings from these studies might be used to detect cancer at earlier stages, monitor disease progression, and determine prognosis. We review studies that have expanded CTCs for testing of anticancer agents and how these approaches might be used to personalize treatment. Advances in the detection, isolation, and analysis of CTCs have increased our understanding of the dissemination and progression of pancreatic cancer. However, standardization of methodologies and prospective studies are needed for this emerging technology to have a significant effect on clinical care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Nagrath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Biointerfaces Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Rhonda M Jack
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Biointerfaces Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vaibhav Sahai
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Diane M Simeone
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Lapin M, Tjensvoll K, Oltedal S, Buhl T, Gilje B, Smaaland R, Nordgård O. MINDEC-An Enhanced Negative Depletion Strategy for Circulating Tumour Cell Enrichment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28929. [PMID: 27432216 PMCID: PMC4949475 DOI: 10.1038/srep28929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Most current methods of circulating tumour cell (CTC) enrichment target the epithelial protein EpCAM, which is commonly expressed in adenocarcinoma cells. However, such methods will not recover the fraction of CTCs that have a non-epithelial phenotype due to epithelial–mesenchymal transition. For phenotype-independent CTC enrichment, we developed a new enhanced negative depletion strategy—termed MINDEC—that is based on multi-marker (CD45, CD16, CD19, CD163, and CD235a/GYPA) depletion of blood cells rather than targeted enrichment of CTCs. Here we validated the performance of MINDEC using epithelial and mesenchymal cancer cell lines, demonstrating a mean recovery of 82 ± 10%, high depletion (437 ± 350 residual white blood cells (WBCs)/mL peripheral blood), linearity between spiked and recovered cells (correlation coefficient: r = 0.995), and a low detection limit (≥1 cell recovered in all four replicates spiked with 3 cells). For clinical validation of this method, we enumerated CTCs in peripheral blood samples from patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer, detecting CTCs in 15 of 21 blood samples (71%) from 9 patients. The promising performance of the MINDEC enrichment strategy in our study encourages validation in larger clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Lapin
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway.,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kjersti Tjensvoll
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway.,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Satu Oltedal
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway.,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Tove Buhl
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Gilje
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Rune Smaaland
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway.,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Oddmund Nordgård
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway.,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Gao Y, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Huang X, Yuan Z. Clinical significance of pancreatic circulating tumor cells using combined negative enrichment and immunostaining-fluorescence in situ hybridization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:66. [PMID: 27066900 PMCID: PMC4828870 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) hold great potential in both clinical application and basic research for the managements of cancer. However, it remains to be an enormous challenge to obtain efficient detection of pancreatic CTCs. New detection platforms for the detection of pancreatic CTCs are urgently required. METHODS In the present study, we applied a newly-developed platform integrated subtraction enrichment and immunostaining-fluorescence in situ hybridization (SE-iFISH) to analyze clinical significance of pancreatic CTCs. Immunostaining of CK, CD45, DAPI and FISH with the centromere of chromosome 8 (CEP8) were utilized to identify CTCs. Cells with features of CK+/CD45-/DAPI+/CEP8 = 2, CK+/CD45-/DAPI+/CEP8 > 2, CK-/CD45-/DAPI+/CEP8 > 2 were defined as pancreatic CTCs. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were used to analyze the relationship of CTC level and other clinicopathological factors with pancreatic cancer clinical outcomes. RESULTS CTC count in pancreatic cancer was higher than healthy individuals (median, 3 vs. 0 per 7.5 ml; P < 0.001). SE-iFISH platform yielded a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 90% in pancreatic cancer at the cutoff value of 2 cells/7.5 ml. Pancreatic cancer patients with lower CTC count (<3/7.5 ml) had substantially better overall survival (OS) compared with these with higher CTC count (≥3/7.5 ml) (15.2 vs. 10.2 months, P = 0.023). Multivariate analysis indicated that higher CTC count was a strong indicator for worse OS (HR = 4.547, P = 0.016). CONCLUSION Our current data showed that CTCs could be detected in pancreatic cancer patients in various stages, whether localized, locally advanced and metastatic. Besides, CTCs have shown the potential implication in predicting prognosis of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No.600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yayun Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No.600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Biotecan Medical Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Biotecan Medical Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No.600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Zhou Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No.600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| |
Collapse
|